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A new scintillator-based fast ion loss detector (FILD) has been installed on Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) to investigate the fast ion loss behavior in high performance plasma with neutral beam injection (NBI) and ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH). A two dimensional 40 mm × 40 mm scintillator-coated (ZnS:Ag) stainless plate is mounted in the front of the detector, capturing the escaping fast ions. Photons from the scintillator plate are imaged with a Phantom V2010 CCD camera. The lost fast ions can be measured with the pitch angle from 60◦ to 120◦ and the gyroradius from 10 mm to 180 mm. This paper will describe the details of FILD diagnostic on EAST and describe preliminary measurements during NBI and ICRH heating. Published by AIP Publishing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By conjugating antibodies on magnetic nanoparticles, target antigens can be quantitatively detected by measuring the magnetic signals of the magnetic nanoparticles due to their association with target antigens. This method of detection is called magnetically labeled immunoassay. The assay characteristics of magnetically labeled immunoassay have been reported widely. However, the immuno-reaction kinetics of magnetically labeled immunoassay has not been studied. In this work, the reaction rates between magnetic nanoparticles and target antigens are measured at various temperatures. It is found that the temperature dependent reaction rate obeys Arrhenius's equation, which shows the collision frequency and activation energy for the immuno-reaction between antibody-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles and target antigens. The carcinoembryonic antigen, which is a regular blood bio-marker for in-vitro diagnosis of colorectal cancer, is used as a target antigen for the example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A low-power 3-9 GHz receiver front-end with excellent stop-band rejection by 0.18 µm CMOS technology is demonstrated. High stop-band rejection is achieved by using a pre-filter with three finite-transmission zeros, one of which (ωz1=0.9 GHz) is in the low-frequency stop-band and the other two (ωz2 and ωz4) are in the high-frequency stop-band. In the low-gain (LG) mode, the receiver front-end consumes 9.45 mW and achieves high and flat conversion gain (CG) of 25.7±1.5 dB, noise figure (NF) of 6.95 dB, and input third-order intercept point (IIP3) of -8 dBm. To the author's knowledge, this is the lowest-power dissipation (PD) ever reported for a 0.18 mm CMOS receiver front-end with NF smaller than 7 dB, average CG greater than 25 dB and bandwidth wider than or equal to 6 GHz. In the high-gain (HG) mode, the receiver front-end consumes 19.5 mW and achieves high and flat CG of 32.7±1.6 dB, NF of 6.78 dB and IIP3 of -13.5 dBm. In addition, in both the LG and HG modes, the receiver front-end achieves stop-band rejection better than 30 dB for frequencies DC∼1.5 GHz and larger than 12 GHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A DC∼10.5 GHz complimentary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) distributed amplifier (DA) with flat and low noise figure (NF), flat and high power gain (S21) and small group delay (GD) variation for ultra-wideband (UWB) pulse radio systems using standard 0.18 µm CMOS technology is demonstrated. Flat and low NF was achieved by adopting the proposed resistor capacitor (RC) terminal network with 140 Ω terminal resistance over the frequency band of interest (instead of the traditional 50 Ω terminal resistance or the recently proposed resistor inductor (RL) terminal network) for the gate transmission line. Besides, flat and high S21 was achieved by using cascoded transistors as the gain cell. Over the DC∼10.5 GHz band, the DA consumed 29.16 mW and achieved flat and high |S21| of 10.5±1.4 dB, flat and low NF of 3.2±0.3 dB and excellent phase linearity (the GD variation was only ±13.8 ps), one of the best NF and phase linearity results ever reported for a CMOS DA or wideband low-noise amplifier (LNA) with bandwidth greater than 7.5 GHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We performed experiments and simulations to investigate the influence of hydrodynamic interaction on the diffusion dynamics of circular and linear λ-DNA confined in nanoslits. Contrary to the common assumption that intrachain hydrodynamic interaction (HI) is completely screened when polymers are confined in channels with height h smaller than the radius of gyration Rg, it is found that the HI is partially screened and approaches complete screening only for Rg « h. For λ-DNA, the HI becomes nearly completely screened only when the channel height is smaller than the Kuhn length. In addition, the dynamics of linear and circular λ-DNA in very strong confinement is shown to be independent of the chain topology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new fast reciprocating probe system (FRPS) has been built and installed on the outer midplane of the EAST tokamak to investigate the profiles of the boundary plasma parameters such as electron density and temperature. The system consists of a two-stage motion drive mechanism: slow motion and fast motion. The fast motion is powered by a servo motor, which drives the probe horizontally up to 50 cm to scan the edge region of the EAST tokamak. The maximum velocity achieved is 2 m/s. High velocity and flexible control of the fast motion are the remarkable features of this FRPS. A specially designed connector installed at the front end of the probe shaft makes it easy to install or replace the probe head on FRPS. During the latest experimental campaign in the spring of 2010, a probe head with seven tips, including two tips for a Mach probe, has been used. An example is given for simultaneous profile measurements of the plasma temperature, plasma density, and the plasma flow velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reexamines the problem of frequency offset estimation and signal detection of the Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (BLAST) scheme. Today, typical multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) receivers separately execute these two steps, but in succession. In this paper, we propose a joint frequency offset estimator and signal detector (JFESD). In our scheme, the frequency offset can be well compensated by utilizing the intermediate detector results. Our detector is evolved from conventional zero-forcing BLAST detectors. It is extendable to situations where the receive dimension is lower than the transmit dimension with a marginal increase of computational complexity. We evaluate the bit error probability and mean square error performance of the JFESD and compare them with other schemes. - [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A CMOS distributed amplifier (DA) with flat and low noise figure (NF), and flat and high gain (S21) is demonstrated. A flat and low NF was achieved by adopting a RL terminating network for the gate transmission line, and a slightly under-damped Q-factor for the second-order NF response. Besides, flat and high S21 was achieved using the proposed cascade gain cell, which constitutes a cascode-stage with a low-Q RLC load and a splitting-load inductive-peaking inverter stage. In the high-gain (HG) mode, the DA consumed 27.6 mW and achieved S21 of 17.5±1.23 dB with an average NF of 3.24 dB over the 3–10 GHz band, one of the best reported NF performances for a CMOS UWB DA or LNA in the literature. The measured IIP3 was 2.1 dBm (at 8 GHz). In the low-gain (LG) mode, the DA achieved S21 of 10.74±1.2 dB and an average NF of 4.67 dB with a low power dissipation of 9 mW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 3–10 GHz CMOS distributed amplifier (DA) with flat and low noise figure (NF) and flat and high power gain (S21) is demonstrated. A flat and low NF was achieved by adopting an RL terminating network for the gate transmission line, and a slightly under-damped Q-factor for the second-order NF frequency response. Besides, an flat and high S21 was achieved by using the proposed cascade gain cell, which constitutes a cascode-stage with a low-Q RLC load and an inductive-peaking common-source stage. In the high-gain mode, the DA consumed 37.8 mW and achieved a flat and high S21 of 20.47±0.72 dB with an average NF of 3.29 dB over the 3–10 GHz band of interest, one of the best reported NF performances for a CMOS UWB DA or low-noise amplifier. In the low-gain mode, the DA achieved S21 of 11.03±0.98 dB and an average NF of 4.25 dB with a power dissipation (PD) of 6.86 mW, the lowest PD ever reported for a CMOS UWB DA or LNA with an average S21 of greater than 10 dB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A low-insertion-loss V-band CMOS bandpass filter is demonstrated. The proposed filter architecture has the following features: the low-frequency transmission-zero (ωz1) and the high-frequency transmission-zero (ωz2) can be tuned by the series-feedback capacitor Cs and the parallel-feedback capacitor Cp, respectively. To reduce the substrate loss, the CMOS process compatible backside inductively-coupled-plasma (ICP) deep trench technology is used to selectively remove the silicon underneath the filter. After the ICP etching, this filter achieved insertion loss (1/S21) lower than 3 dB over the frequency range 52.5–76.8 GHz. The minimum insertion loss was 2 dB at 63.5 GHz, the best results reported for a V-band CMOS bandpass filter in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contact effects between solution processed conducting polymer electrodes with semiconducting polymers in field effect transistors are investigated. Limited conductivity of polymer electrodes and interfacial doping of the active semiconducting polymer by the conducting polymer electrode are found to be two important factors in determining the performance of polymer field effect transistors with printed conducting polymer electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for quantum control of coherence in an open quantum computing system is presented. The approach was applied to finding a suitable control sequence for maintaining coherence in a silicon-based nuclear spin quantum computing system, subject to Bose-type environmental noise, and under the Born-Markovian and rotating wave approximations. It is shown that the evolution operator remains decoherence free while the three control pulses are being applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A low-power 3.2-9.7 GHz ultra-wideband low-noise amplifier (UWB LNA) with excellent stop-band rejection by 0.18 µm CMOS technology is demonstrated. High stop-band rejection is achieved by using a passive bandpass filter (BP-filter) with three finite transmission zeros (in the input terminal), one of which (ωz1=0.9 GHz) is in the low-frequency stop-band and the other two (ωz3 and ωz5) are in the high-frequency stop-band. In addition, an active notch filter is used in the output terminal to introduce another low-frequency stop-band transmission zero (ωz2) at 2.4 GHz. The LNA consumes 4.68 mW and achieves S11 of -10 to -39.5 dB, S21 of 9.3±1.5 dB, and an average NF of 6 dB over the 3.2-9.7 GHz band. The measured stop-band rejection is better than 21.6 dB for frequencies DC-2.5 and 11.2-20 GHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 3-9 GHz receiver front-end (RFE) with excellent stop-band rejection by 0.18 µm CMOS technology is demonstrated. A pre-filter is used to achieve high stop-band rejection and good RF-port input matching. An output buffer with a lowpass filter is used to enhance the conversion gain and to suppress the high-frequency noise and leakage. In the low-noise mode, the RFE consumes 7.2 mW and achieves conversion gain (CG) of 20.21±1.97 dB, a minimum noise figure (NF) of 3.15 dB, and input 1 dB compression point (P1dB) of -16.3 dBm. It is believed that this is the lowest NF ever reported for a CMOS UWB RFE with power consumption lower than 10 mW. In the high-gain mode, the RFE consumes 19.35 mW and achieves a high and flat CG of 32.63±1.55 dB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A low-power 3-10 GHz common-gate CMOS ultra-wideband (UWB) low-noise amplifier (LNA) using a T-match input network and the self-body-bias technique is demonstrated. Wideband input impedance matching was achieved by using the proposed T-match input network to improve the input matching at low frequencies. A low supply voltage of 1.1 V (for two VDS drops) was achieved by using the self-body-bias technique to reduce the threshold voltage (Vth) of the transistors, which leads to a low power consumption (PD). At VG=0.77 V, the LNA consumed 2.15 mW and achieved S11 of -10.4 to -35.5 dB, S21 of 10.4 dB, and an average NF of 4.9 dB over the 3-10 GHz band of interest. At VG=0.63 V, the LNA consumed 0.99 mW and achieved S11 of -10.7 to -35.8 dB, S21 of 7.9 dB and an average NF of 6 dB. Both are the lowest PD ever reported for an UWB CMOS LNA with bandwidth greater than 6 GHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A low insertion-loss ultra-wideband (UWB) bandpass filter (BP-filter) with three finite transmission zeros by 0.18 µm CMOS technology is demonstrated. Low insertion loss is achieved by adopting a 2.34 µm-thick microstrip-line with an optimised ground-plane pattern as the needed inductors to minimise the metal and substrate loss. This filter achieved insertion loss (1/S21) lower than 3 dB over the frequency range 3.9–9.4 GHz, stop-band rejection better than 20 dB over the frequency range 0–2.1 and 13.5–42.2 GHz, and input return loss (S11) better than -10 dB over the frequency range 3.1–12.8 GHz. Minimum insertion loss was 1.89 dB at 6.8 GHz. This is believed to be the best result ever reported for a CMOS BP-filter with operation frequencies higher than 3 GHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water Cherenkov detector array (WCDA) is one of the key parts of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO), the construction of which was completed by the end of 2020. The WCDA covers a 78 000-m2 area and there exist 3120 large size photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) in three ponds: 8-in PMTs are used in WCDA pond No. 1 and 20-in PMTs are used in ponds No. 2 and No. 3. The front-end electronics (FEE) system based on multigain measurement technique is designed to achieve both high-precision time and charge measurements over a large dynamic range from single photon electron (S.P.E.) to 4000 P.E. (for water pond No. 1)/1800 P.E. (for water ponds No. 2 and No. 3). To achieve a high-quality clock distribution and phase alignment as well as mixed transmission of data, clock, and commands in one fiber over a long distance, an enhanced white rabbit (WR) technique is used. Testing of all the 350 FEE modules for the WCDA is presented in this article. Test results indicate that the charge resolution is better than 20% at S.P.E. and 1% at 1800/4000 P.E. and the time resolution is better than 300 ps root mean square (rms), which successfully meets the application requirement. All the FEE modules have been fabricated and installed for the LHAASO WCDA from 2018 to 2020, and the initial commissioning operation indicates that the FEEs function well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focal plane camera is the core component of the Wide Field-of-view Cherenkov/fluorescence Telescope Array (WFCTA) of the Large High-Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). Because of the capability of working under moonlight without aging, silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) have been proven to be not only an alternative but also an improvement to conventional photomultiplier tubes (PMT) in this application. Eighteen SiPM-based cameras with square light funnels have been built for WFCTA. The telescopes have collected more than 100 million cosmic ray events and preliminary results indicate that these cameras are capable of working under moonlight. The characteristics of the light funnels and SiPMs pose challenges (e.g. dynamic range, dark count rate, assembly techniques). In this paper, we present the design features, manufacturing techniques and performances of these cameras. Finally, the test facilities, the test methods and results of SiPMs in the cameras are reported here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrate 2D reconstructions of the fast-ion velocity distribution from two-view fast-ion D-alpha (FIDA) measurements at the EAST tokamak. By expressing the distribution in a basis relying on the fast-ion slowing-down process in fusion plasmas, the smoothness and velocity-space resolution of reconstructions are improved. We reconstruct distributions of fast ions born from simultaneous co- and counter-current neutral beam injection and detect the expected distinct change in fast-ion birth pitch when comparing discharges utilizing different neutral beam injectors. For purely co-current injection, we find a good agreement between TRANSP-predicted and reconstructed fast-ion densities, pressures and current densities for energies above 20 keV. We furthermore illustrate the improvement of the reconstructed high-energy range (> 40 keV) of the distribution by combining FIDA with neutron emission spectroscopy measurements with the compact single-plate EJ301 scintillator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disappearance of reactor ¯νe observed by the Daya Bay experiment is examined in the framework of a model in which the neutrino is described by a wave packet with a relative intrinsic momentum dispersion σrel. Three pairs of nuclear reactors and eight antineutrino detectors, each with good energy resolution, distributed among three experimental halls, supply a high-statistics sample of ¯νe acquired at nine different baselines. This provides a unique platform to test the effects which arise from the wave packet treatment of neutrino oscillation. The modified survival probability formula was used to fit Daya Bay data, providing the first experimental limits: 2.38 × 10-17 < σrel < 0.23. Treating the dimensions of the reactor cores and detectors as constraints, the limits are improved: 10-14 ≲ σrel < 0.23, and an upper limit of σrel < 0.20 (which corresponds to σx ≳ 10-11 cm) is obtained. All limits correspond to a 95% C.L. Furthermore, the effect due to the wave packet nature of neutrino oscillation is found to be insignificant for reactor antineutrinos detected by the Daya Bay experiment thus ensuring an unbiased measurement of the oscillation parameters sin² 2θ13 and Δm²32 within the plane wave model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In toroidal magnetic fusion devices, fast-ion D-alpha diagnostic (FIDA) is a powerful method to study the fast-ion feature. The fast-ion characteristics can be inferred from the Doppler shifted spectrum of Dα light according to charge exchange recombination process between fast ions and probe beam. Since conceptual design presented in the last HTPD conference, significant progress has been made to apply FIDA systems on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). Both co-current and counter-current neutral beam injectors are available, and each can deliver 2-4 MW beam power with 50-80 keV beam energy. Presently, two sets of high throughput spectrometer systems have been installed on EAST, allowing to capture passing and trapped fastion characteristics simultaneously, using Kaiser HoloSpec transmission grating spectrometer and Bunkoukeiki FLP-200 volume phase holographic spectrometer coupled with Princeton Instruments ProEM 1024B eXcelon and Andor DU-888 iXon3 1024 CCD camera, respectively. This paper will present the details of the hardware descriptions and experimental spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volume recombination plays an important role towards plasma detachment for magnetically confined fusion devices. High quantum number states of the Balmer series of deuterium are used to study recombination. On EAST (Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak), two visible spectroscopic measurements are applied for the upper/lower divertor with 13 channels, respectively. Both systems are coupled with Princeton Instruments ProEM EMCCD 1024B camera: one is equipped on an Acton SP2750 spectrometer, which has a high spectral resolution ~0.0049 nm with 2400 gr/mm grating to measure the Dα(Hα) spectral line and with 1200 gr/mm grating to measure deuterium molecular Fulcher band emissions and another is equipped on IsoPlane SCT320 using 600 gr/mm to measure high-n Balmer series emission lines, allowing us to study volume recombination on EAST and to obtain the related line averaged plasma parameters (Te, ne) during EAST detached phases. This paper will present the details of the measurements and the characteristics of deuterium Balmer series line emissions during density ramp-up L-mode USN plasma on EAST. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A filterscope diagnostic system has been mounted to observe the line emission and visible bremsstrahlung emission from plasma on the experimental advanced superconducting tokamak during the 2014 campaign. By this diagnostic system, multiple wavelengths including Dα (656.1 nm), Dγ (433.9 nm), He II (468.5 nm), Li I (670.8 nm), Li II (548.3 nm), C III (465.0 nm), O II (441.5 nm), Mo I (386.4 nm), W I (400.9 nm), and visible bremsstrahlung radiation (538.0 nm) are monitored with corresponding wavelength filters. All these multi-channel signals are digitized at up to 200 kHz simultaneously. This diagnostic plays a crucial role in studying edge localized modes and H-mode plasmas, due to the high temporal resolution and spatial resolution that have been designed into it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A search for light sterile neutrino mixing was performed with the first 217 days of data from the Daya Bay Reactor Antineutrino Experiment. The experiment's unique configuration of multiple baselines from six 2.9 GWth nuclear reactors to six antineutrino detectors deployed in two near (effective baselines 512 m and 561 m) and one far (1579 m) underground experimental halls makes it possible to test for oscillations to a fourth (sterile) neutrino in the 10-3 eV2 < /Δm241/ < 0.3 eV2 range. The relative spectral distortion due to the disappearance of electron antineutrinos was found to be consistent with that of the three-flavor oscillation model. The derived limits on sin2 2θ14 cover the 10-3 eV2 ≲ /Δm241/ ≲ 0 .1 eV2 region, which was largely unexplored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the fast ion behavior, a fast ion D-alpha (FIDA) diagnostic system has been installed on EAST. Fast ion features can be inferred from the Doppler shifted spectrum of Balmer-alpha light from energetic hydrogenic atoms. This paper will focus on the validation of FIDA measurements performed using MHD-quiescent discharges in 2015 campaign. Two codes have been applied to calculate the Dα spectrum: one is a Monte Carlo code, Fortran 90 version FIDASIM, and the other is an analytical code, Simulation of Spectra (SOS). The predicted SOS fast-ion spectrum agrees well with the measurement; however, the level of fast-ion part from FIDASIM is lower. The discrepancy is possibly due to the difference between FIDASIM and SOS velocity distribution function. The details will be presented in the paper to primarily address comparisons of predicted and observed spectrum shapes/amplitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A measurement of the energy dependence of antineutrino disappearance at the Daya Bay reactor neutrino experiment is reported. Electron antineutrinos (̄e) from six 2.9 GWth reactors were detected with six detectors deployed in two near (effective baselines 512 and 561 m) and one far (1579 m) underground experimental halls. Using 217 days of data, 41 589 (203 809 and 92 912) antineutrino candidates were detected in the far hall (near halls). An improved measurement of the oscillation amplitude sin² 2ϑ13=0.090-0.009+0.008 and the first direct measurement of the ̄e mass-squared difference ∣Δm²ee∣=(2.59-0.20+0.19)×10-3 eV² is obtained using the observed ̄e rates and energy spectra in a three-neutrino framework. This value of ∣Δm²ee∣ is consistent with ∣Δm²μμ∣ measured by muon neutrino disappearance, supporting the three-flavor oscillation model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment has measured a nonzero value for the neutrino mixing angle &thgr;13 with a significance of 5.2 standard deviations. Antineutrinos from six 2.9 GWth reactors were detected in six antineutrino detectors deployed in two near (flux-weighted baseline 470 mand 576 m) and one far (1648 m) underground experimental halls. With a 43 000 ton-GWth-day live-time exposure in 55 days, 10416 (80376) electron-antineutrino candidates were detected at the far hall (near halls). The ratio of the observed to expected number of antineutrinos at the far hall is R = 0.940± O.Oll(stat) ± 0.004(syst). A rate-only analysis finds sin22&thgr;13 = 0.092 ± 0.016(stat.) ± 0.005(syst.) in a three-neutrino framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stimulated emission at bandgap energy of 1.1 eV was observed in a silicon nanostructured pn junction diode using current injection at room temperature. Nonuniform diffusion using spin-on boron dopant mixed with silicon dioxide nanoparticles was used to fabricate the device. The spatial confinement of carriers through such localization structures contributes to the enhancement of the stimulated emission. The experimental results show a drastic increase in the optical power and multiple spectral peaks at wavelengths longer than the main peak of spontaneous emission through various phonon-assisted radiative recombination processes. When the injection current significantly exceeds a threshold, a single peak dominates, exhibiting stimulated emission. © 2004 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new turbulence-flow cycle state has been discovered after the formation of a transport barrier in the H-mode plasma edge during a quiescent phase on the EAST superconducting tokamak. Zonal-flow modulation of high-frequency-broadband (0.05-1 MHz) turbulence was observed in the steep-gradient region leading to intermittent transport events across the edge transport barrier. Good confinement (H98y,2 ∼ 1) has been achieved in this state, even with input heating power near the L-H transition threshold. A novel model based on predator-prey interaction between turbulence and zonal flows reproduced this state well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Divertor asymmetry and its dependence on the ion ▿B direction has been investigated in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak by changing the divertor configuration from lower single null (LSN), via double null (DN), to upper single null (USN) during one single discharge. Divertor plasmas exhibit the usual in-out asymmetry in particle and heat fluxes in LSN with the ion ▿B direction toward the lower X-point, favoring the outer divertor, especially at high density. The in-out asymmetry is reversed when changing the divertor configuration from LSN to USN, thus clearly demonstrating the effect of classical drifts. DN exhibits an even stronger in-out divertor asymmetry, favoring the outer divertor. A significant top-down asymmetry is also seen for DN, with greater particle and heat fluxes to the bottom divertor. In addition, the parallel plasma flow has been measured by a fast moving Mach probe at the outer midplane, which shows similar magnitude to the Pfirsch-Schlüter flow. Its contribution to the poloidal particle flux is also assessed and comparison is made with that from the poloidal E × B drift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]