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Studies the characterization of sulfuric acid proton-exchanged lithium niobate. Importance of the application of proton-exchange waveguides in lithium niobate; Details on the experiment; Discussion on the results of the study.

In this paper, physical failure analysis (FA) techniques including interconnect level and gate level deprocessing techniques and cross section analysis that have been developed will be discussed. Deprocessing techniques discussed include: wet chemical etching, reactive ion etching (RIE), parallel polishing, chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), and combinations of these techniques. Moreover, the detailed characterization of CMP process and gate level deprocessing will be presented. For the cross-section analysis of copper/low-k samples, focused ion beam (FIB) and mechanical polishing techniques will be discussed. FA challenges and new failure modes and reliability issues will also be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The aerial stems of three species commonly named "carquejas", are used either in folk medicine or to obtain phytotherapeutic drugs. These species are: Baccharis articulata (Lam.) Persoon, Baccharis crispa Sprengel and Baccharis trimera (Less.) De Candolle, which are members of the Asteraceae. The first two are official entries in the Farmacopea Nacional Argentina 6th ed. (1978). The parts used are the winged aerial stems in the vegetative state. The histological features are described and illustrated, in order to provide the means to their accurate identification at the crude drug stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cd exposure for 14 days significantly increased both the molecular (DNA single-strand breaks) and biochemical (metallothionein concentrations) biomarkers in the freshwater pale chub, Zacco platypus, whereas changes in the histological and physiological biomarker responses were negligible. The BkF exposure for 14 days led to significant increases in the mRNA expression of catalase and superoxide dismutase, 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase enzymatic activity and DNA single-strand breakage at the molecular and biochemical levels. In addition, exposure to 50μg/L of BkF induced histological alteration in the liver, with significant changes to the liver somatic index and condition factor at the physiological level. The integration of multi-level biomarker responses at the molecular, biochemical and physiological levels was highly correlated with the concentrations of Cd and BkF., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The global eradication of malaria will require the development of vaccines to prevent infection cause by Plasmodium vivax in addition to Plasmodium falciparum. In an attempt to contribute to this effort we have previously reported the cloning and expression of a vaccine based on the circumsporozoite protein of P. vivax. The synthetic vaccine encodes for a full-length molecule encompassing the N-terminal and C-terminal regions flanking a chimeric repeat region representing VK210 and VK247, the two major alleles of P. vivax CSP. The vaccine, designated vivax malaria protein 001 (VMP001), was purified to >95% homogeneity using a three-column purification scheme and had low endotoxin levels and passed the rabbit pyrogenicity assay. The protein is recognized by monoclonal antibodies directed against the two repeat motifs, as well as polyclonal antibodies. Immunization with VMP001 induced high titer antibodies in mice using Montanide ISA 720. We currently have more than 10,000 doses of purified bulk and 1800 vials of formulated bulk vaccine available for clinical testing and VMP001 is currently undergoing further development as a candidate vaccine to prevent malaria in humans.