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Ion‐sensitive field effect transistor (ISFET) sensor is a hot topic these years, playing the combined roles of signal recognizer and converter for (bio)chemical analytes. In this review article, the basic concept, origination, and history of the ISFET sensor are presented. In addition, the common fabrication processes, the most‐used working principle (potentiometric, amperometric, and impedancemetric), and the techniques of gate functionality (physical, chemical, and biological) are discussed introducing the afterward signal transfer processes from ISFET to the terminals through different types of circuits. At last, the development and recent progress (until 2021) of ions and biomolecules (DNA molecules, antibodies, enzymatic substrates, and cell‐related secretions or metabolism) were introduced together with the outlook and facing obstacles (Debye screening, the wearability of ISFET, the multiplexed detections) before the commercialization of ISFET. This review article emphasizes the advantages of the developed ISFET sensors as miniaturization, low‐cost, all‐solid, highly sensitive, and easy operation for portable and multiplexed detections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensors have emerged as a promising candidate for biochemical detection. However, PEC sensors based on bulk semiconductors are limited by sensitivity and detection varieties, though they can provide uniform imaging; PEC sensors based on nanomaterials can meet the requirements of various analytes and sensitivity, but the inhomogeneity of their surface poses a challenge to imaging uniformity. In this work, metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) and sputtering processes were used to directly fabricated PEC sensors with fireworks-like silicon nanowires (F-SiNWs) and their heterojunctions with excellent performance. Through regulating the etching and sputtering times, the structure and nanomaterials attachment of F-SiNWs can be well controlled. The photoelectric and sensing properties of F-SiNWs with different morphologies were investigated and optimized. Then, the sensor fabricated by optimal F-SiNWs can directly detect H 2 O 2 and indirectly detect glucose under negative bias, while directly detect dopamine (DA) under positive bias. The detection of these three analytes do not interfere with each other, contributing to an excellent multichannel detection system. Subsequently, the multichannel detection of various secretions (H 2 O 2 , DA and glucose) of PC-12 cells was achieved by the sensor. Finally, the imaging uniformity of the sensor was demonstrated in different solutions. PEC bioimaging was successfully applied to monitor enzyme activity by bioimaging gradients and cell survival by bioimaging distribution. These results demonstrate the high sensitivity in multichannel detection and excellent stability and homogeneity in bioimaging of the sensor. Therefore, MACE and sputtering process can be a promising tool for constructing PEC sensor. • MACE and sputtering processes were used for fabricating highly sensitive PEC sensor. • The structure of F-SiNWs/Ag was optimized by the etching and sputtering time. • The mechanism of MACE and sputtering processes enhancing PEC performance was studied. • Multichannel detection of H 2 O 2 , DA and glucose secreted by PC-12 cells was achieved. • PEC sensor achieved uniform bioimaging to study enzyme activity and cell survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the effects of the cooperative video game context, social value orientation (SVO) and trust on cooperative behavior. The main finding is that collaborative game play significantly increases cooperative behavior, especially in prosocial individuals. In addition, a mediation model is established in which trust partially mediates the association between the game mode and cooperative behavior. The results indicate that playing collaborative games increases cooperation in prosocial people partially by facilitating the trust they have in their gaming partners. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harvesting energy from human body in multiple ways is pivotal for achieving powering emergency electronics effectively. Herein, we report a hybrid nanogenerator that is based on the coupling of a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and electromagnetic generator (EMG). By utilizing a copper coil in multiroles, the energy grabbing units can operate independently without interfering, revealing a superior performance in scavenging biomechanical energy from human motions. The hybrid device by encapsulation exhibits an excellent environmental stability. When wearing the fabricated device, the TENG and EMG can generate the output voltage about 4 and 1.5 V, respectively, which can be directly stored into a capacitor. By integrating with a battery, the established self‐powered device can actively provide a geographic coordinate in real time in the wild where there is no power supply or network connectivity. Our work paves a way for the further exploration based on hybrid nanogenerators in self‐powered wearable/portable emergency electronics that can be applied in exploration, travel, work, as well as rescue in the wild without power apply and Internet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tire pressure monitoring plays a pivotal role in vehicle safety system. However, as a conventional battery‐operated electronic system, regularly replacing battery remains a great inconvenience in wide‐distributed tire pressure sensing. Here, we introduce a self‐powered tire pressure monitor by using a rotary cylinder‐based hybrid nanogenerator as a sustainable power source. The designed energy harvester, by hybridizing a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and electromagnetic generator (EMG), can scavenge rotational energy from rolling axles. Integrating with transformers, the hybrid nanogenerator can achieve an open‐circuit voltage of 16 V and short‐circuit current of 0.1 mA at the rotation rate of 150 rpm, respectively, with the maximal output power of about 1.8 mW at the loading of 20 kΩ. Via a programmable software, the hybrid device can operate as a self‐powered counter and timer for potential speed detecting. Further, it has been demonstrated that the hybrid nanogenerator is capable of triggering a transmitter‐integrated tire pressure sensor for self‐powered monitoring tire pressure in real time. This study expands applications based on TENGs in automobile engineering, which might promote the development of intelligent driving and traffic safety engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accumulating studies have shown that methylation of tumor suppressor genes plays an important role in tumorigenesis. Deuterosome assembly protein 1 (DEUP1) has been implicated as a suppressor gene in some tumors and promoter methylation led to silencing of its expression. However, the roles of DEUP1 promoter methylation and expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are not clear. In the present study, the expression and methylation of the DEUP1 promoter in HCC was investigated and the correlations with HCC occurrence and development were explored. A total of 60 HCC tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissues were included in this study. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, bisulfite PCR sequencing, immunohistochemistry and western blotting were applied to detect the methylation status of the DEUP1 promoter and its expression, and to analyze their associations with clinicopathological data. The results showed that the mRNA and protein expression of DEUP1 in adjacent non-tumor tissues was significantly increased compared with in the HCC tissues. DEUP1 promoter methylation was detected in 46/60 (76.7%) tumor tissues and there was a negative correlation between promoter methylation and DEUP1 protein expression (P<0.05). Analysis of the clinicopathological data revealed that the mRNA and protein expression of DEUP1, and its promoter methylation status, was associated with tumor node metastasis stage and tumor differentiation. Taken together, the results of the present study suggested that methylation of the DEUP1 promoter maybe an important mechanism for gene inactivation and has a critical role in the occurrence and development of liver cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this graphical abstract, we present recent advancements in fluorescent probes for the potential detection and monitoring of various liver diseases, emphasizing diverse disease types and their associated biomarkers. [Display omitted] • This review addresses liver diseases such as IRI, HCC, viral hepatitis, fatty liver, and liver fibrosis, which are major global health concerns. • This review underscores that fluorescent probes offer non-invasive, real-time visualization and high sensitivity detection, overcoming conventional diagnostic methods and advancing liver disease diagnosis. • This review emphasizes the use of innovative fluorescent probe designs for the enhanced detection of new biomarkers in liver diseases. • This review explores the potential of fluorescent probes in aiding precise surgical resection of liver tumors, and offers insights into future perspectives for liver disease detection and monitoring. Liver disease is a significant global health burden, affecting millions of people worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, it accounts for ∼ 2 million deaths annually, making it one of the leading causes of global mortality. Early detection and accurate diagnosis of liver diseases, including ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), viral hepatitis, fatty liver disease, and liver fibrosis, are crucial to ensure effective treatment. Fluorescent probes have shown great potential in overcoming the limitations of conventional diagnostic methods by enabling real-time visualization and analysis of cellular and molecular events with high sensitivity and specificity. Although significant progress has been made in fluorescent probes for liver diseases, there is no comprehensive review published on this topic. This article presents a comprehensive review, examining the latest advancements in the development and application of fluorescent probes for liver disease detection and monitoring. It highlights innovative design strategies and probe types that improve targeting capabilities, photostability, and biocompatibility. Furthermore, this review discusses recent progress in detecting liver-specific biomolecules and processes, such as reactive oxygen species, enzyme activity, microenvironment, metal ions, apoptosis, etc., across various liver diseases, with particular emphasis on IRI and HCC. The challenges and limitations of using fluorescent probes for liver disease detection are addressed, and insights into future perspectives for the field are provided. This review serves as a valuable resource for understanding the current state and potential of fluorescent probes in the diagnosis and monitoring of liver diseases, with the ultimate goal of benefiting patients suffering from these debilitating conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lagrangian coherent structures (LCSs) are used to reveal the mechanism of high-lift airfoil with local oscillating at high angle of attack, as the frequency of local oscillation is synchronized with the characteristic frequency of the flow field. First, the forced excitation is used to control the oscillation of the local flexible surface, and the fluid-structure interaction model composed by local oscillating airfoil and unsteady fluid is established. Then, the unsteady flow around a 2-D local oscillating airfoil at high angle of attack is simulated and analyzed numerically by commercial software Fluent with the UDF function and the dynamic grid technique. The results show that the local oscillation can improve the lift of the airfoil. Moreover, as the frequency of the local oscillation is synchronized with the characteristic frequency of the flow field around the rigid airfoil, the lift could be enhanced significantly. Finally, the LCSs are introduced to study the mass transport between main flow and separation area as the frequency of local oscillation is synchronized with the characteristic frequency of flow field, from viewpoint of nonlinear dynamics. It is found that the stable manifolds and unstable manifolds are tangled with each other as time goes on, inducing the mass transport between the main flow and the separating area in a periodical way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The mass transport and lift enhancement in flows over the NACA0015 airfoil with a synthetic jet (SJ) are studied numerically using Lagrangian coherent structures (LCSs). Trajectories of synthetic particles belonging to 9 different groups in a vicinity of the airfoil are tracked to analyze the transport. The influence of mass transport on the aerodynamic performance of the airfoil and on the surface pressure coefficient distribution is studied. The difference in transport properties for the airfoil with and without the SJ is analyzed to understand the reasons of the lift enhancement. The results show that the LCSs could be successfully used to describe transport and mixing in the complex flows in the blowing and suction phases. More, the fluid originating in the upper reaches is continuously sucked out of the flow field in the suction phase, then the jet injected by the jet slot moves to the lower reaches of the jet slot in the blowing phase. Compared with the original airfoil, the controlled airfoil could bring about the fluid adhering to the surface moving constantly and the lift coefficient improved apparently, whether in the suction or blowing phase. Resulting from the SJ, the high momentum fluid is injected into the flow field near the airfoil. Therefore, the boundary layer separation point of the airfoil is pushed downstream, and the area of the flow separation zone is greatly reduced. Generally, utilizing LCS to study mass transport process can provide a new perspective for the study of the SJ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The liver is an organ with metabolism as the main function in the human body, and participates in the body's function activities, including deoxidation, storage of liver glycogen and synthesis of secretory proteins. During the development of liver diseases relative, a series of morphological, metabolic and functional changes occur to hepatocytes. The development of powerful tools for monitoring liver diseases relative changes are important for clinical medicine and pharmacy. Small molecule fluorescent probes that are covalently linked to galactose-based scaffolds target hepatocytes specifically through the asialoglycoprotein receptor, a structure expressed primarily on hepatocytes, exhibits high affinity toward carbohydrates, especially glucose, galactose and N -acetylgalactosamine, and promotes internalization through reticulin-mediated endocytosis. These fluorescent probes have become a powerful tool to evaluate the metabolic activity of hepatocytes by monitoring changes in the levels of small molecules such as reactive sulfur species, reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, and β-galactosidase, and to diagnosis liver cancer cells. Moreover, fluorescent probes that target hepatocytes have been used to detect and image reactive species in liver tissues and in vivo because of their high sensitivity, high selectivity, excellent spatial-temporal resolution and non-invasiveness. In this short review we appraise a series of fluorescent probes that are used to detect and evaluate the metabolic activity of hepatocytes and image hepatocytes in liver tissue. • Recent progress on galactose-based hepatocyte-targeting fluorescent probes are summarized. • The detecting and evaluating liver relative diseases have been overviewed. • Future prospective of galactose-based hepatocyte-targeting fluorescent probes are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Gas permeable, photoactive and crack-free titania–silica aerogels of high titanium content (i.e., up to Ti/Si=1) were prepared by two-steps acid–base catalyzed method involving an acid-catalyzed prehydrolysis of silicon alkoxide followed by a base-catalyzed hydrolysis/condensation reactions with a chelated titania precursor. The prepared titania–silica aerogels displayed good mechanical strength (>30kNm−2), large surface area (>550m2/g), mesoporous structure (8–11nm) and good gas permeation. The porous aerogels trap and filter airborne particulates and the titania–silica aerogel have a fair performance for aerosol (65%) and bioaerosol (94%) filtrations. The photoactive anatase nano-TiO2 crystallized within the aerogel displays an order of magnitude higher reaction rate for UVA photooxidation of trichloroethylene compared to commercial Degussa P25 TiO2. The bactericidal activity of the titania–silica aerogel for Bacillus subtilis cells under UVA was also six orders of magnitude better. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Freestanding blocks of binary oxides, TiO2–SiO2 aerogel containing highly ordered mesophase structures were successfully prepared by a new synthesis method involving partial solvent evaporation followed by supercritical extraction and drying. The new method allows the routine preparation of large, crack-free aerogels of high titanium content (i.e., Ti/Si⩽0.75 or up to 50wt.% Ti), ordered mesopores (i.e., 2–20nm), large surface area (i.e., 400–900m2 g−1) and pore volume (i.e., 0.7–2.6cm3 g−1). Aerogels with well-ordered mesopores were obtained for Ti/Si atom ratios of 0.04–0.08. The size of ordered mesopore domains decreases with increasing titanium loading, and TS75 aerogels with Ti/Si=0.75 display discontinuous microdomains of ordered mesoporosity within disordered phases interspersed with crystalline anatase TiO2. The greater permeability of the TS75 pore network resulted in fifteen times better activity for photocatalytic oxidation of airborne trichloroethylene compared to commercial Degussa P25 TiO2 and more than twice that TiO2–SiO2 aerogel (TS100) of similar titanium loading but with disordered and tortuous pore network. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Freestanding blocks of mesoporous, titania-silica aerogel catalyst were prepared and tested for gas phase photocatalytic oxidation of trichloroethylene (TCE) in a new photoreactor where the reactant gases flow through the aerogel block. The intimate contact between the reactants and catalyst resulted in a higher conversion. TS01 aerogel was prepared by ethanol supercritical drying, and contained nanometer-sized crystalline domains of anatase TiO2 (i.e., Tih name="sbnd" />Ti sites) within an amorphous Sih name="sbnd" />Ti and Sih name="sbnd" />Si network. The TS02 aerogel prepared by CO2 supercritical drying remained amorphous even after high temperature treatment, and analysis indicated that the Tih name="sbnd" />Si is the predominant site on this catalyst. The reaction results indicated that only the TS01 aerogel containing anatase TiO2 was active, but the formation of dichloroacetaldehyde on the amorphous Sih name="sbnd" />Si sites led to a rapid catalyst deactivation. However, a stable catalyst was obtained after these sites were passivated by ozone pretreatment under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The TS01 aerogel catalysts exhibited an average conversion of 30% and a quantum yield of 0.27 at a TCE concentration of 56ppm, feed flow rate of 40sccm and UV irradiation of 710μWcm−2. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Freestanding and crack-free titania–silica aerogels with high titanium content (i.e., Ti/Si=1) were successfully prepared by adjusting the hydrolysis of the two alkoxide precursors to a comparable rate during the sol–gel processing. Two titania–silica aerogels were prepared by ethanol and CO2 supercritical drying methods. Well-dispersed, nanometer-sized anatase crystal domains (ca. 10nm) were crystallized by high temperature, ethanol supercritical drying. The crystalline domains were solidly anchored to the aerogel network by Ti–O–Si bonds. Titania–silica aerogels prepared by CO2 supercritical drying method were devoid of TiO2 crystals. A molecular-level mixing was achieved and anatase TiO2 was only crystallized with difficulty by high temperature calcination (1073K). Both aerogels were mesoporous and displayed similar open pore structure that is readily accessible to reactant molecules. However, only the titania–silica aerogel with anatase TiO2 prepared by ethanol supercritical drying was active for the gas phase, photocatalytic oxidation of volatile organic compounds (i.e., isopropanol and trichloroethylene). Catalysts prepared from Degussa P25 TiO2 displayed lower activity under similar reaction conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: It was found that N α,N ɛ-di[N-(O,O-diisopropyl)phosphoryl-l-leucy]-l-lysyl-methyl ester (1) and N α,N ɛ-di[N-(O,O-diisopropyl)phosphoryl-l-phenylalanyl]-l-lysyl-methyl ester (2) could cleave supercoiled DNA such as PUC19 efficiently in 40mM Britton-Robinson buffer. The cleavage activities for both were investigated by agarose gel electrophoresis. The T4 ligase experiments implied that the cleavage of DNA occurs via a hydrolytic path. The results showed that the cleavage reaction of DNA is dependent on the value of pH and ionic strength in the solution. DNA cleavage is more efficient by N-phosphoryl branched peptide 2 than by N-phosphoryl branched peptide 1. The experiments also show that hydrolysis of DNA by N-phosphoryl branched peptide 1 was accelerated in the presence of Mg2+ or Zn2+ ions. The interactions of DNA with N-phosphoryl branched peptides were also characterized by melting temperature measurements and circular dichroism (CD) techniques. On the basis of experimental data, the possible mechanism of interactions between DNA with N-phosphoryl branched peptides was discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Noble metal catalysts on activated carbon (AC) (Pt/AC and Ru/AC) and base metal catalysts (Cu/AC, CoMo/AC, Mo/AC, Mn/AC, Ru/Al2O3) were developed and examined for the simultaneous removal of organic pollutants and ammonia from wastewater using the wet air oxidation (WAO) process in the liquid phase. The noble metal catalysts were much more active than were the base metal catalysts. Ammonia removal was the rate-controlling step. Nitrate and nitrite accounted for a minor portion of the decomposed ammonia (<5% for Ru/AC and <3% for Pt/AC). Pt/AC was superior to Ru/AC in terms of ammonia removal, pH sensitivity and stability. Activated carbon was a better support for Pt than was TiO2, Al2O3 or MCM-41.The optimal preparation conditions of Pt/AC were: calcination at 300 °C for 6 h followed by H2 reduction at 600 °C without pretreatment of AC. The catalyst so prepared, Pt(opt)/AC, produced ammonia removals of 52 and 88% at 200 °C, initial pH of 5.6 and 12, respectively. The experimental results based on the Pt(opt)/AC showed that the Pt/AC catalyst was able to remove ammonia (>50%) and phenol (&ap;100%) simultaneously from highly polluted wastewater containing up to 1500 mg/l N ammonia and up to 8000 mg/l COD. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The evolution of vortex structure and mass transport process during dynamic stall of the two-dimensional pitching NACA0012 airfoil are studied in detail, using Lagrangian coherent structures (LCSs), and the nature of dynamic stall is given from viewpoint of nonlinear dynamics. First, the numerical method with SST k − ω turbulence model is used to simulate the flow field around the pitching oscillation airfoil. Then, the Lagrangian-averaged vorticity deviation (LAVD) method is used to analyze the formation and evolution of vortex structure during dynamic stall. Further, the circulation development process of the primary leading edge vortex (LEV) is studied, with comparison between LAVD method with Q criterion. Finally, the dynamic behaviors, such as the mass transport and evolution of flow structure during the process of dynamic stall, are analyzed in depth by using LCSs, and the fluctuation of lift coefficient and the dynamic stall are investigated from the viewpoint of nonlinear dynamics. The results show that the evolution of vortex structure and mass transport are closely related to the fluctuation of lift coefficient during the dynamic stall, and the low-pressure region formed by vortices and the complex mass transport and mixing process on the suction surface of the airfoil are the main reasons for the high lift during the dynamic stall process. In particular, the primary LEV, which can be accurately identified and tracked by LAVD method, plays a very important role in lift enhancement, and the primary LEV and the secondary LEV form and grow in turn by the intermittent feeding process of shear layer. Additionally, the fluid particles in front of the leading edge of the airfoil enter the LEV through a special mass transport channel, which is textured by LCSs and opened and closed intermittently. More importantly, the saddle point of LCSs is an important component of vortex boundary, and its dynamic behaviors represent the behaviors of vortex. The first separation of saddle point from the shear layer at leading edge indicate the separation of primary LEV from the suction surface of the airfoil, and the occurrence of dynamic stall. The second separation of saddle point from the shear layer at leading edge indicate that primary LEV begins to leave the upper region of the airfoil, corresponding to a sharp drop in lift coefficient. Generally, compared to the traditional visualization techniques, the Lagrangian analysis based on LCSs and LAVD can provide a deeper insight into the dynamics of the vortex in flow field around pitching oscillation airfoil and the dynamic mechanism of dynamic stall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using Lagrangian Coherent Structures, the influences of synthetic jet parameters, namely, velocity and frequency, on lift at post-stall attack angle are studied in detail, from viewpoint of mass transport. First, the pressure coefficient distribution and the Lagrangian Coherent Structures evolution process of the non-controlled airfoil and the controlled airfoil, at a post-stall attack angle, are compared with each other through numerical simulation, and hence the influences of the mass transport process on the lift coefficient are discussed. Then, the mass transport process and its influences on the lift coefficient under different jet velocities and frequencies are analyzed further. As the conclusion, it can be drawn that there are mainly four routes to enhance the lift of airfoil at post-stall attack angle using synthetic jet, that is, (a) The synthetic jet can directly improve the fluid momentum of the boundary layer in the middle section of the suction surface; (b) The suction phase of the synthetic jet significantly reduces the pressure on the front section of the airfoil suction surface; (c) The synthetic jet could carry the high momentum fluid from the mainstream into the separation zone at the rear section of the airfoil, thus reducing the suction surface pressure of the rear section; (d) The tail vortex reduces the pressure on the suction surface of the airfoil tail. In particular, the jet parameters affect the lift coefficient by these four routes. Specifically, the fluid momenta of the boundary layer in both the front and middle sections of the suction surface are greatly increased with the jet velocity, and the contributions of the tail vortex and the high momentum fluid from the mainstream to the lift are reduced with the jet velocity. As for jet frequency, the contributions of the tail vortex and the high momentum fluid from the mainstream to the lift are reduced with the increase of jet frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reasonable cost budget of the e-government scheme can effectively promote the construction of the digital government. To analyze the cost impact components of the e-government system and find out the impact factor model works in China, this paper reviews relevant literature on software cost impact factors and proposes the impact factors model based on COCOMO II. Besides, combined with the actual construction of digital government and specific cases, this paper analyzes the mechanism of each impact factor in detail. The model can be used to guide the cost estimation of e-government software in China, especially with artificial intelligence estimation method. An enhanced decision theory of theory based on fuzzy set has been adopted for analysis of cost factor on E-government software cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• New sensor developed for precise schizophrenia tracking. • Simultaneous detection of dopamine and glucose achieved. • Sensor modified with gold nanoclusters and boronic acid for enhanced detection. • Innovative algorithm applied to minimize biochemical interference. • The research presents advancements in electrochemical sensor design. Schizophrenia, a severe neurological disorder, is linked to aberrations in dopamine (DA) and glucose levels. While numerous methods have been developed for the sensitive and selective detection of either DA or glucose individually, there remains a challenge in achieving simultaneous detection of both with a single platform. To address this, we designed a graphene field effect transistor (GFET) based electrochemical sensor, augmented with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid-gold nanoclusters (MUA-AuNCs) and pyrene-1-boronic acid (PBA) for enhanced DA and glucose detection. MUA-AuNCs and PBA improved selectivity and sensitivity towards DA and glucose respectively. Moreover, we incorporated a unique data fusion algorithm based on a least squares method. Utilizing a dual-channel sensor setup, this algorithm corrects interference by leveraging accurate DA readings from one channel to compute precise glucose concentrations in mixed solutions, thus ensuring high detection accuracy. This sensor displayed exceptional performance in simultaneous DA and glucose detection, addressing prevalent issues in current methods. Our approach not only has potential to improve schizophrenia monitoring but also provides insights for electrochemical sensor design and optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing, as a novel technique provides broad benefits in thermoelectric materials synthesis, such as enhanced printing speed, reduced waste materials, and customized dimension design. The high energy density of laser could potentially balance the synthesis rate and thermoelectric figure-of-merit zT , but the correlations between laser energy and material performance are still vague. Herein, Bi 0.5 Sb 1.5 Te 3 bulks are directly synthesized by LPBF with a recorded synthesis rate of 254 g h−1. The maximum zT , without any post-processing, reaches 1.1 at 75 °C. Induced nanoscale pores by high laser energy printing, obtain a comparable diameter to phonon mean free path, leading to reduced lattice thermal conductivity and enhanced TE performance. We found that input laser energy critically affected thermoelectric performance and concluded the correlation between volumetric energy density E V and power factor PF , PF = 9.05 E V 2 – 30.01 E V + 48.84. It potentially predicts thermoelectric performance with inputted laser energy density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain death (BD) can induce inflammation and injury of organs. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is associated with a variety of diseases. However, little is known about how ER stress is implicated in brain death (BD)-induced lung injury. In this study, a stable BD rat model was constructed to investigate the role of ER stress on BD-induced lung injury. H&E staining demonstrated that BD can induce lung injury in rats. The results of Western blot and immunohistochemistry showed that apoptosis was observed in the lung tissues of BD rats. And the level of GRP78, p-PERK, p-eIF2α, CHOP, and Caspase-12 was highly expressed in BD rats compared with the control group. Inhibition of ER stress with salubrinal reduced the BD-induced lung inflammation. Moreover, BD-induced increase of NF-κB activity was lowered by inhibition of ER stress. These results suggested that inhibition of ER stress alleviates BD-induced lung inflammation by regulating NF-κB signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the Lagrangian coherent structures (LCSs) of the flow around two-dimensional airfoil with a plunging motion are numerically investigated, in order to reveal the physics of the unsteady aerodynamics in the flapping wings. The present study, in which only low Reynolds ( Re ) flows are considered, focuses on two typical unsteady flows at zero angle of attack, respectively induced by slow and fast plunging motions. To simulate such unsteady flows, the Characteristic Based Split (CBS) scheme combined with Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) framework are applied. After that, the LCSs are introduced to study the dynamic properties in the unsteady flow and by using the finite-time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE), the evolution of the vortex structures in the two distinct flow patterns are determined. By presenting the dynamic evolution of the Lagrangian behaviors, such as the formation and transport of the flow patterns, as well as the flow separation, it proves that LCSs can describe the Lagrangian dynamics properly. Moreover, during investigating the formation of leading-edge vortex (LEV), the time-dependent separation profile is found to play a major role. To be specific, within the slow plunging motion, the flow is rolled up to form a LEV downstream the separation point where the unstable manifold attaches. In contrast, within the fast plunging motion, a transfer barrier is generated upstream the leading edge, causing the LEV to form upstream the separation point. It is also found that by studying the dynamic behavior of the intersection between the unstable manifold and the stable manifold, the evolvement of the vortex structures, including the formation and the shedding of them, is more clear. Compared to the traditional visualization techniques, the Lagrangian analysis based on LCSs can provide a deeper insight into the dynamics of the vortex, which plays an important role in understanding the high performance of the unsteady flow induced by flapping wings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A direct annulation reaction of N-(2-formylaryl)indoles has been developed, which can provide a new entry to biologically and medicinally important indole-indolone scaffolds via a silver-catalyzed direct oxidative coupling between aldehyde CH and sp2 CH bonds for the first time. Remarkably, this strategy displayed excellent functional group compatibilities, thereby suggesting its wide potential for applications in developing and synthesizing new drug-like compounds containing indole-indolone frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common human malignancies and the third most common cause of cancer mortality in the world. In this study, we report that miR-411 expression is markedly upregulated in HCC cells and HCC tissues compared with normal control tissues and cells. Previous studies have shown that miR-411 plays a crucial role in a variety of biological processes in various human cancer cells. However, the specific function of miR-411 in HCC remains unclear. Ectopic expression of miR-411 promoted the proliferation and anchorage-independent growth of HCC cells, whereas inhibition of miR-411 reduced this effect. Bioinformatics analysis further revealed ITCH, a putative tumor suppressor as a potential target of miR-411. Data from luciferase reporter assays showed that miR-411 directly binds to the 3’-untranslated region (3’-UTR) of ITCH mRNA and repressed expression at both transcriptional and translational levels. In functional assays, miR-411 promoted HCC cell proliferation, which could be suppressed by miR-411-in. Taken together, our data provide convincing evidence that miR-411 functions as an onco-miRNA, which was associated with cell proliferation of HCC, and its oncogenic effect is mediated chiefly through direct suppression of ITCH expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heating a mixture of 2-(N-alkylamino)benzoic acids, triethyl orthoformate, and ammonium acetate under solvent-free conditions generated 1-substituted 4(1H)-quinazolinones in 73−99% yields. Moreover, a possible reaction pathway was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To investigate the cause of misdiagnosis and the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis of thyroid. Methods. Four cases of tuberculosis of thyroid were reported and the related literature was reviewed, as well as the causes of misdiagnosis and the diagnosis and treatment were discussed. Results. Two cases were misdiagnosis as thyroid adenoma and one case as thyroid carcinoma, while one case as missed diagnosis. Part of resection, local excision, and lobectomy was performed, respectively, with all the patients who were treated with antituberculosis drugs and recovered. Conclusion. The atypical manifestation of tuberculosis of thyroid suggested that it is important to reinforce the knowledge of this disease. Cytological examination by fine-needle aspirate biopsy was helpful to the diagnosis. The first choice was treatment with anti-tuberculosis drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains one of the most common malignant tumours worldwide. Therefore, the identification and development of sensitivity- genes as novel diagnostic markers and effective therapeutic targets is urgently needed. Dopamine and dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1) are reported to be involved in the progression of various cancers. However, the crucial role of DRD1 in HCC malignant activities remains unclear. Methods: We enrolled 371 patients with liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to detect the expression and functions of DRD1. The Tumour Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER), UALCAN database, Kaplan–Meier plotter, cBioPortal database, and LinkedOmics database were utilized for the systematic investigation of DRD1 expression and related clinical features, coexpressed genes, functional pathways, mutations, and immune infiltrates in HCC. Results: In this study, we determined that DRD1 expression was decreased in HCC tumour tissues versus normal tissues and that low DRD1 expression indicated a poor prognosis. The significance of DRD1 expression varied among different tumour samples. The somatic mutation frequency of DRD1 in the LIHC cohort was 0.3%. The biological functions of DRD1 were detected and validated, and DRD1 was shown to be involved in various functional activities, including metabolism, oxidation, mitochondrial matrix-related processes and other related signaling pathways. In addition, out study indicated that DRD1 had significant correlations with the infiltration of macrophages, B cells and CD+ T cells in HCC. Conclusions: These findings demonstrated the rationality of the potential application of DRD1 function as a novel biomarker for HCC diagnosis and a therapeutic target for HCC treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describes the typical apoptotic morphologic changes, DNA ladder and early apoptosis detected by flow cytometry after treatment with (DIPP-L-Leu)[sub 2]-L-Lys-OCH[sub 3] in K562 cells. Mechanism of apoptosis; Induction of apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner.

Abstract: In-situ growth of titania nanoparticles in poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) nanofibers has been successfully achieved by combining sol–gel method and electrospinning process. Titania precursor, tetra-n-butyl titanate (TBT), was firstly hydrolyzed in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), and then blend with a solution of PET in mixture of trifluoroacetic acid/dichloromethane (TFA/DCM) to form a homogeneous solution for electrospinning. Titania nanoparticles in-situ generated in the electrospun nanofibers via a hydrothermal treatment process at 70 °C–90 °C. The morphology and crystallinity of PET/TiO2 hybrid nanofibers were investigated using TEM and DSC. The results showed that titania nanoparticles of anatase phase with an average diameter of about 10 nm in-situ generated both inside and on the surface of PET electrospun nanofibers. The reversible networks formed between titania nanoparticles and PET macromolecular chains led to considerable decrease of PET crystallinity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Stretchable sensors are attracting more and more attention in conformal electronic devices and wearable electronics. Nevertheless, the fabrication of active flexible sensors with merits of high sensitivity is still a great challenge. Herein, a self-powered stretchable strain sensor is introduced by using PVDF film. Due to the piezoelectricity, the PVDF-based sensor can operate actively without any external power sources. By subtly designing and tailoring, the output signals of the serpentine PVDF strip device have been explored, which can serve as a self-powered dynamic monitoring sensor owing to the stretchable configuration. The stretchable sensor can not only detect joint motions, but also monitor environmental vibrations. In addition, a matrix consisted of elastic PVDF strips has been invented for locating mechanical collisions. The fabricated matrix indicates its self-powered locating capability by recording the output voltage signals. The stretchable sensor with a serpentine layout may have potential applications in human-machine interfacing, conformal detection, and artificial intelligence. Unlabelled Image • A stretchable polyvinylidene fluoride sensor with a serpentine layout is designed. • The serpentine film sensor possesses a high sensitivity to environment stimuli. • A sensor matrix composed of 6 polyvinylidene fluoride strips is constructed. • The matrix achieves an excellent performance in locating mechanical collisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain-dead (BD) donor is the main source for liver transplantation (LT). We aim to investigate the effect of brain death on donor liver inflammatory activity and its association with ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and biliary tract injury after LT. A brain death model using male Lewis rats was established, in both BD and non-BD groups; livers were harvested for transplantation using a 2-cuff technique. The rats were sacrificed 12 hours (n = 10) or 4 weeks (n = 10) after transplantation. I/R injury and long-term biliary tract injury were observed after transplantation. All rats survived for 4 weeks after transplantation. At 12 hours after BD-donor LT (BDDLT), liver injury worsened; serum transaminases, bilirubin, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining level substantially increased (P <.05). At 4 weeks after BDDLT, serum bilirubin and bile lactate dehydrogenase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase levels were elevated (P <.05). Biliary fibrosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were detectable and NDRG1 gene expression was decreased. These results suggested that brain death–induced inflammatory response in donor organs and resulted in a worse I/R injury and biliary tract injury after LT in rats. The brain death–related biliary tract injury may be associated with the regulation of EMT through NDRG1. • Brain death activated liver inflammation in rats. • Brain death was related to ischemia-reperfusion injury after liver transplantation in rats. • Brain death was associated with biliary tract injury after transplantation in rats. • NDRG1 -mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cholangiocytes after brain-dead donor liver transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanisms underlying severe liver injury after brain-dead (BD) donor liver transplantation (BDDLT) remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to explore the roles of lncRNAs and circRNAs in liver injury after BDDLT. Rat liver injury was detected in the sham, BD, control, and BDDLT groups. We examined the expression profiles of lncRNAs and circRNAs in the livers of the BDDLT and control group using microarray analysis. The main functions of the differentially expressed genes were analyzed by gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. In addition, we used bioinformatic analyses to construct related expression networks. Liver injury was aggravated in the BD and BDDLT groups. We found various mRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs that were differentially expressed in the BDDLT group compared with those in the control group. Coding-noncoding gene co-expression (CNC) network analysis showed that expression of the lncRNA LOC102553657 was associated with that of the apoptosis-related genes including HMOX1 and ATF3. Furthermore, competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) network analysis revealed that the lncRNA LOC103692832 and rno_circRNA_007609 were ceRNAs of rno-miR-135a-5p targeting Atf3, Per2, and Mras. These results suggest that lncRNAs and circRNAs play important roles in the pathogenesis and development of liver injury during BDDLT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain death (BD) impairs liver function in potential donors, and is associated with hormonal and metabolic changes or molecular effects with pro‑inflammatory activation. Resident macrophages in the liver named Kupffer cells (KCs) undergo pro‑ or anti‑inflammatory pathway activation, which affects liver function. However, the role of the KCs in liver dysfunction following BD has not been fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of KCs in liver dysfunction in the context of BD and the effects of their inhibition by gadolinium chloride (GdCl3). Rats were randomly divided into the following groups: Control, BD with GdCl3 pretreatment and BD with normal saline pretreatment. Liver function, hepatic pathological histology and cytokine levels in the liver were assessed. Apoptosis and apoptosis‑related proteins [cleaved caspase‑3, caspase‑3 and apoptosis regulator Bcl‑2 (Bcl‑2)] were evaluated. GdCl3 significantly aggravated liver injury by elevating alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels (P<0.05) by inhibiting KCs. Interleukin (IL)‑1β and tumor necrosis factor α levels in the GdCl3 group were significantly increased compared with those in the control and saline groups (P<0.01). However, IL‑10 levels in the GdCl3 group were significantly reduced compared with those in the saline group (P<0.05). Caspase‑3 and cleaved caspase‑3 activation, and apoptosis induction in the context of BD were also significantly aggravated by the depletion of KCs, whereas Bcl‑2 was significantly suppressed by the administration of GdCl3. The present study indicated that GdCl3 efficiently inhibits the activity of KCs, and is involved in the onset of liver injury through its effects on pro‑inflammatory and anti‑inflammatory activation. KCs are protective in the liver in the context of BD. This protection appears to be due to KCs secretion of the potent anti‑inflammatory cytokine IL‑10, suggesting that KCs are an attractive target for the prevention and treatment of liver injury in the context of BD in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The approach is possible under conditions A), B) or C) and affords various functionalized tetracyclic nitrogen skeletons, suitable as new drug-like components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are ubiquitous in the environment, and some of them are recognized as endocrine disruptors that cause concerns on ecosystem functioning and public health. Due to the diversity of PAEs in the environment, there is a vital need to detect the total concentration of PAEs in a timely and low-cost way. To fulfill this requirement, it is highly desired to obtain group-specific PAE binders that are specific to the basic PAE skeleton. In this study, for the first time we have identified the group-specific PAE-binding aptamers via rationally designed target immobilization. The two target immobilization strategies were adopted to display either the phthalic ester group or the alkyl chain, respectively, at the surface of the immobilization matrix. The former enabled the rapid enrichment of aptamers after four rounds of selection. The top 100 sequences are cytosine-rich (44.7%) and differentiate from each other by only 1-4 nucleotides at limited locations. The top two aptamers all display the nanomolar dissociation constants to both the immobilized target and the free PAEs [dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)]. We further demonstrate the applications of the aptamers in the development of high-throughput PAE assays and DEHP electrochemical biosensors with exceptional sensitivity [limit of detection (LOD), 10 pM] and selectivity (>105-fold). PAE aptamers targeting one of the most sought for targets thus offer the promise of convenient, low-cost detection of total PAEs. Our study also provides insights on the aptamer selection and sensor development of highly hydrophobic small molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Although high leptin concentration has been shown to be correlated with established vascular risk factors, epidemiologic studies have reported inconclusive results on the association between leptin and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Therefore, a meta-analysis was performed to evaluate this issue. Methods: We searched Pubmed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from their inception to Jan 2016 for both case-control and cohort studies that assessed leptin concentration and CVD risk. Reports with odds ratio (OR), risk ratio (RR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were considered. The data were extracted by two investigators independently. Results: A total of 13 epidemiologic studies totaling 4257 CVD patients and 26710 controls were included. A significant inverse association was shown between leptin and coronary heart disease (CHD), with an overall OR of 1.16 (95% CI: 1.02–1.32), but not for stroke (OR = 1.21, 95% CI 0.98–1.48) under sociodemographic adjustment. Further adjustment for additional cardiovascular risk factors resulted in ORs of 1.16 (95% CI 0.97–1.40) for CHD and 1.10 (95% CI 0.89–1.35) for stroke. The findings remained when analyses were restricted to high-quality studies and indicated OR estimates of 1.07 (95% CI 0.96–1.19) for CHD and 0.98 (95% CI 0.76–1.25) for stroke. In a subgroup meta-analysis, a high leptin level was not independently associated with CHD in both females (OR = 1.03, 95% CI 0.86–1.23) and males (OR = 1.09, 95% CI 0.95–1.26) or with stroke in both females (OR = 1.13, 95% CI 0.87–1.47) and males (OR = 0.80, 95% CI 0.59–1.09). There was no significant publication bias as suggested by Egger test outcomes. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that high leptin levels may not be associated with risks of CHD and stroke. Further large, well-designed prospective cohort studies are needed to fully evaluate the role of leptin on the risk of CVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glypican-1 (GPC1) has been demonstrated to be a potential biomarker of pancreatic cancer, so ultrasensitive detection of GPC1 was important for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. In this paper, a photoelectrochemical (PEC) immunosensor based on gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) was developed for the first time for the ultrasensitive detection of GPC1. Then graphene oxide (GO) was introduced into AuNCs as a hybrid nanomaterial to improve the sensitivity. The results confirmed that GO increased the sensitivity by enhancing both the photoelectric properties and antibody loading properties. Finally, the PEC immunosensors for GPC1 detection achieved an optimal sensitivity (7.265 nA/decade) and an excellent limit of detection (LOD) of 15 pg/mL (S/N = 3). To provide more information for the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer, multichannel light-addressable PEC sensors that achieved the simultaneous detection of biomacromolecules and biomicromolecules was further developed by AuNCs/GO based PEC immunosensors and carbon dots@mesoporous silica beads (CDs@MSB) based PEC sensor. The simultaneous ultrasensitive detection of GPC1, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and glutathione (GSH) were achieved by using this light-addressable PEC sensor. Finally, samples from pancreatic cancer models were detected, which verified the practicality and accuracy of the light-addressable PEC sensor in the evaluation and early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. • AuNCs based PEC immunosensor was fabricated for ultrasensitive detection of GPC1. • GO improved the sensitivity of the immunosensor and the mechanism was studied. • PEC sensors were extended to light-addressable sensor for multichannel detection. • The light-addressable sensor achieved simultaneous detection of GPC1, CEA and GSH. • The diagnosis of pancreatic cancer was achieved by the light-addressable sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical reactions are presented for the article "Metal-Free Catalytic Cascade to Chromones: Direct Coupling of Salicylaldehydes and Activated Alkynes Triggered by Aryloxyl Radicals" by P. Wang and colleagues, published in the journal "RSC Advances" in 2015.

A simple but efficient organocatalytic system with 5 mol% tetra- n-butylammonium bromide (TBAB) as the catalyst has been identified for alcohol oxidation for the first time. This organocatalytic system is compatible with a broad range of benzylic/allylic alcohols with various catalytically reactive groups. Besides, it shows excellent selectivity for secondary benzylic alcohols over aliphatic alcohols, and good selectivity over the primary benzylic alcohol site in 4-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzyl alcohol. Thus, the features of simplicity, high efficiency, selectivity and mildness of reaction conditions associated with this TBAB organocatalytic system suggest its potential for widespread use in synthetic chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A metal-free intramolecular annulation of 2-aryloxybenzaldehydes to xanthones is disclosed, which proceeds through the direct oxidative coupling of an aldehyde CH bond and aromatic CH bonds using tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) as a promoter in aqueous medium. This strategy works smoothly in the presence of both electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups, and displays good tolerance towards catalytically reactive substituents, thus promising further functionalizations of xanthone products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A DFG laser system with a wide spectral range was proposed on hydrocarbon measurement. • Fifteen hydrocarbon spectra from C 1 to C 8 were measured. • Concentration dependence of absorbance for each hydrocarbon was evaluated. • Binary to trinary mixtures were analyzed using the ICA and the CLS method. Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) is a widely used diagnostic technique due to its high sensitivity, fast response, low cost, and other merits. Hydrocarbon detection is a field of great interest in the application of tunable diode lasers as hydrocarbons are fundamental molecules in many industrial processes. Many tunable diode lasers are only suitable for single species detection due to the short scanning range and in real situations. However, different hydrocarbon species tend to exist simultaneously. Here we present a laser system based on the difference-frequency generation (DFG) method for simultaneous hydrocarbon mixtures detection. The direct absorption spectra of different hydrocarbons covering various groups (e.g., alkane, olefin, and aromatic) were measured. The measurements of the concentration dependence of absorbance for each molecule were carried out. The R2 values were larger than 0.997, which demonstrated the system can measure hydrocarbons covering different molecular classes accurately. The mixture components were identified using the independent component analysis and quantitative analysis was performed using the classical least-squares method. Future studies will focus on the validation of the system in actual processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aliphatic aldehydes as well as α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds do not give the desired oxirane derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process which leads to quinazolinones (III) has the advantages of readily available starting materials, mild conditions, simple work-up procedure and good yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The photo-induced reactivity of three nanostructured titanium dioxides including TiO2 nanoparticles (i.e., nano-TiO2), titania–silica aerogel and nanotextured TiO2 film, were investigated for gas phase photocatalytic oxidation of trichloroethylene and inactivation of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli microbial cells. A correlation was observed between photoreactivity for TCE conversion and bactericidal activity within TiO2 of similar nanostructures and composition (i.e., elemental and phase). This indicates that the photogenerated radical species from UV-irradiated TiO2 responsible for TCE photo-oxidation also play a major role in the inactivation of microbial cells. The superb bactericidal activities of titania–silica aerogels (i.e., up to 6log reductions in viable B. subtilis) and nanotextured TiO2 film (3.4log reduction) compared to commercial Degussa P25 TiO2 (0.64log reduction) and optimum nano-TiO2 (1.3log reduction) far exceeds the observed activity enhancement for TCE photo-oxidation. This implies that nanoscale chemical and structural environment also contribute towards the bactericidal activities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Thymidylate synthase (TS) is a critical enzyme for DNA biosynthesis and many nonclassical lipophilic antifolates targeting this enzyme are quite eflicient and encouraging as antitumor drugs. In this paper, the binding model of 14 antifolates of substituted benzylamino- and heterocyclylmethylamino-carbodithioate derivatives of 4-(3H)-quinazolinone with TS is examined using molecular simulation methods—FlexiDock and SCORE2.0. The resulting conformation and orientation of these antifolates are directly applied to CoMFA study. The robust QSAR model, its three-dimensional contour map, and binding score of these antifolates derived from SCORE2.0 provide guidelines for structural optimization of current antifolates. The experiment indicates that deletion of cancer chemopreventive structure of dithiocarbamate is unfavorable for interaction between TS and antifolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Alpinetin pretreatment improves liver function and reduces the degree of necrosis. • Alpinetin suppresses inflammatory response and apoptosis during hepatic I/R injury. • Alpinetin inhibits hepatocyte inflammation and apoptosis after H/R stimulation. • Alpinetin suppresses the NF-κB signaling pathway during hepatic I/R injury. • Alpinetin inhibits MAPK signaling pathways during hepatic I/R injury. Liver damage induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) remains a primary issue in liver transplantation and resection. Alpinetin, a novel plant flavonoid derived from Alpinia katsumadai Hayata, is widely used to treat various inflammatory diseases. However, the effects of alpinetin on hepatic I/R injury remain unclear. The present study investigated the protective effects of alpinetin pretreatment on hepatic I/R injury in mice. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to 1 h of partial hepatic ischemia followed by 6 h of reperfusion. Alpinetin (50 mg/kg) was given by intraperitoneal injection 1 h before liver ischemia. The blood and liver tissues were collected to assess biochemical indicators, hepatocyte damage, and levels of proteins related to signaling pathways. Furthermore, a hepatocytes hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model was established for in vitro experiments. In vivo , we observed that alpinetin significantly attenuated the increases in alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, proinflammatory cytokines, hepatocyte damage, and apoptosis caused by hepatic I/R. Moreover, the hepatic I/R-induced nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways were suppressed by alpinetin. In vitro , we also observed that alpinetin inhibited the inflammatory response, apoptosis, and activation of the NF-κB/MAPK pathways in hepatocytes after H/R treatment. Our data indicate that alpinetin ameliorated the inflammatory response and apoptosis induced by hepatic I/R injury in mice. The protective effects of alpinetin on hepatic I/R injury may be due to its ability to inhibit the NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways. These results suggest that alpinetin is a promising potential therapeutic reagent for hepatic I/R injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents chemical equations related to the article "Metal-Free Oxidative Coupling: Xanthone Formation via Direct Annulation of 2-Aryloxybenzaldehyde Using Tetrabutylammonium Bromide as a Promoter in Aqueous Medium" by H. Rao et al. in the "Advanced Synthesis and Catalysis" in 2013.