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The crystal structure of the salt calcium (2R,3R)‐tartrate tetrahydrate {systematic name: poly[[diaqua[μ4‐(2R,3R)‐2,3‐dihydroxybutanedioato]calcium(II)] dihydrate]}, {[Ca(C4H8O8)(H2O)2]·2H2O}n, is reported. The absolute configuration of the crystal was established unambiguously using anomalous dispersion effects in the diffraction patterns. High‐quality data also allowed the location and free refinement of all the H atoms, and therefore to a careful analysis of the hydrogen‐bond interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Decalcification is a technique used to remove calcium salts from hard tissue specimens, such as bone or teeth, to make them suitable for sectioning. X-rays, physical methods, and chemical methods are commonly used to determine the endpoint of decalcification. However, these procedures can be cumbersome, may deteriorate the specimen, and are often subjective. Aim: To determine the endpoint of decalcification of hard tissue specimens using a colour palette. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Oral Pathology at Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, over a period of 5 months. A total of 25 hard tissue specimens (10 bone and 15 teeth) were subjected to decalcification in 20% formic acid. To evaluate the endpoint of decalcification, silver nitrate solution was added to the formic acid, and the colour change was noted. The resulting colour was compared with a previously patented colour palette (Patent number: 202241047215). Once a lighter colour was obtained, the specimen was processed, sectioned, and stained using Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E). The slides were then evaluated by two pathologists. Results: A total of 8 (80%) bone samples exhibited excellent staining, while 2 (20%) samples showed a good staining score. Regarding the tooth samples, 14 (93.3%) showed excellent staining, and one (6.66%) tooth displayed a good staining score. Conclusion: The present method is a simple and safe way to determine the endpoint of decalcification for a specimen. It does not damage the tissue, thus preserving the integrity of the hard tissue specimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

10-methacryloyloxidecyl dihydrogen phosphate monomer (10-MDP) is commonly used as a bonding monomer in universal adhesives. Adhesives that contain this monomer can directly contact the surrounding periodontium due to the chemical binding of 10-MDP with hydroxyapatite in hard tissue to form calcium salts. However, the effect of these calcium salts on the periodontium in the case of subgingival fillings remains poorly understood. The objective of this study was to investigate effects of 10-MDP calcium salts on osteoblasts and fibroblasts in the periodontal tissues. This study investigated the effects of different concentrations of 10-MDP calcium salts on the migration, proliferation, and differentiation of osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) and fibroblasts (L929); additionally, the effect on apoptosis and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression in these cells was evaluated. Cell proliferation assay, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay, Western blotting, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were performed to determine the effects. The 10-MDP calcium salts (within a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL) showed no cytotoxicity and did not seem to influence the apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the cells. However, they had an inhibitory effect on the secretion of MMP2 and MMP9 in the osteoblasts and fibroblasts. The ALP activity assay and Alizarin Red staining did not reveal any significant effects of the 10-MDP calcium salts on osteoblast differentiation. These results suggest that applying 10-MDP-containing adhesives to subgingival fillings may be safe and beneficial for the periodontal tissues. [Display omitted] • 10-MDP calcium salts directed contact the periodontium in the case of subgingival resin filling. • 10-MDP calcium salts have inhibitory effect on the secretion of MMP2 and MMP9 in the osteoblasts and fibroblasts. • 10-MDP calcium salts showed no cytotoxicity and influences on the mitochondria in osteoblasts and fibroblasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomatoes are one of the most important vegetables in every home, especially in South Asian countries, used as a vegetable, ketchup, and condiment in many kitchen recipes. It is a good source of calcium, potassium, folate, vitamin A, vitamin K, and lycopene, which are beneficial for the human body and protect it against different diseases. Nutrient management is a key factor for the best quality production of tomato fruit. The present study was conducted to compare the efficiency of different calcium salts (calcium sulphate, calcium carbonate, calcium nitrate, and calcium chloride) in improving the growth, yield, and other quality-related parameters of tomatoes. A single field experiment was conducted and laid out according to the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with a single factor in the field and a Complete Randomized Design (CRD)) for postharvest fruit storage. The results obtained from this experiment suggest that plants treated with 2% calcium chloride solution exhibited the greatest plant height (85.27 cm), number of leaves (221), yield per plant (2.3 kg), ascorbate peroxidase (290.75 m mol s−1 kg−1), superoxide dismutase (7.13 m mol s−1 kg−1), catalase (18.74 m mol s−1 kg−1), total phenolics (2.44 mg g−1), and β carotene (0.48 µg g−1). During postharvest storage, the maximum shelf life (18 days), minimum disease incidence (4.78%), weight loss (6.61%), and ethylene production (119.6 µL C2H4 kg−1h−1) rate were also observed in calcium-treated fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnolia wufengensis, a newly discovered ornamental species in the Magnoliaceae family, is susceptible to salinity. Moreover, Ca2+ is an essential element for plant growth and is receiving increasing attention for its ability to mitigate the negative effects of environmental stress on plants. In the present study, we investigated the effect of Ca2+ on the growth and transcriptome of M. wufengensis under salt stress. The treatments used here were as follows: control, NaCl (150 mmol/L), CaCl2 (5 mmol/L), and NaCl (150 mmol/L) + CaCl2 (5 mmol/L). After a 60-day treatment period, plant growth indices were determined, and leaves were collected for physiological analysis and transcriptome investigation. The combined application of NaCl and CaCl2 alleviated phenotypic damage and restored seedling growth. Moreover, RNA sequencing data revealed that in the Na vs. control group and the NaCa vs. Na group, there were 968 and 2632 differentially expressed genes, respectively, which were both primarily enriched in secondary metabolism, glutathione metabolism, signaling hormone metabolism, glucose metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. These pathways were analyzed to screen key genes: the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette efflux transporter G1 (ABCG1) genes, which are related to transmembrane transport; the calmodulin genes, which are related to signal transmission; and the glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and peroxidase (POD) genes related to antioxidant enzymes. Lastly, we constructed a hypothesis model of Ca2+-enhanced salt tolerance in M. wufengensis. This study reveals the potential mechanisms by which Ca2+ enhances the salt tolerance of M. wufengensis and provides a theoretical reference for its cultivation in saline areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vascular calcification is a common vascular lesion associated with high morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular events. Antibiotics can disrupt the gut microbiota (GM) and have been shown to exacerbate or attenuate several human diseases. However, whether antibiotic-induced GM disruption affects vascular calcification remains unclear. Methods: Antibiotic cocktail (ABX) treatment was utilized to test the potential effects of antibiotics on vascular calcification. The effects of antibiotics on GM and serum short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in vascular calcification mice were analyzed using 16 S rRNA gene sequencing and targeted metabolomics, respectively. Further, the effects of acetate, propionate and butyrate on vascular calcification were evaluated. Finally, the potential mechanism by which acetate inhibits osteogenic transformation of VSMCs was explored by proteomics. Results: ABX and vancomycin exacerbated vascular calcification. 16 S rRNA gene sequencing and targeted metabolomics analyses showed that ABX and vancomycin treatments resulted in decreased abundance of Bacteroidetes in the fecal microbiota of the mice and decreased serum levels of SCFAs. In addition, supplementation with acetate was found to reduce calcium salt deposition in the aorta of mice and inhibit osteogenic transformation in VSMCs. Finally, using proteomics, we found that the inhibition of osteogenic transformation of VSMCs by acetate may be related to glutathione metabolism and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. After adding the glutathione inhibitor Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) and the ubiquitination inhibitor MG132, we found that the inhibitory effect of acetate on VSMC osteogenic differentiation was weakened by the intervention of BSO, but MG132 had no effect. Conclusion: ABX exacerbates vascular calcification, possibly by depleting the abundance of Bacteroidetes and SCFAs in the intestine. Supplementation with acetate has the potential to alleviate vascular calcification, which may be an important target for future treatment of vascular calcification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity stress severely restricts rice growth. Prohexadione calcium (Pro-Ca) modulation can effectively alleviate salt stress in rice. In this study, we explored the effects of Pro-Ca on enhancing salt tolerance in two rice varieties, IR29 and HD96-1. The results revealed that Pro-Ca markedly enhanced root and shoot morphological traits and improved plant biomass under salt stress. Chlorophyll a and b content were significantly increased, which improved photosynthetic capacity. Transcriptomic and metabolomic data showed that Pro-Ca significantly up-regulated the expression of genes involved in E3 ubiquitin ligases in IR29 and HD96-1 by 2.5-fold and 3-fold, respectively, thereby maintaining Na+ and K+ homeostasis by reducing Na+. Moreover, Pro-Ca treatment significantly down-regulated the expression of Lhcb1, Lhcb2, Lhcb3, Lhcb5, and Lhcb6 in IR29 under salt stress, which led to an increase in photosynthetic efficiency. Furthermore, salt stress + Pro-Ca significantly increased the A-AAR of IR29 and HD96-1 by 2.9-fold and 2.5-fold, respectively, and inhibited endogenous cytokinin synthesis and signal transduction, which promoted root growth. The current findings suggested that Pro-Ca effectively alleviated the harmful effects of salt stress on rice by maintaining abscisic acid content and by promoting oxylipin synthesis. This study provides a molecular basis for Pro-Ca to alleviate salt stress in rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examined the impact of various calcium salts crosslinking agents on the fatigue‐resistant actuation performance of gel‐based bionic artificial muscles (GBAMs) that exhibited directional bending deflection and generated actuation force when electrically stimulated, thereby converting electrical energy into mechanical energy. Furthermore, a comparative investigation was carried out to examine the mechanical properties, electrochemical characteristics, microstructure, material composition, and actuation lifespan of GBAMs doped with various calcium salts, which were commonly found in biological muscles. Moreover, this research paper offered a comprehensive analysis of the mechanoelectric coupling's contribution towards optimizing the fatigue‐resistant actuation performance of the GBAM. The findings indicated that the GBAM, synthesized through the cross‐linking of calcium iodide doped with a 25% volume fraction of ethanol absolute, exhibited superior mechanical properties, electrochemical characteristics, microstructure, and actuation lifespan when compared to various other calcium salts. Hence, following a comprehensive comparison, it could be deduced that the fatigue‐resistant actuation performance of the GBAM, synthesized using calcium iodide doped with a 25% volume fraction of ethanol absolute as a crosslinking agent, exhibited the highest level of effectiveness when compared to the other four calcium salts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium orotate is one of the highly prescribed calcium salts. The orotic acid content is crucial for exhibiting its high bioavailability. There are no methods available to estimate orotic acid content in calcium orotate. The primary objective of this study was to develop and validate a robust method for the estimation of orotic acid from the bulk calcium orotate. A stability indicating RP-HPLC method was developed using an isocratic condition of mobile phase comprising 20 mM of monobasic potassium phosphate in water (pH 2.5) with phosphoric acid at a flow rate of 1 mL min-1 over C-18 (ODS, 250 × 4.6 mm) column at ambient temperature with UV detection at 214 nm. It was validated with respect to accuracy, specificity, precision, linearity, range, robustness and system suitability. Real sample analysis was also performed to test the applicability for regular analysis of calcium orotate bulk samples to assure its quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Beef cattle production in the tropics is based on the grazing system. Concentrate supplementation has a significant influence on carcass gain and meat quality. Additionally, the inclusion of some lipid feedstuffs, such as rumen-protected fat (RPF), can increase the net energy for weight gain, and be an alternative to increase the productive performance and carcass traits of grazing beef cattle. Aims: This study evaluated the effects of RPF on performance, carcass traits and feeding behaviour of Nellore bulls in an intensive grazing system during the rainy season. Methods: Twenty-four Nellore bulls (initial bodyweight of 454.0 ± 46.1 kg) were used in a randomised completed block design, based on initial bodyweight. The animals were distributed in 12 paddocks (two bulls per paddock) in a continuous grazing system and randomly assigned to one of two treatments: control (n = 6), a concentrate without added protected fat provided ad libitum , and RPF (n = 6), a concentrate with the addition of 3% protected fat (Nutricorp, Araras, São Paulo, Brazil) provided ad libitum. Statistical analysis was performed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 with paddock as the experimental unit (12 paddocks). The principal model included fixed effect of treatment and block as a random effect. For forage characteristics, the experimental period was a considered fixed effect. The study lasted 105 days, and was divided into four periods. At the end of each period, forage collections were performed, bulls were weighed and feeding behaviour was recorded. After 105 days, the bulls were slaughtered in a commercial slaughterhouse, and three 2.54-cm Longissimus dorsi steaks of each animal were collected to evaluate the colour, the chemical and physical composition, and the sensory analysis of the meat. Keys results: The inclusion of RPF in the concentrate did not affect (P > 0.05) the final bodyweight, average daily gain, concentrate intake and feed efficiency, but there was a tendency (P < 0.07) for higher carcass weight for the bulls that received RPF. Bulls supplemented with RPF had a greater (P < 0.05) average carcass gain. For meat quality, an effect (P < 0.01) was observed for hue (25.32 and 27.91 for control and RPF, respectively). Conclusions: The addition of 3% RPF in the concentrate ration has the potential to improve carcass traits and meat quality of beef cattle in an intensive pasture finishing system. Implications: The inclusion of RPF will increase dietary energy density of grazing beef cattle with a tendency to increase carcass gain. This can be an opportunity to increase the production per animal and income of farmers. The inclusion of rumen-protected fat in the diet of grazing beef cattle may be a strategy to increase dietary energy density, and consequently improve the performance and carcass characteristics without negative effects on ruminal microbiota and fibre digestibility. Twenty-four non-castrated animals were subjected to this test. The average daily carcass gain and meat quality were improved by the inclusion of protected fat in the diet of grazing cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excess soil salinity significantly impairs plant growth and development. Our previous reports demonstrated that the core circadian clock oscillator GIGANTEA (GI) negatively regulates salt stress tolerance by sequestering the SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE (SOS) 2 kinase, an essential component of the SOS pathway. Salt stress induces calcium‐dependent cytoplasmic GI degradation, resulting in activation of the SOS pathway; however, the precise molecular mechanism governing GI degradation during salt stress remains enigmatic. Here, we demonstrate that salt‐induced calcium signals promote the cytoplasmic partitioning of CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1), leading to the 26S proteasome‐dependent degradation of GI exclusively in the roots. Salt stress‐induced calcium signals accelerate the cytoplasmic localization of COP1 in the root cells, which targets GI for 26S proteasomal degradation. Align with this, the interaction between COP1 and GI is only observed in the roots, not the shoots, under salt‐stress conditions. Notably, the gi‐201 cop1‐4 double mutant shows an enhanced tolerance to salt stress similar to gi‐201, indicating that GI is epistatic to COP1 under salt‐stress conditions. Taken together, our study provides critical insights into the molecular mechanisms governing the COP1‐mediated proteasomal degradation of GI for salt stress tolerance, raising new possibilities for developing salt‐tolerant crops. Summary statement: Salt‐induced Ca2+ signal triggers E3 ubiquitin ligase CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1) dependent proteasomal degradation of cytosolic GIGANTEA (GI) in the roots under salt‐stress conditions. Consequently, COP1‐regulated GI degradation positively regulates salt stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the protein and salts distribution (Ca, P, Na and Mg) in processed cheese (PC) samples prepared with 180 or 360 mEq/kg of the calcium sequestering salts (CSS) disodium phosphate (DSP), disodium pyrophosphate (DSPP), sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) and trisodium citrate (TSC) was studied. For this purpose, a water-soluble extract (WSE) of PC samples was prepared. All PC samples contained 45–46% moisture, 26–27% fat and 20–21% protein and had a pH of 5.2 or 5.7. Ultracentrifugation slightly reduced the protein content of the WSE of PC, indicating that most protein in the WSE was non-sedimentable. At equal concentration of CSS, the protein content of the WSE was higher for PC at pH 5.7 compared to PC at pH 5.2. Approximately 55–85% of the Ca and P in the WSE of samples was 10 kDa-permeable for PC prepared with DSPP and SHMP. This suggests that the formation of non-permeable Ca–polyphosphate–casein complexes. For PC prepared with TSC, >90% of Ca in the WSE was 10 kDa-permeable, indicating that micellar disruption arises from sequestration of micellar Ca. These results indicate that the WSE method is an appropriate method to understand how salts present in PC are distributed. However, the WSE and ultracentrifugal supernatant of the WSE can include both soluble and protein-associated salts. Therefore, determining levels of salts in 10 kDa permeate of ultracentrifugal supernatant of the WSE is most appropriate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials (FCM) assessed the safety of the substances 'wax, rice bran, oxidised' and 'wax, rice bran, oxidised, calcium salt', used as additives up to 0.3% in polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyamide (PA), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polylactic acid (PLA) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) in contact with all food types for long‐term storage at room temperature and below, after hot‐fill and/or heating. The substances consist of the chemical classes wax esters, carboxylic acids, alcohols and calcium salts of acids, along with an unidentified organic fraction up to ■■■■■ w/w. Migration into 10% ethanol and 4% acetic acid was below 0.012 mg/kg for each chemical class, and about 0.001 mg/kg for the unidentified fraction. In isooctane, migration was up to 0.297 mg/kg food for wax esters, below 0.01 mg/kg food for the other chemical classes and about 0.02 mg/kg food for the unidentified fraction. The contact with dry food and food simulated by 20% ethanol were considered covered by the migration tests with aqueous simulants. Based on genotoxicity assays and compositional analyses, the constituents of the chemical classes did not raise a concern for genotoxicity. The potential migration of individual constituents or groups of chemically‐related compounds of the unidentified fraction would result in exposures below (for aqueous food) and above (for fatty food) the threshold of toxicological concern for genotoxic carcinogens. Therefore, the FCM Panel concluded that the substances are not of safety concern for the consumer, if used as additives up to 0.3% w/w in PET, PLA and rigid PVC materials and articles intended for contact with all food types except for fatty foods, for long‐term storage at room temperature and below, including hot‐fill and/or heating up to 100°C for up to 2 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover imaged diagenetic textural features in four separate sedimentary units in its exploration of the 25‐m‐thick Shenandoah formation at Jezero Crater, Mars, that we interpreted as probable concretions. These concretions were most abundant in the Hogwallow Flats member of the Shenandoah formation and were restricted to the light‐toned, platy, sulfur‐cemented bedrock at outcrop surfaces, whereas the finely laminated, darker toned, mottled and deformed strata lack concretions. The concretions also had a wide range of morphologies including concentric, oblate, urn, and spheroidal shaped forms that were not clustered, and ranged in size from ∼1 to 16 mm with a median of 2.65 mm. The elemental composition of the concretions compared to the bedrock had greater abundance of magnesium and calcium salts, silicates, and possibly hematite. We compared these Jezero Crater concretions to the geochemistry of concretions from previously published studies and from two new terrestrial analog sites (Gallup Formation, New Mexico and Torrey Pines, California). In addition, we measured organic carbon content of three terrestrial sedimentary analogs of increasing age that contain concretions (Torrey Pines (Pleistocene), Gallup Formation (∼89 Ma), and Moodies Group (∼3.2 Ga)). All measured concretions contained significant concentrations of organic carbon with the maximum organic carbon content (∼2 wt. % Total organic carbon) found in the Moodies Group concretions. Organic carbon abundances in terrestrial concretions was controlled more by the formation mechanism and relative timing of concretion development rather than deposit age. These findings suggested that concretions at Jezero Crater reflect local sites of enhanced biosignature preservation potential. Plain Language Summary: The Perseverance Rover discovered concretions in its exploration of the rock packages at Jezero Crater, Mars and one of the sample return cores was collected from concretion‐rich bedrock. Concretions are resistant cement in the rock that are found in many shapes (usually spherical or oblate) and range from millimeter to meter size scales on Earth; they can be formed through inorganic water‐rock reactions or facilitated by microbial metabolisms. We documented the abundance, size, composition, and shape of the concretions to understand how these features were formed. We found that the concretions are mixtures of salts, clay minerals, and iron oxides. We compared these results to terrestrial concretions with similar mineral compositions and measured the organic carbon in four terrestrial analogs. Comparisons with terrestrial concretions in this study and the literature suggested that the concretion composition in Jezero Crater could have high organic preservation potential. Thus, the concretions in Jezero Crater may retain organic carbon and other biosignatures and might therefore be considered as high priority samples of astrobiological interest out of the current sample suite for return to Earth. Key Points: Jezero Crater concretions are variably enriched in Si, Ca, and Mg salts, and Fe oxidesTerrestrial concretions of similar mineralogy analyzed in this study contain significant organic carbon phasesBased on terrestrial analogs, Jezero Crater concretions may represent sites of enhanced biosignature preservation potential [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recently discovered phenomenon in which crystalline structures grown from evaporating drops of saline water self-eject from superhydrophobic materials has introduced new possibilities for the design of anti-fouling materials and sustainable processes. Some of these possibilities include evaporative heat exchange systems using drops of saline water and new strategies for handling/processing waste brines. However, the practical limits of this effect using realistic, non-ideal source waters have yet to be explored. Here, we explore how the presence of various model aquatic contaminants (colloids, surfactants, and calcium salt) influences the self-ejection phenomena. Counterintuitively, we find that the addition of "contaminant" chemistries can enable ejection under conditions where ejection was not observed for waters containing only sodium chloride salt (e.g., from smooth hydrophobic surfaces), and that increased concentrations of both surfactants and colloids lead to longer ejection lengths. This result can be attributed to decreased crystallization nucleation time caused by the presence of other species in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim was to investigate the influence of different calcium salts and gelation times on the structural-mechanical parameters of a pear composite jellies. Calcium citrate and calcium lactate with a concentration of 0.6 % and 1.2 % were used as sources of calcium ions for the gelling time of 24 and 48 h. The changes in the structural-mechanical properties of the jellies were determined from the obtained typical curves through a penetration test using a texture analyzer. The increase in the concentration of calcium ions led to the increasing values of the structural-mechanical parameters of the fruit jellies, except for adhesiveness and rupture deformation. The shape of the penetration curves was determined to a greater extent by the type and concentration of calcium salts and to a lesser extent by the gelation time. The Pearson correlation coefficients for the compressive stress, deformation force and firmness increased compared to the other structural-mechanical properties with an increase in the gelation time and the concentration of calcium salts.

Copper slag is not only a waste but it has many valuable and recoverable metals present in it such as iron. Therefore, this study focuses on the utilization of waste materials i.e., copper slag and tire char for iron recovery. Four calcium salts, i.e., CaCO3, Ca(OH)2, CaCl2, and CaSO4, with different dosages, reduction temperature, reduction time, and atmospheric conditions were investigated in order to find best reaction mechanism for iron recovery. Among these salts, the optimum conditions were determined: using CaCO3 under 0.384 of CaO/SiO2 molar ratio in a 60-min reduction period at 1473.15K temperature, that gives 91.14% iron recovery. Both FESEM-EDS data and chemical titration showed more than 70% of the highest iron grade in the recovered product. The analysis results indicate that main impurity in the whole procedure was carbon from coal char that reduces the iron grade. This research not only provides a novel way to recover iron from copper slag, but also provides a future direction to handle copper slag and tire char waste materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the main hydration product of magnesium oxysulfate (MOS) cement, 517 phase (5Mg(OH)2·MgSO4·7H2O) is one of the main sources of MOS cement strength. This paper mainly explores the erosion process and mechanism of calcium ions in the 517 phase. The 517 phase with 94.56% purity was synthesised and the erosion effect of different calcium salts on the 517 phase was characterised. Results show that, in the solution, Ca2+ combined with SO42− in the 517 phase, resulting in an increase in the spacing between the MgO6 octahedron layers in the 517 phase, thus destroying the structure of the 517 phase. Moreover, when ions diffused, the MgO6 octahedron and Cl− recombined into the 518 phase (5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O). In addition, insoluble weddellite was found to erode the 517 phase to a certain extent, whereas the 517 phase blended with gypsum was stable. The simulation results of molecular dynamics also showed that Ca2+ had better adsorption ability for SO42− and Cl− than Mg2+. When it was in contact with the 517 phase, Ca2+ was absorbed near SO42− and Cl− was brought into the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cheese powder is a product resulting from the removal of moisture from cheese. At first, cheese emulsion is prepared by dissolving cheese(s) with water and calcium sequestering salts followed by drying. The desirable characteristics of cheese powder are high solubility, no lumps, storage stability, and imparting a typical cheesy flavor to the final product. Many current studies on cheese powder are focused on reducing calcium-sequestering salts (CSSs) to reduce the sodium content of cheese powder. This review discusses the production processes and physio-chemical properties of cheese emulsions and powders, aiming to enhance current understanding and identifying potential research gaps. Furthermore, strategies for producing cheese powder without CSSs, including pH adjustment, homogenization, and addition of dairy components such as buttermilk powder and sodium caseinate, are elaborated upon. Processing variables such as heating conditions during the preparation of cheese emulsion may vary with the type and age of the cheese used and product formulation. These conditions also effect the characteristics of cheese powders. On the other hand, producing a stable cheese emulsion without CSSs is challenging due to impaired emulsification of fat. The combined use of buttermilk powder and sodium caseinate among various alternatives has shown promising results in producing cheese powder without CSSs. However, future research on replacing CSSs should focus on combining two or more strategies together to produce cheese powder without CSSs. The combination of pH adjustment and dairy ingredients and the use of novel processing technologies with different ingredients are interesting alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcinosis cutis (CC) is characterized by the deposition of calcium salts in the skin and subcutaneous tissues. CC involving the vulva or foreskin (prepuce) is uncommon. We present a 9‐year‐old female with vulvar CC and a 15‐year‐old male with preputial CC. Microscopic review of excisional specimens revealed calcification associated with follicular cysts in the vulvar case and lichen sclerosus in the preputial case, suggesting a dystrophic origin to a subset of cases of genital CC that might otherwise be classified as idiopathic. The clinical implication of these findings is the need for close histopathologic scrutiny and ongoing clinical surveillance of patients with genital CC initially deemed idiopathic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible dielectric films with a high dielectric constant, utilizing P(VDF‐HFP)/salt composites, were manufactured through the solution casting method. In this work, we studied the impacts of three calcium chloride salts—CaCl2, CaCl2·2H2O, and CaCl2·6H2O—on the surface morphology, crystalline phase transformation, mechanical properties, and dielectric responses of the P(VDF‐HFP) copolymer. The detailed structure and properties of all samples were assessed via scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), tensile testing, and LCR meter analysis. The experimental results demonstrated that the addition of calcium salts to the P(VDF‐HFP) composites induced a visibly microporous morphology, with the porosity and surface roughness of the composites gradually increasing with salt content. In comparison to the pure P(VDF‐HFP) film, the composite films exhibited decreased stiffness and heightened flexibility. Furthermore, a higher β‐phase fraction and notable enhancements in the dielectric constant resulting from the inclusion of calcium salts were observed. Consequently, the P(VDF‐HFP) composite filled with 3 wt% of CaCl2·6H2O demonstrated the highest capability for promoting the β‐phase fraction and dielectric constant, achieving values of 98.33% and 21.49% (at 10 Hz), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rice plant is sensitive to soil salinity. Calcium (Ca) acts as an ameliorative agent that helps plants induce salt tolerance. This study was carried out with a comparison of the ameliorative effect of calcium on salt-stressed rice seedlings, the determination of the role of salt-responsive protein groups, and the analysis of their genetic expressions in 21-day-old rice seedlings of ten locally cultivable varieties of West Bengal. For this study, 15-day-old seedlings were treated with 200 mM of sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions along with 10 mM of calcium sulfate (CaSO4) treatment. The determination of the relationship between the salt-responsive proteins and the analysis of the gene expression of those corresponding proteins were not carried out earlier on the selected ten locally cultivable rice varieties of West Bengal. The NaCl crystals were visible on the abaxial leaf surface of salt-stressed rice seedlings. The superoxide dismutase activity was increased in rice varieties, and a similar result was also expressed with calcium treatment. The fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflection spectral result gave strong evidence for the presence of several salt-tolerant proteins and their genetic expression. STRING database results have suggested that the calcium treatment, coupled with the expression of the CBL4 protein, has regulated the P5CR protein of proline biosynthesis for better salt tolerance and osmotic protection. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis analysis showed that salt-tolerant varieties, Chinsurah_nona_1, and Jarava had high calcium signaling mechanisms and osmo-protection abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atorvastatin (ATV) is a well-established lipid-lowering agent. ATV has two stereogenic centers, and of the four possible stereoisomers, only the (3R,5R) form is used therapeutically. The European Pharmacopoeia (EP) monograph 2022 for ATV calcium salt describes a normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of enantiomeric purity in both drug substance and working standard samples, based on a 150 mm × 4.6 mm Chiralpak AD-H column. The main problems with this method are the very long analysis time and the high solvent consumption. Here, an alternative chromatographic protocol was developed using the Chiralpak AD-3 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm) packed with 3 μm silica particles instead of the 5 μm silica particles of the Chiralpak AD-H chiral stationary phase and characterized by the same polysaccharide selector, amylose-tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate). Using a mobile phase consisting of a mixture of n-hexane-ethanol-formic acid 90:10:0.1 (v/v/v) as the mobile phase and setting the flow rate and column temperature to 1.0 mL min−1 and 35 °C, respectively, a simultaneous stereo-selective separation was achieved within 35 min without observing any overlap between the enantiomeric impurity peak and peaks related to other ATV impurities. Compared to HPLC EP conditions, the analysis time to elute all the potentially related substances was faster and significantly less mobile phase volume was required. The linearity of the method has been demonstrated in the range of 4.4 μg mL−1 to 1000 μg mL−1 (R2 > 0.999). At a concentration of 4.4 μg mL−1, which is 0.075% of the test solution (5.8 mg mL−1, as ATV free acid), the signal-to-noise ratio was found to be 20. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trisodium citrate (TSC) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (Na2-EDTA) were applied in reconstituted acid whey powder (AWP) at 20% w/w, which mimicked acid whey concentration during industrial whey processing. Physicochemical properties and heat stability of the AWP suspensions with 0–50 mM TSC and Na2-EDTA at pH 6.2 were investigated. TSC-containing suspensions prior to heating had decreasing Ca2+ activity, levels of sedimentation, and subtle reduction of aggregate size with increasing TSC concentrations (0–50 mM). Unheated Na2-EDTA-containing suspensions had lower levels of sedimentation and smaller aggregate sizes than unheated TSC-containing suspensions; however, reduction of Ca2+ activity was only observed up to 20 mM Na2-EDTA. Stronger effects of Na2-EDTA than TSC on levels of sediment, viscosity, and aggregate size of AWP suspensions were observed after heating, except for 50 mM Na2-EDTA. A remarkable difference between TSC and Na2-EDTA addition was the nature of aggregates formed in heated suspensions. TSC-containing suspensions contained larger aggregates than corresponding Na2-EDTA-containing suspensions, which exhibited increasing shear thinning behavior as a function of concentration. In contrast, the smaller aggregates in the corresponding Na2-EDTA-containing suspension showed shear thickening. The inverse relationship between aggregate size and levels of sediment for TSC-containing suspensions post-heat treatment may indicate the formation of loose aggregates that resist sedimentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hybrid gel is developed aiming to extend the storage period for cell preservation compared with an alginate gel. The introduction of poly(2‐oxazoline)s into alginic acid promises to improve functional materials by changing their functional groups (e.g., poly(2‐isopropyl‐2‐oxazoline) has the lower critical solution temperature behavior). This study demonstrates chemical modification of a carboxylate of sodium alginate by 1,3‐diaminopropane‐terminated poly(2‐oxazoline)s using 3‐ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N‐hydroxy succinimide (NHS) as the condensation reagents for the aminations. The incorporated ratio of poly(2‐oxazoline)s side chains into the carboxylates estimated by 1H NMR is ca. 5–12% and the remaining pendent carboxylates are used for gelation by adding calcium salts (CaCl2). Gelation is observed within 30 min producing 93–99% gel fractions that swell in water. Similar gelation occurs in the cultivation medium of green‐fluorescence protein (GFP)‐encoded and COVID‐19 spike protein‐encoded DNA recombinant E.coli in both the absence and presence of isopropyl β‐D‐1‐thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). Even in the presence of IPTG, fluorescence ascribed to GFP is not observed while the cells are kept at 25 °C for 3 weeks. After solvation by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), fluorescence intensity at 508 nm is clearly observed and cell preservation at room temperature is thereby demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bating animal hides with trypsin is an essential step for making leathers. But the mechanism why the calcium in the hide influences the bating performance remains unclear. Here, the enzyme activity of trypsin was determined using N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester, bovine albumin (BSA) and collagen fibres as substrates in the presence and absence of calcium salts. The interactions of calcium with trypsin, BSA and collagen were analysed by fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular docking. Data reveal that calcium which binds to BSA and collagen improves the structural stability and enzyme resistance of hide proteins. As a result, a high calcium content of delimed hide is useful to obtain an intact surface of bated hide. However, a low calcium content of hide for pickling is necessary for producing leathers with high physical properties and uniform colour. According to these results, a novel bating system involving deliming, bating and redeliming operations was developed. This system provides a high calcium content of hide for bating and a low calcium content of hide for subsequent pickling and tanning, which effectively reduces the risk of hide damage and improves the physical properties and colour uniformity of leather. [Display omitted] • How calcium salts affect hydrolysis of hide proteins with trypsin in bating was revealed. • A high calcium content of delimed hide protects the grain surface of hide. • A low calcium content of hide is necessary for high physical properties of leather. • A novel system involving deliming, bating, and redeliming operations was designed. • This system effectively reduces the risk of hide damage and can ensure leather quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate milk production, body condition and ethological behavior of grazing cows supplemented with chelated minerals and calcium salts, in dry tropical conditions. Design/methodology/approach: Two treatments were evaluated, T1=Base feeding (grazing+4 kg of concentrated feed cow-1 day-1 (CF); T2=CF+300 g cow-1 day-1 of nucleus (chelated minerals+calcium salts) (N). Milk production data were evaluated during 32 days in four periods of seven days, the body condition at the beginning, 15 and 30 days after the evaluation, and the ethological behavior of the cows. Results: In cows supplemented with nucelus, milk production increased 19.9% (P≤0.05); body condition improved 0.5 units, there was no difference in grazing time (P>0.05) and rumination time was longer (P≤0.05). Limitations on study/implications: The response to reproductive variables was not assessed in this study/ reproductive activity is likely to improve in response to improved body condition. Findings/conclusions: By supplementing dual-purpose cows in the first third of lactation with chelated minerals and calcium salts, milk production increases, and body condition and rumination time improve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decalcification is crucial in histological processing, particularly for studying mineralized tissues like bone. The choice of decalcification method can significantly impact the quality of histological sections and the preservation of tissue morphology. This study aims to establish a standardized protocol for decalcifying rat calvarial bone using a formic acid-formalin-based decalcification solution. The protocol was systematically optimized and evaluated based on various parameters, including decalcification time, formic acid concentration, and tissue integrity preservation. The decalcification process was evaluated through comprehensive assessments, including gross physical examination, chemical analysis, and radiographic imaging techniques. Our result demonstrated that the 10% formic acid concentration proved most effective for decalcifying rat calvarial bone samples within eight days, excelling in mineral content removal while preserving specimen structural integrity. In contrast, the 5% concentration failed to complete decalcification within ten days, and the 15% compromised sample quality within eight days. Histological analyses confirmed the efficacy of the 10% formic acid concentration in maintaining tissue integrity and achieving optimal staining quality. The standardized protocol presented in this study provides an effective and reliable approach for achieving consistent and high-quality histological sections of rat calvarial bone. An ideal decalcification agent should effectively remove calcium salts, preserve structural integrity and molecular components, facilitate rapid yet minimally damaging decalcification, and ensure ease of handling for laboratory personnel. Further exploration of its applicability to different bone types or species is recommended to broaden its research utility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Limy bile or milk of calcium bile caused due to precipitation of calcium salts in bile is an extremely rare condition of gall bladder, wherein the lumen of gall bladder is filled with chalky white paste like material. Not many cases have been reported till date. Aim: In this exceptional case, we tried to correlate the radiological and surgical findings with the histopathology. Case study: We hereby present an interesting case of a 59-year-old male who presented with dyspepsia and painful abdomen and was finally diagnosed with limy bile syndrome. Results and discussion: The etiology of this rare entity is not fully understood, but it certainly has strong association with impacted stone at the neck of gall bladder and hyperparathyroidism. Females are more commonly affected than males. Patients usually present with complaints of painful abdomen and are commonly diagnosed radiologically, as a radiopacity in gall bladder. Cholecystectomy is the preferred method of treatment for this unusual condition and histopathologically chronic cholecystitis is seen along with presence of slender needle shaped crystals of calcium salts. Conclusions: A thorough evaluation of the clinicoradiological and histopathological findings can sometimes bring to light many uncommon variants of common looking pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Polypharmacy among pediatric inpatients is common and exposes children to the risk of drug-drug interactions (DDIs). This study aimed to characterize potential DDIs (pDDIs) and their associated risk factors among pediatric inpatients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted over six months at the University Children's Hospital in Damascus. A total of 575 children taking two drugs or more participated. pDDIs were checked using LexiInteract® software. pDDIs within risk category B (No action needed), C (Monitor therapy), D (Modify regimen), and X (Avoid combination) were included. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with pDDIs. Results: At least one pDDI was detected in 49.7% of children. Overall, 744 pDDIs were identified. The majority of pDDIs were within risk category C (71.6%), followed by D (14%), B (12.8%), and X (1.6%). The most common pDDIs were: aminoglycosides - penicillins (n=56), aminoglycosides - cephalosporins (n=27), and vitamin D analogs - calcium salts (n=23). The number of prescribed drugs and nervous system drugs were significantly associated with the presence of pDDIs. Conclusion: pDDIs among pediatric inpatients were prevalent. The majority of the pDDIs were within risk category C, which necessitates therapy monitoring and necessary action to avoid adverse consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium is an essential nutrient for human health and plays a crucial role in various physiological processes such as bone formation, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and blood clotting. Calcium absorption mainly occurs in the small intestine where the calcium enters the enterocytes through active transport or passive diffusion. However, the free calcium ions dissolved in gastric acid may form insoluble precipitates with other dietary components (such as phytate, oxalate, fiber) in the slightly alkaline intestinal environment, leading to decreased calcium absorption and bioavailability. Decreased calcium absorption can result in a range of bone metabolic diseases, such as rickets and osteoporosis. Therefore, it is important to choose foods or supplements that can provide highly soluble and bioavailable forms of calcium. Some organic calcium salts such as calcium gluconate and calcium citrate have been shown to form supersaturated solutions in the intestinal tract, which can enhance calcium absorption by increasing the concentration gradient across the intestinal epithelium. Furthermore, calcium-peptide complexes are proven to be very effective for improving calcium absorption without causing any side effects. Calcium-peptide complexes can serve as a novel calcium supplement. In this paper, the effects of food components on calcium absorption and bioavailability are reviewd, and the mechanisms underlying the enhancement of calcium absorption by some organic salts (such as calcium gluconate and calcium citrate) and peptides are summarized. And the potential applications of calcium-peptide complexes in human nutrition are also discussed, aiming to provide new insights that can aid in the development of safe and effective calcium supplements

Tomatoes are one of the most important vegetables in every home, especially in South Asian countries, used as a vegetable, ketchup, and condiment in many kitchen recipes. It is a good source of calcium, potassium, folate, vitamin A, vitamin K, and lycopene, which are beneficial for the human body and protect it against different diseases. Nutrient management is a key factor for the best quality production of tomato fruit. The present study was conducted to compare the efficiency of different calcium salts (calcium sulphate, calcium carbonate, calcium nitrate, and calcium chloride) in improving the growth, yield, and other quality-related parameters of tomatoes. A single field experiment was conducted and laid out according to the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with a single factor in the field and a Complete Randomized Design (CRD)) for postharvest fruit storage. The results obtained from this experiment suggest that plants treated with 2% calcium chloride solution exhibited the greatest plant height (85.27 cm), number of leaves (221), yield per plant (2.3 kg), ascorbate peroxidase (290.75 m mol s−1 kg−1), superoxide dismutase (7.13 m mol s−1 kg−1), catalase (18.74 m mol s−1 kg−1), total phenolics (2.44 mg g−1), and β carotene (0.48 µg g−1). During postharvest storage, the maximum shelf life (18 days), minimum disease incidence (4.78%), weight loss (6.61%), and ethylene production (119.6 µL C2H4 kg−1h−1) rate were also observed in calcium-treated fruits.

Calcium phosphate (Ca–P) coatings provide an effective approach in current research and the clinical application of Mg alloys by endowing them with improved corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and even bioactivity. Ca-containing coatings were prepared on AZ31B magnesium alloys using the micro-arc oxidation (MAO) technique and a combination of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid calcium disodium (EDTA–Ca), calcium glycerophosphate (GP–Ca), calcium gluconate (CaGlu2), and calcium lactate (CaLac2) as the Ca source in a near-neutral solution. The respective and mutual impacts of the four calcium salts on the formation and properties of the coatings were investigated. Experimental results indicated that GP–Ca was more decisive than EDTA–Ca, CaGlu2, and CaLac2 in the formation, morphology, and, therefore, the corrosion resistance of the coatings. GP–Ca alone could not effectively incorporate Ca2+ ions into the coatings but it could combine with EDTA–Ca, CaGlu2, and CaLac2 to bring a synergistic effect in improving the Ca content of the coatings. The bifunctional structure of CaGlu2 and CaLac2, containing hydroxyl groups and carboxylic groups with anchoring effects, enabled them to enhance the Ca content of the coatings. However, due to minor differences in functional group orientation, CaGlu2 was a little more efficient than CaLac2 in increasing Ca content, while CaLac2 was a little more efficient than CaGlu2 in improving the corrosion resistance of the coatings. Finally, the total concentration of the four calcium salts, [Ca2+]T, should be controlled at a proper level; otherwise, excessively high [Ca2+]T would produce localized microbumps originating from coating ablation, eventually deteriorating the corrosion resistance of the coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Some natural processes can seal porous rocks, cracks, and joints in soil formations. The precipitation of sparingly soluble calcium salts can either stop the flow of brines into mines or isolate particularly contaminated areas. Gypsum (CaSO4‧2H2O), which has a low solubility in water (2.6 g/L at 25 °C), creates a long-lasting insulating layer. Natural mineral formation happens very slowly, and only a small amount of the matter gets through the porous medium of soil and rocks. Supersaturated solutions of sparingly soluble calcium salts with crystallisation inhibitors are used to create artificial geochemical barriers that mimic natural processes. This research looks into the effects of PAM and NaCl on the precipitation of calcium sulphate dihydrate from supersaturated solutions. The efficiency of PAM inhibition was confirmed by studying the processes of spontaneous salt crystallisation from 0.15 mol/L CaSO4 solutions at 25 °C. The presence of both PAM and NaCl in the solution had a synergistic effect. The induction period of gypsum crystallisation in the presence of NaCl required 33 h at a 500 ppm PAM. XRD results proved that the salt precipitated as CaSO4‧2H2O. The morphology of gypsum crystals changed in the presence of a polymer in supersaturated solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examined how the amount (5% or 20%) and type (CaSO4 or Na2SO4) of sulphate salt affect the hydration of calcium sulphoaluminate clinker (KCSA). The mechanical behavior of the pastes was determined at 1, 3, 28, and 90 days, the heat flow and total heat were measured with isothermal conduction calorimetry, and the reaction products were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis/thermogravimetry (DTA/TG) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results obtained indicated that both the amount of sulphate salt (5% or 20%) and its type (CaSO4 or Na2SO4) affect the hydration kinetics, type of reaction products formed, and development of mechanical strength. The incorporation of CaSO4 has a positive effect on the development of the mechanical strength of KCSA. However, Na2SO4 can also produce adverse side effects at older ages. The presence of Na2SO4 increases pH values, which partly destabilizes the ettringite formed, thereby favoring carbonation and thenardite precipitation, which can cause the specimens to crack and break. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vibrio spp. form a part of the microbiome of copepods—an abundant component of marine mesozooplankton. The biological mechanisms of the Vibrio‐copepod association are largely unknown. In this study we compared biofilm formation of V. cyclitrophicus isolated from copepods (L‐strains related to other particle‐associated strains) and closely related strains originating from seawater (S‐strains), and visualized and quantified their attachment and growth on copepods. The S‐ and L‐strains formed similar biofilms in the presence of complete sea salts, suggesting previously unknown biofilm mechanisms in the S‐strains. No biofilms formed if sodium chloride was present as the only salt but added calcium significantly enhanced biofilms in the L‐strains. GFP‐L‐strain cells attached to live copepods at higher numbers than the S‐strains, suggesting distinct mechanisms, potentially including calcium, support their colonization of copepods. The cells grew on live copepods after attachment, demonstrating that copepods sustain epibiotic V. cyclitrophicus growth in situ. The results demonstrate that in spite of their 99.1% average nucleotide identity, these V. cyclitrophicus strains have a differential capacity to colonize marine copepods. The introduced V. cyclitrophicus—A. tonsa model could be informative in future studies on Vibrio‐copepod association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission (EC), the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the revision of the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for folic acid/folate. Systematic reviews of the literature were conducted to assess evidence on priority adverse health effects of excess intake of folate (including folic acid and the other authorised forms, (6S)‐5‐methyltetrahydrofolic acid glucosamine and l‐5‐methyltetrahydrofolic acid calcium salts), namely risk of cobalamin‐dependent neuropathy, cognitive decline among people with low cobalamin status, and colorectal cancer and prostate cancer. The evidence is insufficient to conclude on a positive and causal relationship between the dietary intake of folate and impaired cognitive function, risk of colorectal and prostate cancer. The risk of progression of neurological symptoms in cobalamin‐deficient patients is considered as the critical effect to establish an UL for folic acid. No new evidence has been published that could improve the characterisation of the dose–response between folic acid intake and resolution of megaloblastic anaemia in cobalamin‐deficient individuals. The ULs for folic acid previously established by the Scientific Committee on Food are retained for all population groups, i.e. 1000 μg/day for adults, including pregnant and lactating women, 200 μg/day for children aged 1–3 years, 300 μg/day for 4–6 years, 400 μg/day for 7–10 years, 600 μg/day for 11–14 years and 800 μg/day for 15–17 years. A UL of 200 μg/day is established for infants aged 4–11 months. The ULs apply to the combined intake of folic acid, (6S)‐5‐methyltetrahydrofolic acid glucosamine and l‐5‐methyltetrahydrofolic acid calcium salts, under their authorised conditions of use. It is unlikely that the ULs for supplemental folate are exceeded in European populations, except for regular users of food supplements containing high doses of folic acid/5‐methyl‐tetrahydrofolic acid salts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulating roles of melatonin (Mel) and calcium (Ca) as signal molecules in mitigating salt stress-induced alterations in physiological and biochemical attributes have been confirmed for a number of crop species, but not for borage (Borago officinalis L.). Hence, borage genotypes were subjected to Mel (150 µM) and Ca (5 mM) alone or in combination under non-saline (Control) or saline (100 mM NaCl) conditions in a series of experiments. Salt-exposed plants indicated increases in the malondialdehyde (45%), H2O2 (33%), proline (121%), Na+ (163%), and total phenolic concentrations (85%), Na+/K+ (120%), and electrolyte leakage (40%), but decreases in the chlorophylls (36%) and carotenoids (40%) concentrations, maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (9%), leaf area (29%), relative water content (22%), K+ (32%) and Ca+2 (45%) concentrations, and hence shoot (34%) and root dry mass (33%). Amending the salt-stressed plants with Ca, Mel, and particularly Mel + Ca decreased malondialdehyde, H2O2, and Na+ concentrations, Na+/K+, and electrolyte leakage, but increased chlorophylls, proline, phenolics, K+ and Ca+2 concentrations, maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II, leaf area, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities, relative water content, fresh and dry masses, and root volume. We indicated for the first time that while harmful effects of salt were not substantial, the amendment with Mel and Ca was effective in mitigating the adverse effects of salt on the photosynthetic components, ionic balance, and growth attributes of borage. These novel findings show that borage is a salt-tolerant medicinal species and the interactive effects of Mel and Ca increase its salt tolerance, and potentiate borage as a valuable alternative species for maintaining agricultural production under saline conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the changes of germination index and physiological index under six single salts calcium chloride (CaCl2), sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) magnesium chloride (MgCl2), sodium bi-carbonate (Na2CO3). The single salt has a concentration gradient ranging from 25-150 mmol L-1 and the material for the experiment is alfalfa (Medicago sativa). The result of the experiment showed that with the rise of the concentration, the germination rate, germination vigor, germination index and vitality index declines (P<0.01). Also, the length of the embryo, radicle and the weight of biomass declines extremely prominently (P<0.01). The proline accumulation amount increases significantly under salt stress (P< 0.01). Alfalfa seeds have different tolerances to the six single salts. The order of tolerance to positive ions is Mg2+>Ca2+>Na+. The order of tolerance to negative ions is Cl->SO4 2->HCO3 ->CO3 2-. The study also shows alkaline salt is more harmful than saline neutral salt. The result provides a reference framework for planting alfalfa according to the types of saline soil and the levels of concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the capacity of ion-exchange resin in the context of water softening. The capacity of the resin is defined as the ability to remove a certain element (hardness) from a feed stream to a given break point using a specific flow rate and temperature. The total capacity of the resin is a quality control measure determined through chemical analysis, while the operating capacity is the actual capacity utilized in practice. The article also explains the factors that affect the efficiency of the softening process, such as selectivity and equilibrium. It concludes by discussing the relationship between softener performance and regeneration level, as well as the limitations of achieving 100% efficiency in hardness removal. [Extracted from the article]

Calcinosis cutis is represented by the deposition of insoluble calcium salts in the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Calcinosis can lead to repeated episodes of local inflammation and repeated infections, resulting in pain and functional disability, and even death. Here, we present a case of a patient with SSc who experienced calcinosis universalis and eventually died from recurrent infections at the sacrococcygeal calcification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supramolecular assembly can be used to fabricate complex functional materials by organizing simple building blocks. However, it is difficult to control the hierarchical assembly across multiple length scales. The correlation of a supramolecular gel network and a pre‐gelling aggregate will help to understand how a molecular‐level assembly is translated into a higher order. Here, a functional dipeptide 2NapFF is used that can assemble in different micellar structures at high pH by varying the counterion. Replacing the counterions with a divalent calcium salt results in a cross‐linked gel network, or an interesting analog "gel noodles." The physical properties of the gel noodles can be varied by choosing specific micellar assemblies as the pre‐gel. The mechanical rigidity of the gel networks is compared by nanoindentation and tensile testing, and the pattern to the structures of the micelles observed by small‐angle X‐ray scattering is correlated. The supramolecular assembly can be fine‐tuned by using different micelles as the pre‐gel without affecting the inherent gel‐state properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite powders were synthesized from the water solutions of sodium silicate and different calcium salts (nitrate, chloride, and acetate) at a Ca/Si molar ratio of 1.0. According to the XRD data, all the synthesized powders included hydrated calcium silicate Ca1,5SiO3,5·xH2O (Ca/Si molar ratio = 1.5) and calcium carbonate CaCO3 (Ca/Si molar ratio = ∞). The presence of H2SiO3 or SiO2·xH2O in the synthesized powders was assumed to be due to the difference between the Ca/Si molar ratio of 1.0 specified by the synthesis protocol and the molar ratio of the detected products. Reaction by-products (sodium nitrate NaNO3, sodium chloride NaCl, and sodium acetate NaCH3COO) were also found in the synthesized powders after filtration and drying. According to the XRD data phase composition of all powders after washing four times consisted of the quasi-amorphous phase and calcium carbonate in the form of calcite. Calcium carbonate in the form of aragonite was detected in powders synthesized from calcium chloride CaCl2 and calcium nitrate Ca(NO3)2 before and after washing. Synthesized powders containing reaction by-products and washed powders were used for the preparation of ceramics at 900, 1000, and 1100 °C. The phase composition of the ceramic samples prepared from the washed powders and powder containing NaCl after firing at 900 and 1000 °C consisted of β-wollastonite β-CaSiO3, and, after firing at 1100 °C, consisted of both β-wollastonite β-CaSiO3 and pseudo-wollastonite α-CaSiO3. The phase composition of the ceramic samples prepared from powders containing sodium nitrate NaNO3 and sodium acetate NaCH3COO after firing at 900, 1000, and 1100 °C consisted of calcium sodium silicates, i.e., Na2Ca2Si3O9 (combeite) and Na2Ca3Si2O8. Synthesized and washed composite powders can be used for the preparation of biocompatible materials, in the technology of construction materials, and as components of lunar soil simulants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different sands have significant influences on MICP reinforcement effects. Using calcium carbonate production and bioflocculation lag period as evaluation criteria, this study investigates the optimal theoretical pH values of bacterial solutions with different concentrations. We reinforced four different sands using MICP at the optimal theoretical pH, and based on permeability, moisture retention, raindrop erosion, wind erosion, penetration, and SEM tests, the influence of sand properties on low-pH MICP reinforcement was analyzed and the low-pH MICP mechanism was revealed. The results indicate the following: (1) The optimal theoretical pH values for bacterial solutions with concentrations of 0.67 × 108 cells/mL, 3 × 108 cells/mL, and 10 × 108 cells/mL are 4.5, 3, and 4, respectively. (2) With 0.67 × 108, 3 × 108, and 10 × 108 cells/mL bacterial solutions, the strength of tailings sand containing calcium salt was 21.15%, 44.42%, and 13.61% higher than that of quartz sand, respectively. The effective reinforcement depth of alkaline reclaimed sand was 10, 8, and 6 mm lower than that of neutral calcareous sand, respectively. The strength of fine tailings sand was 70.41%, 58.04%, and 22.6% higher than that of coarse reclaimed sand. The effective reinforcement depth of fine quartz sand was 6, 4, and 4 mm lower than that of coarse calcareous sand. (3) Low pH temporarily suppresses urease activity, delaying calcium carbonate flocculation and enhancing reinforcement uniformity. To achieve optimal reinforcement effects, adjusting the actual optimal pH values of bacterial solution based on sand properties is essential in engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non Expansive (NE) soils are known as Red Earth (RE) soils in Karnataka, India and are non-expansive in nature. Kaolinite clay mineral is the component responsible for NE behaviour of soil. Beyond Optimum Moisture Content (OMC), soil whether are expansive or non-expansive, lose their stiffness and strength. To assess the role of Moisture Content (M/C) on RE soil and with additives such as Bagasse Ash (B.A.), lime (lm) and calcium salts (calcium sulphate and calcium chloride), an investigation has been carried out. Various laboratory tests such as Atterberg's, limit, compaction and unconfined compressive strength tests have been carried out on RE soil which is treated with additives. B.A., lm and calcium salts changed the Atterberg's limit of RE soil. At Dry of Optimum (DOO) to Wet of Optimum (WOO) condition, compaction test was conducted. Compaction characteristics varied with the addition of additives with varying moulding water content. However, B.A. addition gives only mechanical effect and strength improvement is marginal. Along with B.A., lm and Calcium Chloride (CC) are added to soil which gave promising results due to formation of amorphous gel like substance. Calcium Sulphate (CS) addition is not recommended for soil due to decrease in strength with curing. The strength achieved for the soil compacted at DOO is more pronounced as compared to soil compacted at WOO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Certain salts of calcium and magnesium can mitigate alkali-silica reaction (ASR) by reducing the pH of concrete pore solution. In a previous study, eight such promising salts were identified out of more than 700 possible salts using a systematic approach. This study presents the performance of these admixtures in paste, mortar, and concrete mixtures. Paste mixtures were used to evaluate the long-term pore solution pH (up to 6 months) and pore size distribution. The flow, flow retention, setting time, and drying shrinkage were evaluated using mortar mixtures. ASR mitigation potential of these admixtures was evaluated with a highly reactive aggregate using a concrete prism test. Finally, concrete mixtures were designed with specific performance targets and evaluated for slump, plastic air content, compressive strength, and bulk resistivity. It was observed that the salts maintained a reduced pore solution pH over the long term. The pore size characteristics were found to be similar to or better than the control mixture. The salts mitigated ASR successfully and had minimal impact on workability, air content, and compressive strength. Most salts behaved as set accelerators. Drying shrinkage was found to be slightly higher when compared with the control, but within the limits specified by the standards. Overall, it is concluded that these pH-reducing admixtures can be used with minimal adjustments to concrete mixture proportioning in order to reliably mitigate ASR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]