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The article discusses the concept of procedural justice and its impact on police-youth relations, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The author highlights the importance of fair and respectful treatment by the police in building trust and legitimacy. The article also explores the relationship between young people and public space, noting that negative contacts with the police can significantly affect their perception of law enforcement. The author presents survey data from Belgium and Ireland, suggesting that trust in the police and legal system among young people has not significantly declined after the pandemic. However, the author acknowledges the need for further research on the long-term impact of the pandemic on young people's lives and calls for a rights-based analysis that includes the perspectives of young people themselves. [Extracted from the article]

Carsharing programs—subscription-based car rentals—allow users to purchase only the automobility that they need. These programs may benefit low-income travelers by increasing access at lower prices than private auto ownership. Most carshare programs, however, disproportionately serve higher-income drivers. To assess carsharing's potential to address the accessibility needs of disadvantaged households, we interviewed members of BlueLA, an electric carsharing program in central Los Angeles (CA) that offers both subsidized and regular memberships. We found few differences in how travelers with different membership types used BlueLA. They both used the service to complement travel by other modes like public transit and ridehail. In addition, members cited the benefits of gaining car access without the financial burden of car ownership or the unpredictability of ridehail fares. Neighborhood context, including residential density and the availability of non-automobile transportation options, also increased BlueLA's appeal. However, due to limited and unreliable vehicle availability, most users did not rely on BlueLA for time-sensitive trips. BlueLA both eased and increased access to destinations outside of the commute and complemented public transit for subsidized and regular members. Services like BlueLA cannot meet all transportation needs. However, subsidized electric carsharing—particularly targeted to central-city neighborhoods—may address some accessibility needs of low-income households without imposing the burdens of automobile ownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of bilig: Journal of Social Sciences of the Turkish World is the property of bilig: Journal of Social Sciences of the Turkish World and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Parents play a critical role in supporting the development of resilience in childhood and early adolescence. Most South Africans lack basic resources, so research into and commitment to resilience is of great importance. This study investigated the styles of parenting experienced by highly resilient South African students. Participants were 136 South African university students aged 18 to 23 (female = 44.9%, black = 66.9%). They completed the Child and Youth Resilience Measure. Further, six of the highest scoring students participated in in-depth semi-structured interviews on their retrospective parenting experiences. Quantitative analysis showed females had a higher mean resilience score than males. Qualitatively, thematic analysis identified the following parenting styles: loving caregiving, and behavioural control. Loving caregiving was expressed through accounts of encouragement, acceptance, and attentive regard. Behavioural control was demonstrated by verbal interactions of discipline, corporal punishment, and curfews. This implies a connection between specific parenting practices and high resilience in students, providing valuable insights for developing programs to boost children's resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geopolitical relationship of India and China is replete with a long and pernicious history which had culminated in the 1962 Indo-China war. I propose to examine the war from the point of view which bears upon the Indian-state's relation with its citizens. One of the aims of the paper was to return on one hand to the Indian parliamentary debates around the changes in the Foreigner's laws which turned Indian-Chinese nationals into Foreigners almost overnight and results in a collective loss of state citizenship and patronage. I also recount the ethnographic aspect of the people who had lived through the experience of being forced to deport, surveillance and curfews which also resulted in en masse internment from their homes to internment camps in Deoli in Rajasthan. The narrative of the people and the state are placed in the relief of discussion of the State's notion of power, more specifically the notion of Bio-power as discussed in the works of Foucault and Agamben. The paper further brings in the trope of collective remembrance and memory narratives of the Indian-Chinese people as a means of unearthing how citizenship rights of minorities/foreigners has played out in the instance of the 1962 war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several governments in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) have used pandemic measures to silence opposition voices and curb human rights. This article delvers deeper into this dynamic in Algeria and Tunisia by systematically analyzing regime use of preexisting authoritarian legal frameworks to target perceived regime opponents. Notably, unlike other regimes in the MENA, COVID-19 pandemic-specific laws (such as curfew violations) were not heavily relied on to arrest and prosecute prominent opponents. Instead, foundational laws that restrict free speech and assembly with intentionally vague language, which often date back decades, were reused. Several of these laws were enhanced during the pandemic to grant the executive more leeway in their use and expanded fines and prison sentences. Interestingly, despite the very public use of these laws, regimes in both countries have maintained relatively high public approval ratings. This is remarkable, given that past autocrats were overthrown for similar abuses. This demonstrates that pandemics grant aspiring authoritarian regimes greater leeway in the use of general legal mechanisms to restrict free speech and assembly. These kinds of crises can help maintain approval ratings despite extensive oppressive action by the state. This was especially true for Tunisia, where it appears that the pandemic created a rally-'round-the-flag effect that allowed the executive to consolidate his power in a dramatic democratic backslide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reflects on the experiences of educational leaders in Melbourne, Australia during the COVID-19 lockdown in 2020. The lockdown in Melbourne was particularly strict and lasted for 112 days, causing disconnection and negative impacts on mental wellbeing. The article highlights the challenges faced by educators, parents, and students as they transitioned to online learning and dealt with the loss of social interaction. It also discusses the difficulties faced by international students and the impact on the higher education industry. The article calls for further research on the effects of the pandemic on educational leaders and emphasizes the need for support and guidance in times of crisis. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Trauma & Emergency Surgery / Ulusal Travma ve Acil Cerrahi Dergisi is the property of KARE Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

"The Art of Occupation: Crime and Governance in American-Controlled Germany, 1944–1949" by Thomas J. Kehoe is a book that explores crime, policing, and criminal justice during the American occupation of Germany after World War II. The author aims to reconcile conflicting narratives about the period, one that praises the re-establishment of law and order and another that laments the continuation of violence and disorder. Kehoe draws on Military Government records to provide quantitative insights into the prevalence of certain crimes and sentencing practices. The book highlights the prioritization of authority and control over liberal principles in policing and criminal justice during this period of martial law. It also discusses the fear and perception of crime, which often did not align with evidence-based reality. The book provides valuable insights into the occupation, although it could have provided more contextualization and explored other aspects of governance beyond crime. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on the story of Myriam Flax's grandfather, Ernest Cerf, who was hidden in a non-Jewish old-age home in Poitiers during World War II, and later, his reburial in his hometown of Niedervisse, France. Topics discussed include the history of the Cerf family in Niedervisse, the challenges faced by the family during the war, and the remarkable efforts to transfer and reinter Ernest Cerf in a Jewish cemetery.

The turn of the eighth century witnessed, for the first time in Chinese history, a concentration of poems written by exiled courtiers. In an era when mobility was limited by curfews, passes, and vehicular technologies, banishment to faraway places, accomplished by a decreed use of exclusionary post-station horses, ironically became a sanctioned and expedited means of traversing new territories. Through the poetic texts circulated via the highly developed post-station system, the empire's center in the north became more connected to its distant margins than ever before. This article argues that these poems, characterized by centripetalism and constituting a petitionary genre, contributed to a new way of envisioning the empire as a whole and in its totality, and if we define "court" as a field of dynamic power relations, then these poems are court poetry, whose definition must be expanded to reflect the catholic nature of the term "court" itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research article explores the use of natural language processing (NLP) techniques to analyze probation and parole case notes. The authors demonstrate the effectiveness of NLP-based information extraction techniques in converting unstructured case notes into a structured semantic representation. They use machine learning algorithms and large language models to extract information from client records and show the potential for using these techniques in data analytics within the criminal justice system. The article also discusses the performance of different models in analyzing probation and parole data, highlighting the advantages of language models over traditional machine learning models. The study acknowledges the limitations and the need for further research in applying information extraction techniques more broadly in correctional system data. [Extracted from the article]

The COVID-19 pandemic impacted the world in fundamental ways. Almost all countries across the world came up with containment measures to deal with the threat posed by the virus. This includes World Health Organizations' (WHO) sanctioned COVID-19 protocols that included movement restrictions, hand washing, mask wearing, curfews and quarantining individuals who were infected by the virus. Law enforcement agencies across countries were tasked with enforcing these regulations. Although African countries came up with some enforcement mechanisms, not much is known about the law enforcement practices during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using the political economy approach and content analysis, we examined law enforcement practices during the COVID-19 lockdowns in Botswana. Our analysis identified key themes that relate to expansive policing, violent policing and human rights violations. Study findings demonstrate that the role of police increased during the COVID-19 pandemic and incidents of police violence were rampant. Furthermore, there were violations of human rights by law enforcement agencies where citizens were subjected to brutal acts by law enforcement. There is a need to develop effective policies that deal with law enforcement during public health crises not only in Botswana but other parts of the Global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the phenomenon of urban revolts in France, specifically focusing on the recent riots triggered by the death of a young person during a police encounter. The author explores the reasons behind these revolts, highlighting factors such as the deterioration of the working-class lifestyle, social relegation of the children of workers and immigrants, tensions with the police, and a lack of political opportunities. The riots are seen as a political expression of frustration and despair among the working classes, who feel neglected and marginalized by the government. The article emphasizes the need for politicians to address the underlying economic and social issues to prevent future urban revolts. [Extracted from the article]

The causes of riots have been extensively researched. Comparatively, little is known about how they are prevented from occurring. We address this gap with a qualitative study of the role of formal and informal guardians in Amsterdam in January 2021, when public disorder was widespread across the Netherlands after the government had announced a curfew to curb the spread of the Covid−19 virus. We used CCTV footage of two gatherings that had elements of disorder and two that occurred without them. We also rely on interviews with 40 so-called "intimate handlers" who were present during these gatherings to understand how they managed them. We find that the presence and actions of intimate handlers collaborating with the police during the gatherings, effectuated through frequent affiliative contacts with the crowd, had direct de-escalatory effects, operative because of their well-developed social community bonds: participants in gatherings avoided jeopardizing these bonds of attachment, which also created a more positive image of the police through citizen-police collaborations. Our findings thus stress the importance of social bonds for the effectiveness of riot prevention and we consider practical implications for public disorder and large-scale crowd management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 subjected people to unprecedented limitations on their personal mobility that have had severe repercussions in many economic and social environments. Tourism and nightlife were among the most affected spheres of public life, and their sudden suspension catalysed recurring phases of immobility. In addition, the implementation of social distancing and curfew policies turned a large part of the world's population into immobile night-time subjects. Drawing on the legacy of these pandemic experiences, this analysis combines mobility with night studies to provide a nuanced understanding of the continuing process of the co-production of local urban nights and their atmospheres via the new interpretive lens of night im/mobility. To engage in a practical application of this lens, this analysis focuses on the evening and night-time economy of Venice's historic city centre during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I investigate a puzzling feature of American urban politics: cities with more liberal residents tend to enact more restrictive zoning policies and permit fewer new housing units each year than similar conservative cities. To help explain this puzzle, I develop a formal model in which local governments regulate the size of their population to balance the benefits of agglomeration with the costs of congestion. To defend against congestion externalities imposed by new residents, cities enact zoning policies that undersupply housing relative to the social optimum. In liberal cities, where residents value the benefits of agglomeration the most, this undersupply of housing is the most severe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 5 August 2019, a radical change was made to Article 370 in the Constitution of India. The provision had been popularly represented to safeguard the autonomy of Jammu & Kashmir. This change was also accompanied by what can best be described as a brutal "siege" - characterised by mass detentions, communication blackouts, press curbs, and curfews, to name a few. Around this time, a feminist collective came out with a version of "Bella Ciao," clear in their distancing from the laws that were never theirs to begin with and their assertion of how they belonged to the Indian State. As they say, "Tuhindi Article" ("The Articles Were Yours"). Yet, all of this is said with a sense of loss and rage to mark this moment of "constitutional" change. This article is an attempt to take their articulation (and this paradox) more seriously than is conventionally taken in constitutional law scholarship - especially now that the Supreme Court of India has also upheld the validity of the changes made to Article 370 in 2019. Centring this voice, the article attempts to understand it. Through such interrogation, the piece urges us to problematise the use of the Indian constitutional framework in the engagement with Jammu & Kashmir and invites us to pay closer attention to ways that it becomes a tool that works and is worked towards striking at the heart of what the singers call "collective struggles" and "hopes". More specifically, thinking through moments of the birth, life, and the purported demise of Article 370, this article hopes to demonstrate that the focus on Article 370 in conversations and legal practice has contributed to flattening text-book international (law) issues of contested sovereignties, and violently erases a long history and plurality attached to the self-determination driven struggles (and those expressing them). Besides advancing reasons for taking such articulations more seriously, the piece nudges towards the need to conceptualise roles where the use of the constitutional framework, will not see past this and make space for questions of self-determination and contested sovereignties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acibadem Saglik Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Acibadem University Medical School and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A public debate has raged in Europe and the Americas for the last year, almost as predictable in its substance as in its form: Has the suppression of individual liberties, in the form of lockdowns, curfews, imposed mask-wearing, and vaccination justified by and indeed legitimated by the sanitary crisis? On virtually all levels of public debate, positions have been formulated on the right (or responsibility) of public authorities to require citizens to take measures in the name of their own personal health and the health of others. In International Studies, biopolitics has become the go-to concept for both analyzing and politicizing the COVID-19 pandemic. Three variants of biopolitical analysis dominate, overlapping, and mutually dependent: those stemming the insights of Foucault's late work, those inspired by Agamben's Homo Sacer, and those that extended the global analysis of Hardt and Negri. In a recently published book, The Inverse of Biopolitics, Laurent interprets biopolitics in an alternative vein, finding in the final phase of Lacan's teaching, beginning around 1970, a preoccupation with the "speaking body," condensed in the hybrid term parlêtre, both speaking-being and being-speaking. This article draws out the implications of this alternative conceptualization of biopolitics for the analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are honoured to present this special issue of the I Refugee Survey Quarterly i on the contemporary role of the global refugee regime in Africa. THE GLOBAL REFUGEE REGIME IN AFRICA TODAY The global refugee regime remains difficult to define, with no legal or even agreed definition.[2] As a result, it is frequently left undefined in policy discussions and academic articles. Indeed, the papers show how different forms of State marginalisation instrumentalise refugee regime norms, categories and laws to realise broader political goals of African governments. The third theme that arises through the five papers is I resisting the refugee regime. i Supporting previous research on this topic, Hetaba et al. highlight how many forced migrants in Egypt prefer to settle informally due to the perceived barriers in obtaining refugee status through UNHCR and the host State. [Extracted from the article]

This ethnographic study investigates the ways in which the label of refugee creates and reinforces particular kinds of boundaries and borders in mobility and survival efforts. Specifically, it looks at refugees' movement in Bellville, Cape Town, to see how state and local borders affect intra-city refugee movement and how refugees deal with these obstacles in order to find localised protection and long-term survival strategies. This article builds on Nyamnjoh's work on "nimble-footedness" and "conviviality" to show how refugees use nimbleness to form convivial social networks, which they convert into social capital. Despite their accommodation in the National Constitution, this article shows how refugees in Bellville are continually excluded and marginalised due to state and local level boundaries and borders. This article examines police blockages and state-based COVID-19 lockdowns and curfews and their effects on refugees and their movement. The findings show that, while having significant impact on their daily lives, refugees still find ways to negotiate through, around or avoid these barriers, as they navigate the city in search of livelihoods, services, and forms of protection. By utilising nimble-footedness and conviviality, this article depicts refugees as rational individuals who rely on numerous interconnections, inseparable entanglements, and creative interdependencies to survive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Humanitas: International Journal of Social Sciences / Uluslararasi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Humanitas: International Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Single-use plastics (SUP), have been widely criticized for contributing to pollution and the throwaway culture. This paper applies the demarketing framework to SUP consumption in city tourism to spur tourists' anticipated reduction benefits of SUP. More specifically, this study quantifies the impact of the well-established demarketing mix components, adding people's motivations to avoid SUP. Data were collected through 326 self-administered questionnaires from city tourists in Ottawa, Canada, visiting areas surrounding the Canadian Parliament. A structural equation model was fitted for statistical data analysis covering the demarketing mix with three moderating variables – individual commitment, assigned responsibilities, and recycling attitude. The results suggest that modulating, respectively, promotion by showing the negative consequences of SUP; place, by reducing on-site availability of SUP; people's motivation, to reduce SUP usage; price, by imposing a price premium on SUP; and product, by substituting SUP for alternatives, will most strongly increase city tourists' anticipated reduction benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Man-made reservoirs are constructed to meet certain purposes and Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe, was designed for hydroelectric power generation. However, it has developed other multiple uses, and the growth of fisheries on the lake has had a significant impact on the livelihoods of local communities. The declaration of Covid-19 as a pandemic in Zimbabwe in March 2020 was quickly followed by the imposition of national lockdowns with varying levels of severity up to the present day. This was done to curtail the spread of the disease, meanwhile enhancing the nation's capacity in terms of acquiring testing kits, constructing more admission and quarantine centres as well as educating the people about ways to keep safe. In response to the calls by the government to monitor the movement of people and compliance of the lockdown rules, the Zimbabwe National Parks and Wildlife Management Authority (ZNPWMA), the governing body of the Lake Kariba fisheries, imposed rules that have significantly impacted the fishing communities at Lake Kariba. Both gillnet fishers and rod and line fishers have been impacted, but our focus here is on women rod and line fishers. Using the precarious livelihoods conceptual frameworks, we show how the changes in water management during the Covid-19 pandemic lockdowns has generated high levels of precariousness on the livelihoods of women at Kariba. We define precariousness as the condition of uncertainties brought to the women fishers by changes in water restrictions. The precarity of women was induced by several factors. For instance, the women fishers reported that restrictions to accessing fish in areas with high catches impacted them. They are also now obliged to pay exorbitant fishing fees in a way to discourage them to fish; they were frequently chased away from the Lake by ZNPWMA officers; they had limited amount of time to fish due to curfews; and failure to comply results in heavy fines imposed on them among other challenges. We show how these challenges interact with the current Zimbabwe socio-economic crisis to worsen the precariousness and vulnerability of women fishers at Lake Kariba. Data presented in this manuscript are based on participant observation and interviews with women fishers at Lake Kariba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is an attempt at reading the city through what gets extended and/or suspended in it in a time of an interruption, or a glitch. It does this while thinking about Cairo's curfew during the summer of 2020. I focus on this short pause that disrupted what is perceived to be regular urban life in a place like Cairo. Centering a collaboration with the Egyptian visual artist Azza Ezzat, we read some snapshots of this seemingly minor interruption through three ordinary objects that inhabit the city's skyline: kites, billboards, and bridges. Through these three objects that suspend at the interstices of a skyline, I trace suspensions and extensions of infrastructure, broadly defined. My contention is that the glitch of the curfew helps to make apparent ongoing processes and infrastructures that keep a post-revolutionary Cairo going (for better or for worse). I propose that the material and affective affordance of the glitch provide a lens that disinvests from the logics of exception and states of emergency that have dominated research on the country and even on the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 17 October 1961, as the Algerian War was drawing to an end, the I Fédération de France du FLN i organised a peaceful demonstration of Algerians in Paris to protest a curfew imposed upon them by the prefect of the Paris police at the time, Maurice Papon. Résurgence de l'Histoire dans la fiction: Les massacres du 17 Octobre 1961 à Paris: by Michel Laronde, Paris, L'Harmattan, 2021, 226 pp., €24 (softcover), ISBN 978-2-343-23538-7 The protest march turned violent as the Paris police attacked the demonstrators, of whom a large number had come to the capital from the shantytowns on the outskirts of the city, others from the working-class neighbourhoods within Paris. [Extracted from the article]

With recent developments in information and communication technologies (ICT), it has become possible to shop for products that require "same day delivery". Individuals can access food products suitable for instant consumption at any time of the day with online supermarket applications, without changing their physical environment. It has been seen that the sociodemographic characteristics of individuals, their tendency to use the internet, and the urban factors in the environment they live in, are the main reasons for choosing online shopping. In the study, the relationship between the online supermarket shopping preferences of individuals in the district of Çankaya, and the location and accessibility of retail markets, was investigated. Findings were obtained by analyzing online survey data and spatial data. The chi-square test, a descriptive statistics test, was applied to the data obtained by the questionnaire. As a result of the analysis, it was determined which variables were statistically significantly when correlated to online grocery shopping. Service areas were created for pedestrians and vehicles by using the market locations in the district. Accessibility to markets was analyzed with the help of slope and transportation networks in the district. At the end of the study, it was concluded from the survey data that there is a statistically significant relationship between online grocery shopping preferences, the gender of the participants, their years of residence in their neighborhoods, their difficulties in accessing markets and carrying packages, and curfews. As a result of the spatial analyzes within the scope of market service areas and accessibility, it has been determined that there are no markets that individuals can reach by walking in Ahlatlıbel, Alacaatlı, Beytepe, Konutkent and Koru neighborhoods, where residential areas are located in the southwest direction of the district of Çankaya. It has been determined that some of the locations of the markets located in Çayyolu, Dodurga, Hilal, Keklikpınarı, Kırkkonaklar and Yaşamkent neighborhoods in the district have a slope of 20 to 35 percent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the next chapter, on "Security and Health", Farrand provides context and meaning to the putative security threats that Algeria faces, requiring constant state monitoring that only I le pouvoir i can provide. Algeria has long represented the quintessential autocratic state, one resistant to systemic transformation in the face of decades-long demands for political and socio-economic change. Having spent nearly a decade living and working in the country, and mastering both French and Algerian colloquial Arabic, Farrand has produced an exceptionally well-rounded, fair-minded, and astute evaluation of Algeria's infuriatingly complex, contradictory, and complex character. Yet Farrand's conclusion remains forever hopeful: 'With all its contradictions - natural beauty and environmental damage, bottomless ingenuity and mediocre education, vivacious youth and sclerotic leadership - Algeria is a land of disappointment surpassed only by its astounding potential' (324). [Extracted from the article]

Parent-child relationships have an important role in terms of child development. Development and psychology theories state that these relationships have a more important place especially in early childhood.One of the factors affecting this relationship is parental stress experienced by parents. Due to the measures taken during the Covid-19 pandemic, the curfew and the closure of schools caused parents to spend all their days at home with their children, and this might be reflected in parent-child relationships. From this point of view, the aim of this study is to examine the effects of covid-19 anxiety, lockdown time and parental stress on the conflicts and positive relationships of parents who stay at home with their children during the Covid-19 pandemic. For this purpose, data were collected from 429 parents with children aged 0-6, including 389 women and 40 men, and the model established by the path analysis method was tested. Based on the model test results, there was a significant relationship between parental stress and parent-child relationship, while no significant relationship was found between lockdown time and covid-19 anxiety and parent-child relationship. The findings were discussed in the light of the relevant literature and suggestions were made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]