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Phthalates are used as plasticizers and solvents in consumer products. Virtually 100% of the US population has measurable exposure levels to phthalates, however, the mechanisms by which prenatal exposure to phthalate mixtures affects reproductive health in the offspring remain unclear. Thus, this study tested the hypothesis that prenatal exposure to an environmentally relevant phthalate mixture promotes inflammation in F1 ovarian tissue. Pregnant CD-1 dams were dosed orally with vehicle control (corn oil) or phthalate mixture (20 μg/kg/d, 200 μg/kg/d, 200 mg/kg/d, 500 mg/kg/d). Pregnant dams delivered pups naturally and ovaries and sera from the F1 females were collected at postnatal day (PND) 21, PND 60, 3 mo, and 6 mo. Sera were used to measure levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). Ovaries and sera were used for cytokine array analysis. RNA was isolated from F1 ovaries and used to quantify expression of selected cytokine genes. Prenatal exposure to the mixture significantly increased the levels of CRP at 200 µg/kg/d on PND 21 compared with controls. The mixture altered 6 immune factors in sera at PND 21 and 33 immune factors in the ovary and sera at 6 mo compared with controls. The mixture increased ovarian expression of cytokines at PND 21 and decreased ovarian expression of cytokines at 6 mo compared with controls. These data suggest that prenatal exposure to a phthalate mixture interferes with the immune response in F1 female mice long after initial exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. An experiment was conducted to identify the factors that cause reduced production of cows fed a diet with high content of corn distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). We hypothesized that the factors could be high sulfur (S) content in DDGS, which may directly (S toxicity) or indirectly (DCAD) cause reduced production. We also hypothesized that high PUFA in DDGS could be another major factor. In a randomized complete block design, 60 lactating cows (15 primiparous and 45 multiparous; average ± SD at the beginning of the trial: milk yield, 44.0 ± 6.9 kg/d; DIM, 123 ± 50; BW, 672 ± 82 kg) were blocked, and cows in each block were randomly assigned to 1 of the following treatments: SBM (4.7% fatty acids [FA], 0.22% S, and 178 mEq/kg DM of DCAD), a diet containing soybean meal as the main protein source; DG, with SBM replacing mainly soybean byproducts and supplemental fat with distillers grains at 30% dietary DM (4.7% FA, 0.44% S, and 42 mEq/kg DM of DCAD); SBM+S, SBM with sodium bisulfate for additional dietary S (4.8% FA, 0.37% S, and 198 mEq/kg DM of DCAD); SBM+CO, SBM with corn oil (4.7% FA, 0.23%, and 165 mEq/kg DM of DCAD); and DG+DCAD, DG with increased DCAD (4.7% FA, 0.40% S, and 330 mEq/kg DM of DCAD). Due to the limited number of tiestalls, blocks 1 to 6 started the experiment first as phase 1, and the rest of the blocks, as phase 2, started the experiment after phase 1. All cows were fed the SBM diet for 10 d as a covariate period followed by the experimental period for 35 d. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS (Version 9.4, SAS Institute Inc.); block and phase were random effects; and treatments, repeated week, and interaction were fixed effects. We found an interaction of week by treatment for DMI. Although milk yield did not change, milk fat concentration tended to decrease (2.78% vs. 3.34%) for DG compared with SBM. Dry matter, OM, NDF, and CP digestibilities were lower when cows were fed the DG diet compared with SBM. Additionally, cows fed DG had lower blood concentrations of HCO 3 −, base excess, and total (t)CO 2 compared with SBM. The SBM+S diet did not affect production, nutrient digestibility, or blood parameters compared with SBM. The SBM+CO diet decreased milk fat concentration and yield compared with SBM. The DG+DCAD diet tended to increase milk fat yield and concentration (1.24 vs. 1.47 kg/d; 2.78% vs. 3.37%) and increased ECM (40.9 vs. 45.1 kg/d) compared with DG but did not improve nutrient digestibility. However, blood HCO 3 −, base excess, and tCO 2 were greater for DG+DCAD compared with DG. In conclusion, the indirect role of S−, altering DCAD, along with the high PUFA content in DDGS, appear to be the factors causing reduced production responses to a high DDGS diet. Increasing DCAD to 300 mEq/kg DM in a high DDGS diet can be a feeding strategy to alleviate reduced production responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tebuconazole (TEB) is a common triazole sterol demethylation inhibitor fungicide utilized to manage a variety of diseases in crops like cereals, fruits, and vegetables. The aim of this work was to assess the effects of TEB on the structure of the cerebellum in adult albino rats and possible protective impact of co-administration of Gallic acid (GA). Four groups of forty adult male albino rats were randomly selected, and the rats in group I received corn oil through daily gavage for 4 weeks. Group II received GA dissolved in the normal saline at a dose of 100 mg/kg through daily gavage for 4 weeks, group III administered with TEB dissolved in corn oil at its acceptable daily intake dose (0.02 mg/kg body weight) through daily gavage for 4 weeks, group IV rats received both TEB and GA. For light microscopic, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical investigations, cerebellar specimens were prepared. TEB exposure led to neuronal damage in the form of degenerated Purkinje cells with vacuolated cytoplasm, areas of lost Purkinje cells, the basket cells appeared vacuolated with degenerated neuropil, the granule cells clumped with congested areas between them, dilated cerebellar islands, weak positive bcl2 immunoreactions in the Purkinje cells, and numerous GFAP-positive astrocytes. GA mitigated TEB-mediated histological changes in the cerebellar cortex. We concluded that TEB caused Purkinje neurons in the rat cerebellar cortex to degenerate and undergo apoptosis. GA had a neuroprotective benefit against TEB toxicity in the rat cerebellar cortex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objective Materials and methods Results Conclusions Obesity represents a risk in the development of metabolic and oxidative stress (OS), as well as in male infertility. There is still no pharmacological treatment for obesity‐induced male infertility, but the use of natural antioxidants has been proposed as a treatment.The aim of this work is to evaluate the effect of a whole tomato lipid extract on rats that decreased their fertility and spermatogenesis after being induced obese with a high carbohydrate diet.One hundred fourteen male Wistar rats of 12 weeks of age were used. Two groups were randomly formed non‐obese control group (C, n = 54) and obese group (Ob, n = 54) that received 30% w/v sucrose solution for 3 months. Subsequently, the C and Ob group were divided into two groups: vehicle (C‐Vh and Ob‐Vh) that received corn oil as vehicle and tomato lipid extract (C‐Ex and Ob‐Ex) that received whole tomato lipid extract. The groups that received a hypercaloric diet had a gain in visceral and retroperitoneal adipose tissue, an increase in total cholesterol and triglyceride levels, increased OS in the testis, and lesions in testicular histology, as well as a reduction in testicular size and sperm quality parameters (motility, viability, and concentration).Treatment with whole tomato lipid extract significantly decreased the weight of gonadal adipose tissue and OS, maintained testicular size, showed a significant increase in sperm quality parameters and improved histology of seminiferous tubules.These results demonstrate a greater therapeutic and beneficial effect of the tomato lipid extract on sperm quality parameters in obese rats and therefore on fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the leading cause of anovulatory infertility in women of reproductive age, and obesity can increase the severity and development of the PCOS phenotype. Prenatal testosterone (T) treatment between gestational days 30-90 advanced puberty and disrupted the reproductive and metabolic phenotype in female sheep, recapitulating attributes of women with PCOS, with postnatal obesity amplifying its severity. On the other hand, prenatal T treatment from gestational days 60-90 led to a much milder phenotype. We hypothesized that reproductive neuroendocrine defects programmed by prenatal T treatment between gestational days 60-90 are amplified by postnatal obesity in sheep. Suffolk ewes received T propionate (T; 100 mg) or corn oil (C; vehicle) twice weekly from gestational days 60-90. At 5 months of age, T lambs were assigned to either a maintenance (100% of NRC requirements) or overfed (130% NRC) diet and C lambs were fed the maintenance diet. We compared the timing of puberty (n = 15/group) determined by twice weekly measurement of progesterone concentrations, estradiol positive feedback responsiveness (n = 8/group) determined by assessing LH secretion in response to exogenous estradiol, periovulatory LH dynamics during the second breeding season (n = 8/group) following synchronization with two injections of PGF2α, and progesterone negative feedback (n = 8/group) determined by characterizing LH pulses during the mid-luteal phase between C, T-maintenance and T-overfed groups. Our findings indicate that postnatal obesity: 1) exacerbated reproductive defects and further deteriorated reproductive cyclicity during the second breeding season (adulthood); 2) did not amplify the impairment in estradiol positive feedback in delaying the timing and amplitude of the LH surge, although it reduced the total amount of LH secreted during the preovulatory LH surge; 3) amplified the reduced responsiveness to progesterone negative feedback manifested as an increase in LH pulse amplitude and peak. These observations, in addition to supporting our previous findings that prenatal T treatment results in reproductive neuroendocrine dysfunction and periovulatory disruptions, provide evidence that these neuroendocrine defects programmed between gestational days 60-90 are amplified by postnatal obesity in female sheep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Partial removal of corn oil from corn-based distillers grains plus solubles is becoming commonplace since introduced in 2012. As a result of partial oil removal, distillers grains' fat content has decreased from an average of 12 to 13% down to an average of 6 to 9% on a DM basis, with most ethanol plants producing corn-based distillers grains with an average of 8 to 9% corn oil today. There remains the question of the impact of partial oil removal from distillers grains plus solubles on energy value as a feedstuff for finishing beef cattle. Performance and digestion experiments were performed comparing four treatments, including a full-fat distillers grains treatment, a partial oil removal distillers grains treatment referred to as "de-oiled", a treatment with corn oil added to de-oiled distillers grains, and a dry-rolled corn control. Including modified distillers grains improved feed efficiency by 6 to 11% across treatments when compared to feeding dry-rolled corn. Adding 2% corn oil to de-oiled distillers grains improved efficiency by 4.9% compared to feeding de-oiled distillers grains. Adding distillers grains regardless of treatment type improved the digestible energy consumed by the animal despite decreasing organic matter digestibility. Fiber digestibility improved with diets containing distillers grains, but was slightly hindered when oil was added as an ingredient. The impact of feeding de-oiled distillers grains with 8.9% fat was negligible in terms of cattle performance compared to full-fat distillers grains with 11.6% fat in diets containing 40% distillers grains on a DM basis. Two experiments evaluated the impact of the reduction in the percentage of corn oil remaining in distillers grains plus solubles (DGS) after the ethanol plant de-oiling process or by adding corn oil back to DGS following de-oiling on finishing cattle performance and nutrient digestion. Experiment 1 utilized 320 yearling steers (initial BW = 413 kg; SD = 25 kg) fed in 32 pens (10 steers/pen) and assigned to one of four treatments (n = 8 pens/treatment). The four treatments consisted of a blended DRC:HMC corn control diet (CON), de-oiled modified distillers grains plus solubles included at 40% of diet DM (DODGS), de-oiled modified distillers grains plus solubles included at 38% of diet DM plus 2% added corn oil (DODGS + Oil), and full-fat modified distillers grains plus solubles included at 40% of diet DM (FFDGS). The DODGS product contained 8.9% fat while the FFDGS product contained 11.6% fat. Dry matter intake (DMI) was impacted by treatment (p = 0.01) with steers fed DODGS having the greatest DMI and steers fed CON, DODGS + Oil, and FFDGS having lower DMI. Dietary treatment tended to impact ADG (p = 0.06) with steers fed DODGS and DODGS + Oil having greater gains than CON, with FFDGS being an intermediate. As a result of increased ADG, G:F differed between treatments (p < 0.01) with the greatest feed efficiency observed for steers fed DODGS + Oil and FFDGS. Including MDGS in the diet improved G:F by 6 to 11% compared to feeding DRC:HMC corn blend, with an improvement in G:F of 4.9 and 1.2% for DODGS + Oil and FFDGS, respectively, compared to DODGS. Hot carcass weight was impacted by dietary treatment (HCW; p = 0.05), with DODGS- and DODGS + Oil-fed steers having the heaviest HCW, CON steers having the lightest HCW, and FFDGS being an intermediate. Experiment 2 was a 5 × 4 unbalanced Latin rectangle digestion experiment with four diets, five ruminally cannulated steers, and five periods that utilized the same treatments as Exp. 1. Dietary fat measured 4.2, 6.0, 7.9, and 7.1% for CON, DODGS, DODGS + Oil, and FFDGS, respectively. Intakes of DM, OM, and energy as well as total tract fat digestibility and DE (Mcal/d) were not impacted by dietary treatment (p ≥ 0.46). When corn oil was added back to de-oiled MDGS, there was a negative impact on digestibility of OM (p < 0.01) and NDF (p = 0.07) compared with DODGS, FFDGS, and CON. Partially removing oil from modified distillers grains plus solubles did not significantly impact cattle performance, carcass traits, energy content, or digestibility when MDGS was included at approximately 40% of diet DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetable-based edible oil in Turkey is produced primarily from olive oil, as well as oils obtained from various plants such as sunflower, corn, cotton, poppy, soybean, safflower and canola which are also among the main food sources. The quality of the oils used in our diet is primarily determined by the ratios of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Another important feature that determines oil quality is primarily antioxidant activity and its other biological activity capacities. This study was carried out to determine the fatty acid profiles and antioxidant capacities of 17 (seventeen) different oils of vegetable origin, which are widely consumed in Turkey and have economic importance. Fatty acid compositions were determined with GC-MS method. Antioxidant activities of different edible oils were determined by using 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity method. According to the results of this research, the highest scavenging effect was detected at different concentrations was obtained from soybean oil with 94.30±1.57%, while the least scavenging effect was obtained from peanut oil with 32.34±1.00%. Major fatty acid components linoleic acid (C18:2) and linolenic acid (C18:3) were detected in 17 different oils. Also, the presence of betasitosterol was examined by Thin Layer Chromatography and it was determined that beta-sitosterol was present in almost all of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In advanced cirrhotic conditions, hepatorenal syndrome detrimentally affects renal function. Interest has grown in propolis for its cytoprotective properties against various exogenous agents. This study evaluates the efficacy of Saudi propolis extracts in mitigating hepatorenal toxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride in mice. Methods: Thirty-two male Swiss Albino mice were divided into four groups: a Control (-) group receiving distilled water; a Control (+) group subjected to intraperitoneal CCl4 at 0.5 mL/kg (20% v/v in corn oil) on day 6; a Standard group treated daily with silymarin at 200 mg/kg and a group given an oral dose of aqueous propolis extract (APE) at 8.4 mg/kg. Result: Histological and biochemical analyses confirm propolis extract's role in preventing hepatocyte apoptosis and reducing inflammatory infiltrates in kidney tissues, improving the histological appearance of hepatic and renal tissues with fewer fibrotic changes. The application of immunohistochemistry, along with reductions in anti-apoptotic proteins such as BCL-2 and p53, supports these findings, highlighting the antioxidant potential of Saudi propolis extracts in addressing hepatorenal toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, Nr1i3), a liver nuclear receptor and xenobiotic sensor, induces drug, steroid, and lipid metabolizing enzymes, stimulates liver hypertrophy and hyperplasia, and ultimately, hepatocellular carcinogenesis. The mechanisms linking early CAR responses to later disease development are poorly understood. Here we show that exposure of CD-1 mice to TCPOBOP (1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene), a halogenated xenochemical and selective CAR agonist ligand, induces pericentral steatosis marked by hepatic accumulation of cholesterol and neutral lipid, and elevated circulating alanine aminotransferase, indicating hepatocyte damage. TCPOBOP-induced steatosis was weaker in the pericentral region but stronger in the periportal region in females compared with males. Early (1 day) TCPOBOP transcriptional responses were enriched for CAR-bound primary response genes, and for lipogenesis and xenobiotic metabolism and oxidative stress protection pathways; late (2 weeks) TCPOBOP responses included many CAR binding-independent secondary response genes, with enrichment for macrophage activation, immune response, and cytokine and reactive oxygen species production. Late upstream regulators specific to TCPOBOP-exposed male liver were linked to proinflammatory responses and hepatocellular carcinoma progression. TCPOBOP administered weekly to male mice using a high corn oil vehicle induced carbohydrate-responsive transcription factor (MLXIPL)-regulated target genes, dysregulated mitochondrial respiratory and translation regulatory pathways, and induced more advanced liver pathology. Overall, TCPOBOP exposure recapitulates histological and gene expression changes characteristic of emerging steatotic liver disease, including secondary gene responses in liver nonparenchymal cells indicative of transition to a more advanced disease state. Upstream regulators of both the early and late TCPOBOP response genes include novel biomarkers for foreign chemical-induced metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the hepatotoxic effects induced by cypermethrin. The study also attempts to evaluate the hepatoprotective efficacy of Nigella sativa oil against hepatotoxicity produced by cypermethrin. Study Design: Experimental study. Setting: Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Pathology of Peshawar Medical College and Animal house of PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Peshawar. Period: May 2023 to Dec 2023. Methods: Animals were divided into two groups: Control (Group A) and Experimental (Group B). The Experimental group (Group B) is divided into two subgroups Group B-I and Group B-II. Forty-two male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three groups of fourteen rats each in order to conduct an experimental investigation. Group A served as a control group. Cypermethrin (5.5mg/kg-1 body weight) per day dissolved in corn oil was administered orally to Group B-I. Cypermethrin (5.5 mg/kg-1 body weight) per day orally and (1ml/kg-1 body weight) per day of Nigella sativa oil were given to group B-II. Liver obtained from these groups were fixed for histological studies under light microscopy. Liver tissues of the cypermethrin-treated animals showed leucocytic infiltration, hydropic alterations such as ballooning degeneration and focal lytic (spotty) liver necrosis. Results: After four weeks of treatment with cypermethrin demonstrated significant liver damage in group B-I animals. In group B-II Nigella sativa oil significantly reduced hepatotoxicity and induced regenerative changes. Nigella sativa oil demonstrated protection against the cypermethrin and preserved the normal histological architecture of the liver. Conclusion: Cypermethrin had a hepatotoxic potential and caused hepatotoxicity in liver, as evidenced by the histological changes in the liver tissue. However, the study also found that Nigella sativa oil showed a better hepatoprotective effect, as it was able to effectively reverse the liver damage caused by both cypermethrin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has been a significant transition in the dietary preferences of consumers toward foods containing health-promoting compounds. In addition, as people's environmental awareness increases, they are increasingly looking for sustainable solutions. Palm oil, an oil used extensively by the food industry, does not fit these criteria. This study investigated the development of a complex oil blend consisting of commonly used vegetable oils such as corn, rapeseed, sunflower, and palm oil. The aim was to find the optimal blended oil and compare this combination with palm oil in terms of its oxidative stability, antioxidant capacity, and the composition of bioactive compounds (i.e., fatty acids, tocopherols, and carotenoids). Palm oil was found to have greater oxidative stability as a result of its increased concentration of saturated fatty acids. The optimal blended oil, which consisted of corn and rapeseed oil at a ratio of 4:3 w/w, inhibited the superior antioxidant activity, showing a ~33% increase in DPPH• inhibition activity. ATR-FTIR spectra further verified the existence of a significant quantity of saturated fatty acids in palm oil and unsaturated fatty acids in the blended oil. Finally, several correlation analyses revealed interesting connections between oil samples and investigated parameters. This work has the potential to establish a basis for the mass production of oil blends that possess high concentrations of antioxidant compounds and reduce the use of palm oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION The unintended co‐extraction of chlorophylls during the recovery of polyphenols from plant sources yields green‐coloured phenolic extracts with limited use in colour‐sensitive foods. This study aimed at decolourizing the ethanolic extracts of sugar beet leaves using a UV‐A treatment (390 nm).Exposure of the phenolic extracts to 30 UV‐A LEDs at 8.64 J m−2 radiation dose decreased the total chlorophyll content by 69.23% and reduced the greenness parameter (−a*) significantly (P < 0.05) from 27.33 ± 0.32 to 8.64 ± 0.16. Additionally, UV‐A treatment increased the content of most individual phenolic compounds (e.g. gallic acid, ferulic acid, etc.) significantly, resulting in an increase in the overall phenolic content in the extracts from 900.56 ± 14.11 μg g−1 fresh weight (FW) to a maximum of 975.09 ± 9.62 μg g−1 FW at 0.67 J m−2. However, rutin content had a significant decrease at the highest radiation dose (8.64 J m−2). The soluble sugar content (i.e. glucose and fructose) increased simultaneously with phenolic compounds after the UV‐A treatment. Although the UV treatment reduced the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, it had no significant effect on the ferrous chelating activity and the extract's ability to delay lipid oxidation in corn oil. The antioxidant activity index of the treated extract was comparable to that of butylated hydroxytoluene, a synthetic antioxidant.Key findings of this study include successful decolourization of the extract, decomposition of bound polyphenols to their free form, and maintaining the antioxidant activity of the extract in the oil system after UV‐A exposure. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, luteolin (LUT) was used as an emulsifier, benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) as a model of nutrient delivery, and different oils [corn oil (CO), linseed oil (LO), and Antarctic krill oil (AKO)] with different carbon chain lengths and unsaturated double bond numbers as oil phases to construct Pickering emulsions. The rheological properties, photostability, storage stability, microstructure, oxidation stability, and BITC retention of Pickering emulsions were investigated to clarify the effects of different oil phases with carbon chain length and unsaturated double bond content on the properties of LUT-based Pickering emulsions. Results showed that the photostability of LUT-based Pickering emulsion was not affected by the different carbon chain lengths and unsaturated double bond content in the oil phases. Compared with LUT-CO and LUT-LO Pickering emulsion, LUT-AKO Pickering emulsion had the highest apparent viscosity and most uniform spatial structure. After 14 days of storage, the average particle size of LUT-AKO Pickering emulsion was the smallest [(213.47±2.30) nm], and the absolute value of Zeta potential and the embedding rate of BITC were the highest, reaching (42.73±1.96) mV and (65.25±1.45)%, respectively. The oxidation stability of LUT-AKO Pickering emulsion was slightly lower than those of other Pickering emulsions because of the strong AKO reactive activation. This study identified that AKO with a longer carbon chain was more suitable for preparing stable Pickering emulsions. This research provides a theoretical reference for expanding the application of LUT-based Pickering emulsions with different oil phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earlier research has demonstrated that developmental exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) has persistent impacts on both adult brain growth and actions. It has been suggested that BPA might obstruct the methylation coding of the genes in the brain. In this study, the methylation changes in the hippocampus tissue of male rat pups were examined following prenatal BPA exposure. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with either vehicle (tocopherol-stripped corn oil) or BPA (4, 40, or 400 μg/kg·body weight/day) throughout the entire duration of gestation and lactation. At 3 weeks of age, the male rat offspring were euthanized, and the hippocampus were dissected out for analysis. The expression levels of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B) and DNA demethylases (TET1, Gadd45a, Gadd45b, and Apobec1) were analyzed in the hippocampus by means of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively. The results showed that prenatal exposure to BPA upregulated the expression of enzymes associated with DNA methylation and demethylation processes in the hippocampus of male rat offspring. These findings suggest that prenatal exposure to a low dose of BPA could potentially disrupt the balance of methylation and demethylation in the hippocampus, thereby perturbing epigenetic modifications. This may represent a neurotoxicity mechanism of BPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of including corn oil (CO) in the diet of Pelibuey ewes in an embryo transfer protocol was evaluated. Twenty-four (24) donor ewes were randomly assigned to each of two groups (G), G1: twelve ewes fed a base diet (BD) with CO, and G2: twelve ewes fed BD without CO. Embryos were obtained 6.5 d after estrus and transferred to recipient ewes, forming four treatments: T1: recipient ewes fed a base diet with CO (BD+CO), transferred with embryos from a G1 donor (n=23), T2: recipient ewes fed BD without CO (BD-CO), transferred with embryos from a G1 donor (n=18), T3: recipient ewes fed BD+CO, transferred with embryos from a G2 donor (n=9), and T4: recipient ewes fed BD-CO, transferred with embryos from a G2 donor (n=11). The inclusion of CO in the diet increased (P<0.05) the ovulatory rate (10.5 ± 2.07 vs. 6.3 ± 2.07 corpora lutea), the number of transferable embryos (5.5 ± 1.4 vs 2.8 ± 1.4), quality 1 embryos (4.41 ± 1.1 vs 2.08 ± 1.1), and the number of total structures (5.9 ± 1.5 vs 3.1 ± 2.7) per donor ewe, and no differences (P>0.05) were found in the percentage of gestation (43.4, 55.5, 55.5, and 36.3 %) in the recipient ewes for any of the treatments. Including CO in the diet of Pelibuey ewes increases the superovulatory response in an embryo transfer protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP; encoded by the ALPL gene) has a critical role in the postnatal regulation of phosphate homeostasis, yet how TNSALP activity and expression are regulated during pregnancy remain largely unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that progesterone (P4) and/or interferon tau (IFNT) regulate TNSALP activity during pregnancy in sheep. Methods: In Exp. 1, ewes were bred and received daily intramuscular injections of either corn oil vehicle (CO) or 25 mg progesterone in CO (P4) for the first 8 days of pregnancy and were hysterectomized on either Day 9, 12, or 125 of gestation. In Exp. 2, ewes were fitted with intrauterine catheters on Day 7 of the estrous cycle and received daily intramuscular injections of 50 mg P4 in CO and/or 75 mg progesterone receptor antagonist (RU486) in CO from Days 8 to 15, and twice daily intrauterine injections of either control proteins (CX) or IFNT (25 µg/uterine horn/d) from Days 11 to 15 (treatment groups: P4 + CX; P4 + IFNT; RU486 + P4 + CX; and RU486 + P4 + IFNT) and were hysterectomized on Day 16. Results: In Exp. 1, endometria from ewes administered P4 had greater expression of ALPL mRNA than ewes administered CO on Day 12. TNSALP activity appeared greater in the epithelia, stratum compactum stroma, and endothelium of the blood vessels in the endometrium and myometrium from ewes administered P4 than ewes administered CO on Day 12. On Day 125, TNSALP activity localized to uterine epithelial and endothelial cells, independent of P4 treatment. TNSALP activity in placentomes appeared greater in P4 treated ewes and was detected in endothelial cells and caruncular tissue in P4 treated but not CO treated ewes. In Exp. 2, endometrial homogenates from ewes administered RU486 + P4 + CX had lower TNSALP activity those for P4 + CX and P4 + IFNT ewes. Immunoreactive TNSALP protein appeared greater in the mid- and deep-glandular epithelia in RU486 + P4 + CX treated ewes as compared to the other treatment groups. Enzymatic activity appeared greater on the apical surface of the deep glandular epithelia in endometria from ewes treated with RU486 + P4 + CX compared to the other treatment groups. Conclusions: These results suggest that P4, but not IFNT, regulates the expression and activity of TNSALP in utero-placental tissues and has the potential to contribute to the regulation of phosphate availability that is critical for conceptus development during pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some undesirable physical characteristics of processed cheese due to insufficient fat emulsification have prompted extra ingredients to be added to compensate. Whey proteins offer promising nutritional and emulsifying properties. In this study, whey protein and corn oil were applied to high internal phase emulsion gels with enhanced texture of processed cheese while offering additional functional ingredients. Emulsion gels were prepared after pre-emulsification of different levels of corn oil and milk fat and used in cheese. The gel strength, water holding capacity (WHC), rheology, and thermal stability properties of gel, as well as the texture and melting properties of cheese, were characterized. Corn oil could be pre-emulsified by heat-denatured whey protein forming a stable hexagonal arrangement structure at higher oil content, and the emulsion gels exhibited good viscoelasticity, WHC, and thermal stability. In contrast, the high crystallinity of milk fat conferred hardness to gel at higher oil content but was detrimental to the network structure of gel, with large gel particles and a rough network. The cheese made from high internal phase emulsion gels had a soft texture, and corn oil was more effective than milk fat in reducing the hardness of cheese, giving springness and cohesiveness to cheese, with a significant reduction in oil separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corn oil is a major agricultural commodity, and it is a staple in kitchens worldwide. This comprehensive review aims to provide a holistic understanding of corn oil processing, composition, nutritional benefits, properties, and market dynamics. The processing of corn oil poses challenges in achieving optimal extraction efficiency while addressing environmental concerns. Currently, hexane‐extracted corn oil dominates the market, with cold‐pressed corn oil being a niche product. Ongoing efforts within the industry focus on exploring alternative, environmentally friendly extraction methods such as critical CO2 and enzymatic‐assisted extraction. Corn oil is recognized for its rich composition in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, tocopherol content, and potential antioxidant benefits. However, its high omega‐6 fatty acid content, while contributing to its stability, has raised discussions about its potential impact on inflammatory responses when consumed excessively. Due to its high smoke point, corn oil is suitable for high‐temperature cooking without compromising its neutral taste. Yet, its oxidation stability is lower compared to other commercial oils. Relying on oleic‐rich varieties or incorporating antioxidants could help enhance its stability and mitigate potential oxidative concerns. In the future, advancements in processing technologies promise to elevate the nutritional profile of corn oil, aligning it with the evolving preferences of health‐conscious consumers and addressing sustainability concerns. Practical Applications. This review provides crucial insights into the processing, nutritional profile, and market dynamics of corn oil, benefiting researchers and industry professionals. By understanding the challenges and advancements in extraction methods, researchers can develop more sustainable and efficient processes. The detailed analysis of corn oil's composition and functionality provides practical solutions for improving product shelf‐life and quality. This comprehensive review supports the optimization of corn oil production and utilization and aids in positioning corn oil as a competitive and versatile option in the global vegetable oil market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION The transesterification of butteroil has been shown to alter its lipid chemistry and thus alter the crystallization of the fat. The reaction kinetics and resulting crystallization of the butteroil differ depending on the nature of the catalyst used. Modeling the reaction with vegetable oils is a simpler method for the analysis of resulting products to understand the chemical and physiochemical changes that occur based on catalyst selection. The objective of this work is to perform a chemical transesterification of coconut and corn oil using monovalent and divalent catalysts to investigate the chemical and crystal changes that occur.Coconut and corn oil were subjected to chemical transesterification using both Ca(OH)2 and KOH as catalysts. In both the coconut and corn oil samples, transesterification caused monoglycerides (MAGs) and diacylglycerides (DAGs) to form from the most abundant fatty acid found in each sample. Coconut oil's melting temperature, solid fat content (SFC), and storage modulus decreased as a result of the transesterification, and crystals began to form in the corn oil causing melting thermograms to be evident, higher SFC, and a more viscous oil as a result. Using Ca(OH)2 as a catalyst resulted in more MAG formation, and a higher SFC and melting temperature than when KOH was used as a catalyst.The results demonstrate that the chemical changes that result from transesterification of plant‐based oils change the crystallization behavior of the oils and can therefore be used for different applications in the food industry. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, there is a need to search for new renewable energy sources from which it is possible to obtain hydrocarbons that are similar in composition and properties to hydrocarbons of petroleum origin. This is due to a significant increase in demand for natural minerals and, as a consequence, the depletion of their reserves. Today, the most promising alternative renewable energy sources are various vegetable oils, which are used both in their pure form, adding them to commercial mineral fuels, and as products of catalytic processing using various catalysts. However, most studies in the field of alternative energy show that the use of fuels obtained from vegetable oils is limited by their properties as well as the climatic conditions of the areas where biofuels can be used. In this work, we propose an integrated approach to the processing of vegetable oils, which allows us to obtain products of a wide fractional composition with improved operational properties. This approach consists of sequential processing of vegetable oils, first using a CoMo/Al2O3 hydrotreating catalyst in order to obtain classical long-chain hydrocarbons with unsatisfactory properties, and then using a zeolite catalyst, ZSM-5 type, which is characterized by the active occurrence of cracking, isomerization, and aromatization reactions, which are accompanied by a decrease in the length of the hydrocarbon chain of the hydrocarbons obtained during the hydrotreating process and, as a result, improving the physicochemical and low-temperature properties of the resulting processed products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to develop a novel fluorescent aptasensor for the quantitative detection of zearalenone (ZEN), addressing the limitations of conventional detection techniques in terms of speed, sensitivity, and ease of use. Nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) were synthesized via the hydrothermal method, resulting in spherical particles with a diameter of 3.25 nm. These N-CDs demonstrated high water solubility and emitted a bright blue light at 440 nm when excited at 355 nm. The fluorescence of N-CDs was quenched by dispersed gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) through the inner filter effect, while aggregated AuNPs induced by NaCl did not affect the fluorescence of N-CDs. The aptamer could protect AuNPs from NaCl-induced aggregation, but the presence of ZEN weakened this protective effect. Based on this principle, optimal conditions for ZEN detection included 57 mM NaCl, 12.5 nM aptamer concentration, incubation of AuNPs with NaCl for 15 min in Tris-EDTA(TE) buffer, and incubation of aptamer with ZEN and NaCl for 30 min. Under these optimized conditions, the "signal-on" fluorescent aptasensor for ZEN detection showed a linear range of 0.25 to 200 ng/mL with a low detection limit of 0.0875 ng/mL. Furthermore, the developed aptasensor exhibited excellent specificity and could rapidly detect ZEN in corn flour samples or corn oil, achieving satisfactory recovery rates ranging from 84.7% to 108.6%. Therefore, this study presents an economical, convenient, sensitive, and rapid method for accurately quantifying ZEN in cereal products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diacylglycerol O -acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) is a key enzyme for fat absorption step in the enterocytes. We previously reported that DGAT1 inhibition increased plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities in corn oil-loaded rats via protein kinase C (PKC) activation. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism with respect to the morphology and permeability of the small intestine, focusing on PKC function, and found that shortening of the intestinal villi and a decrease in the number of tdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling-positive cells in the tips of the villi were observed in the jejunum of DGAT1 inhibitor-treated rats loaded with corn oil. These results suggested that the tips of the villi were shed into the intestinal lumen. Next, fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran, 110 kDa (FD-110) was administered intraduodenally to DGAT1 inhibitor-treated rats loaded with corn oil and we found that plasma FD-110 concentrations increased, indicating that the intestinal permeability to molecules with a molecular weight of approximately 110,000 (e.g., ALT and AST) increased. Taken together, the present results suggested that DGAT1 inhibitor-treatment in combination with corn oil causes ALT and AST to leak from the enterocytes into the blood by shedding the tips of the intestinal villi and increasing intestinal permeability. • DGAT1 inhibitor shortens the intestinal villi in corn oil-loaded rats. • DGAT1 inhibitor reduces the number of TUNEL-positive cells in corn oil-loaded rats. • DGAT1 inhibitor increases intestinal permeability in corn oil-loaded rats. • DGAT1 inhibitor decreases TJ-related protein mRNA levels in corn oil-loaded rats. • Plasma ALT and AST increase by shedding the villi and increasing permeability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

为提高十六烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵改性蒙脱土（1627-MMT）脱除玉米油中玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN）的效率，在对比不同改性蒙脱土对玉米油中ZEN脱除效果的基础上，以ZEN吸附脱除率为考察指标，采用单因素实验和响应面实验优化1627-MMT脱除玉米油中ZEN的工艺条件（1627-MMT添加量、吸附时间、吸附温度），并测定脱毒前后玉米油的理化性质及总甾醇和总生育酚含量变化。结果表明：相比其他3种改性蒙脱土，1627-MMT的ZEN脱除效果最佳；1627-MMT脱除玉米油中ZEN的最优工艺条件为1627-MMT添加量5%、吸附温度105 ℃、吸附时间23 min，在此条件下ZEN吸附脱除率为（89.16±0.10）%，脱毒后玉米油中ZEN含量为349.64 μg/kg,符合欧盟标准限量要求（≤400 μg/kg）；脱毒后玉米油的红值下降了72.34%，酸值下降了41.67%，过氧化值下降了42.00%，总甾醇和总生育酚的保留率分别为92.07%和85.34%，脂肪酸组成及含量无明显变化。综上，1627-MMT不仅可有效脱除玉米油中ZEN，还可降低玉米油的酸值、过氧化值及色泽，并对玉米油中的甾醇、生育酚含量及脂肪酸组成影响较小,在玉米油中ZEN 的脱除中具有一定的应用潜力。In order to improve the removal efficiency of zearalenone (ZEN) from corn oil by hexadecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride modified montmorillonite (1627-MMT),on the basis of comparing the removal effects of different modified montmorillonites on ZEN in corn oil, using the removal rate of ZEN as index, the process conditions (1627-MMT dosage, adsorption time and adsorption temperature) of removing ZEN from corn oil by 1627-MMT were optimized by single factor experiment and response surface methodology, and the physicochemical properties of corn oil, contents of total sterol and total tocopherol before and after detoxification were determined.The results showed that compared with the other three modified montmorillonites, 1627-MMT showed the best ZEN removal effect, and the optimal ZEN removal conditions were obtained as follows: 1627-MMT dosage 5%, adsorption temperature 105 ℃, and adsorption time 23 min. Under the optimal conditions, the removal rate of ZEN was (89.16±0.10)%, and ZEN content in corn oil after detoxification was 349.64 μg/kg, meeting the EU standard limit requirements (≤400 μg/kg). After adsorption, the red value of corn oil decreased by 72.34%, the acid value decreased by 41.67%, the peroxide value decreased by 42.00%, the retention rates of total sterol and total tocopherol were 92.07% and 85.34%, respectively, and there was no significant change in the fatty acid composition and content. In conclusion, 1627-MMT can not only effectively remove ZEN from corn oil, but also reduce the acid value, peroxide value and color of corn oil, and have little impact on the contents of sterol and tocopherol and fatty acid composition in corn oil,which has certain application potential in the removal of ZEN from corn oil.

旨在为迷迭香脂溶性提取物在食用油保鲜方面的应用提供参考，以玉米油提取的迷迭香脂溶性提取物（可作为抗氧化剂）为原料，对其进行脱色处理，以脱色率为指标，通过单因素试验和响应面试验优化脱色工艺条件，并采用高效液相色谱法测定脱色前后迷迭香脂溶性提取物中脂溶性抗氧化成分（鼠尾草酸和鼠尾草酚）的含量。结果表明：与活性白土及活性白土与活性炭复配（质量比1∶ 1、1∶ 2、2∶ 1）脱色剂相比，活性炭对迷迭香脂溶性提取物的脱色效果最好，最佳脱色工艺为活性炭添加量2.1%、脱色温度50 ℃、脱色时间59 min，在此条件下脱色率为(75.02±0.37)%；脱色前后迷迭香脂溶性提取物中脂溶性抗氧化成分含量分别为4.065 5%和3.883 6%。综上，优化条件下迷迭香脂溶性提取物的脱色效果较好，且脱色对其脂溶性抗氧化成分含量影响较小。In order to provide a reference for the application of rosemary fat-soluble extract in the preservation of edible oil, the rosemary fat-soluble extract (which can be used as an antioxidant) extracted by corn oil was decolorized. With the decolorization rate as the index, the decolorization process conditions were optimized by single factor experiment and response surface methodology, and the content of fat-soluble antioxidant components (carnosic acid and carnosic phenol) in rosemary fat-soluble extract before and after decolorization was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that activated carbon had the best decolorization effect on rosemary fat-soluble extract compared with activated clay and compound decolorant of activated clay and activated carbon (mass ratio 1∶ 1,1∶ 2,2∶ 1). The optimal decolorization process conditions were as follows: activated carbon dosage2.1%, decolorization temperature 50 ℃, decolorization time 59 min. Under the optimal conditions, the decolorization rate was (75.02±0.37)%. The antioxidant content before and after decolorization in rosemary fat-soluble extract was 4.065 5% and 3.883 6%, respectively. In summary, the decolorization effect of rosemary fat-soluble extract under optimized conditions was better, and the decolorization had little effect on the content of fat-soluble antioxidant components.

Diesel fuel and corn oil are mixed in the 80:20 volumetric ratio. Dimethyl carbonate and gasoline are added to diesel fuel + corn oil blend in 4:96, 6:94, 8:92, and 10:90 volumetric ratios to obtain ternary blends. Effects of ternary blends on the performance and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine are investigated under different engine speeds (1000–2500 rpm). 3D Lagrange interpolation method is applied to measured data of dimethyl carbonate blends to predict the engine speed, blending ratio, and crank angle giving maximum peak pressure and peak heat release rate. On average, dimethyl carbonate blends and gasoline blends show 4.3642–12.1578% and 1.0323–8.6843% reduction in effective power, and 1.4938–3.4322% and 4.3357–8.7188% reduction in effective efficiency, respectively, relative to diesel fuel. On average, there is a reduction in cylinder peak pressure (4.6701–7.3418%; 4.0457–6.2025%) and peak heat release rate (0.8020–4.5627%; 0.4–1.2654%) for dimethyl carbonate blends and gasoline blends, respectively, compared to diesel fuel. Because of low relative errors (1.0551% and 1.4553%), 3D Lagrange provides well accuracy in the prediction of maximum peak pressure and peak heat release rate. On average, dimethyl carbonate blends produce less CO (7.4744–17.5424%), HC (15.5410–29.5501%) and smoke (14.1767–25.2834%) emissions, compared with diesel fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Simple Summary: During the ethanol creation process, ethanol and ethanol co-products are created. Ethanol plants take these co-products and market them in a secondary market. While originally just additional revenue streams, coproducts have evolved into valuable commodities themselves. Analyzing existing research, the study finds that most of the current economic understanding is for distillers' grains, a common coproduct used in animal feed. Newer coproducts like pelletized or high-protein grains are less studied. Moreover, alternative uses for coproducts such as plastics and CO2 have remained largely unexplored. The research underscores the need for further investigation to optimize coproduct utilization and inform future decision-making. We suggest focusing on the economic pricing, marketing, and regulatory structure of newer ethanol co-products to add additional value to the ethanol industry. During the mid-2000s to the early 2010s, the domestic ethanol industry witnessed substantial growth, with ethanol coproducts emerging as vital elements for plant profitability and livestock feeding. Initially serving as supplementary revenue streams, coproducts from ethanol production have evolved into diverse value-added offerings, bolstering revenue streams, and sustaining profit margins. This study reviews existing economic research on ethanol coproducts, detailing methodologies, product focus, and research locations. Initially gathering 972 articles from 9 databases, 110 articles were synthesized. We find that most studies primarily examined the growth and future of the ethanol industry with a limited focus on specific coproducts. Feed-use distillers' grains, especially dried distillers' grains, were the most widely published while newer coproducts like pelletized, de-oiled, and high-protein distillers' grains were relatively understudied. Non-feed-use products were notably overlooked, highlighting the need for exploration beyond conventional applications. The evolving market landscape for ethanol co-products has surpassed published academic understanding of the economic tradeoffs necessitating further research into product dynamics, pricing, marketing, market structures, and regulatory frameworks. This highlights and underscores the importance of investigating value-added grains across diverse commodities and geographic contexts to inform strategic decision-making and policy formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algae are photosynthetic organisms which can be cultivated and produced in photo-bioreactors; therefore, choosing the design parameters and conditions are critical in order to achieve high efficiency and maximum productivity. Algae are of interest to biochemical industries because of their diverse species. This project seeks to build a photo-bioreactor tank to maximize Ulva lactuca non-seasonal survival to produce biodiesel from its biomass. The chosen design was because of the ease of monitoring, and the tank design effectively kept Ulva lactuca alive and fresh. Biodiesel was accomplished using an alkaline esterification for 50 g of dry mass of Ulva lactuca giving a relatively limited yield of approximate 13% of Ulva lactuca oil (4 ml) that was converted to (0.5 ml) biodiesel, compared with other oils such as soybean (42%), corn oil (60%) and cooked corn oil (40%). The yield of Ulva lactuca oil was statistically significantly lower than the other three types of oil (p-value = 0.0032). However, this project still aids in the economics of Jordan, as Ulva lactuca is grown locally in the Gulf of Aqaba. Ulva lactuca investment is worth considering because of its natural exposure, high yield, low cost, reduced algae contamination risk, and space requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a plasticizer compound affecting female reproduction, leads to scenarios, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and infertility through oxidative stress (OS) mechanisms. Ascorbic acid (AA) is one of the antioxidants in infertility issues. Objectives: The present study investigates the ameliorative effect of AA on DEHP-induced ovarian toxicity in pubertal female Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty female Wistar rats of four weeks of age were stratified into five groups. Group I was treated with corn oil (Vehicle), groups II and III with low and high dose DEHP, and groups IV and V with low and high dose DEHP+AA were administered for 30 days. Results: Increased body weight gain was noted in DEHP groups. Estradiol hormone was considerably reduced, whereas progesterone levels were increased in both low- and high-dose DEHP-treated groups. DEHP+AA groups have shown significant (p < 0.005) protection of these hormone levels as equal to the control group. The high-dose DEHP group shows an increased, ovarian estrogen receptor (ER) alpha, ER-beta, and progesterone receptor gene expression, and DEHP+AA groups have significantly (p < 0.005) showed expression similar to the control. OS was noted with decreased superoxide dismutase and increased malondialdehyde expression in Group III (GR III) compared to control, whereas the DEHP+AA treated group significantly protected OS by restoring the expression levels. DEHP-treated groups show elevated levels of both Bcl-2 and BAX which is specific to apoptotic expression and restored by AA treatment (p < 0.005). Conclusion: Evidence suggests that AA may protect against DEHP-induced ovarian toxicity by decreasing OS levels, improving folliculogenesis, and restoring the hormonal with receptor level alterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distillers corn oil (DCO), a byproduct of corn ethanol production, offers an alternative glyceride source for biodiesel production. Nonetheless, its higher free fatty acids (FFA) content compared to other vegetable oils hampers its direct conversion into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) due to soap formation, catalysts' activity decreasing, and emulsions generation (thus reducing FAME yield), which compromise the quality and stability of the biodiesel produced. Thus, pretreatment steps such as esterification may reduce the FFA to mitigate these issues. In this context, by utilizing glycerine, a solution emerges: esterifying these high‐acidity oils to convert FFA into triglycerides (TAG) before transesterification. However, little is known about how integrated reaction conditions can affect the process in a catalyst‐free system. Thus, our study was guided by a clear‐cut objective: transforming DCO into a raw material ideally suited for biodiesel production, which involved a dramatic reduction in FFA content, reducing it from 18% to a mere 2% while preserving a high concentration of TAG. For that, we systematically employed a response surface methodology with a three‐factorial central composite design to investigate the complex interactions among key parameters: temperature, vacuum pressure, and the glycerol/oil mass ratio. Elevated temperatures and a 2:1 glycerol/oil mass ratio were beneficial for FFA reduction, increased TAG content, and improved oil color. Interaction analysis identified synergistic temperature and vacuum pressure effects on FFA reduction, TAG production, and photometric color index reduction, revealing optimal conditions. Hence, the statistical model highlights DCO as a viable oil for future transesterification processes, laying the foundation for an eco‐friendly and economically efficient biodiesel production network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the global context of environmental awareness, the present research proposes a sustainable alternative to the widely used petroleum-based epoxy coatings. Epoxidized corn oil (ECO) was tested as potential matrix for advanced nanocomposite coating materials reinforced with 0.25 to 1 wt.% single-walled carbon nanotubes (SW) with carboxyl and amide functionalities. The elemental composition of the epoxy networks was monitored by XPS, showing the increase of O/C ratio to 0.387 when carboxyl-functionalized SW are added. To achieve sustainable composite materials, citric acid was used as curing agent, as a substitute for conventional counterparts. The influence of both surface functional groups and concentration of SW was evaluated through structural and thermo-mechanical analysis. The progressive increase of the DSC enthalpy for SW formulated systems indicates a possible pattern for specific interactions within the bio-based epoxy translated by adjusted activation energy. For 1% neat SW addition, the Ea values decreased to 46 kJ/mol in comparison with 53 kJ/mol calculated for neat epoxy. Furthermore, the -COOH groups from SW nanostructures exerted a strong influence over the mechanical performance of bio-epoxy networks, improving the crosslinking density with ~ 60% and twofold the storage modulus value. Accordingly, by gradual addition of SW-COOH filler within the ECO-based formulations, a very consistent behaviour in seawater was noted, with a 28% decreased value for the absorption degree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unsaturated fat replacement should be used to reduce the use of saturated fat and trans fatty acids in the diet. In this study, pea protein micro-gels (PPMs) with different structures were prepared by microparticulation at pH 4.0–7.0 and named as PPM (pH 4.0), PPM (pH 4.5), PPM (pH 5.0), PPM (pH 5.5), PPM (pH 6.0), PPM (pH 6.5), and PPM (pH 7.0). Pea protein was used as a control to evaluate the structure and interfacial properties of PPMs by particle size distribution, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), free sulfhydryl group content, and emulsifying property. PPM (pH 7.0) was suitable for application in O/W emulsion stabilization because of its proper particle size, more flexible structure, high emulsifying activity index (EAI) and emulsifying stability index (ESI). The Pickering emulsion stabilized by PPM (pH 7.0) had a uniform oil droplet distribution and similar rheological properties to cream, so it can be used as a saturated fat replacement in the manufacture of ice cream. Saturated fat was partially replaced at different levels of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%, which were respectively named as PR0, PR20, PR40, PR60, PR80, and PR100. The rheological properties, physicochemical indexes, and sensory properties of low-saturated fat ice cream show that PPM (pH 7.0)-stabilized emulsion can be used to substitute 60% cream to manufacture low-saturated fat ice cream that has high structural stability and similar melting properties, overrun, and sensory properties to PR0. The article shows that it is feasible to prepare low-saturated fat ice cream with PPM (pH 7.0)-stabilized Pickering emulsion, which can not only maintain the fatty acid profile of the corn oil used, but also possess a solid-like structure. Its application is of positive significance for the development of nutritious and healthy foods and the reduction of chronic disease incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The present study was designed to investigate the influence of different dietary lipids (sheep's fat, olive oil, coconut oil, and corn oil) on specific biomarkers associated with metabolic syndrome in both healthy and diabetic rats. Methods: The study designed for 45 days, utilized a male diabetic wistar rat (body weight, 180–220 g) model induced by streptozotocin (45 mg/kg bw). The rats were divided into two sections: five non-diabetic and five diabetic groups, each containing six rats. The first group in each section serving as the control, received a standard diet. Both non-diabetic or diabetic groups, were provided with a standard diet enriched with 15% sheep fat, 15% coconut oil, 15% olive oil, and 15% corn oil, respectively for a duration of 45 days. Results: Post-supplementation, both healthy and diabetic control rats exhibited a higher food intake compared to rats supplemented with lipid diet; notably food intake was higher in diabetic control than healthy control. However, rats fed with coconut oil, olive oil and sheep fat showed weight gain at the end of the experiment, in both healthy and diabetic groups. Coconut oil supplementation significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased HDL-C and total cholesterol level in diabetic groups compared to healthy group, it was confirmed by an increased PPAR-α and ABCA-1 protein level. Olive oil significantly decreased triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL-C levels in diabetic rats when compared to sheep fat or coconut oil. Corn oil significantly decreased fasting glucose, total cholesterol and LDL-C levels compared to all other groups. Corn and olive oil supplemented normal groups, found with significant increase in hepatic glucose-lipid oxidative metabolism associated protein, like FGF-21, MSH, ABCA-1, PPAR-γ and decreased lipogenesis proteins like, SREBP and PPAR-α levels. In contrast, sheep grease and coconut oil increased SREBP and PPAR-α expression in both normal and diabetic groups. Most notably, normal and diabetic groups pretreated with sheep grease resulted in increased inflammatory (MCP-1, IL-1β, TLR-4, TNF-α), and oxidative stress markers (LPO, GSH, GPx, SOD and CAT) linked with metabolic complications. Conclusion: The combination or alternative use of olive oil and corn oil in daily diet may play a significant role in preventing proinflammatory condition associated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most studies on fat appetite have focused on long-chain triglycerides (LCTs) due to their obesogenic properties. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), conversely, exhibit antiobesogenic effects; however, the regulation of MCT intake remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that mice can distinguish between MCTs and LCTs, and the specific appetite for MCTs is governed by hepatic β-oxidation. We generated liver-specific medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD)-deficient (MCADL−/−) mice and analyzed their preference for MCT and LCT solutions using glyceryl trioctanoate (C8-TG), glyceryl tridecanoate (C10-TG), corn oil, and lard oil in two-bottle choice tests conducted over 8 days. In addition, we used lick microstructure analyses to evaluate the palatability and appetite for MCT and LCT solutions. Finally, we measured the expression levels of genes associated with fat ingestion (Galanin, Qrfp, and Nmu) in the hypothalamus 2 h after oral gavage of fat. Compared with control mice, MCADL−/− mice exhibited a significantly reduced preference for MCT solutions, with no alteration in the preference for LCTs. Lick analysis revealed that MCADL−/− mice displayed a significantly decreased appetite for MCT solutions only while the palatability of both MCT and LCT solutions remained unaffected. Hypothalamic Galanin expression in control mice was elevated by oral gavage of C8-TG but not by LCTs, and this response was abrogated in MCADL−/− mice. In summary, our data suggest that hepatic β-oxidation is required for MCT-specific appetite but not for LCT-specific appetite. The induction of hypothalamic galanin upon MCT ingestion, dependent on hepatic β-oxidation, could be involved in the regulation of MCT-specific appetite. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: Whether and how medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) intake is regulated remains unknown. Here, we showed that mice can discriminate between MCTs and LCTs. Hepatic β-oxidation participates in MCT-specific appetite, and hypothalamic galanin may be one of the factors that regulate MCT intake. Because of the antiobesity effects of MCTs, studying MCT-specific appetite may help combat obesity by promoting the intake of MCTs instead of LCTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): We aimed to investigate the effects of quercetin (QRC) against cyclophosphamide (CP)- induced testicular damage and how it interacts with apoptotic and inflammatory signaling pathways. Materials and Methods: Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups, 10 in each group; Control group (corn oil, intragastrically, 14 days), QRC group (100 mg/kg QRC, dissolved in corn oil, 14 days), CP group (200 mg/kg CP, intraperitoneally, single dose on the 7th day), and CP+QRC group (100 mg/kg QRC, intragastrically, 14 days and 200 mg/kg CP, intraperitoneally, single dose on the 7th day). Animals were sacrificed one day after the last QRC application and the effects of quercetin were evaluated by histological, morphometrical, and hormonal parameters. Also, nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB), nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) immunoreactivities were evaluated immunohistochemically. Results: CP increased the testicular weight/body weight ratio, significantly decreasing body weights and testicular weights. All hormone levels were also reduced significantly. Morphometrically, seminiferous tubules diameter and germinal epithelial thickness decreased, while a significant increase was determined in interstitial field width in addition to histological damage. Furthermore, immunohistochemical findings also indicated that NFkB and Bax immunoreactivity were increased in the CP group, whereas significant decrease was seen in Nrf2 and Bcl-2 immunoreactivity. Apoptotic cell and tubule index were reduced in CP. QRC ensured improvement in all findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of vehicles play a pivotal role in defining the conclusion of any regulatory and pre-clinical toxicology study. The functional observational battery is one of the vital parameters to study the toxicological effect of compounds. This study investigates the impact of oral dosing with reverse osmosis water, 0.5 % w/v carboxymethyl cellulose and corn oil on functional observational battery parameters (neurobehavioural observations, motor activity, sensory reactivity measurements, grip strength and foot splay) in Wistar rats when administered for 90 d through oral gavage. Functional observational battery was performed during the 12th w of treatment. No mortality, morbidity or clinical sign of toxicity was observed. Body weight decreased marginally in carboxymethyl cellulose treated group during the 12th w. Motor activity was increased significantly in reverse osmosis water and carboxymethyl cellulose treated groups. The decrease in foot splay was also noted in all vehicles treated groups. The variation observed in grip strength by vehicles was not definitive or conclusive. No abnormality was observed in qualitative parameters of functional observational battery (sensory reactivity and neurobehavioral observations) and gross examination. From these results, it is evident that all vehicles have some notable influence on functional observational battery performed at the 12th w of treatment. This type of variation is critical to figure out sought conclusion for the compound of interest in regulatory studies. The recommendation is given to use strong and reliable historical control data to optimise or fix these variations and to avoid false conclusion regarding the compound where these vehicles are used as a control in regulatory toxicological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyester‐urea coatings were synthesized from corn oil with the help of a series of reactions in three different compositions by varying the amount of urea. Out of all the synthesized compositions, the best composition was optimized based on various parameters. The optimized composition was used as a matrix and graphene oxide (GO) was incorporated in three ratios, for the formulation of corn oil‐based CPEUr@GO nanocomposites. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to confirm all the reactions. The physico‐mechanical properties of CPEUr2 coating were found to be the best among all the compositions. Therefore, CPEUr2 was selected as a matrix for the inclusion of GO nanosheets to prepare CPEUr2@GO nanocomposites. Thermogravimetric analysis results showed that incorporation of GO enhanced the thermal stability of CPEUr2 up to 325°C. The anticorrosive studies revealed the high impedance value of 6.5 × 105 Ω.cm2 in case of CPEUr2@GO0.5. Furthermore, it can be concluded that the inclusion of 0.5 wt% GO proved to be the optimized amount to produce sustainable CPEUr2 coatings with good performance. These CPEUr@GO nanocomposite coatings can be used for various protective purposes owing to their excellent physico‐mechanical thermal as well as anticorrosive performance. Highlights: Corn oil‐based polyester‐urea, CPEUr, coatings were synthesized in three different compositions.The best composition was used as a matrix for the formulation of CPEUr@GO nanocomposites.Graphene oxide of 0.5 wt% was found to be the optimum quantity required to modify CPEUr matrix.Thermal stability, mechanical durability as well as corrosion resistance performances were enhanced.The environment friendly approach is suitable for the development of corrosion protective coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As no study about the combined effect of low levels of Cd2+ with procymidone (PCM) on organs and organisms, we investigated their actions on mouse‐ovary in vivo and in vitro. Four‐week mice were treated with corn oil for the control group, corn oil + 0.0045 mg/L Cd2+ (CdCl2 was dissolved in ultrapure water and freely consumed by mice) for Cd2+ group, 50 mg/kg/d PCM (suspended in corn oil and administered orally to mice) for PCM group, and 50 mg/kg/d PCM + 0.0015 (0.0045 and 0.0135) mg/L Cd2+ for L+ (M+ and H+) PCM group for 21 days. For in vitro experiment, the cultured ovaries were treated with acetone for the control group, 0.1% acetone + 8.4 μg/L Cd2+ for the Cd2+ group, 0.63 mg/L PCM (dissolved in acetone) for the PCM‐group, and 0.63 mg/L PCM + 2.8 (8.4 and 25.2) μg/L Cd2+ for L+ (M+ and H+) PCM group for 7 days. Mouse body weight in each treatment group, the weight and volume of ovaries in all PCM groups were lower than the control. Both in vivo and in vitro, all‐stage follicle numbers were lower in M+PCM and H+PCM groups, whereas the atretic follicles and CASPASE3/8 were higher; meanwhile, lower estradiol and progesterone and higher unfolded protein response (UPR) members in all PCM groups. L+, M+, and H+PCM groups had further ovarian damage and stronger UPR than PCM groups, as did M+PCM groups over Cd2+ groups. It is hypothesized low‐level PCM and Cd2+ may mutually promote each other's triggered UPR and exacerbate ovarian damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Furan (FU) and Cadmium (Cd) are toxic agents, and persistent exposure may harm both human and animal health. Therefore, we explored the effects of FU and Cd on liver of the male rat. Male Wister rat groups are distributed randomly: control group (Cr-water): rats were given DI water; control oil group (Cr-oil): rats received corn oil; Furan group: rats received Furan (FU, 16 mg/kg) orally; Cd group: rats obtain cadmium (Cd, 2 mg/kg) orally; and FU+Cd group: rats given both FU + Cd. For 30 days, each therapy was administered once daily. Blood samples and hepatic tissues were obtained after all rats were euthanized. The outcomes showed that treatment with FU or Cd alone considerably caused liver damage, evidenced by serum increase of AST, ALT, ALP, triglycerides, and cholesterol as well as histological changes. Following FU or Cd exposure, there were significant reductions in CAT, GSH, and SOD contents, as well as increases in malondialdehyde along with upregulated expression of PCNA and TNF-α. In contrast, when FU and Cd were administered together potentiated each other and caused more cellular damage in liver tissue. This study found that the primary modulator for enhancing FU and Cd toxicity when administered together was thought to be oxidative stress pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industrial processing of mandarin fruits yields a large amount of peel waste, resulting in economic losses and environmental pollution. The peels of mandarin fruits are a good source of biomass and active substances that can be used to produce food packaging systems. In this study, active food packaging films were prepared based on sodium alginate and twelve varieties of mandarin peel powder. The structures, properties, and corn oil packaging performance of the films were compared. Results showed that the twelve varieties of mandarin peel powder differed in pectin, lipid, protein, crude fiber, and total phenol contents. The prepared films all exhibited a yellow color, 117.73–152.45 μm thickness, 16.39–23.62% moisture content, 26.03–90.75° water contact angle, 5.38–8.31 × 10−11 g m−1 s−1 Pa−1 water vapor permeability, 5.26–12.91 × 10−20 m2 s−1 Pa−1 oxygen permeability, 4.87–7.90 MPa tensile strength, and 13.37–24.62% elongation at break. Notably, the films containing mandarin peel powder with high pectin and lipid contents showed high moisture/oxygen barrier ability and mechanical properties. The films containing mandarin peel powder with high total phenol content exhibited high antioxidant- and antimicrobial-releasing abilities and good performance in delaying corn oil oxidation. Overall, the results suggested that the films have good application potential in active food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of replacing beef fat with corn oil chicken skin oleogel on the quality parameters of model meat batters. Four different batches were prepared with varying amounts of oleogel (50% (O50), 75% (O75), 100% (O100)) as a fat substitute, while a control group was prepared with 100% (C) beef fat. Chemical composition, technological properties, color, texture, fatty acid composition, and oxidative changes were evaluated. The results showed that oleogel addition increased moisture and decreased protein content. Water holding capacity and cooking yield improved by the addition of oleogel. Replacing beef fat with oleogel increased lightness and yellowness, and reduced redness compared to control samples. The hardness, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness of the control were significantly higher than the samples formulated with oleogel. The incorporation of oleogel resulted in a reduction in saturated fatty acids (SFA) and an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). As the level of oleogel increased, the amount of linolenic acid also increased significantly. Replacing beef fat with oleogel resulted in significant reductions in the atherogenicity (IA) and thrombogenicity (IT) indexes. At the end of the storage, the highest TBARS value was recorded in the control sample formulated with 100% beef fat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This work aimed to define the histopathological severity of fluorinated, brominated and chlorinated pyrethroid insecticides on endocrine pancreas of mice. Methods: Fourty male mice (Mus musculus) were categorized into four groups and each group containing ten animals. 0.1mL dose of corn oil was given to the vehicle contro (VC) group animals for three days. This group was kept as a reference group. The 0.1mL corn oil containing 5mg/kg dose of each insecticide such as Cypermethrin (CYP), Deltamethrin (DLT) and Lambda cyhalothrin (LC) was given to three group of mice for three days, followed by three days of none treatment. Dissection procedure was carried out at 7th day. Results: All the micrometric results and histopathological alterations have shown that pyrethroid insecticides were highly toxic to endocrine pancreatic tissues. The various histopathological sign such as strip arrangements of endocrine cells in islets, endocrine cellular necrosis mainly in the central and pericentral areas of islets and increased vacuolation in surviving endocrine cells etc. In three insecticides treated groups, there were significantly decline in the relative abundance of endocrine cells per unit area (1230µm²) such as CYP (8.8±0.25) DLT (7.5±0.23) and the LC (7.5±0.23) as compare to control group (9.7± 0.24). It indicates that type II pyrethroid insecticides are generally pancreo-toxic and they specifically target the islets of langerhans cells. Conclusions: The severity of the mentioned pathological sign in LC and DLT groups indicated that these non-dietary halogenated (fluorinated and brominated respectively) pyrethroid inflict more severe histopathological impacts on the endocrine pancreas as compare to the simple chlorinated type II pyrethroid the CYP. The findings reflects that these otherwise consider comparatively safer or less toxic insecticides for the non-target organisms like mammals have come out to be highly toxic to the endocrine tissues particularly the pancreas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The present research work was designed to explore the effects of Bifenthrin (BF) and Lambda-Cyhalothrin (Lct) (fluorinated type II pyrethroid) insecticides on testicular histopathologies and their amelioration on the posttreatment of Basella rubra extract (Br). Methods: Sixty male albino mice were divided into six groups (n=10) as follow: 1: Control group (CO) received 0.1mL corn oil on day 1 & 2, no treatment (day 3) and drinking water (day 4-6) through gavage; 2: Basella rubra group (Br) were given Br extract on day 1 & 2, no treatment (day 3) and drinking water (day 4-6); 3,4:Bifenthrin (BF) and Lambda-Cyhalothrin (Lct) were treated with their respective 5mg/kg insecticides dissolved in CO on day 1 & 2, no treatment (day 3) and drinking water (day 4-6); 5,6: Lct+Br and BF+Br were given respective insecticides on day 1 & 2, no treatment (day 3) and Br (day 4-6). Both testes were excised on euthanasia and processed on day 7th. Results: Both insecticide-exposed groups (BF and Lct) had extensive damage to seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissues. Empty spaces in the tubules and interstitial tissues, wavy borders of the tubules, decrease in spermatids with immature spermatozoa, and demaged spermatogonia was also observed in both insecticides treated groups. Simultaneously, the mean cross sectional area of seminiferous tubules also showed significant (p<0.05) increase in Lct and BF than CO and Br groups. Altogether, results demonstrated that BF and Lct causes detrimental effects on testes and may influence fertilization, decrease spermatids and spermatozoa and in Lct and Bf respectively as compared to CO, and damaged spermatogonia were observed. Conclusions: Based upon these findings it is concluded that BF and Lct exposure cause alterations in testicular histology that can be rescued through Br treatment indicating the importance of Basella rubra fruit in male reproductive health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The present research work was designed to explore the mitigating properties of Carissa carandus fruit pulp extract on the pancreatic histopathologies of Carbofuran treated mice. Methods: There were 4 experimental groups: 1) Vehicle Control group (VC); treated with 0.1mL of 5% DMSO solution in corn oil for first 3 days and normal water for next five days. 2): Carbofuran group (CF); received 0.1mL of 5% DMSO+5mg/kg Carbofuran solution in corn oil for 3 days followed by normal water for rest of 5 days. 3): Carissa carandus group (CC); received 0.1mL of 5% DMSO solution in corn oil for 1-3 days, not treated with any dose on day 4 and 0.1mL of Carissa carandus solution was given for remaining 4 days. 4) Carbofuran+ Carissa carandus group (CF+CC); treated with 0.1mL of 5% DMSO+5mg/kg Carbofuran solution in corn oil till day 3, no treatment on day 4 and 0.1mL of Carissa carandus solution from day 5 to 8. Animals were dissected on the 9th day of study to recover intact pancreas for histopathological and micrometric studies. Results: All histopathological and micrometric results proved that carbofuran is highly toxic for endocrine and exocrine pancreas. Prominent histopathological landmarks like lipid droplets in various areas inside the islets of Langerhans, acinar fat cells and lipid steatosis in exocrine tissue clearly illustrated degenerative effect of carbofuran. The relative area occupied by endocrine and exocrine cells per unit area (116 µm2) was significantly (p≤0.05) lower for CF as compared to VC. Similarly significant (p≤0.05) increase in mean width of inter acinar spaces was obvious in CF (5.5±0.4µm) as compared to VC (1.7±0.2µm). All these histological and micrometric deteriorations of carbofuran treatments were noticeably reversed in CF+CC group. Conclusions: These findings clearly indicate that carbofuran is a potent toxicant for endocrine and exocrine pancreas and Carissa carandus fruit pulp extract possess rescuing and regenerative potentials against such pancreatoxic effects of carbofuran in male mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gingivitis is the mildest form of periodontal disease, but if the condition is left untreated, it will develop to a more severe periodontal disease that can damage the supporting tissues of the teeth which can cause inflammation of the periodontal tissues due to the presence of oral microbial biofilms, especially gram-negative anaerobes, such as porphyromonas gingivalis. The curcumin extract administration is able to inhibit and stop the activity of inflammatory mediators produced by bacteria. To determine the effect of 1% curcumin on the number of lymphocytes and the expression of MMP 13 in the gingiva of Wistar rats exposed to P. gingivalis bacteria. Materials and Methods: Wistar rats as gingivitis models, P. gingivalis bacteria that have been grown in TBS media previously, 1 g of curcumin that was mixed with Corn oil to a volume of 100 ml to form a suspension of curcumin with a concentration of 1%. This study used an in vivo laboratory experimental method using experimental Wistar rats which criteria had been determined and were divided into 5 treatment groups. In this study, curcumin was effective in reducing the number of lymphocytes and MMP 13 in gingivitis. Conclusion: Prolonged exposure to Pg can affect the increase in the number of lymphocytes and the expression of MMP 13, but with the administration of 1% curcumin, it was seen that there was a decrease in the number of lymphocytes and the expression of MMP13. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]