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Orientador: Daniel Joseph Hogan Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias Mestrado Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial Mestre em Geografia

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This article evaluates through longitudinal analysis of primary and secondary sources, the environmental impact of extractive activities in Costa Rica in relation to environmental legislation, to determine if the country's natural heritage is preserved. Thus, the conclusion is that, extractive activities operate with not legal regulation, what it is against environmental conservation and preservation of natural heritage. En el presente artículo se valora el comportamiento de las actividades extractivas en relación con la legislación ambiental, para determinar si en realidad se preserva el patrimonio natural del país. Dicha valoración se ha realizado mediante el análisis longitudinal de fuentes primarias y secundarias, tanto científicas y técnicas como oficiales. Se concluye que, existe disociación entre el discurso oficial y la acción estatal, debido al predominio de intereses productivistas sobre los conservacionistas, lo que pone en peligro la conservación del patrimonio natural.

En el presente artículo se valora el comportamiento de las actividades extractivasen relación con la legislación ambiental, para determinar si en realidad se preserva el patrimonio natural del país. Dicha valoración se ha realizado mediante el análisis longitudinal de fuentes primarias y secundarias, tanto científicas y técnicas como oficiales.Se concluye que,existe disociación entre el discurso oficial y la acción estatal, debido al predominio de intereses productivistas sobre los conservacionistas, lo que pone en peligro la conservación del patrimonio natural This article evaluates through longitudinal analysis of primary and secondary sources, the environmental impact of extractive activities in Costa Rica in relation to environmental legislation, to determine if the country's natural heritage is preserved. Thus,the conclusion is that,extractive activities operate with not legal regulation, what it is against environmental conservation and preservation of natural heritage. UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Sociales::Centro de Investigaciones Históricas de América Central (CIHAC) UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Artes y Letras::Facultad de Letras::Escuela de Lenguas Modernas

Researchers have become increasingly concerned with the relation between traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) and academic ecological knowledge (AEK). TEK includes complex predictive resources that often remain insufficiently reflected in ecological research, conservation practices, and ecosystem services. At the same time, knowledge integration comes with methodological and political challenges of negotiating differences between knowledge systems. In this article, we provide evidence from different scales (population, community, and ecosystems) about how TEK and AEK can be related when addressing the same phenomena. Finally, we discuss the possibilities of relating TEK and AEK through a perspective of complementarity of knowledge, taking existing differences as opportunities for dialogue.

Se realizó un análisis de los factores asociados a actividades y anidación de tortugas marinas en las playas Nancite y playa Naranjo del Parque Nacional Santa Rosa (PNSR), para comprender cuáles factores afectan en mayor medida la anidación de tortugas. Se abordo los factores asociados a la depredación de tortugas marinas por jaguar, esto con el propósito de comprender mejor la relación depredador-presa y cuál es el factor más influyente para que este fenómeno suceda. La investigación se realiza con el propósito de identificar los factores que influyen en la distribución de carcasas de tortugas, así como una comparación entre playas con diferentes niveles de apertura al público. Se analizó los datos espacial de carcasas mediante el sofware Qgis versión 2.18, (Qgis-core development team), con el cual se elaboró mapas de calor mediante el método de Kernel, para esta investigación consideré puntos calientes (hotspots) a sitios con mayor abundancia de carcasas de tortugas marinas por unidad de área. An analysis of the factors associated with activities and nesting of sea turtles was carried out on the Nancite and Naranjo beaches of the Santa Rosa National Park (PNSR), to understand which factors affect the nesting of turtles to a greater extent. The factors associated with the predation of sea turtles by jaguars were addressed, this in order to better understand the predator-prey relationship and what is the most influential factor for this phenomenon to happen. The research is carried out with the purpose of identifying the factors that influence the distribution of turtle carcasses, as well as a comparison between beaches with different levels of openness to the public. Carcass spatial data was analyzed using the Qgis software version 2.18, (Qgis-core development team), with which heat maps were drawn up using the Kernel method, for this research I considered hot spots (hotspots) to sites with greater abundance of sea turtle carcasses per unit area. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica Intistituto Internacional en Conservación y Manejo de Vida Silvestre

The responses of threatened tropical avian species to projected climate change and land-use change are important for evaluating the ability of the existing protected areas to provide habitat to these species under future scenarios in biodiversity hotspots. This study uses Maxent, a species distribution model that employs a maximum entropy machine learning approach to map the spatial distributions of habitats suitable for the International Union for Conservation of Nature threatened birds under present and future climate and land-use change in Borneo. We find that the existing protected areas provide very low coverage of the threatened bird species’ suitable habitat areas (95%CI = 9.3–15.4%). Analysis of habitat suitability projections for 18 species of threatened birds suggests that in 2050, under Special Report on Emissions Scenarios A1B and B1, avian species with currently little suitable habitat may gain area but lose in the proportion of this that is protected. Large-ranged species are likely to lose habitat area and this will inflate the proportion of this remaining in protected areas. The present availability of suitable habitat was the most important determinant of future habitat availability under both the scenarios. Threat level, as measured by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and the habitat preferences considered here, Lowland or Lowland–Montane, are poor predictors of the amount of habitat contraction or expansion undergone by the species.

Las Reservas Naturales de la Sociedad Civil en Colombia cumplen un papel importante en la conservación de ecosistemas. En este trabajo se investiga por qué los dueños de áreas privadas en el departamento del Valle del Cauca conservan la naturaleza en sus propiedades. Se consideran las explicaciones entre la teoría económica de la elección racional, la teoría económica sobre los comportamientos altruistas y recíprocos y la teoría de la psicología social sobre los valores de orientación cultural. Se encuentra que las razones predominantes para la conformación de las reservas naturales son el interés propio y la valoración de la naturaleza por parte de sus dueños. Natural Reserves of the Civil Society in Colombia plays an important role in the conservation of ecosystems. This paper investigates why the owners of private areas in Valle del Cauca preserve nature in their properties. Explanations among economic rational choice theory, economic theory on reciprocal altruistic behavior and the theory of social psychology on the values of cultural orientation are considered. We found the predominant reasons for the establishment of nature reserves are self-interest and appreciation of the nature by land owners. As Reservas Naturais da Sociedade Civil na Colômbia têm um importante papel na conservação dos ecossistemas. Este artigo investiga por que os proprietários de áreas privadas, no estado do Valle del Cauca, preservam a natureza em suas propriedades. Explicações entre a teoria econômica da escolha racional, teoria econômica sobre o comportamento altruísta ou recíproco e a teoria da psicologia social sobre os valores de orientação cultural são consideradas. As razões predominantes para a criação de reservas naturais são o auto-interesse e a apreciação da natureza de seus proprietários.

In the theoretical part of this thesis, I have reviewed the available literature focused on the problems around creating nature trails. I have evaluated the area around the municipality in terms of geomorphological structure, climate, soil and greenery. I have performed field research in order to find the most suitable route. The thesis describes a nature trail leading through the village of Chlumín. I have created graphical proposals as to what the information tables should look like. Another material piece of output is a promotional flyer. The proposed trail is a short round-trip educational trail focused especially on the topic of nature. Eight stops with have been drafted with a total trail length of 2.8 kilometres (1.74 miles) and all stops of the nature trail have been placed on a map. Afterwards, a questionnaire-style survey has been performed and its results analysed in the practical part of this thesis. The materials created during the creation of the thesis have been prepared for realisation by the Chlumín municipality. One chapter concerns itself with the usage methods for this nature trail and in it, I have pointed out the specific needs of this generation. Key words: nature trail, information table, conservation of nature, environmental education

Os "fóruns participativos" da Ilha Grande, reativados/reestruturados desde 2007, acionaram debates e disputas acerca das concepções sobre conservação da natureza/cultura. O turismo, principal atividade econômica local e importante fenômeno sociocultural na Ilha, tem provocado inúmeras transformações na região, constituindo um dos principais temas debatidos. Em seu âmbito, muito tem se utilizado do discurso sobre patrimônio, no que concerne à criação de atrativos, produtos e roteiros, e também nos projetos de planejamento. Este trabalho reflete sobre as relações entre o turismo na Ilha e as ideias de patrimônio discutidas nesses fóruns. Baseia-se em trabalho de campo com abordagem etnográfica, desenvolvida entre 2007 e 2010, envolvendo participação e observação direta em reuniões dos fóruns e entrevistas com atores sociais envolvidos. The "participatory forums" of Ilha Grande, having been reactivated and restructured since 2007, have stimulated debates and disputes in which the very concepts about the preservation of nature/culture are at stake. Tourism, the main local economic activity and an important sociocultural phenomenon on the island, has brought about innumerable changes in the region, constituting itself as one of the most debated themes. In its scope, the discussions on heritage have been effective regarding to creation of attractions, products, roadmaps, as well as planning projects. This work aims at reflecting upon the relationship between tourism on Ilha Grande and the ideas of heritage discussed in these forums. It is based on an ethnographic work which was researched and developed between 2007 and 2010, involving the participation and direct observation of the meetings held during the forums as well as interviews with social parties involved. Los "foros participativos" de Ilha Grande, reactivados y reestructurados desde 2007, han conducido debates y controversias que hablan sobre las concepciones de la conservación de la naturaleza/cultura. El turismo, principal actividad económica e importante fenómeno socio-cultural de la isla, ha provocado muchos cambios en la región, lo que constituye uno de los principales temas tratados en los debates de los foros. En su ámbito, mucho se ha utilizado sobre el discurso acerca del patrimonio, en su relación con la creación de atractivos, productos y visitas turísticas y también en la planificación de proyectos. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo reflexionar sobre las relaciones entre el turismo en la isla y las ideas de patrimonio que son discutidas en estos foros. Se basa en el trabajo etnográfico hecho a partir de una investigación de campo llevada a cabo entre 2007 y 2010, con la participación y la observación directa en las reuniones de los foros y también usando entrevistas con los actores sociales involucrados en el proceso.

La actividad turística desarrollada en el Mediterráneo español, en general, y en el litoral valenciano, en particular, está vinculada a la demanda de segundas residencias y, con ella, al desarrollo urbanístico. Se trata de un modelo que incide negativamente sobre el territorio y genera fuertes impactos, especialmente medioambientales, apenas frenados por las medidas conservacionistas llevadas a cabo en las últimas décadas. Para comprobar tales afirmaciones, el presente artículo se centra en un territorio concreto como el litoral de la provincia de Alicante, donde los parques naturales mantienen una estrecha relación con algunos de los principales destinos de sol y playa. The tourist activity developed in the Spanish Mediterranean sea as a whole and particularly in the coast of the Valencian Autonomous Region is closely linked to the demand for second homes and, consequently, to urban development. This model has negative effects on the territory and generates strong impacts, especially from an environmental point of view, barely controlled by the conservationists measures implemented for the last decades. To verify these statements, the present work is focused on a specific territory as the Alicante Province coastline, where natural parks have a close relationship with many of the most important coastal tourism destinations. El trabajo resulta de la tesis doctoral El papel de los parques naturales como elementos de diversificación en el marco de la renovación de los destinos turísticos consolidados, realizada merced a una ayuda FPI (BES-2009-014684) del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, asociada al proyecto Renovación de los destinos turísticos consolidados del litoral: nuevos instrumentos para la planificación y gestión (RENOVESTUR) (CSO2008-00613). El proyecto, cuyo investigador principal es también el director de la tesis, el Dr. J. Fernando Vera Rebollo, fue desarrollado en el Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Turísticas de la Universidad de Alicante, financiado por el Plan Nacional I+D+I 2008-2011 del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación.

Esta investigación busca aportar un análisis detallado de las estructuras de estos movimientos sociales y sus transformaciones a través de las decisiones de gobierno tomadas desde la institucionalidad, y que afectan a poblaciones de los seis municipios que conforman la provincia de Soto Norte: California, Vetas, Suratá, Málaga, Tona y Charta; y los habitantes del área metropolitana de Bucaramanga, que se benefician del agua que las montañas de Santurbán producen INTRODUCCIÓN 7 1. CAPÍTULO I: DISEÑO METODOLÓGICO 11 2. CAPÍTULO II: MARCO TEÓRICO 22 2.1 Características de los movimientos sociales 26 2.2 Formas de la acción colectiva 29 2.3 La violencia 32 2.4 La acción colectiva convencional 34 2.5 Disrupción e incertidumbre 35 2.6 El movimiento y sus luchas: otras categorías 36 2.7 Las luchas 38 2.7.1 Luchas afirmativas – nivel de la historicidad: Movimiento social 39 2.7.2 Luchas afirmativas – nivel institucional: presiones institucionales o políticas 39 2.7.3 Luchas afirmativas – nivel organizacional: reivindicaciones 41 2.7.4 Luchas críticas – nivel organizacional – conductas de crisis 42 2.7.5 Luchas críticas – nivel institucional: conductas de bloqueo 43 2.7.6 Luchas críticas – nivel de la historicidad: acción revolucionaria 44 3. CAPÍTULO III: NUEVOS MOVIMIENTOS SOCIALES Y SU INCIDENCIA EN PROCESOS MINEROS DE SURAMÉRICA 47 3.1 Nuevos Movimientos Sociales en América Latina 53 3.2 Ambientalistas y ecologistas 56 3.3 Contexto en Argentina 59 3.4 Contexto en Perú 63 3.5 Contexto en Ecuador 65 3.6 Contexto en Colombia 67 4. CAPÍTULO IV: MINEROS VS AMBIENTALISTAS 73 4.1 Ambientalistas 73 4.2 Mineros 76 4.3 El desafío colectivo 77 4.4 El objetivo en común 80 4.5 La solidaridad 83 4.6 El poder de la política en la movilización 86 4.7 Entre marchas y más movilizaciones 92 4.8 El cambio de repertorio 99 4.9 Las luchas 103 4.9.1 Resultados de las luchas 107 CONCLUSIONES 110 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 115 Maestría This research seeks to provide a detailed analysis of the structures of these social movements and their transformations through government decisions taken from the institutions, and that affect populations of the six municipalities that make up the province of Soto Norte: California, Vetas, Suratá, Málaga, Tona and Charta; and the inhabitants of the metropolitan area of ​​Bucaramanga, who benefit from the water produced by the Santurbán mountains

Este trabajo pretende examinar las deficiencias que presenta la actualformulación del derecho a vivir en un medio ambiente libre de contaminación en la Constitución chilena y, a partir de este análisis, efectuar una propuesta que abarcaría la denominación del derecho, su contenido y su delimitación. Este último examen se haría a la luz de la doctrina, la jurisprudencia y el derecho internacional de los derechos humanos. El trabajo concluye con elplanteamiento de un nuevo artículo que regularía el derecho a un medio ambiente sano, adecuado y ecológicamente equilibrado, apto para el desarrollo y el bienestar de las personas y de la comunidad. Thispaper intends to examine the shortcoming ofthe currentformulation ofthe right to a healthy environment in the Chilean Constitution and, based on this analysis, to make aproposal that would cover the denomination ofthe right, its content and the definition ofits scope. This latter analysis would be in light of legal doctrine, case law and the international human right law. The paper concludes with a proposal ofa new provision that would regulate the right to a healthy, sound and adequate environment, ecologically balanced, suitable for the development and welfare ofpeople and communities.

The Nile Story is one of immense challenges and remarkable achievements for the economic development of the region. It begins in 1999, when the ministers in charge of water affairs in the Nile countries agreed to form the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI). Between 2003 and 2015, the Nile Basin Trust Fund (NBTF) supported and coordinated cooperative work in the region, which has been delivered mainly through the NBI. This book, commissioned by the World Bank on the closure of the NBTF, captures some insights to this 15 year story, the role of the NBI, and how its many achievements have been made along the way.

V prispevku so prikazani osnovni elementi planiranja s posebnim ozirom na podeželski prostor. Izpostavljena je potreba po izvajanju politike razvoja podeželskega prostora, ki mu je tudi v Sloveniji na vseh ravneh posvečeno premalo pozornosti. The article presents planning elements with special references to countryside areas. The need for the implementation of a development policy in Slovenia is emphasized, since landscape planing and environmental design have never been attributed the right care.

Z vidika ekonomskih vprašanj gospodarske rasti in ravnanj gospodarskih subjektov diplomsko delo prikaže, da ekonomska stroka in gospodarska dogajanja v mednarodnem prostoru niso usklajena s fizičnimi omejitvami okolja, četudi številni mednarodni in regionalni pravni dokumenti poudarjajo enakovrednost ciljev gospodarskega, družbenega in trajnostnega razvoja. Ravnanja, ki jih snovalci nacionalnih in mednarodnih ekonomskih politik utemeljujejo s ciljem družbe blaginje, vodijo v neustrezno rabo naravnih dobrin in prekomerno degradacijo okolja, in to kljub zavezam mednarodne skupnosti k uresničevanju trajnostnega načela. Razhajanje med dejanskim in deklariranim ohranjanjem narave diplomsko delo ugotavlja z analizo ravni predpisanega in uresničenega varstva naravnih dobrin, ki izhaja iz mednarodnih okoljskih pravil in pravil Evropske unije. Te standarde sooča z ureditvijo rabe naravnih dobrin kot suverene pravice držav. Toda v procesu ohranjanja narave imajo pomembno vlogo tudi prizadevanja in dejavnosti institucij civilne družbe. Pri tem so ključnega pomena upravičenja, ki jih nacionalni pravni redi zagotavljajo posameznikom in nevladnim organizacijam. V diplomskem delu so zato preverjene pravne možnosti njihovega sodelovanja z oblastnimi organi in nosilci javnih pooblastil ter možnosti in omejitve civilne družbe, da nadzira njihova ravnanja. Obravnavana je odgovornost za okolje, ki zavezuje države in gospodarske subjekte, in ugotovljen pomen, ki ga ima v procesu ohranjanja narave davčna pravičnost. From the perspective of economic growth and practice of economic legal entities, the thesis argues that the economic science and actions in international trade are not coordinated with physical limitations of environment, although the number of international and regional legal documents emphasize the equivalence of both imperative goals - a goal of economic and social development and a goal "to defend and improve the human environment". The national and international economic policymakers reason their actions on the basis of welfare society objectives, but in fact this leads toward the inappropriate use of natural assets and excessive degradation of environment. This type of practice is conducted despite the provisions of international, regional and national law that oblige the policymakers to exercise the principle of sustainable development. Therefore the thesis analyses the level of protection of natural resources imposed by international law as well as European Union law and highlights the existing gap between actual and declared conservation of natural resources. Furthermore, the required standards are faced with the sovereign right of states to regulate the use of natural resources on their territory. However, in the process of conservation of nature the role of civil society institutions is equally important. The efforts and actions they provide are of great relevance and the entitlements ensured to natural persons and non-government organizations by the national law are also crucial. Accordingly, the thesis verifies the legal opportunities for the civil society to cooperate with the authorities and a public body entrusted and examines possibilities to supervise their actions as well as limitations of these possibilities. The state liability for preventing and eliminating the damage caused to environment and the liability of economic legal entities is considered and the significance of tax justice in the process of consrervation of nature is determined.

Road construction has often been viewed as the precursor to deforestation, especially in tropical forests. Traditional responses to such threats have been reactive, with attempts to mitigate impacts through physical measures, or the establishment of protected areas. These approaches often have not been entirely successful, especially in areas where economic potential is significant. This paper seeks to mitigate such conflicts by proposing a proactive approach to development planning and environmental policy. It develops a high-resolution spatial model of road improvement impacts that includes ecological risks and the economics of forest clearing. The approach is implemented by estimating the potential impact of road upgrading on forest clearing and biodiversity in eight Congo Basin countries. The paper demonstrates how the detailed analysis can identify areas of high ecological priority as well as areas at high risk of forest loss. The paper contributes to several aspects of the literature. First, it provides the most recent and reliable estimates of the drivers of deforestation in the Congo Basin, with the latest high-resolution satellite data on forest cover changes. Second, it presents novel estimates of biodiversity threats by creating an index that combines and synthesizes several measures of biodiversity loss and impacts. It then develops an empirical framework for estimating the ecological impacts of road improvement. Finally, the paper illustrates how the empirical framework can be used to preempt impacts and avoid potential ecological damage.

This assessment concludes that individual nation as well as regional and transnational organizations now have severely limited to nonexistent capacities to effectively respond to growing threat levels. It proposes a networked intelligence-led strategy at national, regional, and transnational levels to more effectively control, reduce, and, more importantly, prevent the wholesale slaughter into extinction of the African elephant population within the next decade. It concludes by outlining the requirements for designing and implementing a long-term sustainable elephant crime intelligence system, including the required governance arrangements, and proposes the roles and functions that key organizations could play at the national, regional, and transnational levels. Currently, a robust intelligence system addressing elephant poaching and illegal trade of ivory at all phases within the intelligence process is either nonexistent or seriously limited in capacity (the key phases in the intelligence process are planning and direction; collection; evaluation; collation; analysis; reporting/dissemination/action). Therefore, the project examines the need for designing and implementing a long-term sustainable elephant crime intelligence system and governance model as well as assessing the roles and functions that key organizations could play at the national, regional, and international levels within such an intelligence system and accompanying governance model.

International audience; Through the multiplication, diversity but also convergence of discourses it triggers, the picturesque garden, which materialises in France in the years 1770 (way before one talks about « ecology ») brings about sensitivity to environmental issues, both as a political instrument and an intellectual model. Gardens are seen as an antidote to urban insalubrity. They offer a frame that complies with medical advice ; they allow for a reflection on the idea of conservation of nature, by proposing intervention modes more respectful of the environment or by conserving botanical rarities. Last but not least, they cause to sense the importance of the growing threat of the materialising industry over the landscapes.; Par la multiplication, la variété mais aussi la convergence des discours qu’il suscite, le jardin pittoresque, qui voit le jour en France dans les années 1770 (bien avant qu’on ne parle d’« écologie »), favorise la naissance d’une sensibilité aux questions environnementales, à la fois comme instrument politique et comme modèle intellectuel. Les jardins sont vus comme antidote à l’insalubrité urbaine. Ils offrent un cadre conforme aux préconisations médicales, ils permettent de réfléchir à l’idée de préservation de la nature, en proposant des modes d’intervention plus respectueux de l’environnement ou en se faisant les conservatoires des raretés botaniques. Ils sont enfin l’occasion de pressentir l’importance des menaces que l’industrie naissante fait peser sur les paysages.

This Issues Paper, requested by the former Ministry of Water Resources Development and Management as a recommendation of the National Water Policy (NWP), will contribute to the National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) by examining opportunities for adaptation to climate change in the water resources sector, using both structural and non-structural measures. It uses models to provide preliminary estimates of the possible impacts of climate change in 2050 and 2080 on these water resources. A number of opportunities to adapt to these impacts are discussed. Many of these adaptation opportunities constitute no-regrets actions, in that they are actions that are worth undertaking in their own right, irrespective of the severity of impacts from climate change.

Presented dissertation thesis focuses on legal regulation of hunting in the Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Poland and Germany. Due to the fact that the hunting legislation is largely a matter of national law, the work discusses about the fundamental institutes of legal regulation of hunting wild animals (games and fishes). Institutes common to all the countries are the term "game" and the protection of the gene pool. Along with legal regulation of hunting shall be considered property right and its relation to the enforcement of hunting or fishing rights. The common feature of all the legislation is to determine the conditions under which natural persons may hunt or fish, hunting periods, hunting methods, and regulation of the establishment and use of hunting districts. National legislation of hunting and fishing, as is the case in other areas of law, cannot be isolated from the effects of international law and EU law, therefore work also provides an overview of the basic acts of international and supranational law affecting hunting and fishing. In conclusion, the work offers the author's de lege ferenda opinions.

This paper includes the following headings: education public, private, and partnerships, or PPPs come of age; vouching for the future; mobile learning dials up success; U.S. Secretary of Education by Arne Duncan; perspective; compass; and legalese.

The most aggravating factors in the context of agricultural activities correspond to the indiscriminate use of water, so it is necessary to take measures in relation to the actions of environmental damage related to predatory acts on the man / nature. Address issues that involve human actions on water takes us to a complex challenge, since there are numerous possibilities to approach. In this context, the research aimed to evaluate the influence of the cultivation of sugar cane in the headwaters of the Planning Units called Upper and Lower River Japaratuba. The research qualitative descriptive exploratory owned. For classification and conservation status of the springs was applied the methodology described in Pinto et al. (2004). Interviews were carried out in six municipal environmental agencies, questionnaires to communities around the sugar cane, and physical-chemical analysis of water and pesticide residues. The springs addressed and discussed in this research, although distinct from each other by several particularities regarding preservation strategies, present as basic points common the presence of cane sugar, the main use for irrigation and little recovery work. The forests are still preserved the springs seem to be "sandwiched", "suffocated" by the action sugarcane. It was observed that the properties before they grew another subsistence crop, began to cultivate sugar cane influenced by industry and the market. The region was driven by the consumer market outside of the derivatives of cane sugar. It was found that natural resources are subtracted and little monitored, the municipal environmental agencies do not absorb this responsibility. The physico-chemical analyzes showed traces of the use of vinasse, however, the analysis of pesticide residues was not observed in the presence of pesticide samples. In this context there is a need to monitor the water sources in the region and develop work and actions to mitigate the impacts caused by the sugarcane industry in the study area. Os fatores mais agravantes no contexto das atividades agrícolas correspondem ao uso indiscriminado da água, de modo que se faz necessário adotar medidas em relação às ações de prejuízos ambientais referentes aos atos predatórios na relação homem/natureza. Abordar temas que envolvam ações do homem sobre a água remete-nos a um complexo desafio, já que são inúmeras as possibilidades de abordagem. Nesse contexto, a pesquisa teve como objetivo principal avaliar a influência do cultivo da cana-de-açúcar nas nascentes das Unidades de Planejamento denominadas Alto e Baixo rio Japaratuba. A pesquisa possuiu caráter qualitativo descritivo exploratório. Para a classificação e estado de conservação das nascentes, foi aplicada a metodologia descrita em Pinto et al. (2004). Foram aplicadas entrevistas em seis órgãos ambientais municipais, aplicação de questionários às comunidades do entorno da cana-de-açúcar, além de análises físico-químicas da água e de resíduos de agrotóxico. As nascentes abordadas e discutidas nesta pesquisa, embora distintas entre si por várias particularidades quanto às estratégias de preservação, apresentam como pontos básicos comuns a presença da cana-de-açúcar, o uso principal na irrigação e pouco trabalho de recuperação. As matas das nascentes ainda preservadas parecem estar sendo imprensadas , sufocadas pela ação canavieira. Observou-se que as propriedades que antes cultivavam outra cultura de subsistência, passaram a cultivar a cana-de-açúcar influenciados pelas indústrias e pelo mercado. A região foi impulsionada pelo mercado consumidor externo dos derivados da cana-de-açúcar. Constatou-se que os recursos naturais são subtraídos e pouco fiscalizados, os órgãos ambientais municipais não absorvem essa responsabilidade. As análises físico-químicas apresentaram resquícios do uso da vinhaça, contudo, nas análises de resíduos de agrotóxico não foi constatado presença de defensivo agrícola nas amostras. Nesse contexto observou-se a necessidade de fiscalizar os mananciais da região e desenvolver trabalhos e ações que mitiguem os impactos ocasionados pela atividade canavieira na área em estudo.

Orientador: Rozely Ferreira dos Santos Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo Resumo: Cada vez mais valorizamos a cultura tradicional e buscamos reconhecer seus elos com a sua paisagem. Todavia precisamos aumentar o nosso conhecimento, consolidar conceitos e desenvolver metodos para integrar os vários aspectos de intereses humanos e ecológicos. Sob essa abordagem, muitos estudos buscam reconhecer vínculos territoriais e históricos para atestar desempenhos pró-ambientais. Este trabalho defende a tese de que os atributos desses vínculos apresentam uma variabilidade espacial e temporal que, por sua vez, afeta o sucesso da conservação florestal. A área de estudo foi a Juréia-Itatins, uma Estação Ecológica, localizada em uma das áreas mais importantes da Mata Atlântica do Estado de São Paulo. Foi proposto um procedimento metodológico para reconhecer os elos entre processos naturais e culturais baseado em fundamentos da ecologia da paisagem. Para tanto, a história de mais de quatro séculos de ocupação foi mapeada e qualificada, por meio de SIG (ArcGis 9.2). Esses dados foram interpretados em literatura, de forma a definir as naturezas da identidade tradicional da Juréia. O passo seguinte foi localizar as áreas que apresentaram maiores mudanças, em função dos impactos ambientais e movimento da populacao. Quatro atributos da identidade tradicional foram utilizados para avaliar a perda de características históricas.Para expressar as diferenças e semelhanças das ocupacoes foi construída uma matriz de representatividade histórica que permitiu delinear a identidade tradicional em fases de evolução. Finalmente, foram aplicadas duas métrica da paisagem para identificar os grupos mais ligados a conservação ambiental e aqueles com menor possibilidade de contato com o meio natural.Os resultados mostraram que as características da identidade tradicional foram continuamente modificadas ao longo do tempo. Porém, essas mudanças não foram igualmente distribuídas na paisagem; elas apresentaram um eixo do interior para as fronteiras da Unidade de Conservação, resultando em diferentes maneiras de relacionamento com a natureza.As avaliações permitiram inferir que o processo de planejamento deve considerar o eixo espaço/tempo. Essa informação revela interesses e caminhos de convívio com a natureza, por sua vez, determinam diferentes caminhos de conservação e manejo da paisagem Abstract: We increasingly recognize the value of traditional culture and its relationship to landscape. However, we need to increase our knowledge, consolidate concepts and develop methods to integrate various aspects of ecological and human interest. Under this approach, many studies seek to recognize territorial and historical links to attest pro-environmental performances. This study considers that the attributes of these links have a spatial and temporal variability which, in turn, affects the success of forest conservation. The study area was Juréia-Itatins ¿ an Ecological Station located in one of the most important areas of the Atlantic Forest in São Paulo State. We proposed a methodological procedure to recognize the links between natural e cultural processes based on landscape ecology. So, the history occupation for over four centuries in the Juréia Forest were mapped and classified using GIS (ArcGIS 9.2). These data were interpreted in the literature in order to define the nature of the traditional Juréia identity. The next step was to locate the areas with highest change, according to the environmental impacts and population movement. Four attributes of traditional identity were used to assess the historical loss. To express the differences and similarities of occupations was built a matrix of historical representation allowing establishing the traditional identity evolution phases. Finally, we applied two landscape metrics to identify groups linked to environmental conservation and those with less ability to connect with the natural environment. The results showed that the traditional identity features were continuously changed over time. But this change is unequally distributed on the landscape; they showed a axis from inside to the boundaries of the conservation area, resulting in different ways of relationship with nature. The evaluation led to infer that the planning process should consider the axis space / time. This information may reveal interests and ways of living with nature which, in turn, determine different ways of conservation and landscape management Doutorado Arquitetura, Tecnologia e Cidade Doutora em Arquitetura, Tecnologia e Cidade