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[EN] The locally optimized chirplet spectrogram (LOCS) is a novel method proposed in this work for generating a high-resolution and cost-effective spectrogram of the induction machine (IM) current, suitable for the identification of fault-related harmonics in transient conditions. Its distinctive novelty is that it optimizes automatically the parameters of the analysing window used for building the current spectrogram, at each point of the time-frequency plane, with the computational cost of a conventional, non-optimized spectrogram. It is based on the definition of a large dictionary of different chirplet windows, which are combined into a single, complex time window. A single short time Fourier transform with this new window generates in parallel the spectrograms of all the dictionary windows, and the LOCS chooses among them the locally optimized values in an automatic way. The proposed technique is applied to the diagnosis of two commercial induction motors with bar breakages and mixed eccentricity faults.

[ES] En este trabajo se ha realizado una comparativa entre un motor asíncrono de inducción y uno síncrono de imanes permanentes implementados sobre un coche eléctrico utilitario tipo. Para ello se ha utilizado el software Simulink Matlab en el que se han generado dos modelos en los que el motor debe seguir una velocidad de referencia que viene dada por el ciclo de homologación WLTP Clase 3 y a su vez vencer el par de carga que supone el vehículo eléctrico. Dichos modelos incorporan el ciclo de velocidad WLTP, un subconjunto de potencia compuesto por el motor eléctrico, el inversor trifásico y una batería de ion-litio. También se añade un control vectorial FOC o uno escalar en bucle cerrado según el motor eléctrico del modelo. Por último, se ha generado un subconjunto mecánico que representa la transmisión del par electromagnético del motor a las ruedas de coche y la dinámica propia de un vehículo de cuatro ruedas. Los elementos críticos de las simulaciones han sido la batería y el tipo de control empleado para generar las señales de disparo de los IGBTs del inversor trifásico. El fin último de este proyecto de investigación ha sido justificar la implementación de uno u otro motor según el consumo energético obtenido y la calidad del seguimiento de la velocidad de referencia. Se ha obtenido que el motor de imanes permanentes tiene un menor consumo energético y un seguimiento de velocidad correcto, mientras que el motor de inducción presenta un error de "offset" en el seguimiento de la velocidad. Este resultado refleja fielmente el estado del arte sobre los motores eléctricos de tracción los cuales tienden a ser síncronos de imanes permanentes junto a los emergentes de reluctancia variable, [EN] In this work, a comparison between an asynchronous induction motor and a permanent magnet synchronous motor implemented on a typical electric utility car has been carried out. For this purpose, Simulink Matlab software has been used to generate two models in which the motor must follow a reference speed given by the WLTP Class 3 standard cycle and, at the same time, overcome the load torque of the electric vehicle. These models incorporate the WLTP speed cycle, a power subassembly consisting of the electric motor, the three-phase inverter, and a lithium-ion battery. A FOC vector control or a closed-loop scalar one is also added depending on the electric motor of the model. Finally, a mechanical subset has been generated to represent the transmission of the electromagnetic torque from the motor to the wheels and the dynamics of a four-wheeled vehicle. The critical elements of the simulations have been the battery and the type of control used to generate the trigger signals of the IGBTs of the three-phase inverter. The goal of this research project has been to justify the implementation of one or the other motor according to the energy consumption obtained and the quality of the reference speed tracking. It has been obtained that the permanent magnet motor has a lower energy consumption and a correct speed tracking, while the induction motor presents an "offset" error in the speed tracking. This result accurately reflects the state of the art on traction electric motors which tend to be permanent magnet synchronous together with the emerging switching reluctance ones, [CA] En aquest treball s'ha realitzat una comparativa entre un motor asíncron d'inducció i un síncron d'imants permanents implementats sobre un cotxe elèctric utilitari tipus. Per a això s'ha utilitzat el programari Simulink Matlab en el qual s'han generat dos models en els quals el motor ha de seguir una velocitat de referència que ve donada pel cicle d'homologació WLTP Classe 3 i al seu torn véncer el parell de càrrega que suposa el vehicle elèctric. Aquests models incorporen el cicle de velocitat WLTP, un subconjunt de potència compost pel motor elèctric, l'inversor trifàsic i una bateria d'ió-liti. També s'afig un control vectorial FOC o un escalar en bucle tancat segons el motor elèctric del model. Finalment, s'ha generat un subconjunt mecànic que representa la transmissió del parell electromagnètic del motor a les rodes de cotxe i la dinàmica pròpia d'un vehicle de quatre rodes. Els elements crítics de les simulacions han sigut la bateria i el tipus de control emprat per a generar els senyals de tret dels IGBTs de l'inversor trifàsic. La fi última d'aquest projecte d'investigació ha sigut justificar la implementació de l'un o l'altre motor segons el consum energètic obtingut i la qualitat del seguiment de la velocitat de referència. S'ha obtingut que el motor d'imants permanents té un menor consum energètic i un seguiment de velocitat correcte, mentre que el motor d'inducció presenta un error de "offset" en el seguiment de la velocitat. Aquest resultat reflecteix fidelment l'estat de l'art sobre els motors elèctrics de tracció els quals tendeixen a ser síncrons d'imants permanents al costat dels emergents de reluctancia variable

[ES] En este trabajo final de máster se presenta una solución de una cochera autónoma, inteligente e independiente. El cliente deposita el vehículo en la entrada de la cochera y la máquina desplaza el vehículo automáticamente a su plaza de aparcamiento, diseñado para vehículos hasta 5,5 metros de largo y 2,5 metros de ancho con masa máxima autorizada hasta 3500kg, [EN] This paper presents a solution for an autonomous, intelligent and independent parking. The customer deposits the vehicle at the entrance of the parking and the machine automatically moves the vehicle to its parking space. Designed for vehicles up to 5.5m long and 2.5m wide with gross vehicle mass up to 3500kg

[ES] El presente proyecto desarrolla el diseño de un sistema que, mediante monitorización de las principales magnitudes eléctricas de un aerogenerador, es capaz de detectar y prevenir averías del mismo. El sistema está proyectado para su uso en aerogeneradores de pequeña potencia, del orden de 3kW, por lo que resulta crucial su diferenciación con respecto a otras soluciones existentes en la industria en el aspecto económico. El objetivo es conseguir un equipo de coste muy contenido que justifique su incorporación en sistemas de generación eólica con coste de instalación relativamente bajo, de forma que la mejora de productividad asociada a un diagnóstico sencillo, pero fiable, permita justificar su implantación. El alcance de este trabajo incluye un completo conjunto de aspectos todos ellos coordinados, de los que destacan los más importantes: el diseño de los sensores eléctricos, el diseño del sistema de muestreo y captura de las señales proporcionadas por los sensores, todos los algoritmos de cálculo de las diferentes variables de interés desde el punto de vista eléctrico, el diseño del sistema de registro de comportamiento sano del aerogenerador (que se ejecutará en la primera puesta en marcha) y, por último, el sistema de detección de fallos por comparación de los valores continuamente monitorizados con el mapa de funcionamiento sano. La energía eólica produjo durante el año 2018 el 19,2 % de toda la energía generada en España, hasta un total de 47 TWh. Se ha convertido en la actualidad en una tecnología renovable totalmente consolidada, tanto técnica como económicamente, hecho que acrecienta el interés del presente proyecto., [EN] This project develops the design of a system that, by monitorization of the main electrical magnitudes of a wind turbine, is capable of detecting and preventing failures. Ths system is designed to use in small wind turbines (1-10kW), so its differentiation from other existing solutions in the industry in the economic aspect is crucial. The objective is to achieve a very low equipment that justifies its incorporation into wind power generation systems with relatively low installation costs, so that the productivity improvement associated with a simple but reliable diagnosis, allows its implementation to be justified. The scope of this work includes a complete set of aspects, all of them coordinated, of which the most important stand out: the design of the electrical sensors, the design of the sampling system and capture of the signals provided by the sensors, all the algorithms of calculation of the different variables of interest from the electrical point of view, the design of the wind turbine's healthy behavior recording system (which will be executed on the first start-up) and, finally, the system for detecting failures by comparing the values continuously monitored with the healthy functioning map. Wind energy produced 19.2% of all the energy generated in Spain in 2018, up to a total of 47 TWh. It has now become a fully mature renewable technology, both technically and economically, a fact that increases the interest of this project.

[ES] Las instalaciones de alumbrado exterior representan consumos energéticos considerables y existe un potencial de ahorro energético diseñando e implantando un correcto sistema de regulación y control de la iluminación con las tecnologías que actualmente ofrece el mercado. Concretamente, este trabajo se centra en diseñar y analizar dicha estrategia de control y regulación aplicado al caso específico de la instalación de alumbrado exterior correspondiente al sector 17 del Campus de Vera, perteneciente a la Universitat Politècnica de Valencia. La instalación está formada por el cuadro de alumbrado número 17, 4 circuitos de alumbrado, 24 luminarias viales y 39 columnas de iluminación compuestas por tubos LED, con una extensión de 7510m2 y un consumo anual promedio de 5.575 kWh. La metodología establecida comienza con la investigación inicial de las normas de iluminación exterior, las posibilidades que ofrece la iluminación LED y su regulación, los diferentes protocolos y los productos existentes en el mercado. Una vez realizado el estudio previo, se procede a realizar la fase diseño de este sistema analizando y seleccionando los elementos para la regulación y control más idóneos para esta instalación de iluminación. El dispositivo de control debe estar capacitado para encender y apagar la instalación, así como establecer distintas escenas de iluminación atendiendo a la operatividad de la zona iluminada. Finalmente se realiza un estudio del ahorro energético respecto a la misma instalación sin estas mejoras. Con la finalización del trabajo, se pretende alcanzar el objetivo de garantizar el acceso a una energía asequible, segura y sostenible logrando así que la Universitat Politècnica de Valencia sea más inclusiva, segura, resiliente y sostenible. Además, se espera que dicho diseño y análisis también pueda servir en un futuro a otras instalaciones de alumbrado, con el consiguiente beneficio de obtener igualmente una reducción y optimización de su consumo energético pro, [EN] Outdoor lighting installations represent considerable energy consumption and there is a potential for energy savings by designing and implementing a correct lighting regulation and control system with the technologies currently available on the market. Specifically, this project focuses on designing and analysing the control and regulation strategy applied to a specific case study, an outdoor lighting installation placed on sector 17 in Vera Campus, belonging to the Polytechnic University of Valencia. The lightning network include: the 17th lighting panel, 4 lighting circuits, 24 streetlights and 39 lighting columns composed with two LED tubes. With an area of 7.510 m2 and an annual average consumption of 5.575 kWh. The established methodology begins with the investigation of outdoor lighting standards, the possibilities offered by LED lighting and its regulation, the different protocols and existing products Once the preliminary study has been finalized, the design phase of this system is carried out. In this phase, it is analysed and selected the most suitable elements for regulation and control this lightning network. The control device used will turn on and off the lighting network, as well as establish different lighting scenes according to the operability of the illuminated area. Finally, an energy savings study will be done and results will be compared with the current energy consumption without improvements. With this project development, it is intended to achieve the objective of guaranteeing access to affordable, safe, sustainable, and modern energy. With all this, the Universitat Politècnica de Valencia (and the entire city) will be more inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. In addition, it is expected that this design and analysis can also be reused in a future on other lighting installations, with the consequent benefit about obtaining a lower and optimized average annual energy consumption.

[ES] El Real Decreto 244/2019 ha facilitado a los pequeños consumidores generar su propia energía en forma de autoconsumo para instalaciones generadoras de menos de 100Kw de potencia instalada. Sin embargo, para las plantas de más de 100 Kw de potencia instalada la normativa es más exigente disuadiendo en muchos casos a las medianas y grandes industrias la implantación de plantas generadoras de potencias mayores, acordes con su demanda energética y medios disponibles. En este TFG se estudiará y se analizará con base económica y técnica el valor óptimo de la potencia a instalar de un sistema fotovoltaico conectado a la red (SFCR) valorando diferentes modalidades contempladas en la normativa: autoconsumo sin excedentes y autoconsumo con excedentes acogido a compensación y no acogido a compensación. Posteriormente se realizará el diseño de la instalación fotovoltaica de la potencia seleccionada y incluyendo cálculos, planos y presupuesto. La instalación fotovoltaica ha de suministrar energía para una fábrica de zumos cuya producción asciende a 40000 kg de zumo al día con una demanda, casi uniforme, de 790 Kw durante 16 horas al día. La nave de la fábrica cuenta con suficiente espacio en su cubierta y terrenos anexos para albergar una instalación fotovoltaica de magnitudes considerables. La Industria se sitúa en Jumilla, Murcia, presenta una irradiación global diaria de 5 kWh/m2 siendo este coeficiente uno de los mayores del territorio peninsular., [EN] The RD 244/2019 regulation has allowed small consumers to generate their own energy in the form of self-consumption for generating facilities of less than 100Kw of installed power. However, for plants with more than 100 kW of installed power, the regulations are more demanding, in many cases dissuading medium and large industries from implementing higher power generating plants, in accordance with their energy demand and available resources. In this TFG the optimal value of the power to be installed in a photovoltaic system connected to the grid (SFCR) will be studied and analyzed on an economic and technical basis, evaluating different supply modes contemplated in the regulations: self-consumption without surpluses and self-consumption with non-surpluses. welcome compensation. Subsequently, the design of the most optimal installation will be made and its budget will be made accordingly. The photovoltaic installation has to supply energy for a juice factory whose production amounts to 40,000 kg of juice per day with an almost linear demand of 790 kW for 16 hours. The factory building has enough space to house a photovoltaic installation of considerable magnitude. The Industry is located in Jumilla, Murcia, it presents a global daily irradiation of 5 kWh / m2 being this coefficient one of the highest in the peninsular territory

El objetivo final de este manual es ayudar al lector para que conozca, comprenda el significado y sepa aplicar modelos dinámicos de funcionamiento de máquinas de corriente alterna que le permitan desarrollar su aprendizaje en control de accionamientos eléctricos. Por ello, los modelos que se plantean son relativamente sencillos para poder ser integrados en sistemas de control y, además, se basan en relaciones claras e intuitivas con los aspectos básicos del electromagnetismo: fuerza magnetomotriz, inducción magnética, flujo y fuerzas electromotrices inducidas.Conforme se avanza en el establecimiento de estas relaciones se va particularizando, además, para considerar los tres tipos de máquinas rotativas de alterna de mayor presencia industrial: máquinas de inducción y máquinas de imanes permanentes de tipo Brushless AC y DC.

[ES] El objetivo del presente trabajo es la realización del diseño y la implementación de un sistema de supervisión de los distintos elementos que componen la red de distribución eléctrica de baja y media tensión de la Universitat Politècnica de València. Se implementarán una serie de elementos tipo que con posterioridad se podrán extender al resto de la instalación. Para la realización del sistema se empleará el SCADA integrado en TIA portal, y se realizarán las comunicaciones con los autómatas programables ya instalados en la UPV. A partir de los datos recogidos de los mismos se implementarán las pantallas de usuario para la monitarización en tiempo real de las variables seleccionadas. A partir del trabajo realizado se podrán implementar futuras mejoras en términos de cantidad de elementos visualizados, similares a los desarrollados en este trabajo, y de generación de informes históricos., [EN] The objective of this work is to design and implement a supervision system for the different elements that make up the low and medium voltage electrical distribution network of the Universitat Politècnica de València. A series of standard elements will be implemented that can later be extended to the rest of the installation. To carry out the system, the SCADA integrated in the TIA portal will be used, and communications will be carried out with the programmable controllers already installed at the UPV. From the data collected from them, user screens will be implemented for real-time monitoring of the selected variables. From the work carried out, future improvements can be implemented in terms of the number of elements displayed, similar to those developed in this work, and the generation of historical reports.

[ES] Diseño e implementación del programa de control de los accionamientos de un parking inteligente o parking automatizado. Este control estará basado en un autómata programable. Para verificar su correcto funcionamiento, se simulará mediante los equipos disponibles en el laboratorio pero se diseñará con los elementos necesarios para un parking real. Al control además se le dotará de un sistema SCADA que permita al operario poder manejar y operar el parking tanto de forma manual como automática. Se incluirá un modo mantenimiento para las revisiones técnicas., [EN] Design and implementation of the drivers control programme for a smart parking, or automated parking. To check the correct running of the program, it will simulate with the laboratory stuff. However, it will design the devices for a real parking. Also, it will design a SCADA interface to control the system by a operator. The parking will have a manual and automatic control. It will add an servicing mode for technical revisions., [CA] Disseny i implementació del programa de control dels accionaments d’un pàrquing intel·ligent o pàrquing automatitzat. Aquest control estarà basat en la utilització d’un autòmat programable. Per a verificar el seu correcte funcionament, se simularà mitjaçant els equips disponibles al laboratorio, però es dissenyarà el sistema d'elevació amb els elements necessaris per a un pàrquing real. Al control, a més, se li dotarà d’un sistema SCADA que permeta a l’operari poder manejar i operar el pàrquing tant de manera manual com automática. S’inclourà una manera de manteniment per a les revisions tècniques. Es realitzarà una proposta de disseny per al sistema d'aparcament dels vehicles mitjançant l'ús d'un programari CAD 3D, tenint en compte que s'ha de realitzar un estudi per a conéixer les càrregues a les quals se sotmetrà les peces que es troben en contacte amb els cotxes. S'haurà de realitzar l'elecció d'un equip encarregat de l'accionament per al sistema d'elevació de l'aparcament automatitzat, i considerar el cablejat que haurà de portar per a la seua alimentació i la protecció elèctrica que haurà d'equipar.

[ES] En el documento actual se detallan los cálculos y procedimientos empleados para el diseño de la instalación eléctrica de baja tensión de Mebauto S.L., empresa situada en el polígono industrial de Albuixech y dedicada a la fabricación de carrocerías para vehículos industriales de todos los tipos y marcas. El diseño eléctrico engloba, métodos de instalación, dimensionado del cableado, iluminación y protecciones entre otros. Del mismo modo, se detalla el proceso industrial y la maquinaria empleada para el desarrollo de la actividad industrial. El desarrollo del proyecto se ha realizado de acuerdo con lo enunciado en el Reglamento Electrotécnico de Baja Tensión de 2002 y a las normas UNE, especialmente la UNE 20-460:2004 y la UNE EN-12464. Con la realización de este TFG, se ha puesto en práctica todos los conocimientos adquiridos a lo largo del Grado de Ingeniería en Tecnologías Industriales., [EN] The current document details the calculations and procedures used for the design of the low voltage electrical installation of Mebauto S.l., a company located in the Albuixech industrial area and dedicated to the manufacture of bodies for industrial vehicles of all types and brands. The electrical design encompasses installation methods, wiring sizing, lighting, and protections, among others. In the same way, the industrial process and the machinery used for the development of industrial activity are detailed. The development of the Project has been carried out in accordance with the Electrical Low Voltage Regulation of 2002 and the UNE standards, especially UNE 20-460:2004 and UNE-EN-12464. With the completion of this TFG, all the knowledge acquired throughout the Degree in Industrial Technologies Engineering has been put into practice., [CA] En el document actual es detallen els càlculs i procediments empleats per al disseny de la instal·lació elèctrica de baixa tensió de Mebauto S.L., empresa situada en el polígon industrial d’Albuixech i dedicada a la fabricació de carrosseries per a vehicles industrials de tots el tipus i marques. El disseny elèctric engloba, mètodes d’instal·lació, dimensionat del cablejat, il·luminació i proteccions entre altres. De la mateixa manera, es detalla el procés industrial i la maquinària empleada per a l’exercici de l’activitat industrial. El desenvolupament del projecte s’ha realitzat d’acord amb allò que s’ha enunciat en el Reglament Electrotècnic de Baixa Tensió de 2002 i ales normes UNE, especialment la UNE 20- 460:2004 i la UNE EN-12464. Amb la realització d’aquest TFG, s’ha posat en pràctica tots els coneixement adquirits al llarg del Grau d’Enginyeria en Tecnologies Industrials.

[ES] El presente Trabajo Fin de Máster se basa en la digitalización de un puesto de prácticas de accionamientos eléctricos del Departamento de Ingenieria Eléctrica mediante la automatización de dicho puesto, empleando un automata programable y una pantalla HMI que sirva de interfaz con el usuario final, en este caso el alumno. El control permitirá el modo manual y automatico, encargandose del conexionado y lectura de los diferentes sensores electro-mecanicos y convertidores de potencia que se encargan del control del accionamiento. Permitiendo seleccionar diferentes tipos de aplicaciones industriales que se emularan en dicho banco con el fin de poder observar el comportamiento del accionamiento., [EN] This Master¿s Final Project is based in the digitalization of a practice workstation from Electrical Drives at Electrical engineering Department throw the automatization of this workstation, using a programable automata and an HMI screen who works as user interface whit the final user, in this case one student. The control will allow the manual and automatic control, taking care of the connection and reading of the different electromechanical sensors and power converters that control the drive. Allowing to select different types of industrial applications that will be emulated in said bench in order to be able to observe the behavior of the drive.

[EN] Induction machines (IMs) are one of the main sources of mechanical power in many industrial processes, especially squirrel cage IMs (SCIMs), due to their robustness and reliability. Their sudden stoppage due to undetected faults may cause costly production breakdowns. One of the most frequent types of faults are cage faults (bar and end ring segment breakages), especially in motors that directly drive high-inertia loads (such as fans), in motors with frequent starts and stops, and in case of poorly manufactured cage windings. A continuous monitoring of IMs is needed to reduce this risk, integrated in plant-wide condition based maintenance (CBM) systems. Diverse diagnostic techniques have been proposed in the technical literature, either data-based, detecting fault-characteristic perturbations in the data collected from the IM, and model-based, observing the differences between the data collected from the actual IM and from its digital twin model. In both cases, fast and accurate IM models are needed to develop and optimize the fault diagnosis techniques. On the one hand, the finite elements approach can provide highly accurate models, but its computational cost and processing requirements are very high to be used in on-line fault diagnostic systems. On the other hand, analytical models can be much faster, but they can be very complex in case of highly asymmetrical machines, such as IMs with multiple cage faults. In this work, a new method is proposed for the analytical modelling of IMs with asymmetrical cage windings using a tensor based approach, which greatly reduces this complexity by applying routine tensor algebra to obtain the parameters of the faulty IM model from the healthy one. This winding tensor approach is explained theoretically and validated with the diagnosis of a commercial IM with multiple cage faults.

[EN] Induction machines (IMs) are essential components of many industrial installations and, therefore, their faults must be detected early. Fault detection using current spectrum analysis is attracting an increasing interest as a condition-based monitoring (CBM) technique. However, its use to detect rotor asymmetries in high-power IMs, which operate at very low slip, is particularly challenging, due to the closeness of the characteristic fault harmonics to the fundamental component, separated only a few MHz. Their reliable detection in harsh industrial environments requires a very high spectral resolution, that is, long acquisition times and a huge number of current samples, which hinders its implementation on embedded, online devices with limited computing resources. To address this problem, this article presents a novel combination of diagnostic techniques, the use of the rectified current as diagnostic signal, and the Goertzel algorithm as signal processing tool. This unique combination allows for an optimized implementation of the Goertzel algorithm, which provides a high spectral resolution in the full load range of the machine, with a low computational cost and a negligible memory footprint. This proposal is validated experimentally with the fault diagnosis of a high-power medium-voltage industrial motor.

(c) 2020 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works., [EN] Fault diagnosis of induction motors through the analysis of the stator current is increasingly being used in maintenance systems, because it is non-invasive and has low requirements of hardware and software. Nevertheless, its industrial application faces some practical limitations. In particular, the detection of fault harmonics that are very close to the fundamental component is challenging, as in large induction motors working at very low slip, because the leakage of the fundamental can hide the fault components until the damage is severe. Several methods have been proposed to alleviate this problem, although all of them increase noticeably the complexity of the diagnostic system. In this paper, a novel method is proposed, based on the analysis of the rectified motor current. It is shown that its spectrum contains the same fault harmonics as the spectrum of the original current signal, but with a much lower frequency, and free from the fundamental component leakage. Besides, the proposed method is very easy to implement, either by software, using the absolute value of the current samples, or by hardware, using a simple rectifier. The proposed approach is presented theoretically and validated experimentally with the detection of a broken bars fault of a large induction motor.

[EN] Motor current signature analysis (MCSA) is a fault diagnosis method for induction machines (IMs) that has attracted wide industrial interest in recent years. It is based on the detection of the characteristic fault signatures that arise in the current spectrum of a faulty induction machine. Unfortunately, the MCSA method in its basic formulation can only be applied in steady state functioning. Nevertheless, every day increases the importance of inductions machines in applications such as wind generation, electric vehicles, or automated processes in which the machine works most of time under transient conditions. For these cases, new diagnostic methodologies have been proposed, based on the use of advanced time-frequency transforms-as, for example, the continuous wavelet transform, the Wigner Ville distribution, or the analytic function based on the Hilbert transform-which enables to track the fault components evolution along time. All these transforms have high computational costs and, furthermore, generate as results complex spectrograms, which require to be interpreted for qualified technical staff. This paper introduces a new methodology for the diagnosis of faults of IM working in transient conditions, which, unlike the methods developed up to today, analyzes the current signal in the slip-instantaneous frequency plane (s-IF), instead of the time-frequency (t-f) plane. It is shown that, in the s-IF plane, the fault components follow patterns that that are simple and unique for each type of fault, and thus does not depend on the way in which load and speed vary during the transient functioning; this characteristic makes the diagnostic task easier and more reliable. This work introduces a general scheme for the IMs diagnostic under transient conditions, through the analysis of the stator current in the s-IF plane. Another contribution of this paper is the introduction of the specific s-IF patterns associated with three different types of faults (rotor asymmet

[ES] El presente TFG se basa en el diseño y la implementación de un simulador basado específicamente en la maqueta de CNC del laboratorio de control de maquinas eléctricas del DIE. Dicho simulador debe tener una interface simple, debe representar en un plano bi-dimensional los códigos generados por los alumnos, permitir la depuración paso a paso, etc. Facilitando al alumno la comprensión del código CNC (ISO) sin necesidad de tener que usar la maqueta., [EN] This TFG is based on the design and implementation of a simulator specifically for the CNC model of the DIE electrical machinery control laboratory. This simulator must have a simple interface, it must represent the codes generated by the students in a two-dimensional plane, allow debugging step by step, etc. Facilitating the student to understand the CNC (ISO) code without having to use the model.

[EN] This paper presents an application for the energy monitoring of commercial refrigeration facility, based on the concept and technology of the Internet of Things. The purpose of this application is to offer support to the activities of energy audits ant to the implementation of energy management systems, where the energy consumption of a facility must be characterized, or the saving measures applied must be supervised. Among the main features offered by this application are the possibility of remotely monitoring the operating conditions of a refrigeration cycle, as well as its energy consumption. Likewise, its Internet connectivity allows the monitoring system to be scaled up and to group the measurements of several refrigeration installations, which transforms this application into a powerful tool for benchmarking. Internet access also allows notifications via e mail under particular conditions of the operation of any of the facilities. On the other hand, the application has the capacity to collect and to store in a database the measurements taken by the field devices, allowing the generation of historical reports showing the evolution of the operation of the installation. The main component of this application is the industrial gateway, SIMATIC IOT2040, which is used to read industrial communication buses and to connect to the Internet. Likewise, the open source software Node RED has been the programming platform used for data reading and processing.

[EN] Induction machines drive many industrial processes and their unexpected failure can cause heavy producti on losses. The analysis of the current spectrum can identify online the characteristic fault signatures at an early stage, avoiding unexpected breakdowns. Nevertheless, frequency domain analysis requires stable working conditions, which is not the case for wind generators, motors driving varying loads, and so forth. In these cases, an analysis in the time-frequency domain¿such as a spectrogram¿is required for detecting faults signatures. The spectrogram is built using the short time Fourier transform, but its resolution depends critically on the time window used to generate it¿short windows provide good time resolution but poor frequency resolution, just the opposite than long windows. Therefore, the window must be adapted at each time to the shape of the expected fault harmonics, by highly skilled maintenance personnel. In this paper this problem is solved with the design of a new multi-band window, which generates simultaneously many different narrow-band current spectrograms and combines them into as single, high resolution one, without the need of manual adjustments. The proposed method is validated with the diagnosis of bar breakages during the start-up of a commercial induction motor.

[EN] Induction machines (IMs) power most modern industrial processes (induction motors) and generate an increasing portion of our electricity (doubly fed induction generators). A continuous monitoring of the machine's condition can identify faults at an early stage, and it can avoid costly, unexpected shutdowns of production processes, with economic losses well beyond the cost of the machine itself. Machine current signature analysis (MCSA), has become a prominent technique for condition-based maintenance, because, in its basic approach, it is non-invasive, requires just a current sensor, and can process the current signal using a standard fast Fourier transform (FFT). Nevertheless, the industrial application of MCSA requires well-trained maintenance personnel, able to interpret the current spectra and to avoid false diagnostics that can appear due to electrical noise in harsh industrial environments. This task faces increasing difficulties, especially when dealing with machines that work under non-stationary conditions, such as wind generators under variable wind regime, or motors fed from variable speed drives. In these cases, the resulting spectra are no longer simple one-dimensional plots in the time domain; instead, they become two-dimensional images in the joint time-frequency domain, requiring highly specialized personnel to evaluate the machine condition. To alleviate these problems, supporting the maintenance staff in their decision process, and simplifying the correct use of fault diagnosis systems, expert systems based on neural networks have been proposed for automatic fault diagnosis. However, all these systems, up to the best knowledge of the authors, operate under steady-state conditions, and are not applicable in a transient regime. To solve this problem, this paper presents an automatic system for generating optimized expert diagnostic systems for fault detection when the machine works under transient conditions. The proposed method is first theoret

[EN] Fault diagnosis of rotor asymmetries of induction machines (IMs) using the stator current relies on the detection of the characteristic signatures of the fault harmonics in the current spectrum. In some scenarios, such as large induction machines running at a very low slip, or unloaded machines tested offline, this technique may fail. In these scenarios, the fault harmonics are very close to the frequency of the fundamental component, and have a low amplitude, so that they may remain undetected, buried under the fundamental's leakage, until the damage is severe. To avoid false positives, a proven approach is to search for the fault harmonics in the current envelope, instead of the current itself, because in this case the spectrum is free from the leakage of the fundamental. Besides, the fault harmonics appear at a very low frequency. Nevertheless, building the current spectrum is costly in terms of computing complexity, as in the case of the Hilbert transform, or hardware resources, as in the need for simultaneously sampling three stator currents in the case of the extended current Park's vector approach (EPVA). In this work, a novel method is proposed to avoid this problem. It is based on sampling a phase current just twice per current cycle, with a fixed delay with respect to its zero crossings. It is shown that the spectrum of this reduced set of current samples contains the same fault harmonics as the spectrum of the full-length current envelope, despite using a minimal amount of computing resources. The proposed approach is cost-effective, because the computational requirements for building the current envelope are reduced to less than 1% of those required by other conventional methods, in terms of storage and computing time. In this way, it can be implemented with low-cost embedded devices for on-line fault diagnosis. The proposed approach is introduced theoretically and validated experimentally, using a commercial induction motor with a broken bar under

[EN] The aim of this paper is to introduce a new methodology for the fault diagnosis of induction machines working in the transient regime, when time-frequency analysis tools are used. The proposed method relies on the use of the optimized Slepian window for performing the short time Fourier transform (STFT) of the stator current signal. It is shown that for a given sequence length of finite duration, the Slepian window has the maximum concentration of energy, greater than can be reached with a gated Gaussian window, which is usually used as the analysis window. In this paper, the use and optimization of the Slepian window for fault diagnosis of induction machines is theoretically introduced and experimentally validated through the test of a 3.15-MW induction motor with broken bars during the start-up transient. The theoretical analysis and the experimental results show that the use of the Slepian window can highlight the fault components in the current¿s spectrogram with a significant reduction of the required computational resources

[EN] Transient-based methods for fault diagnosis of induction machines (IMs) are attracting a rising interest, due to their reliability and ability to adapt to a wide range of IM's working conditions. These methods compute the time-frequency (TF) distribution of the stator current, where the patterns of the related fault components can be detected. A significant amount of recent proposals in this field have focused on improving the resolution of the TF distributions, allowing a better discrimination and identification of fault harmonic components. Nevertheless, as the resolution improves, computational requirements (power computing and memory) greatly increase, restricting its implementation in low-cost devices for performing on-line fault diagnosis. To address these drawbacks, in this paper, the use of the short-frequency Fourier transform (SFFT) for fault diagnosis of induction machines working under transient regimes is proposed. The SFFT not only keeps the resolution of traditional techniques, such as the short-time Fourier transform, but also achieves a drastic reduction of computing time and memory resources, making this proposal suitable for on-line fault diagnosis. This method is theoretically introduced and experimentally validated using a laboratory test bench.

[EN] This paper introduces a new approach for improving the fault diagnosis in induction motors under time-varying conditions. A significant amount of published approaches in this field rely on representing the stator current in the time-frequency domain, and identifying the characteristic signatures that each type of fault generates in this domain. However, time-frequency transforms produce three-dimensional (3-D) representations, very costly in terms of storage and processing resources. Moreover, the identification and evaluation of the fault components in the time-frequency plane requires a skilled staff or advanced pattern detection algorithms. The proposed methodology solves these problem by transforming the complex 3-D spectrograms supplied by time-frequency tools into simple x-y graphs, similar to conventional Fourier spectra. These graphs display a unique pattern for each type of fault, even under supply or load time-varying conditions, making easy and reliable the diagnostic decision even for nonskilled staff. Moreover, the resulting patterns can be condensed in a very small dataset, reducing greatly the storage or transmission requirements regarding to conventional spectrograms. The proposed method is an extension to nonstationary conditions of the harmonic order tracking approach. It is introduced theoretically and validated experimentally by using the commercial induction motors feed through electronic converters.

[EN] The aim of the fault diagnosis techniques of rotatory electrical machine is to determine the condition of the motor in order to reduce economical loses. In the technical literature is found different signal processing techniques that allow discriminate with the help of an expert that recognize the results, between the healthy and faulty condition of the electrical machines. It is therefore essential to automate this expert task. It is also a priority to research and to develop new detection systems more accurate than the previous ones. Complex systems based on expert systems are used to improve the classification of faults. For this research thesis, has been developed an automatic "supra-system" capable to generate optimal fault diagnosis systems. The proposed "supra-system" is able to generate the optimal diagnostic system for the fault detection induction motors. This has been achieved following these steps: Sample collection: an experimental test bench has been build, where the test motor current and speed are sampled. These samples are obtained for different motor speeds and different load torque. A total of 735 samples has been analyzed in the thesis. The samples have been processed with different techniques of diagnosis according to the working regime. For the steady-state regime is: - Signal analysis. - The analytical signal modulus (Hilbert transform). - Cepstrum transform. - Analysis of Park transform modulus. - Harmonic order tracking analysis (HOTA). For the steady-state regime 20 different diagnostic methods have been explored, resulting from the variations of these techniques. While the techniques used for the transient regime are: - Harmonic order tracking analysis (HOTA) using the Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) with Gaussian window. - Harmonic order tracking analysis (HOTA) using the Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) with Prolate window (This window is a contribution of this thesis). - Harmonic order tracking analysis (HOTA) using the Shor, [ES] El objetivo de las técnicas de diagnóstico de fallo en las máquinas eléctricas rotativas es el de determinar el estado del motor para minimizar costes. En la literatura técnica se encuentran diversas técnicas de análisis de señal que permiten discriminar, mediante un experto capaz de interpretar los resultados, entre una máquina eléctrica en estado de fallo o en estado sano. Por tanto, se hace necesaria la automatización de esta labor. Es prioritario investigar y desarrollar nuevos sistemas de detección que maximicen la precisión respecto a las características disponibles. Para mejorar la clasificación de fallos se estudian sistemas cada vez más complejos basados en sistemas expertos. Se ha desarrollado para esta tesis de investigación un "suprasistema" automático capaz de generar sistemas óptimos de diagnóstico de fallos. Este "suprasistema" se encarga de generar el sistema de diagnóstico óptimo para la detección de fallos en motores de inducción. Para ello se han seguido los siguientes pasos: Obtención de muestras: se ha diseñado un banco de ensayos experimental del cual se obtienen las corrientes y velocidad del motor de estudio. Los ensayos permiten diferentes velocidades del motor y diferentes pares resistentes. Se analizan un total de 735 muestras en la tesis. A estas muestras se les han aplicado diferentes técnicas de diagnosis según el régimen de funcionamiento. Para régimen estacionario son: - Análisis de la señal. - Transformada de Hilbert (módulo de la señal analítica). - Transformada Cepstrum. - Transformada del módulo de Park. - Análisis del orden de armónico (HOTA). Para el régimen estacionario se han explorado 20 métodos, resultado de las diferentes variantes de las técnicas empleadas. Mientras que las técnicas usadas para el régimen transitorio son: - Análisis del orden de armónico (HOTA) de la señal con Short Time Fourier Transform y con ventana Gaussiana. - Análisis del orden de armónico (HOTA) de la señal con Short Time Fourier Transform y co, [CA] El principal objectiu de les tècniques de diagnosis es determinar l'estat del motor per minimitzar costos. En la literatura s'hi troben diferents tècniques de anàlisi i processament de la senyal que permeten identificar, amb ajuda de personal altament qualificat amb capacitat d'interpretar els resultats, si la maquina es troba en estat sa o en estat d'averia. Per tot això, resulta necessari la tasca d'automatitzar aquesta labor. Es prioritari investigar nous sistemes de detecció que maximitzen la precisió, tenint en compte les característiques disponibles. Per millorar aquestes característiques de classificació es proposen sistemes cada vegada més complexos basats en sistemes experts. S'ha desenvolupat un "suprasistema" automàtic capaç de generar sistemes òptims de diagnosi de falles. Aquest "suprasistema" proposat s'encarrega de generar el sistema de diagnosi òptim per a la detecció de fallades en motors de inducció. Per al seu desenvolupament s'han seguit les següents etapes: Obtenció d'assajos: s'ha dissenyat un banc d'assajos experimental del qual s'obtenen les corrents i la velocitat del motor d'estudi. Els assaigs permeten diferents velocitats del motor i diferents parells resistents. S'analitzen un total de 735 mostres en la tesi. A aquestes assajos se'ls han aplicat diferents tècniques de diagnosi segons el règim de funcionament. Per al règim estacionari són: - Anàlisi de la senyal. - Transformada de Hilbert (mòdul de la senyal analítica). - Transformada Cepstrum. - Transformada del mòdul de Park. - Anàlisi de l'ordre d'harmònic (HOTA). Per a la diagnosi en règim estacionari s'han explorat 20 mètodes distints, resultat de diferents variacions de les tècniques utilitzades. Mentre que les tècniques aplicades al règim transitori han estat: - Anàlisi de l'ordre d'harmònic (HOTA) de la senyal amb transformada de Fourier curta en temps i finestra Gaussiana. - Anàlisi de l'ordre d'harmònic (HOTA) de la senyal amb transformada de Fourier curta en temps i finest