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In recent years, nanomaterials in bitumen modification have become widespread due to their superior properties. Graphene and its derivatives are prominent examples of this. Therefore, this review study was conducted to evaluate the effect of graphene on bitumen in detail. Accordingly, by examining the literature studies, general information about graphene and its derivatives was given, and the preparation conditions of graphene-modified bitumen were evaluated. Then, the effect of graphene on the physical and rheological properties of bitumen was investigated. In addition, the effect of graphene modification on the performance of asphalt mixtures and the use of graphene in composite modification was investigated. As a result, it was determined that graphene improves the high-temperature performance of bitumen, but its effect on the lowtemperature and fatigue performance of bitumen is mostly negligible. In addition, it has been determined that graphene increases the rutting resistance of bituminous mixtures and positively affects the cracking resistance of bituminous mixtures in general.

In recent years, nanomaterials in bitumen modification have become widespread due to their superior properties. Graphene and its derivatives are prominent examples of this. Therefore, this review study was conducted to evaluate the effect of graphene on bitumen in detail. Accordingly, by examining the literature studies, general information about graphene and its derivatives was given, and the preparation conditions of graphene-modified bitumen were evaluated. Then, the effect of graphene on the physical and rheological properties of bitumen was investigated. In addition, the effect of graphene modification on the performance of asphalt mixtures and the use of graphene in composite modification was investigated. As a result, it was determined that graphene improves the high-temperature performance of bitumen, but its effect on the lowtemperature and fatigue performance of bitumen is mostly negligible. In addition, it has been determined that graphene increases the rutting resistance of bituminous mixtures and positively affects the cracking resistance of bituminous mixtures in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study; a new additive material, which we called Molasses Based Fly Ash Compound (MEUKB), was synthesized in laboratory using sugar beet molasses and fly ash. 50/70 penetration bitumen was modified with MEUKB at 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7% and 8% by weight. Rotational viscosity (RV), Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR), Marshall designs and Nicholson stripping tests were applied in order to evaluate the effects of MEUKB on bitumen and bituminous mixture properties. According to the test results, the yield and deformation resistance of the bitumen were determined to be improved by MEUKB. An increase up to 41.7% in rutting resistance of the bitumen was calculated. As a result of the modification of bitumen with 3% MEUKB, the stability of the bituminous mixtures was enhanced up to 10.6%. Moreover, stripping resistance of the aggregate-bitumen mixtures was raised to a level of 85-90%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vlorë became one of Europe’s most important bitumen deposits in late Ottoman period. Vlorë bitumen has been used in many sectors, from road construction to pesticide production and chemical industry in and around Europe. Literature on Ottoman mining generally focused on ores such as iron, copper, chrome, lead, and coal. Though bitumen research has become essential in daily life after the Industrial Revolution, have been very limited in quantity and quality. This study aims to present data on the state of Vlorë bitumen deposits, operation procedures, and the importance of bitumen exploitation. This work examines bitumen production, refining, industrial solutions, marketing techniques, and innovative methods based on archival documents and newspapers. It also provides further information on using bitumen-based products in areas such as phylloxera control and road construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparative studies of dielectric conductivity of polymer-bitumen compositions of composites obtained on the basis of Baku oil bitumen 50/70 (BND 50/70) modified with ethylene-propylene ternary copolymer (SKEPT-60) and synthetic butadiene nitrile rubber (SKN-26) were conducted. A significant effect of the nature of the elastomer on the structure of polymer-bitumen compositions was determined. The nature of the change in the dielectric constant of bituminous compositions in a wide temperature range made it possible to reveal their structural features and to determine the presence of phase transitions, and their temperature. Polymer-bitumen compositions containing SKN-26 elastomer are characterized by a "gel" structure, and SKEPT-60 by a "sol-gel" structure. The changes in the structure of bitumen containing SKEPT-60 can be caused by the more complete melting of this elastomer than SKN-26, the formation of a coagulation polymer network and the increase of the resin fraction compared to asphaltenes. In this thesis, embrittlement temperature data were also studied: embrittlement temperature is slightly higher (within 0.1-0.2℃) than SKN (about 0℃) for SKEPT-containing polymer-bitumen compositions, which indicates that in a stable highly dispersed colloidal solution of SKEPT-containing bitumen, the particle size of the dispersed polymer phase is closer to that of the sol. The transition temperature of the bitumen structure from the colloidal solution to the true solution was determined: 112℃ for SKEPT-60, and 102℃ for SKN-26. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Part C: Tasarım ve Teknoloji is the property of Gazi University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction. Asphalt concrete is the most common material for arranging road pavement layers. The significant advantages of asphalt concrete include high performance characteristics, relatively high technical indicators, suitability for regeneration, etc. At the same time, asphalt concrete also has disadvantages, one of which is the significant dependence of strength and deformation characteristics on ambient temperature. Problem statement. Currently, there are no clear criteria for the selection of bitumen in Ukraine that would take into account the conditions of asphalt concrete in the design of pavement structure, but the first steps are already being taken in this direction. The purpose of this work was to practically determine the required properties of bitumen in accordance with the previously proposed algorithms.

Recently, many studies have been carried out on the use of waste materials in bitumen modification. In this way, environmental and economic benefits are obtained and a field of use is created for waste materials. In this study, magnesium lignosulfonate (MLS), which is an organic waste material released during paper production from wood, was added to B50/70 bitumen. Penetration, softening point, rolling thin film oven test (RTFOT) and rotational viscometer (RV) tests were performed on modified binders. As a result of the experiments, it was determined that MLS increased the consistency, softening point and short-term aging resistance of the asphalt and decreased the temperature sensitivity. In addition, the activation energy values were determined using the Arrhenius equation and the flow properties were evaluated.

Bu çalışmada Manyetik Aktif Karbon (MAK) ile modifiye edilmiş bitümlü bağlayıcının reolojik özellikleri araştırılmış ve sonuçlar yapar sinir ağları ile tahmin edilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında B160/220 penetrasyon sınıfı bitümlü bağlayıcıya %5, %10 ve %15 oranlarında MAK ilave edilerek modifiye bitümler elde edilmiş, ardından bitümler üzerinde Dinamik Kayma Reometresi (DSR) cihazı ile on farklı frekansta (0.01-10Hz) ve dört farklı sıcaklıkta (40°,50°,60°,70°C) frekans taraması testi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuçlar, MAK ilavesinin kompleks modül değerlerini artırıp, faz açısı değerlerini azaltarak bitümlü bağlayıcının elastik özelliklerini geliştirdiğini göstermiştir. Daha sonra frekans, katkı oranı ve sıcaklık değerlerine bağlı olarak değişen kompleks modül ve faz açısı değerleri yapay sinir ağları yöntemi ile tahmin edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, kompleks modül ve faz açısı değerlerinin oldukça yüksek doğrulukta düşük hata ile elde edilebileceğini göstermiştir.

In this study, temperature sensitivity and storage stability of polyethylene and calcium carnonate compound (PEC) modified bitumen were investigated. PEC was used at the rates of 3%, 6%, 9%, 12% and 15% by weight of bitumen. The characteristics of PEC additived binders were confronted with 4% styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) additived binder. Penetration, rotational viscometer and softening point experiments were applied to determine the temperature sensitivity of the binders. After the storage process, dynamic shear rheometry and softening point experiments were applied to the binders. Moreover, their performance/cost relations were determined with the help of the approximate costs of the binders. According to the test results; The binder containing 15% PEC stands out with its low temperature sensitivity It has been appeared that there was a important phase separation after storage with an additive content of more than 6% in PEC modified binders. When the performance and costs of the binders are evaluated together, it has been determined that the binder containing 6% PEC has similar performance with 4% SBS modification in terms of temperature sensitivity, storage stability and economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dicle University Journal of Engineering / Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Dergisi is the property of Dicle Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Polytechnic is the property of Journal of Polytechnic and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of SDU Journal of Engineering Sciences & Design / Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi is the property of Journal of Engineering Sciences & Design and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Due to the increase in the demand for hot mix asphalt, natural materials are decreasing recently, and the use of recycled asphalt (RAP) in the highway sector comes to the fore. However, the bituminous binder in RAP ages significantly due to long periods of exposure to atmospheric effects. Therefore, the researchers focused on effective restoration of RAP properties by adding adequate rejuvenates. However, although the use of these rejuvenates offers several advantages, they could also lead to some problems that could limit highway applications. One of these problems is the difference between the chemical composition and colloidal structure of rejuvenated bitumen and pure bitumen and the resulting impact on long-term performance of the reclaimed asphalt mixture. Thus, nonage hardened bitumen was used in the study to analyze the negative effect. In the present study, 5 different rates of two rejuvenates (SYLVAROAD ™ RP1000 [R1] and ITERLENE ACF 2000 GREEN [R2]) with different viscosities were applied to non-aged binders. Penetration, softening point, elastic recovery, flash point, force ductility, Brookfield viscosity and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) tests were conducted to analyze the physical and mechanical properties of bituminous binders. As the additive content increased, complex modulus values decreased with both types of additives. According to the results of the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy experiment, it was determined that the rheological and physical properties of the bitumen prepared with two rejuvenators had an effect similar to those of pure binder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Duzce University Journal of Science & Technology is the property of Duzce University Journal of Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, the effect of pirina additive on the moisture resistance of road pavements was investigated. For this purpose, modified bitumen was obtained by adding 5, 10, 15 and 20% pirina by weight to pure B 160/220 penetration class bitumen. Characteristic properties of bituminous binders were determined by penetration, softening point, ductility and rotational viscometry (RV) tests. Then, the optimum bitumen content (OBC) of the mixture was determined according to Marshall method by using aggregate and pure bitumen for the mixture design. By keeping this OBC rate constant, samples of hot mixes were prepared with pure and modified bitumens. The prepared pure and pirina additive mixture samples were subjected to Marshall stability, retained Marshall stability (RMS) and indirect tensile strength (ITS) tests. According to the test results of the bitumens, it was observed that the consistency of modified binders was hardened with the addition of pirina and the bitumen class changed to B 100/150. According to the results of the mixture, it was observed that especially 15% pirina additive increased the moisture resistance of road pavements due to the increase in Marshall stability, RMS and indirect tensile strength ratio (ITSR) of the mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the rheological properties of pure binders and modified bitumen that were prepared with these binders were investigated under various temperatures and frequencies. In the study, the B 50/70 class pure bitumen, which was obtained from the TUPRAS refinery in Batman, was used as the main binder. Waste oils were used as additives at 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12% and 14% ratios. Pure and modified bitumen were subjected to dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) tests at 4 different temperatures (40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C, and 70 °C) and 10 different frequencies (between 0.01 Hz and 10 Hz). As a result of the DSR tests, it was determined that the modified bitumen that was prepared with waste engine oil had higher complex shear modulus and lower phase angle values compared to the modified bitumen prepared with waste vegetable oil, which pointed to elastic behaviors at higher levels in favor of engine oil modification. It was also determined that waste vegetable oil proved more effective at 2% and 3% additive ratios in terms of the complex shear modulus values while waste engine oil modification was more effective at 2% and 4% additive ratios. In conclusion, it was discovered that waste engine oil was more effective in preparing modified bitumen compared to waste vegetable oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dokuz Eylul University Muhendislik Faculty of Engineering Journal of Science & Engineering / Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi is the property of Dokuz Eylul Universitesi Muhendislik Fakultesi Fen ve Muhendislik Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, changes in physical and rheological properties of base bituminous binder modified with magnetic activated carbon (MAK) were investigated. Within the scope of the study, modified bitumens were obtained by adding MAK at the rates of 5%,10%,15% and 20% to the bituminous binder with B 160/220 penetration class. Conventional binder experiments, dynamic shear rheometry (DSR) and rotary viscometry (RV) experiments were applied to short-term aged and pure binders. The DSR test was carried out by changing the loading speeds and test temperatures and the complex shear modulus (G *) values of the bituminous binders under different conditions and the changes in phase angles were examined and their resistance against the formation of traces was evaluated. According to the test results, it was determined that with the increase in the rate of additives, the penetration values of the modified bitumen decreased, the softening point values increased, the rheological properties improved, and consequently the high temperature performance improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Polytechnic is the property of Journal of Polytechnic and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the application areas, the selection of suitable binders is of great importance in order to build superstructure coating layers that can provide sufficient performance throughout the service life. Due to traffic and climate conditions, the superstructure coating layers are exposed to excessive stresses. Various additives are used for modification in order to improve the properties of bituminous binders, which are one of the main components of flexible superstructure coating layers. With the modification method, the engineering properties of the bituminous binders and the mechanical properties of the asphalt mixes obtained can be improved. Hybrid modification is a method of using two different types of asphalt additives together to achieve an improved modification. Improving the performance of binders and mixtures, reducing costs and utilizing waste materials are among the main objectives of hybrid modification. In the study, the effects of elastomeric (styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), Kraton® D1101) and plastomeric (Titan® 7686) additives and their combination on the rheological properties of the binders were investigated using bitumen modification. As a result of the experimental study, it has been determined that both elastomeric and plastomeric additives improve the high temperature performance of bituminous binders. The plastomeric additive adversely affected the flexibility of the binders. When using the additives together, it was determined that if 3.5% SBS + 1.0% Plastomeric additive is used, the General Directorate of Highways specification requirements were met and a similar performance level was achieved with 4.5% SBS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, low density polyethylene (LDPE) was used in waste plastics to solve one of the most important environmental problems and to improve bitumen performance properties with low cost materials. Modified bitumens were prepared by adding 2 different LDPE' used in the study in 4 different proportions (1%, 2%, 3% and 4%). Penetration, softening point and rotational viscosity tests at two different temperatures (135°C and 165°C) were applied to pure and modified bitumens. Using LDPE additives, it was determined that the penetration values decreased, the softening point and viscosity values increased compared to the pure binder. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the LDPE-A (L1) contribution gave more positive results than the LDPE-B (L2) contribution. It was determined that L1 modified bitumen has a lower penetration value than L2 modified bitumen. In addition, it was determined that L1 binder has higher viscosity values in all additive contents compared to L2 binder. As the additive content increases, the viscosity values also increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, properties of bitumen modified with natural asphalt (NA) extracted from Zaho region of Iraq were investigated. NA was used in 20%, 35% and 50% of the weight of pure bitumen. The properties of NA modified binders were compared with 2% and 4% SBS modified binders. Penetration, softening point, rotational viscometer and dynamic shear rheometry tests were applied to the binders. The addition of NA to the bitumen resulted in a significant increase in softening point, viscosity and rutting parameter. NA used by 50% was not a problem in terms of workability. The rutting parameter of the 50% NA modified binder is 4.3 times more than the 4% SBS modification. Although the NA modification gave acceptable values in terms of temperature sensitivity, it was not as successful as the SBS modification. It has been determined that NA modified pavements can resist heavy traffic conditions as more economically than SBS modification in regions having high air temperature without any workability problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dokuz Eylul University Muhendislik Faculty of Engineering Journal of Science & Engineering / Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi is the property of Dokuz Eylul Universitesi Muhendislik Fakultesi Fen ve Muhendislik Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bu çalışmada iki farklı boyutta (No.40 elek üstü ve altı) öğütülmüş araç lastiği (CR) ve öğütülmüş araç lastiğinin pirolizinden elde edilen karbon siyahı bitüm modifikasyonunda 3 farklı oranda (%5, %10 ve %15) kullanılmıştır. Saf ve modifiye bağlayıcılar üzerinde penetrasyon, yumuşama noktası, viskozite ve dinamik kayma reometresi (DSR) deneyleri uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca bağlayıcıların ısıya karşı hassasiyetinin göstergesi olan penetrasyon indeksi (PI) değerleri belirlenmiştir. Penetrasyon, yumuşama noktası ve viskozite deneyleri sonucunda bitüm modifikasyonunda kullanılan CR miktarı arttıkça penetrasyon değerlerinin düzenli olarak azaldığı, yumuşaman noktası ve viskozite değerlerinin düzenli olarak arttığı belirlenmiştir. Bu durum CR kullanımı ile bitümün rijitliğinin arttığını göstermektedir. CR boyutu değerlendirildiğinde malzeme boyutunun bu üç deney üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahip olmadığı belirlenmiştir. PI değerlerinden saf bağlayıcıya kıyasla No.40 elek altı %5 CR kullanılan modifiye bitüm dışındaki tüm modifiye bitümlerin ısıya karşı hassasiyetinin daha az olduğu belirlenmiştir. DSR deneyleri sonucunda CR içeriği arttıkça bağlayıcıların tekerlek izine karşı dayanım parametrelerinin ve elastikiyetlerinin arttığı belirlenmiştir. Öğütülmüş CR’nin pirolize tabi tutulmasından elde edilen karbon siyahının bitüm modifikasyonunda kullanılması, CR’nin etkinliğini azaltmış özellikle No.40 altı boyuttaki CR’nin karbon siyahı saf bitümün özelliklerini iyileştirme özelliği göstermemiştir.

In this study, 50/70 penetration grade bitumen has been modified by the addition of kaolin which is a kind of clay obtained from granite rocks and which is known as pure clay in Turkey. The changes in rheological properties of bitumen with the addition of kaolin, varying between ratios of 1% to 4%, have been examined through rotational viscosity, penetration, softening point and ductility tests. It was determined that the addition of kaolin increased viscosity and softening point and decreased penetration of the bitumen. The penetration index (PI) values of bitumens were calculated through penetration and softening point results, and kaolin was found to increase PI values. The effects of kaolin on mechanical properties were evaluated by Nicholson stripping and Marshall tests. The test results showed that enhancement in Marshall Stability values were reached to 11.2% with kaolin-modified bitumen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Предпосылки проблемы. Качество нефтяного битума Ферганского нефтеперерабатывающего завода и Жаркурганского завода переработки тяжелой нефти, используемого для автомобильных дорог, не отвечает требованиям. Количество парафина в составе битума превышает норму, что влияет на прочность асфальтобетона. Поэтому его необходимо обогащать различными полимерными модификаторами. Цель. Разработка технологии получения модифицированных нефтяных битумов для получе- ния дорожных покрытий, работающих в разных климатических условиях. Методология.Упруго-прочностные свойства резин определяли по ГОСТу 270-2015, морозо- стойкость по ГОСТу 408-2013, сопротивления истиранию по ГОСТу 23509-2014, получены в резуль- тате просмотра не менее 100 полей зрения, теплофизические параметры битумов в температурном интервале (-100℃÷+200℃) определялись методом дифференциально-сканирующей калориметрии на приборе DSC 204 F1 Phoenix (Германия), температура стеклования по методу ДСК, исследования по- верхностной структуры битума и резинобитумных композитов проводили на сканирующих зондовых микроскопах (СЗМ) на платформе NtegraPrima и SolverPro (Россия), регистрацию ИК-спектров об- разцов битумов и резинобитумных композитов осуществляли на ИК-Фурье-спектрофотометре Varian 7000 FT-IR (США), исследования прочностных и деформационных характеристик асфальтобетонов проводили согласно ГОСТа 12801-2013. Научная новизна. Получены новые сведения о составе, структуре и физико-химическим свой- ствам отходов от переработки газа и о его влиянии на структурные особенности нефтяного битума. Определены пути модификации дорожных битумов с новым разработанным модификатором. Уста- новлены технологические параметры получения композиции на их основе. Полученные данные. Разработаны способы увеличения рабочего температурного интервала и улучшения физико-механических свойств композиции и оптимальный состав резинобитумных ком- позитов для автомобилных дорог резко континентального климата. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to obtain new products or to use wastes as additive materials, intensive studies are performed on the usage and evaluation of waste materials in flexible pavement. The idea of reuse these materials with recycling reduces the use of limited sources of nature, prevents the destruction of the environment, increases efficiency in production, and minimizes the environmental problems that may occur as a result of waste storage. In this study, the evaluation of marble wastes usage in flexible pavement has been mentioned. Traditional bitumen and aggregate tests and in order to determine the performance characteristics of the bituminous mixture Marshall stability and flow tests have been performed. The modified Lottman test (AASHTO T283) has been applied on the specimens to determine the resistance on water-induced damages of the bituminous mixture specimens prepared with calcite based marble waste. The results that obtained have been compared with the Technical Specification of Highway (KTŞ). According to obtained, the physical properties of calcite-based marble waste aggregates as well as the stability and flow values of bituminous mixture have been found to be within the specification limits. It has been determined that the bituminous mixtures prepared with the hydrated lime additive increase the resistance on water-induced damages. Calcite-based marble waste aggregate is thought to be used as an alternative to limestone aggregate on medium and low volume traffic roads [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the changes in the physical, morphological and thermal properties of a bitumen modified with waste PET were investigated. In the study, Triethanolamine (TEO) chemical contribution was used to provide a good interaction between bitumen and PET. For this purpose, 2.5% TEO by weight of bitumen was first added to bitumen having penetration class of B 70/100. Then, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% PET by weight of the bitumen was added to bitumen+TEO blend and modified bitumens were obtained. The properties of pure and modified bitumens were determined by penetration, softening point, ductility, mass loss, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments. In addition, the penetration index (PI) values of bitumen were determined. According to the test results; with the increase in the amount of additive, there was a regular decrease in the penetration and ductility values (6% PET) of the modified bitumens compared to the pure binder, then an increase; however, in the softening point values increased up to this percentage and then decreased. SEM images and XRD graphs showed that PET and bitumen interact well by forming a chemical bond, and that the mixture acts as a homogeneous single-phase structure. As a result, it was found that the bitumen consistency became more solid and its class changed (B 50/70) at 6% PET, this ratio was suitable for permanent deformation resistance, but 4% PET was more suitable for PI [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the study, 2 different B 160/220 class pure bitumen were obtained from LANAZ refinery located in Northern Iraq and Batman TÜPRAŞ refinery. Modified bitumens were prepared by adding styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene (SEBS) in 3 different ratios (2%, 3% and 4%). Penetration, softening point and rotational viscosity tests at two different temperatures (135 and 165°C) were applied to pure and modified bitumens. In addition, resistance to rutting parameters (G*/sin δ) were determined by dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) tests. The complex shear modulus (G*) values and phase angles were determined in different conditions by applying DSR test at different temperature and loading rates. It was determined that the penetration and phase angle values of the binders were decreased and the softening point, viscosity, resistance to rutting parameter and complex shear modulus values increased with SEBS additive. As a result of the analyzes, it was determined that bitumen obtained from Iraq LANAZ refinery gave more positive results in terms of high temperature resistance than pure bitumen obtained from Batman TÜPRAŞ refinery. When modified bitumens were evaluated, it was found that more effective modified bitumens were obtained according to Iraq LANAZ bitumen in case Batman TÜPRAŞ bitumen was used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of Reactive Terpolymer (Elvaloy RET), which is used as an additive in bitumen modification, on the consistency and thermal properties of bituminous binders was investigated. For this purpose, modified binders were obtained by adding 0,5%, 0,75% and 1% Elvaloy RET to the pure B 100/150 penetration grading binder. The features of pure and modified binders were analyzed by penetration, softening point, mass loss and rotational viscometer tests. In addition, the thermal sensitivities of the bituminous binders were determined by calculating the penetration index and penetration viscosity number values. According to the test results penetration values were decreased in Elvaloy RET additive binders compared to pure binders, while significant increase were observed in softening point and viscosity values. As a result, it was determined that binders with soft consistency and high temperature sensitivity had a harder consistency with the addition of Elvaloy RET, binder class changed and the temperature sensitivity decreased significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bu çalışmada Kürnüç (Göynük/Bolu) civarında yüzlek veren, koyu gri ve koyu kahve renkli, organik karbon yönünden oldukça zengin olan bitümlü kayaçların (bitümlü marn ve bitümlü şeyl) organik jeokimyasal özellikleri incelenmiştir. Kayaç litolojileri ve çökelim ortamlarının tespit edilmesi, kaynak kaya potansiyeli, kerojen tipi, organik olgunlaşmalarının belirlenmesi ile bitümlü kayaçlarının hidrokarbon türüm potansiyellerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada piroliz (Rock Eval–VI), gaz kromatografi (GC) ve gaz kromatografi-kütle spektrometresi (GC-MS) analizleri yapılmıştır. Ayrıca, organik petrografik yöntemle spor renk indeksi (SCI) analizi uygulanmış ve ayrıca duraylı karbon izotop analizi (δ13C) yapılmıştır. İncelenen kaynak kayaların litolojisi klastik kökenlidir ve çökelim ortamı olarak denizle kısmen bağlantısı olan lagün olarak kabul edilebilir. Bitümlü kayaçlarda TOC değerleri % 2.52-8.38 aralığında (ortalama % 6.08 ) olup, kaynak kaya potansiyelleri mükemmeldir. Kerojen tipleri iki adet örnek (Tip II) dışında Tip I’dir. Piroliz, GC ve GC-MS organik olgunlaşma sonuçlarına göre örneklerin tamamı olgunlaşmamış evrededir. Organik jeokimyasal veriler bitümlü kayaçların mükemmel petrol türüm potansiyeline sahip olduğunu ve herhangi bir organik kirlenme olmadığını göstermektedir.

In the present study, the effects of styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) and American gilsonite (AG) on the stiffness and thermal sensitivity of bituminous binders were investigated in bitumen modification. Şanlıurfa province was chosen as the application field. It was determined that 18% AG and 5% SBS additives should be used separately to obtain the adequate binder for Şanlıurfa province. It was also determined that 13% AG with 2% SBS, 10% AG with 3% SBS and 6% AG with 4% SBS were required to obtain binders with the same performance level. Penetration, softening point and rotational viscometer tests were conducted on neat and modified bitumen to determine the consistency of binders. Furthermore, thermal sensitivities of binders were determined from penetration index and penetration viscosity number values. It was determined that all additives increased the consistency of the binders, the most effective additive type and ratio was 18% AG on penetration values, and all additives had similar effects on the softening point and viscosity values. In addition, it was determined that the temperature susceptibility was reduced with additive use and the most effective contribution came from 5% SBS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gamma irradiated recycled high density polyethylene (γ-HDPER) was investigated as a modifier in bitumen by means of the physical and chemical tests. Recycled high density polyethylene (γ-HDPER) was exposed to gamma irradiation to form free radicals on the waste polymer that could provide a chemical bonding. The forming of new free radicals on polymers was observed by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The textures of the binders were obtained by means of florescent microscopy. Subsequently, in this study, physical test methods, roll thin film oven (RTFO), pressure aging vessel (PAV), rotational viscosity (RV), dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and bending beam rheometer (BBR) tests were conducted on base and modified bitumens. The study shows that γ-HDPER additive improves high temperature performance of bitumen and binder with γ-HDPER can be used a larger temperature range than base bitumen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Performance of chip seal largely depends on adhesion between the aggregate and bitumen. Ensuring adequate bond strength between bitumen and aggregate, cause to decrease raveling and resulted in increased chip seal performance. Significant deteriorations in chip seal was occurred because of the aggregate raveling as a result of the stripping of bitumen film from the aggregate surface with the effects of rain water and traffic. The result of the raveling, permeable sections are formed on the chip sealed road surface and the water leaking to base layer leads to the formation of more severe deteriorations. One of the main reason causing to rupture of adhesion between bitumen and aggregate are dust and moisture on the aggregates surfaces. In this study five different aggregate samples which were used in chip seal construction were used. Adhesion characteristics of aggregates samples with clean, dusty and moist were investigated in laboratory conditions with Vialit Plate Adhesion, Modified Adhesion and Nicholson stripping tests and their results were correlated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our objectives were first to develop new physico-chemical methods to characterise the aggregate, the bitumen, and the bitumen emulsion surfaces, then to compare the properties of the new sustainable emulsifiers with those currently used in the road industry, and finally to explain the role of the bitumen/aggregate interactions in the bitumen emulsion breakdown. It was possible by using a Drop Shape Analysis System to determine the surface tension of complex liquids such as bitumen, surfactant containing aqueous phase, and bitumen emulsions. The interfacial phenomena between a bitumen emulsion and an aggregate are driven by the polar and dispersion interactions. The polar interactions play a major role in the emulsion adhesion to the aggregate and also in the emulsion breakdown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]