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Biofilm formation on an implant surface is most commonly caused by the human pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, which can lead to implant related infections and failure. It is a major problem for both implantable orthopedic and maxillofacial devices. The current antibiotic treatments are typically delivered orally or in an injectable form. They are not highly effective in preventing or removing biofilms, and they increase the risk of antibiotic resistance of bacteria and have a dose-dependent negative biological effect on human cells. Our aim was to improve current treatments via a localized and controlled antibiotic delivery-based implant coating system to deliver the antibiotic, gentamicin (Gm). The coating contains coral skeleton derived hydroxyapatite powders (HAp) that act as antibiotic carrier particles and have a biodegradable poly-lactic acid (PLA) thin film matrix. The system is designed to prevent implant related infections while avoiding the deleterious effects of high concentration antibiotics in implants on local cells including primary human adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs). Testing undertaken in this study measured the rate of S. aureus biofilm formation and determined the growth rate and proliferation of ADSCs. After 24 h, S. aureus biofilm formation and the percentage of live cells found on the surfaces of all 5%-30% (w/w) PLA-Gm-(HAp-Gm) coated Ti6Al4V implants was lower than the control samples. Furthermore, Ti6Al4V implants coated with up to 10% (w/w) PLA-Gm-(HAp-Gm) did not have noticeable Gm related adverse effect on ADSCs, as assessed by morphological and surface attachment analyses. These results support the use and application of the antibacterial PLA-Gm-(HAp-Gm) thin film coating design for implants, as an antibiotic release control mechanism to prevent implant-related infections.

The production of porous ceramics for biomedical applications is widely available in the Ceramics industry. In bioceramic applications, interconnected pores are pertinent to increase osteoconductivity and cell proliferation. However, an increase in pore size and the pore amount decrease the mechanical properties. For this reason, pore properties must be precisely controlled. In this study, the effect of a natural pore-forming agent, corn starch addition, and sintering conditions on mechanical properties and biocompatibility was investigated. During mixing, four different starch amounts (1, 3, 5, and 10 wt%) were added to pure beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) ceramic powders and pressed. Pressed pellets were sintered at 1000, 1100, 1200, and 1300 °C. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to investigate microstructure, texture, pore size, and cell adhesion. The mechanical properties of the β-TCP ceramic parts were further characterized by measuring the density and compressive strength. Cytotoxicity tests were carried out with MTT assays. The optimum mechanical properties were obtained at 1100 °C sintered biocomposites. Although starch starts to burn around 410 °C and analytical results show no presence of starch after the sintering process, biocomposites initially containing 10% starch showed improved cell proliferation. However, a reduction of 59% in compressive strength and a 16% reduction in the density were also recorded. It was observed that 10 wt% starch addition increases cell proliferation by 10% in sintered β-TCP samples. Starch powder additions can be used to increase the cell viability of the material by facilitating the creation of pores, as a low-cost pore-forming agent for porous bone graft and non-load-bearing material in both orthopaedics and maxillofacial applications. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]

Bioceramics are a fast-growing materials group, which are widely used in orthopedics, maxillofacial, dental, and reconstructive surgeries. They are produced using raw materials either from synthetic or natural sources. As naturally originated resources, the bones of sheep and cows are used after converting to calcium phosphates. Human-originated sources in the past were obtained from human cadaver bones, however now-a-days this has been discontinued. On the other hand, the “golden standard” in the reconstruction surgery has been using patients own bones, -i.e., autogenous bones, which heal better than other alternatives. Besides natural products, synthetic materials are produced from a range of inorganic raw and natural materials based on marine sources, such as corals, and other marine-derived materials (i.e., seashells, nacre). These are used to produce bioceramics and hence implants, devices, and bone grafts. Although during the last four decades a number of excellent books and book chapters have been published, no comprehensive review has been yet reported to cover the available marine materials and to indicate the related work and corresponding references to allow for both medical and ceramic scientists to access directly and open new avenues for further research on marine structures and their applications in orthopedic, maxillofacial, and reconstructive surgery areas. Hence, this review covers the general marine structures, their locations and availability in different countries and, current research on production methods of these unique structures that are difficult to fabricate synthetically. The authors are confident that this comprehensive review will be an excellent source not only for the ceramists, but also for the medical scientists.

Biphasic macroporous Hydroxyapatite/β-Tricalcium Phosphate (HA/β-TCP) scaffolds (BCPs) are widely used for bone repair. However, the high-temperature HA and β-TCP phases exhibit limited bioactivity (low solubility of HA, restricted surface area, low ion release). Strategies were developed to coat such BCPs with biomimetic apatite to enhance bioactivity. However, this can be associated with poor adhesion, and metastable solutions may prove difficult to handle at the industrial scale. Alternative strategies are thus desirable to generate a highly bioactive surface on commercial BCPs. In this work, we developed an innovative “coating from” approach for BCP surface remodeling via hydrothermal treatment under supercritical CO2, used as a reversible pH modifier and with industrial scalability. Based on a set of complementary tools including FEG-SEM, solid state NMR and ion exchange tests, we demonstrate the remodeling of macroporous BCP surface with the occurrence of dissolution–reprecipitation phenomena involving biomimetic CaP phases. The newly precipitated compounds are identified as bone-like nanocrystalline apatite and octacalcium phosphate (OCP), both known for their high bioactivity character, favoring bone healing. We also explored the effects of key process parameters, and showed the possibility to dope the remodeled BCPs with antibacterial Cu2+ ions to convey additional functionality to the scaffolds, which was confirmed by in vitro tests. This new process could enhance the bioactivity of commercial BCP scaffolds via a simple and biocompatible approach.

The hydrozoan Millepora dichotoma (MD) is a typical Red Sea species containing a porous skeleton in the form of aragonite crystalline calcium carbonate. Due to environmental considerations, the artificial production of coralline species under controlled conditions is pertinent and underway. Artificially grown MD was used as a raw material for the production of calcium phosphate, mainly hydroxyapatite bioceramics, to be used in the drug delivery systems as a drug carrier or in the tissue engineering such as bone graft. DTA-TGA, XRD, FT-IR, Raman, and SEM analysis were carried out to analyze both unconverted and converted artificial corals. Hydrothermally converted coral fine powders were loaded with gentamicin (Gm) antibiotic, and the drug-loaded particles were analyzed by SEM. Unconverted coral was mainly aragonite, while hydrothermally treated coral was completely converted to hydroxyapatite. Hydrothermally treated coral was showing agglomerated nodules up to 1-μm size consisting of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite platelets in the size range of less than 100 nm. The general macropore size of the coral was found to be appropriate for osteoid growth, which is 100 to 600 μm range. These artificially grown corals can be easily produced and used for bone growth and repair and other biomedical applications.

During the last two decades, self-healing materials have been attracting increasing interest in both engineering and medical applications. Numerous attempts have been presented focusing on the development of different self-healing systems in both natural and synthetic materials with several new production and synthesis methods and self-repair mechanisms. The current review aims to present some of the most important natural self-healing materials and systems from human hard tissues to marine structures and animal tissue and organ regeneration that can heal or regrow their tissues and parts of their bodies. These are presented in different sections, which include, hard tissue generation and fracture repair, animal tissue generation and organ repair, marine structures, self-repairing coatings for metallic alloys, concrete, hydrogels and polymers just to show the different approaches in this new and fascinating field of self-repair mechanism. Emphasis is given on the areas of tissue engineering, drug delivery, medical materials and devices and implant applications.

The constantly evolving field of regenerative medicine deals with replacing, repairing, or regenerating tissue by using multidisciplinary scientific fields for humans and animals suffering from various injuries to severe diseases. Tissue engineering takes cell biology, materials science, and engineering principles to replace or repair damaged tissues. The scale of stem cell applications in regenerative medicine has increased extensively to develop various clinical-based treatments and potential stem cell-based therapies. This chapter provides an overview of different stem cell sources and their self-renewal, differentiation mechanisms in the regenerative medicine field with the importance of proteomics analyses to understand the stem cell biological processes. Additionally, the importance of biomaterials selection for stem cell-based regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications is also discussed in this chapter.

Most marine materials, by nature, contain crystals of inorganic matter with specific structures that allow the loading, release, and delivery of biomolecules that can be utilized in clinical applications. These structures can be biomimetically synthesized. Aggregates of inorganic particles generated by biomimetic microsponges may provide surfaces and structures for cell attachment, organization, and promotion of matrix synthesis. Biomimetic microsponges have been developed with tunable release profiles differing by the rate (speed over distance), velocity (rate of change in direction), and the quantity discharged over time, according to biomolecular species. Specifically, the types of proteins involved guide and regulate cells in physical contact with the microsponges, for instance, reprogramming somatic cells, the switching phenotypes, or specifying stem cell differentiation. Applications for these microsponges include gene transfection of localized cells and promotion of bone matrix synthesis by the externalized display of RGD cell adhesive peptides and the release of crystal entrapped, occluded, adsorbed and infused rhBMP-2 and plasmid. A requirement for de novo bone formation is a solid structure to enable osteocytes to lay new bone tissue. In this study, biomimetic microsponges highlight tremendous potential as osteoconductive packing material in bone repair with parallel influence on regeneration. Majorly, microsponges offer pronounced osteoinductivity, unlike many other bone particulates, by solid-state integration of active regenerative biological molecules through the prism of the biomineral crystalline structure.

Synthetic protocells are rudimentary origin-of-life versions of natural cell counterparts. Protocells are widely engineered to advance efforts and useful accepted outcomes in synthetic biology , soft matter chemistry and bioinspired materials chemistry. Protocells in collective symbiosis generate synthetic proto-tissues that display unprecedented autonomy and yield advanced materials with desirable life-like features for smart multi-drug delivery, micro bioreactors , renewable fuel production, environmental clean-up, and medicine. Current levels of protocell and proto-tissue functionality and adaptivity are just sufficient to apply them in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine , where they animate biomaterials and increase therapeutic cell productivity. As of now, structural biomaterials for tissue engineering lack the properties of living biomaterials such as self-repair, stochasticity, cell synergy and the sequencing of molecular and cellular events. Future protocell-based biomaterials provide these core properties of living organisms, but excluding evolution. Most importantly, protocells are programmable for a broad array of cell functions and behaviors and collectively in consortia are tunable for multivariate functions. Inspired by upcoming designs of smart protocells, we review their developmental background and cover the most recently reported developments in this promising field of synthetic proto-biology. Our emphasis is on manufacturing proto-tissues for tissue engineering of organoids , stem cell niches and reprogramming and tissue formation through stages of embryonic development . We also highlight the exciting reported developments arising from fusing living cells and tissues, in a valuable hybrid symbiosis, with synthetic counterparts to bring about novel functions, and living tissue products for a new synthetic tissue engineering discipline.

Dental implants have been used as far back as 2000BC, and since then have developed into highly sophisticated solutions for tooth replacement. It is becoming increasingly important for the materials used in dental implants to exhibit and maintain favorable long-term mechanical, biological and more recently, aesthetic properties. This review aims to assess the biomaterials used in modern dental implants, introducing their properties, and concentrating on modifications to improve these biomaterials. Focus is drawn to the prominent biomaterials, titanium (Ti) and zirconia due to their prevalence in implant dentistry. Additionally, novel coatings and materials with potential use as viable improvements or alternatives are reviewed. An effective dental biomaterial should osseointegrate, maintain structural integrity, resist corrosion and infection, and not cause systemic toxicity or cytotoxicity. Current materials such as bioactive glass offer protection against biofilm formation, and when combined with a titanium–zirconium (TiZr) alloy, provide a reliable combination of properties to represent a competitive alternative. Further long-term clinical studies are needed to inform the development of next-generation materials. Significance Statement Biomaterials have become essential for modern implants. A suitable implant biomaterial integrates into the body to perform a key function, whilst minimizing negative immune response. Focusing on dentistry, the use of dental implants for tooth replacement requires a balance between bodily response, mechanical structure and performance, and aesthetics. This mini-review addresses the use of biomaterials in dental implants with significant comparisons drawn between Ti and zirconia. Attention is drawn to optimizing surface modification processes and the additional use of coatings. Alternatives and novel developments are addressed, providing potential implications of combining biomaterials to form novel composites that combine and synergize the benefits of each material.

© 2019, Australian Ceramic Society. Most methods for producing calcium phosphates involve synthetic calcium and phosphates sources. However, it has recently been proposed that calcium phosphate can be produced with bio-based calcium sources such as nacre, coral, and cuttlefish bones. One specific source of bio-based calcium is found in the Achatina snail shell, which becomes a waste product after flesh consumption. The present work aimed to assess the effectiveness of Achatina snail shells and to study the conversion kinetics in both acid and alkaline environment rich in phosphate ions. It was observed that in acidic conditions, the calcium released by the dissolution of the aragonite precipitates with the phosphate ions of reaction medium induces brushite formation which is rapidly converted into monetite. In alkaline conditions, calcium released from aragonite reacts with surrounding phosphates and carbonate ions and induces carbonated apatite precipitation. Regardless of the source of calcium used in the presence of phosphate, the conversion is carried out according to complex phenomena that involve topotactic transformation or dissolution-precipitation mechanisms.

The evolution of life has given rise to innumerable biomaterials with high levels of functional sophistication and performance among many thousands of different environments. The inexhaustible range of strategies and the intrinsic good design they possess can be readily included in the design of biomedical devices and materials, such as wound healing bandages and antibacterial surface coating implants. We highlight topical examples where various ingenious design strategies from biological models, originating more broadly from zoology and botany, have been appropriated into novel synthetic materials and structures for regenerative and material-based tissue engineering. Bioinspired materials engineering informed and enriched by the vast array of adaptations and strategies in nature, beyond human biology, will be instrumental in the future evolution of new more clinically acceptable pan-functional materials and structures with a broad range of uses in the regenerative sciences.

Objective Development of immunologically smart implants, integrated to biological systems, is a key aim to minimize the inflammatory response of the host to biomaterial implants. Methods The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of titanium alloy and stainless steel implants on immunological responses in rats by comparative analysis of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) profiles in the activation of inflammatory signaling pathways and the role of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+. Results Both Ti alloy and stainless steel alloy group implantation affect Toll-like receptors-4 pathways and CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in different ways. Conclusions Results show that NF-κB/p65 and NF-κB1/p50 possess potential as a therapeutic target in the prevention of adverse reactions to metal, especially for controlling inflammation after the implantation.

Nanomaterials such as nanostructured scaffolds in tissue engineering and nanoparticles in drug delivery systems are associated with many applications within the biomedical and dental arenas. Furthe...

The marine species are especially suited for the production of bioceramic nano-powders with natural methods for their use in the biomedical field. However, there are only very limited studies regarding the production and synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) nanomaterials from the marine structures. The structure of coral is very unique due to its similarity to bone because their structure consists of calcium carbonate that is the precursor for the synthesis of HAp. In this research, nano-bioceramic powders were produced from the organ pipe red coral (Tubipora musica) by two different simple chemical conversion methods under two different synthesis methods rather than the common hydrothermal method. The main advantages of these two methods are that they are simple and more economical in comparison to other methods used. All samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. The size and shape of converted particles and structures were controlled by adjusting the calcination temperature and most importantly the agitation-mixing rate. According to XRD and SEM results, it can be concluded that the nano-scale monetite and other calcium phosphate powders were successfully obtained by these simple methods although retained calcium carbonate also observed due to the partial conversion.

Calcium phosphate materials can be produced using a number of wet methods that are based on hydrothermal or co-precipitation methods that might use acidic or basic chemical environments. In our previously published works, we have investigated calcium phosphates such as monetite, hydroxyapatite, and whitlockite which were successfully produced by mechano-chemical methods and/or hydrothermal treatments from a range of marine shells and corals which were obtained from the Great Barrier Reef. The aim of the current work was to analyze and compare the mechanisms of conversion of one hard coral species and one calcified algae species from the Great Barrier Reef.

© 2019 Elsevier B.V. Post-operative infection often occurs following orthopedic and dental implant placement requiring systemically administered antibiotics. However, this does not provide long-term protection. Over the last few decades, alternative methods involving slow drug delivery systems based on biodegradable poly-lactic acid and antibiotic loaded hydroxyapatite microspheres were developed to prevent post-operative infection. In this study, thermally anodised and untreated Ti6Al4V discs were coated with Poly-Lactic Acid (PLA) containing Gentamicin (Gm) antibiotic-loaded coralline Hydroxyapatite (HAp) are investigated. Following chemical characterization, mechanical properties of the coated samples were measured using nanoindentation and scratch tests to determine the elastic modulus, hardness and bonding adhesion between film and substrate. It was found that PLA biocomposite multilayered films were around 400 nm thick and the influence and effect of the substrate were clearly observed during the nanoindentation studies with heavier loads. Scratch tests of PLA coated samples conducted at ~160 nm depth showed the minimal difference in the measured friction between Gm and non Gm containing films. It is also observed that the hardness values of PLA film coated anodised samples ranged from 0.45 to 1.9 GPa (dependent on the applied loads) against untreated coated samples which ranged from 0.28 to 0.8 GPa.

Marine structures, biogenic materials, and biomimetic approaches applied to the fabrication of advanced biomaterials and implants are used to address the shortcomings of existing scaffold designs that are biologically un-responsive throughout the regeneration process and lack necessary versatility. Bioactive ceramics converted from biostructures or natural marine-based materials such as corals, sea urchin, sponges and shells are being designed into functional scaffolds that can adapt and evolve to changing environment during regeneration process. They can regulate cell responses at nanostructured surfaces, and as modules for self-assembling by the patient’s own cells and as smart devices that possess tissue specific homing capabilities. These natural structures can be converted to bioactive ceramics such as hydroxyapatite to assist osseointegration. This chapter covers biomimicry, evolution of marine structures, and their specific use and current research on natural materials such as coral, sponge, sea urchin, sponge nacre, and foraminifera as models and raw materials for bioactive bone scaffolding materials and tissue engineering.

The materials that are developed from the different kind of marine organisms have a broad range of properties and characteristics that can explain their potential functions in the biomedical area. Accordingly, new opportunities are created by biomaterials produced from marine-based sources such as calcium phosphate-based bioceramics, composites, and polymers within the biomedical fields such as new drug delivery systems, the design of novel implantable devices, and various applications in tissue engineering. The major aim of this chapter is to explain the importance of marine structures applicable for biomedical applications as well as choosing the appropriate conversion technique in order to obtain designs and structures best suited for their intended use. Therefore, we will highlight various conversion techniques used in the synthesis of calcium phosphate bioceramics from various marine sources such as Tubipora musica , Foraminifera , Porites Hard Corals and Halimeda cylindracea calcified algae, and their biomedical applications in this chapter.

Processes such as traditional wet chemical methods and heat and pressure-based hydrothermal methods are some of the important methods that has been used to produce hydroxyapatite (HAp), tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and other phosphate derivatives. Recently, new approaches such as ultrasonication (can be considered as a mechanical processing route) and hot-plating (heating element added to mechanical processing) were introduced. Using these new approaches, production for nanostructured calcium phosphate can be easily achieved. Traditionally, calcium phosphate-based compounds are produced using starting materials that contains calcium and phosphate. However, the use of marine structures as raw ingredients has been widely encouraged and their uses in the medical/surgical arena are creating new avenues such as in applications that support bone repair and regeneration. Primary sources of marine-based materials are numerous and includes corals, algae, cuttlefish, fish bones, sea urchin, sea snail shells, sponges, sea shells, foraminifera, barnacles, nacre, sea mussels and so on. Knowing other chapters in this book covers the review of these materials in more detail, therefore in this chapter, we aimed to give examples and review some of the new as well as traditional production routes and techniques used to characterize the physiochemical properties of the calcium phosphates produced are also examined.

Marine organisms are structured and constituted by materials with a vast range of properties and characteristics that may justify their potential application within the biomedical field. This is demonstrated by the biological effectiveness of marine structures such as corals and shells and sponge skeletons to house self-sustaining musculoskeletal tissues and their ability to promote bone formation though the use of extracts from sponging and nacre seashells. The design and composition of marine structures have been instrumental in the solving vital problems in regenerative medicine through the introduction of basic remedies that provides frameworks and highly accessible sources of osteopromotive analogues of bioceramic monoliths, nanofibres, micro and macrospheres. The clinical success of any future regenerative implants will be dependent on the production of highly proficient scaffolds that biologically operates at the nano-, micro- and macroscopic levels. Moreover, the implant will also need to coordinate, assemble, and organize cells into tissues as well as releasing encapsulated chemical signals in a targeted way and convey them into the body. As a result, an increasing number of different types of compounds are being isolated from aquatic organisms and transformed into products for health applications, including controlled drug delivery and tissue engineering devices. Despite the fact that they are extremely effective, the development of these materials has their drawbacks that needs be addressed. This chapter reviews the current bioceramics and natural marine structures including their structure, morphology, and applications in regenerative medicine, bone grafts, and drug delivery. In addition, the extraction of biological materials such as proteins from marine materials will also be discussed. An example of this specific biomimicry is provided by filtering the microskeleton of Foraminifera and coralline microspheres. New selected strategies based on our research as well as the works of others concerning the engineering of new bone tissues based on biomimicry will be also examined.

The current need for new medicines with reduced toxicity, enhanced bioavailability as well as improved drug efficacy and patient compliance is more pressing than ever before. Clinical active agents can now be reformulated with the help of nanotechnology into “nanopharmaceuticals” with superior pharmacokinetics for site-specific delivery. With the available nanotechnology, studies suggested that marine drugs hold tremendous promise to bring forth novel medicines for the treatment of a wide range of human diseases, but unfortunately this promise has yet to be fully realized. Deadliest diseases such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, and neurological disorders, just to mention few, can be halted by using marine nanopharmaceuticals, which are cost-effective natural products. Legal and scientific frameworks have to be in place with full support from global human health communities to create a unique set of opportunities in the cause of biodiscovery and marine drug development processes.

Marine organisms possess a vast range of properties, which portray a lot of their appropriate biomedical application potentials either directly, modified or as templates for biomimicking. It is and will remain a humble and smart move to learn from nature and try to copy faithfully the vital components so as to develop implantable biomaterials to mimic efficiently natural tissues or organs in order to substitute effectively diseased tissues or organs, to stimulate the body’s own regenerative mechanisms, and eventually to promote tissue healing. The potentials of marine materials in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications are now evident. Recent advances in this area have shown to improve people’s life.

Knowledge about the release behavior of drugs into the human body is essential for correct long-term medication. This paper complements a previous work by providing details of the numerical methods that were used before. Therefore, we shortly explain the experimental setup and state the governing equations. For the numerical solution, two different methods, the finite element method and the finite volume technique, are used. In addition, three different boundary conditions are employed: Dirichlet conditions and classical as well as non-classical convection Robin-type boundary conditions.

Marine structure, coralline materials were converted to calcium phosphate using two different phosphate solutions. The aim was to study the conversion mechanisms under acidic and basic environment at moderate conditions of temperature. Crystal growth and morphology of converted corals were characterized by XRD and SEM respectively. The results suggested that under acidic conditions (H3PO4), dissolution and precipitation control and direct the crystal formation and morphology in which transition from plate like to rod like hydroxyapatite structure was favoured. Metastable phase such as monetite formed and transformed to HAp during reaction. During the first hour of the dissolution a monetite and hydroxyapatite mixture precipitates and then the full conversion to hydroxyapatite is observed. On the other hand, under basic conditions (NH4)2HPO4, just diffusional surface conversion of the calcium carbonate structure of coralline materials to hydroxyapatite and a very small amount of tri-calcium phosphate is observed. The mechanism can be classified as the solid-state topotactic ion-exchange reaction mechanism.

Calcium phosphates are very important biomaterials for orthopaedic and dental applications. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is one of the important phases used for grafting. Those are produced from synthetic and natural sources with various methods. Especially nano-bioceramics can be produced through calcitic and aragonitic structures (i.e. mussel shells, sea snail shells, land snail shells and sea urchin shells). The plate limpet shells were used. The plate limpet is a gastropod, a soft-bodied invertebrate (an animal without a backbone) that is protected by a very hard, flattened conical shell. In this study the Plate Limpet (Tectura scutum) shells were obtained from a local gift store in Istanbul. The habitation of these limpets broadens from south Alaska down to California - Mexico. First the exact CaCO3 content was measured with thermal analysis (DTA/TGA). Here in this study agitation was carried out on a hot-plate (i.e. mechano-chemical processing). First the temperature was set at 80 °C for 15 min. Then equivalent amount to CaO H3PO4 was added dropwise for HA phase formation and the reaction was set on a hotplate for 8 hours. The dried sediments HA part was divided into 2 groups. One group was sintered to 835 °C and second group to 855 °C. Here x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies were performed. From the study various HA phases and TCP phases were obtained. A previous study done with Atlantic Deer Cowrie encourages nanobioceramic production from natural sources. This study proposes that mechanochemical agitation with very simple way for producing nano-sized calcium phosphates for future bioengineering scaffold applications.