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Latar belakang: ICAO (International civil aviation organization) menyatakan pentingnya menjaga kesehatan penerbang sehingga tidak terjadi inkapasitasi. Salah satu upayanya adalah pola diet sehat dengan konsumsi buah dan sayur. Tujuan studi adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan aktivitas fisik dan faktor lain terhadap pola konsumsi buah dan sayur. Metode: Studi potong lintang dengan sampel total dari data sekunder penerbang yang melakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan berkala di Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan Jakarta bulan April 2016. Data berupa data demografi, pekerjaan, konsumsi buah dan sayur, aktivitas fisik, pengetahuan konsumsi buah dan sayur, dan dukungan sosial. Analisis dengan regresi Logistik. Hasil: Penerbang yang mengikuti penelitian ini berjumlah 530 orang. Aktivitas fisik tidak berhubungan dengan konsumsi buah dan sayur. Tidak adanya pengetahuan konsumsi buah dan sayur berisiko jarang konsumsi buah dan sayur sebanyak 3,9 kali [ORa= 3,93; 95% CI=1,74-8,87; p=0,001], ini sesuai dengan teori social cognitive yang menyatakan pengetahuan konsumsi buah dan sayur merupakan faktor personal. Kesimpulan: Adanya hubungan antara pengetahuan konsumsi buah dan sayur terhadap kebiasaan konsumsi buah dan sayur yang sehat (≥ 5 kali/hari) di antara penerbang di Indonesia. (Health Science Journal of Indonesia 2016;7(2):118-122) Kata kunci : buah dan sayur, penerbang sipil, Indonesia. Abstract Background: International civil aviation organization stated the importance of maintaining pilot’s health to avoid incapacitation. One of the efforts for this is consuming healthy diet with fruits and vegetables. The purpose of this study is to identify the correlation of physical activity and other factors related to fruits and vegetables intake. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted with a total sampling, using secondary data of the pilot that conducted periodical medical examinations in the Civil Aviation Medical Center, Jakarta on April 2016. Data collected were demographic and job characteristics, fruit and vegetable consumption, physical activity, knowledge about fruit and vegetable intake, and social support. Results: The pilots participate in this study were 530 individuals. No correlation between physical activity and fruits and vegetables intake. The dominant factor associated with fruits and vegetables intake is the knowledge about fruits and vegetables intake. Pilots with poor knowledge decrease consumption 3,9 times lower [ORa = 3.93; 95% CI = 1.74 to 8.87; p = 0.001]. In this study, knowledge about fruit and vegetable intake as a personal factors according to social cognitive theory. Conclusion: The knowledge about fruits and vegetables intake according to WHO recommendations increased the frequency of fruits and vegetables intake. (Health Science Journal of Indonesia 2016;7(2):118-122) Keywords: fruits and vegetables, a civilian pilot, Indonesia

Latar belakang: Pilot dapat mengalami dehidrasi ringan yang akan mempengaruhi performa kognitif dan keselamatan penerbangan, sehingga pilot perlu mengonsumsi air putih yang cukup. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui faktor dominan yang berhubungan dengan kebiasaan konsumsi air putih pada pilot sipil. Metode: Studi potong lintang menggunakan data sekunder Survei Kebiasaan Hidup Sehat Pada Pilot Sipil di Indonesia Tahun 2016. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi karakteristik demografi, pekerjaan, pengetahuan, kebiasaan konsumsi sayur dan buah, aktivitas fisik dan indeks massa tubuh (IMT). Kebiasaan konsumsi air putih dikategorikan cukup (≥ 8 gelas/hari) dan kurang (< 8 gelas/hari). Jenis penerbangan dikategorikan jarak dekat (< 2 jam), menengah (2-6 jam), jauh (> 6 jam). Analisis menggunakan regresi Cox dengan waktu yang konstan. Hasil: Dari data 644 pilot, terdapat 528 data yang memenuhi kriteria. Jenis penerbangan, pengetahuan tentang hidrasi, aktivitas fisik dan IMT merupakan faktor dominan yang berhubungan dengan kebiasaan konsumsi air putih. Pilot sipil dengan jenis penerbangan jarak menengah memiliki kebiasaan konsumsi air putih cukup 16% lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan jenis penerbangan jarak dekat [RRa= 1,16; IK95% 1,00-1,35;p= 0,045]. Pilot yang memiliki pengetahuan baik tentang hidrasi memiliki kebiasaan konsumsi air putih cukup 20% lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan pilot pengetahuan kurang [RRa= 1,20; IK95% 1,05-1,38; p= 0,006]. Pilot dengan aktifitas fisik aktif memiliki kebiasaan konsumsi air putih cukup 34% lebih tinggi dibandingkan kurang aktif [RRa= 1,34; IK95% 1,16-1,54; p= 0,000]. Dibandingkan pilot dengan IMT IK95% 1,15-14,88 ; p= 0,029] dan IMT > 23 kg/m2 [RRa= 4,33; IK95% 1,20-15,59; p= 0,025] memiliki 4,33 kali lipat lebih terbiasa mengonsumsi air putih yang cukup. Kesimpulan: Pilot dengan penerbangan jarak menengah, pengetahuan baik tentang hidrasi, aktivitas fisik aktif dan indeks massa tubuh ≥ 18,5 kg/m2 lebih memiliki kebiasaan konsumsi air putih yang cukup. (Health Science Journal of Indonesia 2016;7(2):123-128) Kata kunci: Kebiasaan konsumsi air putih, jenis penerbangan, pilot sipil, Indonesia Abstract Background: Pilots could risk mild dehydration that would affect cognitive performance and flight safety, so they should have adequate plain water consumption. The purpose of this study was to determine the dominant factor associated with plain water consumption habit among civilian pilots. Methods: A cross-sectional study using secondary data of Healthy Habits Survey on civilian pilot in Indonesia 2016. The data collected were demographic, job characteristics, knowledge, fruit and vegetable consumption habit, physical activity and body mass index (BMI). Plain water consumption habit was categorized adequate if water consumption ≥ 8 glasses / day (@ glass = 250 ml) and inadequate when 6 hours). Data was analyzed using Cox regression with constant time. Results: Out of 644 data, 528 met inclusion criteria. Type of flights, knowledge about hydration, physical activity and body mass index were dominant factors associated with plain water consumption habit. Compared to short haul flight, pilots with medium haul flight were 16 % more consume adequate plain water, [RRa = 1.16; p = 0.045]. Compared to poor knowledge, pilots with good knowledge were 20% higher to consume adequate plain water [RRa = 1.2; p = 0.006]. Compared to sedentary, active pilots were 34% higher to consume adequate plain water [RRa= 1,34; IK95% 1,16-1,54; p= 0,000]. Compared to pilots whose BMI 23 kg/m2 were respectively 4,14 times [RRa= 4,15; IK95% 1,15-14,88 ; p= 0,029] and 4,33 times [RRa= 4,33; IK95% 1,20-15,59; p= 0,025] higher to have adequate plain water consumption habit. Conclusion: Civilian pilots who operate in medium haul flight, had good knowledge about hydration, active physical activity and BMI ≥ 18.5 kg/m2 had more adequate plain water consumption habit. (Health Science Journal of Indonesia 2016;7(2):123-128) Keywords: plain water consumption habit, type flight, civilian pilots, Indonesia

Latar belakang: Miopia merupakan kelainan refraksi yang sering terjadi di antara penerbang. Penelitianini bertujuan mengidentifikasi beberapa faktor risiko dominan terhadap miopia ringan pada penerbang sipildi Indonesia.Metode: Subyek adalah penerbang sipil pria berusia 21-45 tahun yang dipilih secara purposif di antara yangsedang melaksanakan pemeriksaan kesehatan berkala di Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan Jakarta. Data tajampenglihatan dan gula darah didapatkan dari rekam medik. Miopia ringan adalah subyek dengan penurunantajam penglihatan dengan koreksi lensa -0,25 sampai dengan -0,30. Analisis data dengan regresi Coxmenggunakan Stata 10.Hasil: Persentase miopia ringan dalam penelitian ini sebesar 36%. Faktor risiko dominan terhadap myopiaringan adalah jam terbang total, riwayat orang tua myopia, dan gejala iritasi dan gatal mata. Subyekdengan dibandingkan dengan yang kurang dari 1000 jam terbang 28% lebih tinggi berisiko myopia ringan[risiko relatif suaian (RRa) = 1,28; 95% interval kepercayaan (CI) =1,00-1,64; P = 0,047]. Subyek dengandibandingkan ttanpa riwayat orang tua myopia 32% lebih tinggi berisiko myopia ringan (RRa = 5,32; 95%CI = 3,75-7,55; P = 0,000. Sedangkan subyek dengan dibandingkan tanpa gejala iritasi mata 48% lebihbesar berisiko miopia ringan RRa) = 1,48; 95% CI = 1,19-1,85; P = 0,001). Subyek dengan dibandingkantanpa gejala iritasi mata 46% lebih berisiko miopia ringan (RRa = 0,46; 95% CI = 0,26-0,83; P = 0,009).Kesimpulan: Jam terbang total lebih dari 1000 jam, riwayat orang tua miopia, iritasi mata merupakanfaktor risiko dominan terhadap miopia ringan pada penerbang sipil di Indonesia. (Health Science Journalof Indonesia 2016;7:49-53)Kata kunci: miopia ringan, penerbang sipil, jam terbang, Indonesia Background: Spatial orientation is the main problem to pilots that determined by visual, vestibuler andpropioseptif. This study aims to identify several dominant risk factors related to mild myopia in civilianpilots in Indonesia.Methods: This cross-sectional study using using purposive sampling. Subjects answered the questionaire.Data was extracted from the medical record. Cox regression analyses using Stata 10.Results: The subject consisted of 21-45 years old male civilian pilots who performing scheduled medicalcheck up at the Civil Aviatian Medical Centre. We found that 36% of the pilots had mild myopia, and thedominant risk factors were total flight time for 1000 hours or more, parental myopia, as well as irritatedand burning eyes. Those who had compared to did have total flight hours for 1000 hours or more had 28%more risk to have mild myopia [adjusted relative risk (RRa) = 1.28; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.00 to1.64; P = 0.047]. In term of parential myopia, those who had compared who did not have parential myopiahad 32% more risk to have mild myopia (RRa = 1.32; 95% CI = 3.75-7.55; P = 0.000). Moreover, thosewho had compared to who did have irritated and burning eyes had 48% more risk to have mild myopia(RRa = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.26-0.83; P = 0.009).Conclusions: Total flight 1000 hours or more, parental myopia, as well as irritated and burning eyes were dominantrisk factors for mild myopia in civilian pilots in Indonesia. (Health Science Journal of Indonesia 2016;7:49-53)Key words: mild myopia, civilian aviator, total flight time, Indonesia.

Abstrak Latar belakang: Nyeri pinggang bawah (NPB) sering dialami pramugari dan dapat membatasi tugas serta tanggung jawab pramugari. Tujuan penelitian ialah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara jam terbang dan faktor lainnya dengan NPB pramugari sipil penerbangan jarak dekat dan menengah di Indonesia. Metode: Studi potong lintang dengan sampling purposif dilakukan pada pramugari sipil penerbangan jarak dekat dan menengah yang melaksanakan pengujian kesehatan di Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan tanggal 5-26 Mei 2014. Data demografi, pekerjaan dan NPB dikumpulkan dengan pengisian kuesioner dan pemeriksaan fisik. Definisi NPB ialah nyeri anamnesis yang pernah atau masih dirasakan pada pinggang bawah 1 bulan terakhir, non-neural, dan tidak terkait cedera akut yang tidak berhubungan pekerjaan. Analisis regresi Cox digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor risiko yang berhubungan NPB. Hasil: Di antara 333 pramugari yang melaksanakan pengujian kesehatan, 287 orang bersedia berpartisipasi, dan 240 di antaranya memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Sebanyak 37,9% pramugari menderita NPB. Faktor dominan yang mempertinggi risiko NPB ialah jam terbang dan jumlah sektor 24 jam terakhir. Pramugari dengan jam terbang 9 jam atau lebih dibandingkan dengan yang kurang dari 9 jam berisiko 82% lebih tinggi mengalami NPB [risiko relatif suaian (RRa) = 1,82; p = 0,000]. Ditinjau dari jumlah sektor 24 jam terakhir, pramugari dengan 4 sektor atau lebih dibandingkan yang kurang dari 4 sektor berisiko 53% lebih tinggi mengalami NPB (RRa = 1,53; p = 0,034). Kesimpulan: Jam terbang 24 jam terakhir selama 9 jam atau lebih dan jumlah sektor sebanyak 24 jam terakhir 4 sektor atau lebih meningkatkan risiko NPB Kata kunci: nyeri pinggang bawah, pramugari, jam terbang, jumlah sektor Abstract Background: Low back pain (LBP) often experienced by flight attendants could limit their duties and responsibilities. Aim of this study was to determine the correlation between flight time and other factors with LBP among short and medium haul commercial female flight attendants in Indonesia. Methods: Cross-sectional study with purposive sampling among short and medium haul commercial female flight attendants who conduct medical examination on May 5-26th 2014 at Civil Aviation Medical Center. Demographic, job and LBP data collected using questionnaire and physical examination. Definition of LBP was historically pain that ever or still felt in lower back in the last month, non-neural, and no non-working related acute injury. Cox regression analysis used to identify risk factor associated LBP. Results: Among 333 female flight attendants who were conducting medical examination, 287 attendants willing to participate, and 240 meet inclusion criteria. There are 37.9% flight attendants experienced LBP. The dominant factors increasing LBP risk were flight time and number of sectors in the last 24 consecutive hours. Female flight attendant with 9 hours or more flight time compared with less have 82% higher LBP risk [adjusted relative risk (RRa) = 1.82; p = 0.000]. Review from number of sectors in the last 24 consecutive hours, female flight attendant with 4 sectors or more compared with less have 53% higher LBP risk (RRa = 1.53; p = 0.034). Conclusion: Nine hours or more flight time and 4 sectors or more in the last 24 consecutive hours have higher risk of LBP Key words: low back pain, female flight attendant, flight time, number of sectors, short and medium haul flight

AbstrakLatar belakang: Kelelahan penerbang sipil, termasuk pada penerbangan jarak dekat, dapat mempengaruhi fungsikognitif penerbang sehingga membahayakan keselamatan penerbangan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasifaktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kelelahan penerbang sipil pada penerbangan jarak dekat di Indonesia.Metode: Desain penelitian potong lintang dengan purposive sampling dilakukan di antara penerbang jarak dekatdengan rating Boeing 737 series yang melaksanakan pengujian kesehatan di Balai Kesehatan Penerbanganperiode 5-26 Mei, 2014. Kelelahan diukur dengan Self-Reporting Questionnaire, Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS).Data dikumpulkan dengan pengisian kuesioner oleh subyek yang meliputi demografi, pekerjaan, kehilanganwaktu tidur (Epworth Sleepiness Scale - ESS), faktor personal, dukungan manajemen, dan FSS. Analisis regresilinear dipakai untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor dominan berkaitan kelelahan.Hasil: Di antara 785 penerbang yang melaksanakan pengujian kesehatan, 382 bersedia berpartisipasi, dan239 penerbang yang memenuhi kriteria. Rata-rata skala kelelahan adalah 4,66 (standar deviasi 1,202).Faktor-faktor dominan yang mempertinggi skala kelelahan adalah jumlah sektor 24 jam terakhir, jam terbangpenugasan di luar jadwal, dan kehilangan waktu tidur. Setiap penambahan 1 sektor dalam 24 jam terakhirmeningkatkan 0,371 skala kelelahan [koefisien regresi (β) = 0,371; P = 0,000]. Selanjutnya setiap penambahan1 jam terbang penugasan di luar jadwal mempertinggi 0,033 skala kelelahan (β = 0,033; P = 0,000). Sedangkan setiap penambahan 1 nilai ESS mempertinggi 0,043 skala kelelahan (β = 0,043; P = 0,008).Kesimpulan: Penambahan jumlah sektor 24 jam terakhir, kehilangan waktu tidur, dan penambahanjam terbang penugasan di luar jadwal mempertinggi risiko kelelahan di antara penerbang sipil padapenerbangan jarak dekat di Indonesia. (Health Science Journal of Indonesia 2015;6:69-75)Kata kunci: kelelahan, jumlah sektor, penerbang sipil, Indonesia AbstractBackground: Fatigue could impair cognitive function in pilots which may lead to accidents in short-haul flight. Theaim of this study was to identify the risk factors related to fatigue among short-haul commercial pilots in Indonesia.Methods: A cross-sectional study with purposive sampling was conducted among Boeing 737 seriestyped-rating pilots taking medical examination at the Civil Aviation Medical Center, Jakarta from May5-26, 2014. Fatigue was measured with Self-Reporting Questionnaire, Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). Datawere collected using anonymous self-reporting questionnaire on demographics, workload, sleep restriction(Epworth Sleepiness Scale-ESS), personal factors, and managerial support. Linear regression was used toidentify dominant risk factors related to fatigue.Results: During data collection, 785 pilots were taking medical examination, 382 pilots were willing toparticipate, and 239 pilots met the criteria. The FSS mean was 4.66 ± 1.202. The number of sectors in 24hours, flight times of unplanned flights in 30 days, and sleep restriction were dominant factors of fatigue.Each additional sector increased FSS by 0.371 points [regression coefficient (β) = 0.371; P = 0.000].Furthermore, each additional ESS, increased FSS by 0.043 points (β = 0.043; P = 0.008), while eachadditional unplanned flights increased FSS by 0.033 points (β = 0.033; P = 0.000).Conclusions: Additional number of sectors in 24 hours, additional unplanned flight times within 30 days,and sleep restriction increased the risk of fatigue among short-haul commercial pilots in Indonesia. (HealthScience Journal of Indonesia 2015;6:69-75)Keyword: Fatigue, number of sectors, pilots, Indonesia

Abstrak Latar belakang: Depresi dapat terjadi di antara pramugari dalam melakukan pekerjaannya. Tujuan penelitian inimembuktikan pengaruh dukungan purser dan faktor lainnya terhadap kecenderungan depresi pada pramugaripenerbangan sipil di Indonesia.Metode: Studi potong lintang dengan sampling purposif terhadap pramugari yang sedang melakukanpemeriksaan pengujian kesehatan rutin di Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan, pada tanggal 12-18 Mei 2014Jakarta. Kriteria eklusi dalam penelitian ini adalah pramugari yangtidakminum obat antidepresan ataugolongan benzodiazepine, tidak mempunyai kebiasaanminum minuman alkohol lebih dari 3 unit per hari.Kecenderungan depresi dinilai dengan kuesioner Beck Depression Inventory. Sedangkan dukunganpurser, rekan kerja, di luar pekerjaan dan beban kerja mental dinilai dengan kuesioner NIOSH GenericJob Stress. Faktor-faktor risiko kecenderungan depresi dianalisis dengan regresi linear.Hasil: Di antara 242 pramugari yang sedang melakukan pemeriksaan pengujian kesehatan rutin memenuhikriteria inklusi adalah 145 orang. Dukungan purser, dukungan di luar pekerjaan, dan beban kerja mentalmerupakan faktor dominan yang mempengaruhi kecenderungan depresi. Dengan peningkatan 1 poin dukunganpurser akan menurunkan 0,552 poin depresi [koefisien regresi = (β) = -0,552; p= 0,033]. Dengan peningkatan 1point dukungan di luar pekerjaan akan menurunkan 1,191 poin depresi (β = -1,191; p= 0,000). Namun sebaliknya,dengan peningkatan 1 poin beban kerja mental akan meningkatkan 0,549 poin depresi (β = 0,549; p= 0,045).Kesimpulan: Semakin tinggi dukungan purser dan dukungan di luar pekerjaan akan semakin mengurangikecenderungan depresi, sebaliknya semakin tinggi beban kerja mental akan semakin mempertinggikecenderungan depresi. (Health Science Journal of Indonesia 2015;6:76-80)Kata kunci: depresi, dukungan purser, beban kerja mental, pramugari Abstract Background: Depression can occur in female flight attendants. The purpose of this study was to findthe correlationbetween purser support and other factors with depression among female civil flight attendants in Indonesia.Methods: This cross-sectional study with purposive sampling was carried out on female civilian flightattendantsundergoing routine medical check up at the Civil Aviation Medical Center Jakarta from May12to18, 2014. Those taking antidepressants or benzodiazepines,ordrink alcohol more than 3 times a day,were excluded for this study. Depression was measured using the Beck Depression Inventory Questionnaire.Purser support, co-workers support, support outside workand mental workload were measured using theNIOSH Generic Job Stress Questionnaire. Risk factors for depression were analyzed using linear regression.Results: Out of 242 female flight attendants undergoing routine medical check up, 145 persons met thestudy criteria. Purser support, support outside work, as well as mental workload were the dominant riskfactors related to depression among female civilian flight attendants. One point increase of purser support,decreaseddepression by 0.552 point [regression coefficient (β) = -0.552; p = 0.033]. One point increase ofsupport outside work, decreaseddepression by 1.191 points [β = -1.191; p = 0.000]. On the other hand, onepoint increase of mental workload, increaseddepression by 0.549 point (β = 0.549; p = 0.045).Conclusion: Increased purser and outside of worksupportsdecreased the risk of depression, however, moremental work load increased depression among civilian flight attendants in Indonesia. (Health ScienceJournal of Indonesia 2015;6:76-80)Keywords: depression, purser support, mental workload, female flight attendants

Abstrak Latar belakang: Gangguan durasi haid pada pramugari dapat mengganggu performa kerja. Tujuan penelitianadalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor risiko yang terhadap gangguan durasi haid pada pramugari.Metode: Penelitian potong lintang dengan sampling purposif dilakukan pada pramugari berusia 19–50 tahunyang melakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan berkala di Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan dan Garuda Sentra Medikatanggal 18–29 Mei 2015. Gangguan durasi haid ialah durasi haid lebih dari 8 hari dan/atau lebih pendek daribiasa (3–5 hari). Stres diidentifikasi dengan kriteria National Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthGeneric Job Stress Questionnaire Mental Demands Form Number 11. Analisis dilakukan dengan regresi Cox.Hasil: Di antara 521 pramugari sebanyak 393 setuju berpartisipasi, 19 dieksklusi karena menderita gangguandurasi haid sebelum bekerja, sehingga diperoleh 374 subyek untuk analisis, dan 35,8% di antaranya menderitagangguan durasi haid. Stres kerja, jenis penerbangan dan usia merupakan faktor risiko dominan terhadapgangguan durasi haid. Pramugari dengan stres kerja memiliki risiko menderita gangguan durasi haid 58%lebih tinggi [risiko relatif suaian (RRa) = 1,58; interval kepercayaan (CI) = 0,96-2,62; P = 0,071]. Pramugaridengan jenis penerbangan jarak jauh dalam tiga bulan terakhir memiliki risiko 69% lebih tinggi mengalamigangguan durasi haid (RRa=1,69; CI=1,17-2,43). Pramugari berumur 30–39 tahun memiliki risiko gangguandurasi haid 50% lebih rendah (RRa = 0,50; 95% CI = 0,22-1,02; P = 0,057).Kesimpulan: Pramugari dengan stres kerja, jenis penerbangan jarak jauh dalam tiga bulan terakhir, danberusia 19–24 tahun memiliki risiko lebih tinggi gangguan durasi haid.(Health Science Journal of Indonesia2015;6:87-91)Kata kunci: durasi haid, stres kerja, pramugari, Indonesia AbstractBackground: Menstrual duration disorder may cause impaired work performance. The research objectivewas to identify risk factors related to menstrual duration disorder in female flight attendants.Methods: A cross-sectional study with convenient sampling was conducted on civilian female flightattendants age 19–50 years who underwent routine medical examination at Civil Aviation Medical Centerand Garuda Sentra Medika, Jakarta on May 18-29 2015. Menstrual duration disorder is menstruation morethan 8 days and/or shorter than usual perid (3-5 days). Stress was identified by usingcriteria of NationalInstitute for Occupational Safety and Health Generic Job Stress Questionnaire Mental Demands FormNumber 11. Relative risk was analyzed usng Cox regression.Results: Among 521 female civilian flight attendants, 393 were willing to participate in this study. Nineteensubjects were excluded, leaving 374 subjects for this analysis, and 35.8% of subjects had menstrualduration disorder. Job stress, flight type and age were dominant risk factors for menstrual duration disorder.Subjects with job stress and long haul flight within three months had higher risk for having menstrualduration disorder by 58% [adjusted relative risk (RRa) = 1.58; confidence interval (CI) = 0.96-2.62; P =0.071] and 69% (RRa = 1.69; CI = 1.17-2.43) respectively. Those between aged 30-39 years had 50% hadless risk of having menstrual duration disorder (RRa=0.50; 95% CI = 0.22-1.02; P = 0.057).Conclusion: Female civilian flight attendants with job stress, long haul flight within three months and youngerage had higher risk to be menstrual duration disorder. (Health Science Journal of Indonesia 2015;6:87-91)Key words: menstrual duration, job stress, female civilian flight attendant, Indonesia

AbstrakLatar belakang: Sindroma metabolik (MS) dapat menyebabkan kecacatan di antara pilot di Indonesia.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor risiko MS antara pilot komersialjarak pendek di Indonesia.Metode: Penelitian potong lintang dengan sampling purposif yang dilakukan di antara pilot komersial yangmelakukan uji medik di Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan Sipil, Jakarta tanggal 27 Juli-30 Agustus 2014. Sindromametabolik dinilai menurutkriterian National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. Faktorrisiko diperoleh dengan menggunakan kuesioner self-reporting anonim. Data laboratorium diperoleh daricatatan medis. Regresi Cox digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor risiko yang dominan dari MS.Hasil: Selama pengumpulan data, 2135 pilot melakukan uji medik. Jumlah pilot Asia laki-laki memenuhi kriteriainklusi adalah 864 pilot. Prevalensi MS adalah 18,28%. Dibandingkan dengan kelompok 20-35 tahun, yangberusia berusia 56-65 tahun memiliki risiko 88% lebih tinggi untuk MS [risiko relatif sesuaian (RRa) = 1,88;P = 0,019]. Jika ditinjau dari jumlah sektor dalam 24 jam terakhir, dibandingkan dengan 0-3 sektor, subyekyang memiliki 6-7 sektor mempunyai risiko 66% lebih tinggi untuk MS (RRa = 1,66; P = 0,033), sedangkanyang memiliki 8 atau lebih sektor dalam 24 jam memiliki 82% lebih berisiko untuk MS (RRa = 1,82; P = 0,072).Kesimpulan: Pilot berusia tahun-56-65, yang memiliki 6 atau lebih sektor dalam 24 jam terakhir, memilikirisiko lebih tinggi untuk sindroma metabolik antara jarak pendek pilot komersial di Indonesia. (HealthScience Journal of Indonesia 2015;6:81-6)Kata kunci: Sindroma metabolik, jumlah sektor, pilot, Indonesia Abstract Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) could cause sudden incapacitation among pilots in Indonesia.The aim of this study was to identify risk factors of MS among short-haul commercial pilots in Indonesia.Methods: A cross-sectional study with purposive sampling was conducted among commercial pilotstaking medical examination at the Civil Aviation Medical Center, Jakarta from July 27-August 30th,2014. Metabolic syndrome was assessed according to the National Cholesterol Education Program AdultTreatment panel III criteria and criteria. Risk factors were collected using anonymous self-reportingquestionnaire. The laboratory data were extracted from medical records. Cox regression was used toidentify dominant risk factors of MS.Results: During data collection, 2135 pilots taking medical examination, Total male Asian pilots metthe inclusion criteria was 864 pilots. Prevalence of MS was 18.28%. Compared to 20-35 year-old group,subjects aged 56-65 years-old had 88% higher risk for MS [adjusted relative risk (RRa) = 1.88; P = 0.019].In term of number of sectors in the last 24 hours, compared to 0-3 sectors, subjects who had 6-7 sectors inthe last 24 hours had 66% higher risk for MS (RRa = 1.66; P = 0.033), while subjects who had 8 or moresectors in 24 hours had 82% more risk for MS (RRa = 1.82; P = 0.072).Conclusions: The pilot aged 56-65 years-old, who had 6 or more sectors in the last 24 hours, had higherrisk for metabolic syndrome among short-haul commercial pilots in Indonesia. (Health Science Journalof Indonesia 2015;6:81-6)Keyword: metabolic syndrome, number of sectors, pilots, Indonesia

AbstrakLatar belakang: Distres pada pilot dapat mengurangi tingkat kewaspadaan dan mengganggu prosespengambilan keputusan. Tujuan penelitian ini mengidentifikasi pengaruh jam terbang total dan faktordominan lainnya terhadap risiko distres di antara pilot sipil di Indonesia.Metode: Studi potong lintang dengan sampling purposif pada tanggal 1-14 Mei 2013 terhadap pilot yangsedang melakukan pemeriksaan medik (medex) di Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan, Jakarta. Pilot mengisilangsung dan tanpa nama data demografi dan pekerjaan, kuesioner strategi koping dan stresor di rumah.Pengukuran distres menggunakan Self Reporting Questionnaire-20 (SRQ-20) dengan titik potong 5/6,self rating dan anonymous. Risiko distres dianalisis menggunakan risiko relatif (RR) dengan regresi Coxdengan waktu konstan.Hasil: Dari 209 pilot didapatkan 13,4% berisiko distres. Pilot dengan jam terbang total 6000-12999 jamdibandingkan dengan 59-5999 jam berisiko distres hampir 5,8 kali lipat [risiko relatif suaian (RRa) =5,83; P = 0,000], sedangkan jam terbang total 13000-29000 berisiko meningkatkan distres lebih dari8 kali lipat (RRa = 8,42; P = 0,000). Selanjutnya, pertengkaran di keluarga 2,5 kali lipat mempertinggirisiko distres (RRa = 2,47; P = 0,006), sedangkan penggunaan koping beragama mengurangi distressebanyak 51% (RRa = 0,49; CI = 0,97-1,06; P = 0,051).Kesimpulan: Jam terbang total 6000 jam atau lebih dan pertengkaran di keluarga mempertinggi risikodistres, sedangkan penggunaan koping agama menurunkan distres pada pilot sipil di Indonesia. (HealthScience Journal of Indonesia 2015;6:17-22)Kata kunci: pilot sipil, distres, jam terbang total, koping agama AbstractBackground: Distress can reduce awareness and interfere with decision making. The aim of this study isto identify the effect of total flight hours on the risk of distress among civilian pilots in Indonesia.Method: This cross sectional study with purposive sampling was conducted on May 1-14, 2013 amongcivilian pilots undergoing medical checkup at the Aviation Medical Center, Ministry of Transportation,Jakarta. SRQ-20 with cut-off point 5/6 was used to measure distress, along with self-rating and anonymous,coping strategy and home stressor check list questionnaire. Data were analyzed with Cox regression withconstant time.Results: Of 209 pilots 13.4% pilots had distress. Those with total flight hours of 6000-12999 hours comparedto 59-5999 hours had 5.8-fold increased risk to be distress [adjusted relative risk (RRa) = 5.83; P =0.000].Meanwhile, those with total flight hours of 13000-29000 hours had 8-fold increased risk to be distressed.Those who had family tension had 2.5-fold increased distress risk (RRa = 2.47; P=0.006). Meanwhile copingusing religion could 51% decreased distress risk (RRa = 0.49; 95% CI = 0.97-1.06; P = 0.051).Conclusion: Total flight hours of 6000 hours or more and tension in family increased distress risk, onthe other hand, coping using religion decreased risk distress in civilian pilots. (Health Science Journal ofIndonesia 2015;6:17-22)Key words: civilian pilots, distress, total flight hours, religious coping mechanism

AbstrakLatar belakang: Jam terbang total dapat mempengaruhi sistem kardiovaskular antara lain terhadap tekanandarah diastolik (TDD) pada pilot. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah mengidentifikasi pengaruh jam terbang totaldan faktor lainnya terhadap risiko TDD tinggi pada pilot sipil pesawat sayap tetap di Indonesia.Metode: Penelitian menggunakan metode potong lintang dengan sampel purposif pada pilot sipil diBalai Kesehatan Penerbangan di Jakarta tanggal 1-13 Mei 2013. Karakteristik demografi, pekerjaan,kebiasaan diperoleh melalui wawancara. Data laboratorium diperoleh dari hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium.Spigmomanometer digunakan untuk mengukur TDD. Kategori TDD dibagi dua yaitu tinggi (≥ 80 mmHg) dannormal (< 80 mmHg). Analisis menggunakan risiko relatif yaitu regresi Cox dengan waktu konstan.Hasil: Di antara 512 pilot yang melakukan pemeriksaan medik, 236 subjek bersedia mengikuti penelitian.Subjek yang diikutsertakan dalam analisis sebanyak 225 orang, 61,4% memiliki TDD tinggi dan 38,6%memiliki TDD normal. Subjek dengan jam terbang total 4000-29831 dibandingkan dengan 4-3999 jamberisiko 34% lebih besar TDD tinggi [rasio relatif suaian (RRa) = 1,34; 95% interval kepercayaan (CI)= 1,03-1,73]. Subjek dengan denyut nadi istirahat 80-98 kali/menit dibandingkan dengan 60-79 kali/menitberisiko 29% lebih besar TDD tinggi (RRa = 1,29; 95% CI = 1,02-1,63). Selain itu subjek berusia 50-61tahun dibandingkan dengan 18-39 tahun berisiko 26% lebih besar TDD tinggi (RRa = 1,26; 95% CI = 1,00-1,59; P = 0,048).Kesimpulan: Jam terbang total dan denyut nadi istirahat yang tinggi serta usia yang lebih tua meningkatkan risiko tekanan darah diastolik. (Health Science Journal of Indonesia 2015;6:1-6)Kata kunci: tekanan darah diastolik, jam terbang total, pilot sipil, Indonesia.AbstractBackground: Total flight hour may affect the cardiovascular system including diastolic blood pressure(DBP) in pilot. This study aimed to identify whether total flight hours and other factors increase the risk ofhigh DBP of the fixed wing civilian pilots in Indonesia.Methods: A cross sectional study with purposive sampling was conducted in civilian pilots at AviationMedical Center in Jakarta in May 1-13, 2013. Demographic characteristics, employment, habit was obtainedthrough interviews. While laboratory data was obtained from laboratory tests. Sphygmomanometer wasused to measure DBP. Category of DBP was classified into high (≥80 mmHg) and normal (Results: Among the 512 pilots who conducted medical examinations, 236 subjects agreed to join the study.This analysis included 225 subjects which 61.4% had high DBP and 38.6% normal DBP. The subjects withtotal flight hours of 4000-29831 compared to 4-3999, had 34% increased risk to be high DBP [adjustedrelative risk (RRa) = 1.34; 95% confidence interval (CI) =1.03-1.73]. The subjects with resting pulse rateof 80-98/minute compared to 60-79/minute, had 29% increased risk to be high DBP (RRa = 1.29; 95% CI= 1.02-1.63). Furthermore, subjects aged 50-61years compared to 18-39 years, had 26% increased risk tobe high DBP (RRa = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.00-1.59; P = 0.048).Conclusion: High total flight hours, resting pulse rate, and older age may increase the risk of high diastolic bloodpressure among the fixed wing civilian pilots in Indonesia. (Health Science Journal of Indonesia 2015;6:1-6)Keywords: diastolic blood pressure, total flight hours, civilian pilot, Indonesia

AbstrakLatar belakang: Papua merupakan salah satu propinsi di Indonesia dengan angka kematian ibu tertinggi di Indonesia. Penolong persalinan terlatih dan asuhan antenatal (ANC) merupakan salah satu faktor yang penting untuk menurunkan angka kematian ibu. Tujuan studi ini untuk mengidentifikasi pengaruh ANC dan beberapa faktor yang lain terhadap kemungkinan persalinan yang ditolong oleh perawat/bidan di Papua.Metode: Studi potong lintang dengan sampling purposif dilakukan terhadap perempuan yang mempunyai anak balita yang datang ke Posyandu pada 15-30 Januari 2014 di 24 desa wilayah pegunungan tengah Jayawijaya, Papua. Karakteristik demografi, praktek ANC dan persalinan didapatkan melalui wawancara. Subjek diklasifikasikan ke dalam 2 kelompok, yang bersalin didampingi perawat/bidan) dan yang menolong sendiri atau ditolong keluarga. Analisis dilakukan dengan regresi Cox dengan waktu konstan. Hasil: Dari 469 subjek, 391 subjek yang dianalisis terdiri dari 280 subjek yang melahirkan ditolong sendiri/keluarga dan 111 subjek yang ditolong perawat/bidan. Subjek yang yang melahirkan di hutan atau kandang hina hanya 3 orang. Dibandingkan dengan yang tidak pernah ANC, subjek yang melakukan ANC di Posyandu 5,6 kali kemungkinan melahirkan ditolong perawat/bidan [risiko relatif suaian (RRa) = 5,60; interval kepercayaan 95% (CI) = 2,99-10,47]. Selain itu, subjek yang mendapatkan pemeriksaan ANC oleh bidan dan kunjungan ANC 4 kali memiliki kemungkinan lebih tinggi untuk melahirkan ditolong perawat/bidan, masing-masing 4,9 kali (RRa = 4,89; 95% CI = 2,70-8,86) dan 6,9 kali (RRa = 6.90; 95% CI = 3,59-13,27).Kesimpulan: Asuhan antenatal adalah cara untuk meningkatkan angka persalinan yang ditolong oleh tenaga tenaga perawat/bidan di Papua. (Health Science Indones 2014;2:60-6)Kata kunci: asuhan antenatal, persalinan oleh perawat/bidan, PapuaAbstractBackground: Papua has one of the highest maternal mortality rates in Indonesia. Nurse/midwife birth attendants and regular antenatal care (ANC) are important factors in decreasing maternal mortality rate. This study aimed to identify the association of ANC to nurse/midwife-assisted birth in Papua.Methods: The subjects of this cross-sectional study and purposive sampling consisted of females with toddlers in the family visiting the integrated community center on 15-30 January 2014 in 24 villages in Central Mountain of Jayawijaya, Papua. Several demographic characteristics, ANC practices, and labor practices were collected by interview. Analysis was carried out by Cox regression with constant time.Results: There were 469 subjects, but only 391 subjects were available for analysis which consisted of 280 subjects with self/family-assisted births and 111 with nurse/midwife-assistedbirths. There were only 3 subjects that gave birth in the forest or stable (“kandang hina”). Compared with those who never had ANC, those who had ANC in the integrated community center had 5.6-fold possibility to have a nurse/ midwife-assisted birth [adjusted relative risk (RRa) = 5.60; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.99-10.47]. In addition, compared with those who never had ANC, those who had ANC by midwife and 4 ANC visits had higher possibility to have nurse/midwife-assisted birth, 4.9-fold (RRa = 4.89; 95% CI = 2.70-8.86) and 6.9-fold (RRa = 6.90; 95% CI = 3.59-13.27) respectively.Conclusion: Antenatal care service is a possible way to increase the proportion of deliveries by nurse/midwife in Central Mountain of Jayawijaya, Papua. (Health Science Indones 2014;2:60-6)Key words: antenatal care, nurse/midwife attended birth/labor, Papua

AbstractLatar belakang: Anemia masih merupakan masalah kesehatan pada wanita yang dapat mengganggu performa kerja termasuk pramugari. Tujuan penelitian ialah untuk mengidentifiasi faktor-faktor dominan terhadap anemia pada pramugari. Metode: Penelitian potong lintang dengan metode sampling purposif pada pramugari yang melakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan berkala di Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan pada 1-15 Mei 2013. Data dikumpulkan menggunakan formulir khusus untuk penelitian ini. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah karakteristik demografi dan pekerjaan, kebiasaan makan, riwayat haid, indeks masa tubuh (IMT), serta kadar hemoglobin. Kadar hemoglobin berasal dari rekam medik di Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan. Anemia ialah jika kadar hemoglobin kurang dari 12 g/dl. Hasil: Di antara 225 pramugari yang melakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan, 185 d pramugari berusia 18-46 tahun bersedia untuk berpartisipasi studi ini, dan 28,1% menderita anemia. Frekuensi makan daging merah per minggu, masa kerja total, jenis penerbangan, dan menstruasi merupakan faktor risiko yang dominan yang berhubungan dengan anemia. Faktor risiko yang paling dominan adalah makan daging merah / minggu. Pramugari yang makan daging 3 kali atau lebih dalam per minggu dibandingkan yang kurang dari 3 kali per minggu berisiko 43% lebih kecil mengalami anemia [risiko relatif suaian (RRa) = 0,57; 95% interval kepercayaan (CI) = 0,32–1,03; P = 0,064]. Pramugari yang mengalami menstruasi berlebihan dibandingkan yang menstruasi normal memiliki risiko 3,5 kali lebih tinggi mengalami anemia (RRa = 3,45; P = 0,000). Kesimpulan: Kebiasaan makan daging kurang dari tiga kali seminggu dan yang mengalami menstruasi berlebihan memiliki risiko lebih tinggi mengalami anemia di antara Pramugari di Indonesia. (Health Science Indones 2014;2:67-72)Kata kunci: anemia, pramugari, daging merah, menstruasi, IndonesiaAbstractBackground: Anemia is a health problem in women that can interfere work performance including female flight attendant. This study aimed to identify several dominant risk factors related to anemia in female flight attendants. Method: A cross-sectional study with purposive sampling was conducted to female flight attendant who performing periodic medical check-up at the Civil Aviation Medical Center, Jakarta on May 1-152013. Data collected using structured questionnaire. The data collected were demographic data, job characteristics, the characteristics of eating habits, menstrual history, body mass index, and hemoglobin levels. Hemoglobin levels were taken from flight attendant’s medical records at the Civil Aviation Medical Center, Jakarta. Anemia defined if hemoglobin levels less than12 g/dl. Results: Out of 225 female flight attendants who did medical checkup, 185 of them age 18-46 years old who willing to participate in this study, and 28.1% of them had anemia. Frequency of eating red meat/week, total working period, type of flight, and menstruation were dominant risk factors related to anemia. The most dominant risk factor was of eating red meat/week. Flight attendant who had eat meat for 3 times or more a week compared to less than 3 times a week had 43% less riskof having anemia [adjusted relative risk (RRa) = 0.57; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.32 – 1.03; P = 0.064). Flight attendant who had heavy flow menstruation than normal flow menstruation have 3.45 times higher risk of having anemia [RRa = 3.45; P = 0.000].Conclusion: Flight attendant who had eating meat habit less than three times a week and having menstrual heavy flow has a high risk of having anemia. (Health Science Indones 2014;2:67-72)Key words: anemia, flight attendant, meat, menstruation, Indonesia

Abstrak Latar belakang:Di Indonesia proporsi ibu-ibu yang melaksanakan pemberian air susu ibu (ASI) eksklusif selama enam bulan masih rendah. Pada tulisan ini disajikan beberapa faktor risiko yang berkaitan dengan pemberian ASI eksklusif 6 bulan. Metode: Analisis naskah ini memakai sebagian data Survei Demografi Kesehatan Indonesia (SDKI) 2012 di 33 provinsi di Indonesia berdasarkan desain stratified sampling. Pada analisis ini sub-sampel ialah wanita berumur 15-49 tahun yang mempunyai bayi lahir tunggal hidup berumur 6 bulan, mempunyai bayi hidup bersama ibunya, dan mempunyai data lengkap untuk keperluan analisis ini. Jumlah ibu yang mempunyai anak Hasil:Ibu-ibu yang memberi ASI eksklusif hingga 6 bulan sebanyak 3,7%. Pemakaian kontrasepsi serta pendidikan merupakan dua faktor dominan terhadap kemungkinan pemberian ASI eksklusif. Dibandingkan dengan ibu yang memakai kontrasepsi hormonal, ibu yang tidak memakai kontrasepsi non hormonal serta yang tidak memakai kontrasepsi 7,3 kali lipat dan 9,1 kali lipat lebih tinggi memberikan ASI eksklusif [masing-masing risiko relatif (RRa) = 7,25; P = 0,031; dan RRa = 9,08; P = 0,004]. Ditinjau dari segi pendidikan ibu, ibu yang yang berpendidikan rendah dibandingkan dengan ibu berpendidikan tinggi/menengah 4.2 kali lipat memberikan ASI eksklusif (RRa = 4,19; P = 0,027).Kesimpulan:Ibu-ibu yang memberikan ASI eksklusif hingga 6 bulan lebih sering terdapat di antara ibu-ibu yang tidak memakai kontrasepsi serta yang berpendidikan rendah. (Health Science Indones 2014;1:17-22)Kata kunci: ASI eksklusif, pendidikan ibu, kontrasepsi AbstractBackground: Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months among Indonesian women is very low. This paper aimed to assess several factors related to exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months in Indonesia. Methods: This paper used part of the data from National Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) 2012 from all (33) provinces in Indonesia based on stratified sampling design. The sub-sample included in this analysis were women aged 15-49 years who had a live last child aged 6 months at the time of interview, single birth, the baby lived with the mother, and had complete data for this analysis. The number women who with 2 year-old or less children and living with their mothers were 1040. For this analysis there were 325 women with 6 month-old babies.Results: The proportion of those with exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months was 3.7%. The final model revealed that contraception use and mother’s education were dominant risk factors for exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months. Compared to those who used hormonal contraception, those with non-hormonal as well as those who did not use any contraception had 7.3-fold and 9.1-fold, respectively, chance of practising exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months [adjusted relative risk (RRa) = 7.25; P= 0.031; and RRa = 9.08; P = 0.004 respectively]. Furthermore, in term of mother’s education, those who had low education compare with middle/higher education had 4.2-fold chance of practicing exclusive breastfeeding for six months (RRa = 4.19; P = 0.027).Conclusion: Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months were more common among women who did not use any contraception as well as who had low education. (Health Science Indones 2014;1:17-22)Key words: exclusive breastfeeding, education of mothers, contraceptive use

AbstrakLatar belakang: Hiperglikemi antara lain dapat menyebabkan komplikasi penyakit kardiovaskular yang dapat mengganggu kinerja seorang pilot sipil dalam keselamatan penerbangan. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah mengidentifikasi beberapa faktor yang berperan terhadap risiko hiperglikemi.Metode: Subjek penelitian pada penelitian potong lintang ini dipilih secara purposif di antara pilot sipil lakilaki yang melakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan berkala di Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan (Balhatpen) Jakarta pada 28 Mei - 9 Juni 2013. Data demografi, kebiasaan, dan pekerjaan diperoleh dengan wawancara. Data kadar glukosa darah puasa (GDP) berasal dari laboratorium Balhatpen. Hiperglikemi jika kadar GDP 100-125 mg/dl, dan GDP normal adalah 70-99 mg/dl. Hasil:Selama 10 hari pengumpulan data terdapat 612 pilot sipil, 225 orang menjadi subjek penelitian, dan 31,2% di antaranya dengan hiperglikemi. Pada penelitian ini ditemukan 2 faktor dominan yaitu rerata jam terbang per tahun dan kebiasaan makan makanan manis yang mempertinggi risiko hiperglikemi. Pilot dengan rerata 1051-1130 jam terbang per tahun dibandingkan dengan 25 sampai 1050 jam per tahun berisiko 85% lebih tinggi hiperglikemia [risiko relatif suaian (RRa) = 1,85; P = 0,003]. Pilot sipil dengan kebiasaan makan makanan manis setiap hari dibandingkan dengan 0-4 kali/minggu berisiko 2 kali lipat hiperglikemia (RRa = 2,09; P = 0,002) Kesimpulan: Pilot sipil yang dengan rerata 1051-1130 jam terbang per tahun atau mempunyai kebiasaan makan makanan manis setiap hari mempunyai risiko lebih tinggi mengalami hiperglikemia. (Health Science Indones 2014;1:-)Kata kunci: hiperglikemi, jam terbang, kebiasaan makan, pilot sipil, IndonesiaAbstractBackground:Hyperglycemia can lead to long-term complications such as cardiovascular disease that might interfere the performance of civilian pilot. This study aimed to identify the factors that contribute to the risk of hyperglycemia.Methods:The subjects of this cross-sectional study consisted of purposively selected male civilian pilots who underwent periodic medical check-up at the Aviation Medical Center in Jakarta on May 28 to June 9, 2013. Data on demographic, eating habits, and employment were collected through interviews. Data on fasting blood glucose levels was taken from the Center’s laboratory report. Hyperglycemia was defined as fasting blood glucose levels of 100-125 mg/dl, while fasting blood glucose levels of 70-99 mg/dl was normal. Results:During the 10 days of data collection there were 612 pilots, with 225 pilots willing to participate in this study. This study reveals 31.2% civilian pilots had hyperglycemia. Average flight hours per year and habit of eating sweets every day were dominant factors related to the risk of hyperglycemia. Those who had 1051 to 1130 hours than 25 to 1050 hours flight hours per year had almost 85% increase risk to be hyperglycemic [adjusted relative risk (RRa) = 1.85; P = 0.003]. Furthermore, those with the habit of eating sweet food everyday compared to 0 to 4 times per week had a 2-fold increased risk to be hyperglycemic (RRa = 2.09; P = 0.002). Conclusion:Average flight hours of 1051 to 1130 hours per year and the habit of eating sweet foods every day increased the risk of hyperglycemia. (Health Science Indones 2014;1:-)Key words: hyperglycemia, flight hours, eating habits, civilian pilot, Indonesia

AbstrakLatar belakang:Pilot dapat mengalami obesitas yang berkaitan dengan jam terbang total dan faktor risiko lainnya. Oleh karena itu perlu diidentifikasi kaitan jam terbang total dan faktor lainnya terhadap risiko obesitas pada pilot sipil di Indonesia. Metode: Studi potong lintang ini dengan sampel purposif pada pilot di Indonesia yang melakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan berkala di Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan Jakarta 14-24 Mei 2013. Data yang dikumpulkan terdiri dari karakteristik demografi, pekerjaan, kebiasaan makan dan olahraga, tinggi dan berat badan. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan wawancara dan pemeriksaan fisik. Klasifikasi indeks massa tubuh berdasarkan standar WHO untuk obesitas. Analisis menggunakan regresi Cox dengan waktu yang konstan. Hasil:Di antara 612 pilot berusia 19-61 tahun, diperoleh 112 subjek yang terdiri dari 33 obes dan 79 subjek normal. Faktor-faktor dominan yang berkaitan dengan obesitas adalah jam terbang total dan kebiasaan makan makanan berlemak. Berdasarkan waktu jam terbang total, pilot yang memiliki jam terbang total 2000-24361 jam dibandingkan dengan yang 60-1999 jam memiliki risiko obesitas 3,8 kali lipat [risiko relatif suaian (RRa) = 3,83; P = 0,000]. Selanjutnya, dibandingkan dengan pilot yang tidak memiliki kebiasaan makan makanan berlemak, mereka yang mempunyai kebiasaan makan makanan berlemak memiliki risiko obesitas 2 kali lipat [RRa = 2,03; 95% interval kepercayaan (CI) = 0,95-4,29; P = 0,064].Kesimpulan: Jam terbang total 2000 jam atau lebih dan kebiasaan makan makanan berlemak mempertinggi risiko obesitas di antara pilot laki-laki sipil di Indonesia. (Health Science Indones 2013;2:55-8)Kata kunci: obesitas, jam terbang total, makanan berlemak, pilot sipil, IndonesiaAbstractBackground:Obesity in pilots may be related to total flight hours and other risk factors. This study aimed to identify the relationship between total flight hours and other factors to obesity in civil pilots in Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done with purposive sampling among pilots in Indonesia undergoing periodic medical check up in 14-24 May at Aviation Medical Center Jakarta. Data collected were several demographic and work characteristics, eating habits, exercise habits, height, and weight. Data were collected by interview and physical examination. Subjects were classified normal and obese according to the WHO standard for obesity. Analysis was carried out by Cox regression with constant time. Results:There were 612 pilots undergoing the periodic medical check up, aged 19-61 years. For this analysis were available 112 male subjects, consisting of 33 obese pilots and 79 with normal body weight. Total flight hours and eating fatty food habit were dominant risk factors for obesity. Pilots who had 2000-24361 total flight hours compared with who had 60-1999 hours had 3.8-fold risk to be obese [adjusted relative risk (RRa) = 3.83; P = 0.000]. Furthermore, compared with pilots who did not have eating fatty food habit, those who had eating fatty food habit had 2-fold risk to be obese pilot [RRa = 2.03; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.95-4.29; P = 0.064]. Conclusion: Total flight hours for 2000 or more and eating fatty foods habits increased the risk of obesity among male civilian pilot in Indonesia. (Health Science Indones 2013;2:55-8)Key words: obesity, total flight hours, fatty food, civil pilots, Indonesia

AbstrakLatar belakang: Beberapa faktor stresor kerja dapat meningkatkkan ketidakpusasan kerja. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi beberapa faktor dominan terkait dengan ketidakpusasan kerja.Metode: Studi potong lintgang dengan sampling purposif yang dilakukan pada bulan April-Juli 2011. Subyek terdiri dari mahasiswa pascasarjana dan dosen Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia. Regresi linier digunakan untuk menganalisis data. Hasil: Peserta terdiri dari 306 subyek, berusia 23-47 tahun, mayoritas perempuan (61,4%), menikah, dan tidak pernah mengikuti pelatihan manajemen stres. Sedangkan pekerjaan saat ini/sebelumnya adalah dalam pelayanan kesehatan, atau pejabat pemerintah. Tingkat ketidakpuasan kerja berkaitan dengan tujuh faktor: yang tertinggi ialah kurangnya dukungan dari atasan, dan yang terendah ialah melakukan layanan di luar jam kerja. Satu poin kurang dukungan atasan akan meningkatkan ketidakpuasan kerja sebesar 1,26 [koefisien regresi (β) = 1,26, P = 0,000); satu poin untuk menyediakan layanan di luar jam kerja akan meningkatkan 0,61 poin ketidakpuasan kerja (β= 0,6, P = 0,001). Kesimpulan: Kurangnya dukungan atasan dan interaksi dengan rekan kerja, peran organisasi ambiguitas, prosedur birokrasi, memberikan pelayanan di luar jam kerja, dan umpan balik yang tidak memadai dari pasien akan meningkatkan ketidakpuasan kerja. (Health Science Indones 2013;1:11-6)Kata kunci:ketidakpuasan kerja, stresor kerja, dokterAbstractBackground:Several factors of work stressors may increase a person’s job dissatisfaction level. This study aimed to identify several dominant factors related to job dissatisfaction among medical doctors. Methods: A cross-sectional study with purposive sampling was conducted in April-July 2011. Subjects consisted of postgraduate students and faculty members of the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia. Linear regression was used to analyze the data. Results: The participants consisted of 306 subjects, aged 23-47 years old, the majority were female (61.4%), married, current/previous work was in health services, government officials and never had stress management training. Job dissatisfaction level related to seven factors, the highest was having lack of support from superiors and the lowest was being required to provide services outside normal working hours. One point of having lack of support from superiors increased job dissatisfaction by 1.26 [regression coeffisient (β) = 1.26; P=0.000); one point of being required to provide services outside normal working hours increased job dissatisfaction by 0.61 point (β= 0.6; P=0.001).Conclusion:Lack of superiors’ support and interaction with colleagues, role organization ambiguity, bureaucratic procedures, having to provide services outside normal working hours, and inadequate feedback from patients all increased job dissatisfaction. (Health Science Indones 2013;1:11-6) Keywords: job dissatisfaction, work stressor, medical doctors

AbstrakLatar belakang: Kalibrasi berkala alat diagnostik sangat esensial untuk diagnosis yang akurat. Riset fasilitas kesehatan (Rifaskes) 2011 mengumpulkan data termasuk kalibrasi lampu celah (slit-lamp) pada sampel rumah sakit (RS) di Indonesia. Tujuan analisis ialah untuk mengidentifikasi faktor dominan yang berpengaruh terhadap pelaksanaan kalibrasi berkala lampu celah di RS.Metode: Analisis memakai sebagian data Rifaskes 2011 di antara 442 RS yang menyediakan layanan kesehatan mata. Risiko relatif dipergunakan untuk menilai kemungkinan tidak dilakukannya kalibrasi lampu celah di RS.Hasil: Di antara 248 RS sampel yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi, hanya 25,8% RS yang melakukan kalibrasi lampu celah tepat waktu. Dibandingkan dengan rumah sakit yang dimiliki oleh Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN), rumah sakit yang dimiliki lembaga lain memiliki risiko yang lebih tinggi tidak mengkalibrasi lampu celah. Menurut tipe RS, RS non-pendidikan dibandingkan dengan RS -pendidikan berisiko 40% lebih tinggi tidak mengkalibrasi lampu [risiko relatif suaian (RRa) = 1,40; 95% interval kepercayaan (CI) = 1,02-1,91].Kesimpulan: Kalibrasi tepat waktu lampu-celah masih menjadi masalah di sebagian besar RS. Dibandingkan dengan rumah sakit yang dimiliki oleh BUMN, rumah sakit yang dimiliki oleh instansi lain berisiko yang lebih tinggi tidak mengkalibrasi lampu celah. (Health Science Indones 2012;2:xx-xx)Kata kunci:kalibrasi, lampu celah, rumah sakitAbstractBackground: Periodical diagnostic tool calibration is essential for accurate diagnosis. Health Facilities Research (Rifaskes) in 2011 collected data on the slit-lamp calibration of all registered general hospitals in Indonesia.Methods: Analysis using a part Rifaskes 2011 data among 442 hospitals that provide eye health services. Relative risk was used to assess the risk of performing calibration slit lamp.Results: Out of 442 hospitals, 248 hospitals met the inclusion study criteria, and only 25.8% calibrating the slit-lamp on schedule. Ownership and type of hospital were the dominant factors on the risk of not performing on schedule slit- lamp calibration. Compared to hospital owned by government public company, the hospitals owned by the other institution had higher risk did not calibrate their slit-lamp. In term of hospital type, nonteaching hospital compared with teaching hospital had 40% higher risk did not calibrate their slit-lamp [adjusted relative risk [adjusted relative risk (RRa) = 1.40; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02-1.91].Conclusion: On schedule slit-lamp calibration was still a problem in most of hospitals. Compared to hospital owned by government public company, the hospitals owned by the other institution had higher risk did not calibrate their slit-lamp. (Health Science Indones 2012;2:xx-xx)Key words:calibration, slit-lamp, hospital

AbstrakLatar belakang:In 2007, 396 (80%) dari total 95 kabupaten/kota merupakan daerah endemis malaria. Maka SK Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 293 tahun 2009 adalah tentang eliminasi malaria. Malaria menyebabkan anemia, berat badan rendah, co-infeksi dengan penyakit lainnya. Untuk mencapai eliminasi malaria penting menurunkan parasitemia malaria. Tujuan studi ini untuk menentukan karakteristik, sosioekonomi dan perilaku pada anak usia 10 tahun ke bawah terhadap kejadian Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia di Indonesia.Metode: Studi ini menggunakan data Riskesdas 2010. Sebanyak total 72,105 orang diperiksa Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia dengan menggunakan Rapid Diagnostic Test Nusa Tenggara Barat (RDT, Merek NTB) didapat 16.666 anak usia 10 tahun ke bawah. Data dianalisis dengan uji regresi logistik.Hasil:Prevalensi anak-anak berumur 10 tahun ke bawah yang terkena P. falciparum parasitemia ialah 1,1%. Dibandingkan dengan anak di perkotaan, anak di daerah pedesaan mempunyai risiko 3,3 kali lipat terkena P. falciparum parasitemia [rasio odds suaian (ORa)=3,34; 95% interval kepercayaan (CI)= 2,23–5,02].Kesimpulan: Anak-anak 10 tahun ke bawah yang bertempat tinggal di pedesaan dibandingkan yang di perkotaan mempunyai risiko lebih tinggi terkena P. falciparum parasitemia. (Health Science Indones 2012;2:xx-xx)Kata kunci: Plasmodium falciparum, parasitemia, anak 10 tahun ke bawahAbstractBackground:In 2007, in Indonesia 80% of a total 495 districts/municipalities was malaria endemic. Most malaria parasitemia is P. falciparum, and it is related to several risk factors. This analysis aimed to identify dominant risk factors related to P. falciparummalaria parasitemia among children 10 years or below.Methods: This analysis used a part of Basic Health Research year 2010 data. A total of 72,105 people were examined parasitemia using Rapid Diagnostic Test Nusa Tenggara Barat (RDT Brand NTB). They were 16,666 children aged 10 years old and below. We used logistic regression analysis to identify determinant risk of positive P. falciparum.Results:The prevalence of positive P. falciparumwas 1.1%. Compared with urban children, rural children had 3.3-fold higher risk to be positive P. falciparum parasitemia [adjusted odds ratio (ORa)=3.34; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.23–5.02].Conclusion:Rural than urban under 10 years children had higher risk to be positive P. falciparum. (Health Science Indones 2012;2:xx-xx)Key words: P. falciparum, parasitemia, children 10 years or below

AbstrakLatar belakang:Beberapa strategi penanganan yang dapat mengurangi tingkat stres. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi beberapa strategi yang dominan terhadap tingkat skor stres total.Metode:Pada penelitian potong lintang dengan sampel purposif mahasiswa kedokteran pasca sarjana Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia pada bulan April-Juli 2011. Kuesioner yang digunakan ialah kuesioner strategi mengurangi stres dan self reporting questionnaire WHO (SRQ-20). Regresi liniar digunakan Untuk mengidentifikasi faktor dominan terhadap tingkat stres dipergunakan regresi linear.Hasil: Subjek terdiri dari 272 orang, usia 23-44 tahun. Empat hal menurunkan skor stres total (menerima realitas, berbicara dengan seseorang yang dapat melakukan sesuatu, meminta bantuan Allah, dan menertawakan situasi yang bermasalah). Sebaiknya tiga faktor meningkatkan skor stres total (menyelesaikan langkah demi langkah pada suatu waktu, berbicara dengan seseorang untuk mengetahui lebih lanjut tentang situasi, dan mengakui tidak bisa menangani pemecahan situasi). Satu poin menerima realitas situasi mengurangi 0,493 poin skor total stress [koefisien regresi (β) = -0,493, P = 0,002]. Sementara satu poin mencari pertolongan Allah akan mengurangi 0,307 poin skor stres total (β) = -0,307, P = 0,056). Namun, satu poin melakukan satu langkah pada suatu waktu akan meningkatkan 0,54 poin skor stres total (β) = 0,540, P = 0,005).Kesimpulan: Menerima realitas, berbicara dengan seseorang yang dapat melakukan sesuatu, meminta bantuan Allah, dan menertawakan situasi akan menurunkan tingkat stres. Sebaiknya, menyelesaikan langkah demi langkah pada suatu waktu, berbicara dengan seseorang untuk mengetahui lebih lanjut tentang situasi, dan mengakui tidak bisa menangani memecahkan situasi, meningkatkan skor stres total.Kata kunci:strategi pengendalan stres, meminta pertolongan AlllahAbstractBackground:Several coping strategies may minimize stress levels. This study aimed to identify several dominant coping strategies related to total stress score levels.Methods:A cross-sectional purposive sampling method study among postgraduate medical students of the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia was done April-July 2011. We used a coping strategies questionnaire and the WHO SRQ-20. Linear regression was used to identify dominant coping strategies related to stress levels.Results:This study had 272 subjects, aged 23-47 years. Four items decreased the total stress score (accepting the reality of the fact, talking to someone who could do something, seeking God’s help, and laughing about the situation). However, three factors increased the total stress score (taking one step at a time has to be done, talking to someone to find out more about the situation, and admitting can’t deal solving the situation). One point of accepting the reality of the situation reduced 0.493 points the total stress score [regression coefficient (β)= -0.493; P=0.002]. While one point seeking God’s help reduced 0.307 points the total stress score (β)= -0.307; P=0.056). However, one point of doing one step at a time increased 0.54 point the total stress score (β)=0.540; P=0.005).Conclusions: Accepting the reality of the situation, talking to someone who could do something, seeking God’s help, and laughing about the situation decreased the stress level. However, taking one step at a time, talking to someone to find out more about the situation and admitting can’t deal solving the situation, increased the total stress score.Key words:stress level, coping strategies, age, seeking God’s help

AbstrakLatar belakang: Ibu yang melahirkan diharapkan tidak mengalami rasa sedih pasca persalinan yang berdampak jangka panjang antara lain menyebabkan gangguan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak. Tujuan analisis ini untuk mengidentifikasi beberapa faktor terhadap rasa sedih pasca melahirkan.Metode: Analisis ini merupakan sebagian data Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) 2010 yang dilaksanakan di seluruh Indonesia dengan sampling bertahap. Analisis dilakukan terhadap wanita yang menikah atau pernah menikah berumur 13-49 tahun yang melahirkan bayi antara 1 January 2005 sampai 31 August 2010. Analisis mempergunakan regresi logistik.Hasil:Prevalensi rasa sedih pasca persalinan sebesar 2,32% (440/18937). Wanita yang melahirkan bayi dengan ukuran sangat kecil berisiko tertinggi mengalami (4,8-lipat) rasa sedih pasca persalinan [rasio odds suaian (ORa)=4,84; 95% interval kepercayaan (CI)=2,89-8,12], dan yang mempunyai bayi kecil 67% lebih besar mengalami rasa sedih pasca persalinan (ORa=1,67; 95% CI =1,20-2,33). Selain itu wanita yang mengalami komplikasi pasca persalinan berisiko lebih besar mengalami rasa sedih pasca persalinan. Dibandingkan dengan yang tidak mengalami komplikasi, wanita yang mengalami pecah ketuban dini mengalami risiko lebih tinggi 6 kali lipat (ORa=6,02; 95% CI=4,63-7,83), disusul yang mengalami partus macet (ORa=5.75; 95% CI=3,05-10,85).Kesimpulan:Wanita yang mengalami komplikasi selama persalinan atau mempunyai besar bayi tidak rata-rata berisiko lebih besar mengalami rasa sedih pasca persalinan.(Health Science Indones 2012;1:3-8)Kata kunci: post partum, rasa sedih, komplikasi, besar bayi, IndonesiaAbstractBackground:A mother’s postpartum depression may have long-term impacts on a child’s growth and development. This analysis aimed to identify several risk factors related to postpartum depression.Methods:The data analyzed originated from a cross-sectional Basic Health Survey (Riskesdas) 2010 of Indonesia which provided specific information on the health Millennium Development Goals (MDG). Multistage sampling was used. For this analysis, we included married or ever-married women between the ages of 13-49 years who delivered babies during the period between 1 January 2005 and 31 August 2010. We used logistic regression methods to estimate the postpartum depression risk.Results: The prevalence of postpartum depression was 2.32% (440/18937). Compared to women with average size babies, women who had very small babies had a higher risk (4.8-fold) for postpartum depression [adjusted odds ratio (ORa)=4.84; 95% confidence interval (CI)=2.89-8.12]. Women who had small babies had a 67% higher risk than women with average size babies for having post partum depression (ORa=1.67; 95% CI =1.20-2.33). In addition, All women who reported any delivery complications were at a greater risk for postpartum depression. Compared to those who did not report any complications, those who reported premature rupture of the membrane during their deliveries (ORa=6.02; 95% CI=4.63-7.83), followed by those who experienced obstructive labor (ORa=5.75; 95% CI=3.05-10.85) were at a greater risk for postpartum depression.Conclusion:Women who reported any delivery complication or had a very small or small babies had a higher risk for postpartum depression.(Health Science Indones 2012;1:3-8)

AbstrakLatar belakang: Pajanan asap pengelasan dapat mengganggu kesehatan, antara lain penurunan kebugaran jasmani. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis efek pajanan asap pengelasan terhadap kebugaran jasmani pengelas.Metode: Penelitian menggunakan desain potong lintang dan subjek penelitian dipilih secara purposif di antara pengelas di suatu pabrik knalpot di sekitar Jakarta tahun 2012. Beberapa karakteristik demografi , riwayat pekerjaan, dan kebiasaan subjek diperloleh dengan wawancara. Kebugaran jasmani diperiksa dengan metode Queen’s College Step Test. Total pajanan asap dinilai menggunakan metode semi kuantitatif yaitu perkalian pajanan asap dengan masa kerja sebagai pengelas.Hasil: Subjek penelitian berjumlah 110 orang, yang berusia antara 19-55 tahun, dengan masa kerja 1-16 tahun. Pajanan asap diperusahaan sebesar 15 mg/m3 menurut data pemeriksaan rutin perusahaan tahun 2012. Umur dan aktivitas fi sik tidak berkorelasi terhadap tingkat kebugaran jasmani pengelas. Akan tetapi didapatkan korelasi negatif antara total pajanan asap, index massa tubuh (IMT), dan kebiasaan lama merokok terhadap tingkat kebugaran jasmani pengelas. Korelasi terhadap tingkat kebugaran jasmani pengelas tersebut adalah: total pajanan asap [koefi sien regresi (r) = -0,07; 95% koefi sien interval (CI) = -0,10; -0,04]; IMT (r =-0,38; 95% CI = -0,64;-0,09); dan kebiasaan lama merokok (r = -0,16; 95% CI = -0,28;-0,04)Kesimpulan: Peningkatan pajanan asap pengelasan, index massa tubuh, dan lama merokok menurunkan tingkat kebugaran jasmani pengelas. (Health Science Indones 2012;1:37-40)Kata kunci: pajanan asap, kebugaran jasmani, Queen’s College Step Test AbstractBackground: Welding fumes exposure caused health disorders, one of them are decreasing the level of physical fi tness. This study aimed to analyze the effect of welding fumes exposure with the level of welder’sphysical fi tness.Methods: This cross-sectional using purposive selected by sampling selection method among welders in the muffl er factory at outskirt of Jakarta in 2012. Several characteristic demography, occupational history,and habits were obtained through interview. Welding fumes exposure obtained by semi quantitative method. Physical fi tness was obtained by physical examination using Queen’s College Step Test.Results: The total of subjects in this study were 110 people, 19-55 years of age, total duration of work between 1-16 years. We found that there were no signifi cant association between the age and physical activity of respondents with the level of welder physical fi tness. We noted negative correlation between the total fume exposure, body mass index, duration of smoking habits and the level of welder physical fi tness. The correlation were: the total fume exposure [regression coeffi cient (r)= -0,07; 95% confi dence interval (CI)= -0,10;-0,04]; body mass index (r= -0,38; 95% CI= -0,64;-0,09); and duration of smoking habits (r= -0,16; 95% CI= -0,28;-0,04).Conclusion: Increase in total welding fumes exposure, body mass index, and duration of smoking habit will be decrease welder physical fi tness. (Health Science Indones 2012;1:37-40)

AbstrakLatar belakang: Asap pengelasan antara lain dapat menyebabkan penurunan kapasitas vital paksa (KVP). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifi kasi beberapa faktor yang dapat berhubungan dengan KVP pada pengelas.Metode: Studi ini menggunakan desain potong lintang pada subjek pengelas di pabrik mobil sekitar Jakarta tahun 2012. Responden dipilih secara purposif. Pemeriksaan KVP menggunakan spirometri. Data pajanan asap didapatkan dari data yang dimiliki perusahaan. Data demografi , kebiasaan, dan pekerjaan diperoleh dengan wawancara.Hasil: Jumlah responden 124 dari 150, rentang umur 19-55 tahun dan telah bekerja antara 1-16 tahun. Data pajanan asap pada area pengelasan adalah 15 mg/m3, Pajanan asap pengelasan cenderung menurunkan kapasitas vital paksa [koefi sient regresi (r) = -0,004, 95% interval kepercayaan (CI) = -0,01;-0,00] dan makin tinggi tinggi badan cenderung KVP meningkat (r= 0,35; 95% CI = 0,02;0,05).Kesimpulan: Pajanan asap pengelasan cenderung menurunkan KVP, sebaliknya semakin tinggi tinggi badan cenderung meningkatkan KVP. (Health Science Indones 2012;1:41-4)Kata kunci: pajanan asap pengelasan, tinggi badan, kapasitas vital paksaAbstractBackground: Welding fumes caused the decreasing of forced vital capacity (FVC). The study aimed to identify several factors related to FVC.Methods: The subject of this cross-sectional study consisted of welders in an automobile manufacture outskirt of Jakarta in 2012. We used purposive sampling selection. The assessments of FVC were using spirometri. Exposure fumes value of the workplace based on the assessements of the factory. Demographic and employment data was selected from interview.Results: A number 124 out of 150 welders which aged between 19-55 years who’s had 1-16 years worked. Exposure fumes value was 15 mg/m3 in the factory. The welding fume exposure decreased FVC [regressioncoeffi cient (r) = -0.004; 95% confi dence interval (CI) = -0.01;-0.00]. On the other site, those who had more taller height had higher FVC (r = 0.035; 95% CI = 0.02;0.05).Conclusions: Welding fumes exposure was decreasing the FVC, but those who had more taller height had higher FVC among welders. (Health Science Indones 2012;1:41-4)

Latar belakang: Pemandu lalu lintas udara (PLLU) kemungkinan lebih besar terkena stresor kerja kualitatif. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengidentifikasi beberapa faktor yang berkaitan dengan stresor kerja kualitatif moderat (SBKL) sedang di antara PLLU di Bandar Udara Internasional Soekarno-Hatta.Metode: Studi potong lintang dilakukan pada bulan November 2008 dengan subjek PLLU aktif bekerja minimal 6 bulan. Penelitian menggunakan kuesioner standar survei diagnostik stres dan kuesioner stresor rumah tangga. Kuesioner diisi oleh subjek.Hasil: Subjek berumur 27-55 tahun terdiri dari 122 PLLU dengan SBKL sedang/berat dan serta 13 (9,6%) PLLU dengan SBKL rendah. Model menunjukkan bahwa mereka yang merasa dibandingkan dengan yang tidak merasa suhu ruangan terlalu dingin mempunyai 11-lipat risiko SBKL sedang/berat [rasio odds suaian (ORa) = 10,63: 95% interval kepercayaan (CI) = 1,79-65,59]. Dibandingkan dengan subjek tanpa stresor ketaksaan peran, mereka yang mempunyai stresor ketaksaan peran sedang/berat berisiko 8,2-lipat SBKL sedang/berat (ORa = 8,23: 95% CI = 1,13-59,90). Di samping itu, mereka yang mempunyai stresor tanggung jawab sedang/berat mendapatkan dibandingkan dengan tanpa stesor ini 6,6-kali berisiko SBKL sedang/berat (ORa = 6,64: 95% CI = 1.13-38.85), Selanjutntya mereka yang mempunyai dibandingkan dengan yang tanpa stresor pengembangan karir sedang/berat mempunyai 3,7-kali risiko SBKL sedang/berat (ORa = 3,67: 95% CI = 0.88-15.35; P = 0,075).Kesimpulan: Subjek LLU yang merasa suhu ruangan terlalu dingin, stresor ketaksaan peran, tanggung jawab personal dan pengembangan karir sedang/berat mengalami peningkatan risiko SBKL sedang/berat. (Health Science Indones 2011;2:58-65).AbstractBack ground: Air traffic controllers (ATCs) have a high level of responsibility which may lead to qualitative work load stressor (QLWS). This study identified several risk factors related to moderate qualitative work load stressor among the ATCs.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in November 2008 at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport. Subjects consisted of active ATCs with a minimum of six months total working tenure. The study used standard diagnostic as well as home stressor questionnaire surveys. All questionnaires were filled in by the participants.Results: Subjects were aged 27–55 years, consisted of 112 ATCs who had moderate and 13 (9.6%) ATCs who had slight QLWS. Those who felt than did not feel the working room temperature was not too cold had 11-fold moderate/severe QLWS [adjusted odds ratio (ORa) = 10.63: 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.79-65.59]. Those who had than did not have moderate/severe role ambiguity stressor had 8.2-fold risk of moderate/severe QLWS (ORa = 8.23: 95% CI = 1.13-59.90). Those who had than did not have moderate/severe personal responsibility stressor had 6,6-fold risk for moderate/severe QLWS (ORa = 6.64: 95% CI = 1.13-38.85). In terms of the career development stressor, those who had it than did not have it had a 3.7-fold risk for moderate/severe QLWS (ORa = 3,67: 95% CI = 0.88-15.35; P = 0.075).Conclusion: Those who felt the room temperature was too cold, moderate/severe role ambiguity, personal responsibility, as well as career development stressor were at increased risk for moderate/severe QLWS. (Health Science Indones 2011;2:58-65).

Latar belakang: Pada beberapa tahun terakhir kejadian seksio sesarea (c-sesarea) meningkat. Tujuan analisis ialah untuk mengidentifikasi beberapa tanda atau gejala yang berbahaya selama kehamilan terhadap c-sesarea.Metode: Analisis ini memakai sebagian data Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) 2010. Sub-sampel dengan metode multistage stratified sampling di seluruh Indonesia di antara wanita yang menikah atau pernah menikah berumur 10-49 tahun yang melahirkan bayi antara 1 January 2005 sampai 31 August 2010. Analisis mempergunakan regresi Cox dengan waktu konstan. Hasil: Prevalensi c-sesarea sebesar 10,8% di antara 20.501 wanita. Rasio prevalensi kota dan desa ialah 2,9. Wanita yang pernah dibandingkan yang tidak pernah mengalami sebarang tanda atau gejala komplikasi kehamilan berisiko lebih besar mengalami c-sesarea. Wanita yang pernah dibandingkan yang tidak pernah mengalami demam tinggi berisiko 2,3-lipat c-sesarea [risiko relatif suaian (RRa) = 2,33; 95% interval kepercayaan (CI) = 1,69-3,34]. Wanita yang pernah mengalami dibandingkan yang tidak pernah mengalami perdarahan per vaginam berisiko 2,1-lipat mengalami c-sesarea (RRa = 2,12; 95% CI = 1.,5-2,58). Risiko yang terkecil (96%) terjadi pada wanita yang pernah mengalami kejang atau pingsan (RRa = 1.96; 95% CI = 1,41-2,73).Kesimpulan: Wanita yang pernah dibandingkan yang tidak pernah sebarang tanda atau gejala komplikasi kehamilan berisiko lebih besar mengalami c-sesarea. (Health Science Indones 2011;2:71-6).AbstractBackground: In the last years, the frequency of cesarean section (c-section) has risen. This study was aimed to identify several signs or symptoms of complications during pregnancy increased the risk of c-section (c-section).Methods: Data were derived from the Basic Health Survey (Riskesdas) 2010. The sub-sample was married or divorced women aged 10-49 years between January 1, 2005 and August 2010 in Indonesia based on multistage stratified sampling methods. Analysis used Cox regression with constant time.Results: The c-section rate was 10.8% among 20,501 women. Urban and rural ratio of c-section rate was 2.9. Women who reported than who did not report any signs or symptoms of complications during their pregnancies had a higher risk of c-section. Women who reported high fever had 2.3-fold for c-section [adjusted relative risk (RRa) = 2.33; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.69-3.34]. Moreover, those who reported compared to those who did reported bleeding had 2.1-fold increase risk of c-section (RRa = 2.12; 95% CI = 1.75-2.58). The lowest risk (96%) was among those who ever had convulsion/fainted (RRa = 1.96; 95% CI = 1.41-2.73).Conclusion: Women who reported any signs or symptoms of complications during their pregnancies had an increased risk of c-section. (Health Science Indones 2012;2:71-6).