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Background The Bull terrier breed has been reported in the veterinary literature to suffer frequent dental and skeletal malocclusions. In this retrospective case series, we report skeletal-dental anomalies in a group of 33 Bull terriers presented for a dental consultation. Results Out of 33 dogs examined, 24 cases had full mouth radiography or Cone-beam computed tomography performed. Eruption and development abnormalities observed were as follows: hypodontia in 54.1% (13/24), eruption changes in 29.2% (7/24), and tooth shape abnormalities in 33.3% (8/24). All dogs presented with some type of dental or skeletal malocclusion: neutroclusion was the most common (66.7% of the animals), followed by mandibular mesioclusion (18.8%), maxillo-mandibular asymmetry (9.4%), and mandibular distoclusion (6.3%). Dental abnormalities noted included rotation of mandibular and maxillary premolar teeth, distal displacement of the incisor teeth, lingual displacement of the mandibular canine teeth, and absence of mandibular premolar and molar teeth. Lingual displacement of mandibular canine teeth was associated with malocclusion causing trauma (odds ratio 7.1, 95% confidence interval [1.4 to 36.1], p = 0.024). Conclusions Malocclusions and tooth shape abnormalities were found to be the most frequent finding in this group of Bull terriers. Although these findings cannot be generalized to the global population further studies are needed to observe the true expression of these anomalies in the general breed population.

The monograph by Y. Domansky contains a comprehensive analysis of E. Letov’s poetics, typified by short formula-phrases repeated in the song’s chorus or replacing each other in its verses. The research is concerned with their semantics and function in song lyrics. Domansky comes up with the following findings: first, Letov’s formulae have an intertextual nature; second, their position his song lyrics facilitates their perception on a stand-alone as well as contentsassociated basis; and thirdly, their majority is inherently ambivalent. The reviewer finds that according to Domansky, Letov’s rock music lyrics (described as saturated with quotes and featuring a thinning boundary between the signifier and the signified, as well as the emphasized absurdity of the world’s image) show kinship with conceptual art. Domansky’s conclusions are consistently substantiated and the book suggests new methods for research of song material..

O objetivo desse trabalho é relatar uma inseminação artificial (IA) e posterior acompanhamento gestacional realizados em uma cadela da raça Bull Terrier com histórico de agressividade durante o estro. Foi atendida uma cadela da raça Bull Terrier com 14 meses de idade com sinais aparentes de estro, que demonstrou agressividade e intolerância à aproximação do macho na monta natural, sendo sugerido realizar a IA. A citologia vaginal confirmou a fase de estro, com mais de 80% de células queratinizadas anucleadas. O sêmen do macho doador foi coletado por manipulação digital e posteriormente analisado, apresentando qualidade em todos os parâmetros espermáticos avaliados. Foi realizada inseminação artificial intravaginal com sêmen fresco, e o mesmo procedimento foi repetido 48 horas, depois de uma segunda citologia vaginal confirmando que o animal ainda estava em estro. Essa repetição da IA teve o intuito de abranger melhor a duração do estro, aumentando a chance de prenhês. Após 51 dias da última IA foi realizada uma ultrassonografia para confirmar a gestação, sendo possível observar a presença de fetos vivos, cuja viabilidade foi comprovada pela presença de batimentos cardíacos entre 230 a 257 bpm. O parto ocorreu 58 dias após a última inseminação, com duração de aproximadamente oito horas e nascimento de cinco filhotes, todos vivos e saudáveis. Foi possível concluir que IA após confirmação de estro por citologia vaginal, e o acompanhamento gestacional, são ferramentas importantes da biotecnologia da reprodução, capazes de proporcionar a utilização de animais na atividade reprodutiva, em casos onde a monta natural não é possível.

Dogs are commonly kept as household pets, but sometimes pet dogs bite people. We report the case of a 69-year-old man who was bitten by his pet pit bull terrier. The dog bite resulted in multiple open wrist fractures and dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint, requiring surgical debridement, open reduction and internal fixation, and bone grafting. CT of the fractures showed that the dog's maxillary canine teeth had been deeply embedded in the hamate and second metacarpal bones, requiring that the dog's mouth be opened and the teeth disengaged in order to remove the injured limb from the dog. Keywords: Dog bite injury, Pit bull terrier

Summary Six Bull Terrier puppies of 2 months had ultrasound exam for detection of any liver, kidney and heart anomalies before sale. All had hyperechogenic septa, in the gall bladder, giving it a honeycomb appearance. The puppy, whose septa were the biggest developed cholecystitis and a gall bladder abscess with two gall stones at the age of 5. Septation of the gall bladder is a very rare malformation in humans. One author formulated the hypothesis of a vacuolation anomaly of the gall bladder which occurred during embryo development. Among the 44 human cases published, 12 concerned asymptomatic patients. Clinical manifestations are most frequently biliary symptoms: vomiting and nausea combined with a pain in the upper quadrant of the abdomen. The prevalence of the anomaly among the population is unknown. This case is, as far as we know, the first description of ultrasound modifications and clinical development of multi-septate gall bladder in dog.

We present the case of a 91-year-old woman lived alone at her home with two domestic dogs, that is,, a Labrador Retriever and a Staffordshire Bull Terrier and found dead. The investigation of the scene revealed that the Bull Terrier's jawbone and chest were covered with blood. The autopsy revealed multiple, histologically confirmed, life-threatening skin and bone lacerations without scavenging marks. The punctures and tearing of each of the wounds on the skin were compatible with bites. A left humeral fracture and multiple fractures of the right facial bones were observed. The death was attributed to external hemorrhages due to several dog bites. A veterinary physical and behavioral examination indicated that the Bull Terrier was involved in the attack. A domestic predation hypothesis was deemed here most likely due to the presence of food supplies at the scene, the dog's previous history of attack, and the breed of the dog.

A 10-year-old female spayed American Pitt Bull Terrier was presented with a slow growing mass on the temporal limbus area of the right eye. Canine nodular granulomatous episclerokeratitis was suspected, and the affected eye was treated with 1% prednisolone acetate ophthalmic suspension and 0.03% Tacrolimus ophthalmic solution. As the lesion did not respond to the medical treatments and continued to grow, the mass was excised by lamellar sclerokeratectomy. Microscopically, the mass was composed of granulomatous inflammation with intrahistiocytic lipids and lakes of acicular cholesterol clefts, histopathology findings consistent with xanthogranuloma. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first canine report of limbal xanthogranuloma.

A six-year old pit bull terrier, female, was presented to a veterinary clinic in Mocsow, Russia. The leading clinical signs were a decrease in the physical activity of the dog with weight loss despite normal appetite. The dog had never traveled to other regions, but there was a history of a fight with a dog from Serbia about two years before. A severe anemia and azotemia were revealed during the examination. The merozoites of small Babesia were detected in a blood smear, which were identified as Babesia vulpes by PCR. The treatment with imidocarb dipropionate and atovaquone in combination with azithromycin was started, but one week later the dog was euthanized because of a serious health condition and poor prognosis. Contact transmission due to bites might have been the cause of infection in this case.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária Foi realizado um estudo, observacional retrospetivo, que envolveu a avaliação de radiografias e fotografias intraorais de 17 cães de raça Bull Terrier, consultados por motivos relacionados com afeções dentárias. Foram observadas alterações de número em 59% dos cães, alterações de forma em 12% e alterações de oclusão dentária em todos os animais. No que diz respeito a maloclusões, a mais observada foi a maloclusão de classe 1 (71% dos animais), seguida da maloclusão de classe 3 (24%). As alterações de posição dentária, apesar de incluídas na maloclusão de classe 1, foram observadas em todos os cães do estudo, sendo as mais prevalentes a rotação, a lábio-versão e a línguo-versão, em 76%, 71% e 65% dos animais, respetivamente. Estudos observacionais de alterações esquelético-dentárias em raças específicas são raros, desconhecendo-se a existência de estudos prévios, semelhantes, na raça Bull Terrier. No entanto, nesta raça em particular, alterações dentárias similares encontram-se referenciadas, de forma esporádica, na literatura encontrada. ABSTRACT - SKELETAL-DENTAL DISEASE IN BULL TERRIER BREED DOGS - A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY - A retrospective observational study was carried out, with evaluation of intraoral photographs and x-rays, in 17 Bull Terrier dogs, referred for dentistry consultation. Numerical abnormalities were found in 59% of dogs, shape abnormalities in 12% and the dental malocclusion were observed in all them. Regarding malocclusions, class 1 malocclusion was the most noted (71% of the animals), followed by the class 3 malocclusion (24%). Tooth deviations, which are included in the class 1 malocclusions, were observed in all the dogs. Rotation was the most prevalent, followed by labioversion and linguoversion, in 76%, 71% and 65% of the animals, respectively. Observational studies of skeletal-dental changes in specific breeds are rare, and there are no previous studies, similar to this one, in the Bull Terrier breed. However, in this particular breed, similar dental alterations are sporadically referenced in the literature. N/A

The anencephalyisrare in veterinary medicine. This anomaly may be diagnosed by ultrasound, radiography, fetoscopy and more recently by omputed to mography and magneticresonance imaging. The objective of this study was to describe the findings ultrasound performed in thepre-christmasof a bitch Bull Terrierprimiparous, where it waspossibleto diagnose anencephaly in sevenfetuses. The findings high lighted the importance of imaging diagnos is methods for the determination of the anencephaly of dogs.

The computed tomography (CT) imaging findings of a celiacomesenteric trunk (CMT) in a 1-year-old dog with primary hypoplasia of the portal vein (PHPV) are described. Computed tomography angiography revealed acquired porto-systemic shunts secondary to portal hypertension and a common origin of the celiac and cranial mesenteric arteries. The imaging findings and the association of a CMT with other vascular diseases have never been reported in dogs. The recognition of this rare arterial anomaly should prompt to investigate possible concurrent vascular diseases and may influence the planning of abdominal surgeries.

The aim of the study was to estimate prevalence of tricuspid dysplasia (TD) in dogs with respect to breed, age, sex, clinical signs, and echocardiographic findings and to compare this data with literature. TD was found in 15 dogs (6.5% of congenital cardiac disease) of 215 dogs with congenital heart defects. All dogs had right heart enlargement on thoracic radiographs, echocardiography, and electrocardiography. Doppler echocardiography revealed tricuspid valve regurgitation. Seven dogs presented no clinical symptoms to date. TD took the form of Ebstein anomaly in all Labrador Retrievers, one Boxer, and one German Shepherd dog. TD predominated in males (11 males vs. three females). The body weight of the affected dogs, with the exception of the Miniature Schnauzer, exceeded 20 kg. Two dogs (Boxer and Bull Terrier) had additional congenital cardiac lesions in the form of mitral valve dysplasia. The most affected breeds in the study were the Labrador Retriever and Boxer.

IN 1991, breed-specific legislation (BSL) prohibited four different types of dog in the UK: pit bull terrier, Japanese tosa, Fila Braziliero and dogo Argentino. Its aim was to decrease their population and improve human safety. But fast forward 25 years: large numbers of dogs continue to be seized and hospital admissions rise year-on-year. In fact, in the past 10 years, admissions for dog bites and strikes have increased by 76 per cent (Health and Social Care Information Centre …

BACKGROUND: Juvenile onset generalized demodicosis (JOGD) is thought to occur due to immunological abnormalities and is over‐represented in pit bull terrier‐type dogs. ANIMALS: Twelve pit bull terrier‐type dogs with JOGD and 12 age‐matched healthy pit bull terrier‐type dogs. OBJECTIVE: To investigate immunological differences between age‐matched healthy and JOGD pit bull terrier‐type dogs by flow cytometry, multiplex, molecular and serological assays. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Flow cytometry quantified B cells expressing MHCII or surface‐bound IgG, CD4+ T cells expressing MHCII, CD8 T cells expressing MHCII or CD11a, neutrophil and monocyte markers. Surface expression was quantified by calculating the geometric mean fluorescence index. The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare median results for IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐7, IL‐8, IL‐10, IL‐13, IL‐18, FOXP3, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, GM‐CSF, KC, IgE, IgA, IgG, IgM, C‐reactive protein, lymphocyte, neutrophil and monocyte in the groups. IFN‐gamma, IP‐10, IL‐15, IL‐31 and TNF‐alpha also were measured; however, insufficient dogs (

The effect of diet on the occurrence of canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) in the high-risk breeds boxer, English bull terrier and West Highland white terrier was investigated as part of an extensive case-control study. In that study, a sparing association was seen for feeding the bitch a diet containing non-commercial ingredients during lactation and the subsequent development of CAD in the offspring. The purpose of this study was to further explore the role of diet of the bitch during lactation as well as early dietary exposure of puppies (up to six months of age) on the occurrence of CAD. Two factors were significant in a final logistic regression model: "not feeding non-commercial animal products (meat, egg or milk-products) to the bitch during lactation" (OR = 3.39, 95% CI 1.46-7.92) and "feeding non-commercial meat to the puppy between the age of 2-6 months" (OR = 2.97, 95% CI 1.27-6.93), and further analysis revealed that there was an interaction between these two factors. If a bitch didn't receive non-commercial animal products during lactation, and the puppy was fed non-commercial meat any time until 6 months of age, the puppy had an increased risk of developing CAD (OR = 5.1, 95% CI 1.2-21.9). If the bitch received at least some non-commercial animal products during lactation there was no difference in risk of CAD for the offspring, regardless of whether the puppy was fed non-commercial meat or not until the age of 6 months (OR = 1.6, 95% CI 0.5-5.6). It seems prudent to feed bitches some non-commercial animal products during lactation.

The genetic diversity of 61 dog breeds raised in France was investigated. Genealogical analyses were performed on the pedigree file of the French kennel club. A total of 1514 dogs were also genotyped using 21 microsatellite markers. For animals born from 2001 to 2005, the average coefficient of inbreeding ranged from 0.2% to 8.8% and the effective number of ancestors ranged from 9 to 209, according to the breed. The mean value of heterozygosity was 0.62 over all breeds (range 0.37-0.77). At the breed level, few correlations were found between genealogical and molecular parameters. Kinship coefficients and individual similarity estimators were, however, significantly correlated, with the best mean correlation being found for the Lynch & Ritland estimator (r = 0.43). According to both approaches, it was concluded that special efforts should be made to maintain diversity for three breeds, namely the Berger des Pyrenees, Braque Saint-Germain and Bull Terrier.

After more than a century as an uncontroversial dog (Jessup, 1975), the American pit bull terrier has developed a notorious reputation as a dangerous breed since 1980, with consequent restrictions placed upon it by jurisdictions in Australia and elsewhere. Studies in the United States have indicated that the "pit bull" is responsible for a significant number of human fatalities resulting from dog attack, but the data on which such studies are based are flawed by methodological shortcomings. Using absolute numbers of dog attacks by breed in Australia, data on attacks on human beings reveal the pit bull terrier to be exceeded by several other breeds. Regardless, the primary problem is that reliable data do not exist for the number of attacks relative to breed population. Of 19 human fatalities in Australia over the past two decades, none has involved a dog verified to be an American pit bull terrier. The evidence does not sustain the view that this is a uniquely dangerous breed, and breed-specific laws aimed to control it have not been demonstrated by authorities to be justified by its attack record.