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Ideas, knowledge, people, and animals were in rapid transit in the nineteenth century, occasionally at the same time. This essay analyzes the unsuccessful government-sponsored experiment to introduce and naturalize dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius) in the northeastern Brazilian province of Ceará between 1857 and 1867. While the scheme is not unknown, it has not yet received a dedicated and thorough examination. Using the lenses of the global exchange of knowledge, transnational scientific enterprises, the history of camelids, and the worldwide phenomenon of acclimatization, the essay seeks to argue that the naturalization plan was tailored following the principles of animal acclimatization while aimed at wider efforts by the Brazilian government to modernize national agriculture. In practice, it meant employment of the dromedaries as livestock and pack animals, moves that sought to address logistics problems in the region. Finally, by reviewing primary sources and scholarship, the essay provides a comprehensive narrative of the events relating to the scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the land now known as Brazil, Indigenous women were responsible for cultivating and preparing a tuberous root called mandioca (cassava). Following the arrival of Europeans in 1500, mandioca replaced wheat bread to become the staple carbohydrate in settlers' diets. Travellers' accounts between 1500 and 1550 describe how Indigenous women taught settlers to prepare the tubers for consumption through the use of special tools and processes of soaking, drying and pulverizing. However, with the arrival of the Jesuits, European sources began to elide or problematize knowledge among Indigenous women that did not cohere with Christian normative values. By the mid seventeenth century, naturalists were no longer acknowledging the original female informants who had taught Europeans how to identify and cultivate the plant. In line with recent scholarship on the history of science and medicine in colonial contexts, a close reading of the sources reflects the importance of Indigenous knowledges to imperial expansion, on the one hand, and the interactive nature of cross-cultural knowledge sharing that became hidden by early modern European epistemological practices. Drawing on a broad body of colonial documentation, this article examines how European representations of the cultivation of mandioca identified, exploited, assimilated, suppressed and, finally, alienated Indigenous women's knowledges from their original holders between 1500 and 1650. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of the song "Pelas Tabelas", by Chico Buarque, and explores its main allusion: the Biblical figure of John the Baptist as a symbol of resistance to tyranny, violence, and irrationality. Buarque uses poetry, irony, and references to Brazilian culture in order to create a story of love and alienation with pathetic intensity. The paper contextualizes the song in the context of Buarque's musical oeuvre and in that particular political moment in Brazilian history - the 1980s - in which a great movement for the reestablishment of democracy was on its way: the movement called Diretas Já. This analysis proposes a dialogue with the fields of cultural studies, theology, and literature. It shows that Buarque's song is imbued with the poetic, the prophetic, and the pathetic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper analyses the Brazilian foreign policy towards the war in Ukraine, from the tensions preceding the invasion until the first half of the war's second year. Since the conflict began, Brazil was governed by two sharply contrasting administrations, neither of which clearly aligned with one side of the conflict. It is argued, however, that while Bolsonaro assumed an inert attitude, Lula undertook a proactive non-alignment. As proposed by this forum, this article presents three counterfactuals, exploring how the Brazilian position could have been different, and outlines future perspectives based on three uncertainties: (1) will Brazil be recognized as a viable mediator? (2) will Brazil explicitly choose a side in the conflict?; (3) will Brazil continue to be engaged with this agenda? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a signature specimen of Elbaite, also known as "gem tourmaline," from the Cruzeiro Pegmatite in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Elbaite is highly valued for its range of colors, crystal size, and aesthetic appeal. The specimen, known as the "Jolly Green Giant," is a large crystal surrounded by smaller crystals on a quartz base. It is a deep green color with color zoning and is embedded in translucent quartz. The Cruzeiro mine, where the specimen was likely discovered, is known for producing green elbaite and blue indicolite. The Jolly Green Giant was donated to the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County in 1974 and has been on display since 1978. It is currently showcased in a custom mount with a reflective base. To see the specimen, visitors must visit the museum in Los Angeles, California. [Extracted from the article]

This article is about women in the northeastern music movements in the 1970s. It deals with the relationship of Amelinha, Elba Ramalho, Cátia de França, and Terezinha de Jesus with the stereotypes of a specific construction of northeastern identity. In the 1970s, there was a migration of northeastern artists to the Southeast. This group, consisting of young individuals from different states in the region, is understood as a second generation of northeastern artists in the history of Brazilian music. In the Southeast, they had to deal with the impact of northeastern identity on their trajectories. Several authors serve as the basis for this research, but Muniz Albuquerque Jr.'s (2011) study on the invention of the Northeast occupies a central position. It is important here to analyze, through journalistic and audiovisual sources, how Amelinha, Elba Ramalho, Cátia de França, and Terezinha de Jesus positioned themselves in the face of the impositions of the stereotypes of "northeastern singers." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the dendrochronological potential of Ocotea porosa (Nees & Mart) Barroso (Imbuia) for reconstructing past climate conditions in the General Carneiro region, Southern Brazil, utilizing well-established dendroclimatic techniques. A total of 41 samples of Imbuia were subjected to dendroclimatic analysis to reconstruct precipitation and temperature patterns over the period from 1446 to 2011. Notably, we achieved the longest reconstructions of spring precipitation and temperature for the Brazilian southern region, spanning an impressive 566-year timeframe, by employing a mean chronology approach. To achieve our objectives, we conducted a Pearson's correlation analysis between the mean chronology and the climatic time series, with a monthly temporal resolution employed for model calibration. Impressively, our findings reveal significant correlations with coefficients as high as |rx,P| = 0.32 for precipitation and |rx,T| = 0.45 for temperature during the spring season. Importantly, our climate reconstructions may elucidate a direct influence of the El Niño—South Oscillation phenomenon on precipitation and temperature patterns, which, in turn, are intricately linked to the natural growth patterns of the Imbuia trees. These results shed valuable light on the historical climate variability in the Southern Brazil region and provide insights into the climatic drivers affecting the growth dynamics of Ocotea porosa (Nees & Mart) Barroso. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we analyze the historical ideas of Bartolomé Mitre – soldier, historian, and president of Argentina from 1862 to 1868. We propose a reflection connecting these ideas to the political experiences that marked his trajectory in the second half of the nineteenth century, reflecting on his contact with the Empire of Brazil, particularly in the 1870s and 1880s. The connection with the Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute (IHGB) and its social networks stand out as features which supported and consolidated Mitre’s historiographical activities in the Platine region. His national history project is thus intertwined with his political activities in defense of Unitarian liberals and the development of Argentine national unity, as well as his relations with the neighboring monarchy. Our sources are his historical works, correspondence, and the publication of the IHGB Journal which reports on his becoming a member of the Institute in 1871. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the other chapters, however, come from scholars specialising in economic history, rather than the history of economics. Bielschowsky is a development economist who authored a classic work on the history of developmental ideology in Brazil (Bielschowsky 1988), while Boianovsky and Coutinho are two of the longest-standing and most prolific Brazilian historians of economics. A history of Brazilian economic thought: From colonial times through the early 21st century,: edited by Ricardo Bielschowsky, Mauro Boianovsky and Mauricio C. Coutinho, Routledge, Abingdon, 2023, 268 pp., £108, ISBN 978-1-032-02930-6. [Extracted from the article]

The Brazilian Integralist Action (AIB), the most successful fascist movement in Latin America, was created on 7 October 1932. Under the leadership of Plínio Salgado, its purpose was to create an original doctrine. Fascist politics were not restricted to Europe – it crossed borders and directly influenced Latin American politics. In view of this, this research adopts the principle that fascism is a transnational and transatlantic phenomenon. Latin American fascism was wide-reaching and strongly affected by Iberian countries. Amidst this context, the present analysis investigates the Brazilian fascist movement, integralism, an organization that has been culturally influenced by the Brazilian intellectual circularity, especially regarding its appropriation of Portuguese elements. The AIB gained unprecedented visibility in Brazil and was a major social institution in the 1930s but came to an end in 1937. This did not end Brazilian fascism – its activities continued under leader Plínio Salgado, who lived in exile in Portugal, when he reorganized his thoughts, actions, and political strategies. Integralism gained a new definition after World War II: António de Oliveira Salazar became the face of the corporatist politics of the movement and remained in this role until the end of integralism, marked by the death of Plínio Salgado in 1975. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM) method is frequently used as a risk reduction tool in hydrocarbon exploration. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive historical review of the CSEM method's twenty-year history in the Brazilian continental margin. Since 2003, we have significantly improved our understanding of CSEM resistivity data across various geological scenarios. This review presents a roadmap of the technical advancements in acquisition design and interpretation techniques. As a result, our understanding of the methodology has broadened from traditional to more general use, such as salt imaging, gas hydrates, geohazard mapping, and reservoir characterization. Finally, we indicate the potential upcoming CSEM applications in new energy resources and carbon capture and storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture's Energy: The Trouble with Ethanol in Brazil's Green Revolution. By Thomas D. Rogers. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2022. Pp. 287. $29.95 paper.By Jay DwyerReported by Author [Extracted from the article]

This paper aims to conduct a critical review of the academic works on railway history in Brazil. We read and analysed 492 theses and dissertations by graduate students in Brazil (published from 1974 to 2020). A qualitative and quantitative approach was used over time to characterise the increasing production of academic theses and dissertations on railway history in Brazil and which authors, bibliographies, archives, and historical sources have become essential for railway researchers. The results of this review indicate that several academic areas are interested in the theme and some authors have become references to the most varied railway studies. In recent decades, authors who research more specific subjects have gained greater visibility in graduation essays. The bibliography of their studies should be interpreted according to how sources change with time. Authors of the reviewed papers had to use alternatives to research railways due to archival issues and instability of access to documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a genealogy of Álvaro Vieira Pinto's philosophy of development and argues that populism and democracy can interact in complementary or antithetical terms. A contextualized reading of Vieira Pinto's work indicates that populism strengthens democracy when it resists neocolonialism and expands popular participation. However, populism goes against democracy if it adopts an exclusionary conception of the people that denies pluralism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a bibliographical review about the Encontro de Saberes project, characterized by the insertion of Traditional Masters in higher education as professors in curricular courses. It is intended to analyze this project as part and unfolding of the affirmative action policies. Access to traditional knowledge and practices in a direct relationship with the masters composes and deepens the process that aims not only at the admission of students of Afro-Brazilian and indigenous descent, but also at the inclusion of their knowledge, methodologies, epistemologies, with a view to overcoming colonizing approaches to the traditional people knowledge, as well as facing the Eurocentric, colonial and exclusionary model that structure universities. Through the study of the bibliography found, it is possible to infer that, in the Brazilian context, the Encontro de Saberes project has become a field of academic production and a reference for the formation of pedagogical, teaching and research practices in a multi-epistemic and counter-colonizing perspective, in reason for the ethnic-racial, political, pedagogical, linguistic, institutional and epistemic fissures. The granting of the title of notorious knowledge to traditional masters in Brazilian universities is a great expression of these fissures in the Eurocentric academic model and reflects the current context of rooting and maturation of the Encontro de Saberes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a bibliographical review about the Encontro de Saberes project, characterized by the insertion of Traditional Masters in higher education as professors in curricular courses. It is intended to analyze this project as part and unfolding of the affirmative action policies. Access to traditional knowledge and practices in a direct relationship with the masters composes and deepens the process that aims not only at the admission of students of Afro-Brazilian and indigenous descent, but also at the inclusion of their knowledge, methodologies, epistemologies, with a view to overcoming colonizing approaches to the traditional people knowledge, as well as facing the Eurocentric, colonial and exclusionary model that structure universities. Through the study of the bibliography found, it is possible to infer that, in the Brazilian context, the Encontro de Saberes project has become a field of academic production and a reference for the formation of pedagogical, teaching and research practices in a multi-epistemic and counter-colonizing perspective, in reason for the ethnic-racial, political, pedagogical, linguistic, institutional and epistemic fissures. The granting of the title of notorious knowledge to traditional masters in Brazilian universities is a great expression of these fissures in the Eurocentric academic model and reflects the current context of rooting and maturation of the Encontro de Saberes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to present an analysis of the traces of dehumanization present in the poems "Recordações do Paraíso" and "Zoológico Humano", by the poet and former political prisoner Alex Polari, inserted in the book Inventário de cicatrizes (1978), in the light of the theory testimonial literature. For this, a contextualization of literary production in the period of the Brazilian military dictatorship is carried out, in addition to an analysis of the transposition of the effects of depersonalization, to which the imprisoned poet was subjected, to poetic language. With regard to the theory of testimonial literature, poetry and dehumanization in the context of the military dictatorship, and being a qualitative bibliographical research, this work is based on the considerations of authors and scholars, such as Jaime Ginzburg, Maria Rita Kehl, Márcio Seligmann-Silva, Wilberth Salgueiro, Paul Ricoeur, among others. Finally, it is expected to contribute to the transmission of the memory of authoritarianism filed by the military regime in the prisons of political prisoners, enabling greater attention to testimony through poetry as a form of reflection on the history of Brazilian society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the short story "2035", by Veronica Stigger, focusing in its construction over a boundary zone between the history of the Ragamuffin War and the constructed imaginary about this conflict inside South Brazil literary system. At first, studies of how the Ragamuffin War was represented in the history of literature are reviewed. Then, some pieces of news are analyzed for the purpose of understanding how the literary imaginary impacts contemporary thought in crystallizing a Ragamuffin War's romantic interpretation. Finally, "2035" is explored specifically in how this story dialogues with the history of South Brazil literature and with the contemporary popular discursiveness, rearranging the Ragamuffin War's romantic symbolism to express another side of the same myth. The results show how Stigger creates a "reverse imaginary" to Ragamuffin War, through a dystopian filter directed to what would be its bicentenary; the traditional ode to the Ragamuffin War's alleged republican values of liberty and equality is subverted in a representation of the elitist interests of those who idealized this revolution, of the not so triumphant side of this combat, of all the blood shed during this period and of the mysticism that involves the evoking of the Ragamuffin's past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this dialogue, the journalist, poet, blogger, cultural agitator and actor Fernando Alexandre speaks about culture, music, poetry, art, theatre. He worked in the main press agencies from Brazil and created the journal Lira Paulistana. This is a contribution to interested in know a history of press, of art, of culture and of music from Brazil. It is an opportunity for the general public and for researchers to learn more about an important moment in Brazilian history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to describe the experience lived during the Initial and Continuing Training Course in Preparadora Cervejeira Artesanal, in Pantanal, located in Mato Grosso State (Brazil), which took place in 2019. The course had subjects of female empowerment, basic mathematics, basic informatics, entrepreneurship and innovation, history of beer in Brazil and in the world, basic microbiology, solidary economy, commercialization and marketing techniques for beer, conservation of fermented beverages, good practices in the production of artisanal beers and production of artisanal beers. It lasted 166 hours and managed to bring together 31 women, all over 18 years of age, who were studying or who had already completed elementary school and were in a situation of social vulnerability. The participants included peasant women camped and/or settled in the National Program of Agrarian Reform, in the municipalities of Cáceres and Mirassol d'Oeste. Information was collected through participant observation and field and bibliographic research. With the completion of this study, solid collective production groups were created, which produce and sell their craft beers in the municipalities of Mato Grosso State, with their own brands and identities. The beers developed by women brewers from the Pantanal are loaded with determination and resistance for life, as they are products created collectively and within the solidarity economy concepts developed during the course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1990s, three different phases marked the Brazilian economy: a 13 year long "quasi-stagnation" (1991-2003); a decade of prosperity (2004-2013); and an 8 year period of economic decline (2014-2021). Leading new developmentalist authors identify policies introduced in the 1990s as causes of slower economic growth. This article argues that, even if that hypothesis is correct, it is still inadequate to treat the last 30 years as a single economic phase. We then compare policies implemented in 2004-2013 with developmentalist recommendations, concluding that most of them are compatible. Finally, the article highlights changes in the international and Brazilian contexts between the 1970s and the present, which reinforce the importance of analyzing the most recent growth experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smoking prevalence has decreased considerably in Brazil from 34.8% in 1989 to 12.6% in 2019 owing to the implementation of strong tobacco control policies. However, recent data show that the downward trend may be stagnating. Detailed analyses of historical smoking patterns by birth cohort could guide tobacco control decision making in Brazil. Using the 2008 Global Adult Tobacco Survey and the 2013 and 2019 National Health Surveys, historical smoking patterns in Brazil were estimated, supplemented with data from the 2006‒2019 Surveillance System of Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Interviews. Age‒period‒cohort models with constrained natural splines were applied to estimate the annual probabilities of smoking initiation and cessation, current smoker prevalence, and mean cigarettes smoked per day by age, gender, and birth cohort. Analysis was conducted in 2021‒2022. Current smoker prevalence has declined considerably since the 1950 and 1955 birth cohorts for males and females, respectively, reflecting decreased smoking initiation and increased smoking-cessation probabilities over time. Among female cohorts born on or after 2000, smoking initiation may be increasing even as their smoking cessation has increased considerably. Mean cigarettes smoked per day has remained relatively constant across period and cohorts, showing only a minor decrease among males. These detailed cohort-specific smoking parameters can be used to inform models that evaluate the impact of tobacco use and policies on long-term health outcomes and guide public health decision making in Brazil. Stagnant mean cigarettes smoked per day, increasing female smoking initiation, and limited improvement in male cessation among recent cohorts present challenges to tobacco control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea of a 'universal music,' which develops alongside the supposed hegemony of European classical music, has historical roots that have been expressed as disciplinary content since at least the Enlightenment. However, its current relevance is shown in processes of symbolic appropriation, which we analyze in the contemporary Brazilian scenario, where the dissemination of universalism as an unquestionable paradigm of cultural superiority guides the relationship with musical discipline and is shaped by the context of social, political, and economic fragility, which we will analyze in the case of the São Paulo Symphony Orchestra, concluding, finally, the difficulty of music in constituting itself as an epistemic object in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents aspects of the poetic work of the Brazilian writer, guitar player, composer and singer Elomar Figueira Mello (1937), in which the religious element of Christian matrix has great importance. The article highlights Elomar's language, which has no parallel in the history of Brazilian music. The point of the article is to present Elomar as a country psalmist, taking as a case study his song Joana Flor das Alagoas as a psalm of the Bahian outback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aimed to understand the historical movement of inclusive special education in Brazil. Answers were sought to the following question: How is the inclusion of people with disabilities understood in the history of Brazilian education? The research has a bibliographic and documental nature and historical-documentary methodology, theoretically based on Sassaki (2003), Mantoan (2003), Nogueira (2009) and Plaisance (2015). It presents a historical journey of the concept, educational conceptions and terminologies used to refer to people with disabilities, as well as the policies of Rights and Laws that were created and contribute to guarantee opportunities and equality for all people. Understanding the historical panorama faced by people with disabilities allows us to visualize the path and the struggles faced and shows that the search for the right to education for all is something that has been discussed for a long time and for a period has already been denied to a large part of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the aid provided by U.S. and multilateral institutions to Brazilian states during the government of João Goulart in Brazil (1961–1964). Although scholars have long emphasized that John F. Kennedy's Alliance for Progress employed state-by-state shaped by Cold War goals that helped to destabilize Brazil's political system and to facilitate the advent of a military regime that lasted 21 years, little has been known until now about the amount, characteristics, and impact of these loans. This article presents the first comprehensive list of U.S. dollar loans and cruzeiro grants to Brazilian states during this crucial period of Brazil's history and demonstrates that U.S. aid was strongly guided by political objectives, particularly boosting anti-Communist and pro-U.S. governors for the forthcoming Brazilian presidential elections. Officials in Washington were hoping to keep strategic Brazilian states under U.S. influence in case a military move against Goulart proved necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we propose to investigate the ways in which the poetics of memory are articulated in En libertad by Silviano Santiago and in the Trilogía luminosa by Mario Levrero. We maintain that the selected works assume the protocols of the writer's diary as remnants of the real to account for different metaphors of the archive in the key of a "war story". Santiago writes the fictional continuation of the prison memoirs of Graciliano Ramos to compose a palimpsest of stories of violence that exposes the authoritarian framework of Brazilian history and works, in a performative way, as a denunciation of the last military dictatorship. Meanwhile, Levrero's autofiction is configured as a staging of defeat: after an exile devoid of heroism, his diary-stories exhibit the failure of the search for a lost way of writing and the (im)possibility of all (re)constructive activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is the result of research carried out during scientific initiation, based on whiteness's critical studies. The main objective was to elaborate a bibliographic review on the presence or not of the white individual in articles that deal with Education for Ethnic-Racial Relations (ERER) in History Teaching, using, as an analysis methodology, Michel Foucault's archeology of knowledge. After the analysis, it was possible to conclude that in the teaching of Brazilian History, the origin of racism is historically far from the white individual and that racism is considered a problem only for those who suffer from it, and not for those who benefit from it. It was observed that, although there are studies that relate whiteness to the History classroom, they are not published in the best evaluated journals in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On June 21, 1852, in his thesis to obtain the doctoral degree at the Faculty of Medicine of Rio de Janeiro, Francisco José do Canto e Mello Castro Mascarenhas recorded the first systematization of medical and surgical works, published or known in Brazil prior to the establishment of medical schools in 1832. Despite its originality, this work is still little known in Brazilian historiography, and the list of selected books is also not extensively explored by those investigating the teaching of medical professions in 19thcentury Brazil. Therefore, the objective of this article is to present, accompanied by a brief commentary on the author and the work, a complete and unpublished transcription of this pioneering bibliographic essay by Canto e Mello. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article intends to analyze the interview conducted with Marina Euzébio, actress in the production O Último Carro, directed by João das Neves in São Paulo, in 1977. This play was the first in Brazil to mix professional actors with workers from the popular classes in its cast, since its script narrated the story of a train from the suburbs without a driver with passengers from the popular classes. More than 18 interviews were conducted with actors in the editing, including Marina Euzébio. Her trajectory demonstrates important aspects of the history of work in Brazil: the precariousness of work, the lack of social security, the absence of work records and the predominance of informal work in the country. Perhaps for this reason, her experience was happy and unusual: flexible hours, formal work registration and recognition for her work. All this context made her insertion in the play have a great impact on her life, which can be perceived through the exaltation of this event in her narrative. Permeated with expressions such as "I was happy", "Best thing in the world", "I loved", "I was fulfilled", the interview is filled with feelings of gratitude for her participation in the play, for her career and for that moment in the past. This interpretation does not refer only to the constructed narrative, but can be seen in the initial contact, in the choice of the interview location and in the inclusion of the whole family for that moment. The main hypothesis is that the fact that a subject - in this case the interviewer - was interested in a unique moment in the interviewee's life made the whole process unique. Given this scenario, we intend to analyze the methodological difficulties when interpreting an interview that deals with a specific moment in life and from it builds a narrative of the past, present and future. Oral history has a great theoretical framework to understand the traumatic experiences of subjects in certain historical moments. For this article, the issue that arises is another: how to deal with narratives that report moments of happiness that have vanished in time? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the access to justice, civil rights, human rights, and democracy, based on the intervention of lawyers and the Order of Attorneys of Brazil (OAB) with a literature review on the theme. It sought to identify the actions of these social actors for the benefit of civil rights, based on their constitutional history; and determine the meanings created, within the framework of the work of law and the OAB, about access to justice, human rights and democracy. Consecrated by the Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988, in Article 133, as indispensable to the justice system, lawyership finds its space-time of organization and institutional protection in the OAB. Over 92 years, the OAB has acted in key moments throughout Brazilian history, especially fighting for the right of defense. The main argument of this article is that lawyership and the OAB, through their actions, produce new meanings about access to justice, civil rights, and democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The encounter of professors with cultural diversity has become a common experience in higher education institutions based on the policies of democratization of access to universities in Brazil in the first decades of the 21st century. This article presents "points of contact" with diversity in the context of an institution created under the guidelines of international South-South academic cooperation. Through the description of situations experienced in teaching activities, a reflection is sought on the processes of identity construction promoted by agencies associated with the formation of ethnic and national boundaries. Anthropology emerges as a mediator to this encounter in the record of the experience that articulates theory to the post-colonial situations found in teaching relationships, locating interdisciplinary problem-spaces, common values in the context of the administrative structures and a sensitive approach to the history shared by the Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries (CPLP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: After the years of lead, as known, the military dictatorship that took part in the country, declaredly contrary to the democratic rule of law that existed in Brazil until then, and that took over power through the use of force between the years 1964 and 1985, in 1988 the Citizen Constitution was promulgated, the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil of 1988 (CRFB/1988), not without a struggle but as a possible, but not perfect, combination of the democratic and social need that was curbed by conservatism and the roots lying down from dictatorialism and the rightwing vision of the instituted powers of the elite, and that made amnesty possible for coup leaders and dictators, as well as those who fought for the democratic rule of law and for social justice through the widespread use of violence at the time, which became begins with the cowardly coup of 1964. The 1988 Constitution brought to society, on its side, important mechanisms for the protection of individuals and society against the will of the State and of society itself, declared and instituted fundamental rights and created legal instruments for the protection and guarantee of fundamental rights, such as, among many, we can highlight public civil actions, the collective writ of mandamus and popular action. However, social reality depends on the implementation of fundamental rights through the effective action of the State and society, and through the appreciation of democratic institutions, such as the CRFB/1988. On the other hand, the coup and the lack of appreciation for democracy and the democratic rule of law, however, live in the shadows and underworld of violence and fake news more recently, and during the more than thirty years of promulgation of the celebrated Constitution Federal of 1988, the institutions and the constitutionally established democratic regime have been questioned by the coup, of which the dantesque event of the attacks on democracy perpetrated by vandals, possible terrorists and financiers of chaos, and purely coupists, on January 8, 2023, at the headquarters of the three branches of government in Brasília, DF. fundamental rights, occurs with great emphasis in the scope of the realization of these same fundamental rights and affects more seriously, above all, the vulnerable, marginalized population, and the black majority, with a cowardly mechanism of structural racism sedimented over the nation in Brazil and which adds to the lack of appreciation for democracy on the part of the population, and which affects, notably, and with greater gravity the economically needy people who live in poverty. Objective: As a general objective, this manuscript aims to describe important mechanisms achieved for the defense and implementation of fundamental rights based on the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil of 1988. Methods: The present work was developed through bibliographical research, on the conquest of rights inserted in the context of the constitutionality and normative force of the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil of 1988, representative of the sedimentation of democracy in Brazil. The research approach method is deductive. Results: This research describes the evolution of generations of fundamental rights enshrined in the 1988 Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil,, among which the current stage of new fundamental rights, resulting from bioethics and technological advances. Conclusion: It is concluded that fundamental rights had a great evolution in a short period of time, notably driven by the barbarism created by the warlike, coup-mongering and dictatorial movements that rested from the 20th century onwards, and notably by the incidence of technological evolution resulting from the advance of science in the same historical period, and which underlie the conquest of rights and the need to implement goals to avoid the social, economic and existential collapse of humanity, with the aim of perpetuating good social coexistence and guaranteeing and promoting the quality of life of people and societies, permeated by rights that are partly individual and partly collective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following essay discusses the crises of democracy and systems of government in Brazilian constitutional history over the course of two centuries from the perspective of defending the Citizens’ Constitution and emancipated citizenship. It undertakes a qualitative evaluation of the institutions, from criticism to the democratic deficit due to the lack of popular participation in the processes for developing the constitutions and the party-political processes established by the electoral systems. It analyzes the systems of government, the trajectory of the State from the imperial monarchy to the republic. Brazilian constitutional history undergoes a series of crises in democracy and government systems in the transitions between democratic and autocratic regimes, at the advent of the republic, in movements defending parliamentarism and semi-presidentialism as a substitution for the presidential system. In terms of Brazilians’ political status, there is a gradual universalization of electoral suffrage and a shift from the institutional position of subjects as subjects of the empire to citizens of the republic, with the dynamics of regulated citizenship, statehood, and the search for an emancipated citizenship. The essay closes with an analysis of the Citizens’ Constitution of 1988 and a reflection on the need for militant democracy in defense of its conquests on social rights and public policies, with the overcoming of the limitations derived from coalition presidentialism and the pressures caused by the emergence of authoritarian populism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to understand how the YouTube hit Galinha Pintadinha (Lottie Dottie Chicken), a naïve Brazilian animation aimed at preschool children, defies the power of big media companies and offers new ways of audiovisual enjoyment. I will describe the emergence of the animation and its YouTube channel called Galinha Pintadinha, which initially had only the Brazilian preschool audience as a target, and then I will analyze its internationalization process that has been developing on YouTube. I have paid attention to the uploaded video strategies of the seven international YouTube channels of Galinha Pintadinha (American, British, French, Italian, Indian, Japanese, and Spanish) considering the number of subscribers to each channel, the number of views, and the growth of the channels. The success reached by Galinha Pintadinha around the world is a result of the audiovisual reconfiguration processes considering the Brazilian audiovisual history in the global flow of media content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While studying immigrant worlding in Brazil's nineteenth-century southern settler frontier, I stumbled across multiple ways of archiving, from poor farmers' viva voce prayers and reminiscences to the nurturing of herbal gardens and usage of forest medicinal products to communal vital registries and home burials (including my ancestors')—all bridging the sensual and conceptual realms through specific material constellations. I take the traces emanating from this unschooled sensorium as an "unfinished system of nonknowledge" forged against the specter of death, as in the 1874 fratricidal conflict that crushed the natural enlightenment of the so-called Mucker false saints. Here, on the edges of colonization, traces-of-what-one-does-not-know testify to the house as an ongoing index of survival and insurgency: both a cluster of materialities, relations, and affects through which complex practices of healing and living on emerge together and an archiving operation combining the historical and the unhistorical in the refiguration of humanness and futurity. As these flickering homespun traces exceed the racialization and necropolitics conjured by the ruling classes and confront brutal efforts at "silencing the past," they also carry "the poetry it is possible not to write"—that is, folks' imaginative and horizon-making capacities, which include the Spirit of Nature and relationships to our dead and which storytelling animates time and again. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If David Bell in his book Men on Horseback (2020) focuses on what is political charisma, how it functions, and what it means 'to write its history', this article examines how Brazil's ex-President Luís Inácio Lula da Silva ('Lula') acquired charisma during the dramatic 1978–80 metalworkers' strikes in the industrial ABC region of São Paulo, Brazil. While generating a vast literature, scholars of the ABC strikes have evaded the question of how Lula, the gifted organiser, emerged as a recognisably charismatic figure. This article explains where, when and why this happened and how a charismatic bond was forged as 100,000 stigmatised, fearful, self-doubting 'peons' came to constitute themselves as a locally articulated social actor, a group in fusion, whose boldness and creativity led to extraordinary feats of organisation and mobilisation. Arguing against conflating charisma and populism, it also establishes the utility of the theorisation of group-making advanced in the Critique of Dialectical Reason (1960) by Jean-Paul Sartre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article proposes a novel approach to Brazil's history by radicalising environmental history's call for writing biophysical environments into the human past. We offer three independent narrative experiments centring nonhuman organisms and things and their power to shape human lives, institutions, and documents. Focusing on ants, mosquitoes, and plankton, these stories put Brazil's early modernity (1850–1950) into perspective, highlighting the immersion of humans in a wider world of agentic beings and things. Our approach emphasizes the uniqueness of individual experiences engendered by the randomness and contingency of a multitude of unexpected encounters with other-than-human entities. We conclude by tracing the broad outlines of a historical approach capable of narrating and explaining Brazil as a more-than-human political community. • Offers a post-anthropocentric approach to Brazil's environmental history. • Explores how nonhuman beings co-produced documents, landscapes, and biographies. • Shows how ants could express themselves through self-narratives. • Shows how mosquitoes shaped entomological eradication campaigns. • Shows how plankton played a role in institutional human politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reconstruction of the economic history of Brazil since independence from Portugal (1822) may lead to a new understanding of its economic growth. The deep-rooted idea that Brazil could have done better means there is a need to delve into each phase of its development. In this paper, we provide a very long-run perspective (1822-2019) of Brazil's economic growth and process of real convergence. On the one hand, this review indicates that structural changes observed in the middle of the 20th century were crucial in promoting the country's growth and real convergence with technologically advanced countries. On the other hand, poor institutional conditions and deficient human capital formation have emerged since colonial times as critical factors underlying Brazil's inability to establish robust and sustainable economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper deals with the postposition of the indefinite "algum" (some) in relation to the noun to instantiate the negative polarity in the nominal phrase in the Portuguese language diachrony, seeking to understand: (i) the nature of the structure [N+algum] in sixteenth-, seventeenth-, eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Portuguese texts, and in nineteenth-century Brazilian texts; and (ii) the process of grammaticalization of the structure as a Negative Polarity Item (IPN, in Portuguese Item de Polaridade Negativa) in the history of the language. It has been found that the structure [N+algum], with inversion, in the 16th and 17th centuries, Classical Portuguese (PCL, in Portuguese Português Clássico), could be used with non-negative value and that other elements could occur in a noun phrase (NP), including the possibility of inflection and non-adjacency between the noun and the indefinite. Such facts supported the hypothesis that in PCL the structure [N+algum] was not grammaticalized as an IPN and the negative value was valued by the presence of a sentential negation operator, preposition or negative conjunction in a higher syntactic domain. It has been concluded that the indefinite in PCL is a determiner (D) even in structures with inversion, these being derived from the movement of the lexical part of the phrase to the specifier position of Determiner Phrase (DP) a fact that contemplates the D properties of "algum" in PCL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Context: Considered one of the most influential educators in Brazil's history, Anísio Teixeira is one of the renowned Latin American students who came to Teachers College (TC). Teixeira was a prominent reformer and educator known for advocating free, public, and secular education accessible to all children. His work as an educator and policy maker is closely related to the idea that schools are "machines that generate democracy." Purpose/Objective: The article discusses how Teixeira's education at Teachers College and his experiences within the U.S. schooling system shaped his conceptions of education and influenced how he aimed to reform the Brazilian public school. Research Design: The study is a historical analysis based on archival research and the works published by Teixeira on education and democracy. Conclusions: Brazil and the United States' historical moment influenced how Anísio Teixeira lived his personal and academic experiences at Teachers College. While discussions on society and education in his home country revolved around establishing a new model, Teachers College welcomed international students who could promote values based on the example offered by the United States. The combination of those perspectives impacted how Teixeira perceived the centrality of democratic values on schooling practices and considered them central for the reforms he would implement upon returning to Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Government transparency and openness are key factors to bring forth the modernization of the state. The combination of transparency and digital information has given rise to the concept of Open Government, that increases citizen understanding and monitoring of government actions, which in turn improves the quality of public services and of the government decision making process. With the goal of improving legislative transparency and the understanding of the Brazilian regulatory process and its characteristics, this paper introduces RegBR, the first national framework to centralize, classify and analyze regulations from the Brazilian government. A centralized database of Brazilian federal legislation built from automated ETL routines and processed with data mining and machine learning techniques was created. Our framework evaluates different NLP models in a text classification task on our novel Portuguese legal corpus and performs regulatory analysis based on metrics that concern linguistic complexity, restrictiveness, law interest, and industry-specific citation relevance. Our results were examined over time and validated by correlating them with known episodes of regulatory changes in Brazilian history, such as the implementation of new economic plans or the emergence of an energy crisis. Methods and metrics proposed by this framework can be used by policy makers to measure their own work and serve as inputs for future studies that could analyze government changes and their relationship with federal regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question of how to generate development while preserving the environment is central to the history of the Brazilian Amazon. Many decades of top-down state interventions conceived and executed under a developmentalist framework have resulted in a socioenvironmental crisis. In response, the Sustainable Oil Palm Production Program (SPOPP) was launched in 2010. It promised to break with developmentalist visions and articulate environmental and sustainability concerns. This paper uses assemblage thinking to examine how these contrasting, often impossible-to-balance, views manifest within SPOPP implementation. We describe how non-human actors (trees, diseases, previous policies and agroecological zoning technologies) interact with human actors. However, powerful actors, in the state and beyond, continue to garner support for their developmentalist interests and thwart or depoliticize environmental and social concerns, thus limiting change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting in 2014, Brazilian politics was shaken up by the lava jato (LJ) operation, a law‐centered anticorruption initiative. LJ unveiled a large corruption scheme in Brazil's national oil company Petrobras, which involved Petrobras directors, political party officials, and large construction companies. LJ was both disruptive and contentious. To some, it started a new chapter in Brazilian history, marked by greater respect for the "rule of law" and a collective "state of mind" concerned with "ending impunity" and building integrity in politics and businesses. To others, it contributed to undermining democracy and the rule of law, paving the way for an autocratic leader—the current Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro. This article sheds further light on those discussions by looking at LJ as a site of "legal consciousness" production. Empirically, the article focuses on conversations generated by lead LJ prosecutors on a major social media platform (Facebook) from 2017 to 2019. Considering this body of data, the article addresses the question: "When prosecutors and 'the people' talked about LJ, what did they talk about?" My findings support the more skeptical views of the operation. The exchanges between LJ prosecutors and their Facebook followers supported the co‐production of a cultural schema averse to the "rule of law." These findings have implications for both legal consciousness and anticorruption research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The permanence of the debates carried out in Brazilian modernism throughout the 20th century is discussed based on an analysis of the discourses of aesthetic and political engagement proposed by Mário de Andrade, of the official institutional actions that privileged the productions of this aesthetic current in their cultural, educational, and diplomatic policies, as well as the actions of interpreters and composers in defense of musical nationalism. It concludes that, in order to understand this permanence, it is necessary to reflect on the role that institutions have historically played, and that the analysis of the action of other agents, such as interpreters, can reveal aspects not yet discussed in the study of modernism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Rural Education modality is a great conquest of the organized social movements and of the Brazilian peasants. Gradually, it was conquering space, consolidating its guiding principles, and operational guidelines, and structuring itself to serve the social groups abandoned by the system throughout the history of Brazil. This work is based on documentary research and a series of interviews with students of the Rural Education degree of the Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia who live in rural communities of the city of Laje-Bahia, Brazil. This work has as its main objective to understand the social function of the course and investigate the anthropological, teleological, and methodological conceptions that guide the work of the University professors. Investigating students, communities, teachers and the results obtained during their trajectory over time is very important to build records that help other researchers interested in this problem and contribute to improving, more and more, the services provided. by the investigated institution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to analyze the scientific production of Paulo Freire disseminated through the Scopus database. This is a bibliometric study that analyzed 1,051 articles indexed in Scopus between 1972 and July 22, 2022. The VOSviewer and Excel programs were used for data processing and analysis. The results added productivity, visibility and relationship concerning the production of Paulo Freire. The oldest article was published in 1972, with an increase in production from 1990-1991, being more expressive rein recent years. Brazil is the most productive country (353 articles and 905 citations), but the United States has the highest number of citations (278 articles and 5,669 citations). It is concluded that Paulo Freire's intellectual trajectory enriches the History of Brazilian Education and from it emanates multiple constructs, which remain in full force and are essential to reflect and practice humanizing education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents part of the results of a doctoral research dedicated to analyze the cycle of the educational policy on gender and sexual diversity in Brazil. Based on Stephen Ball's propositions, which applies Foucault's notions of power and discourse on educational policies, the analysis aimes, beyond the metrics, to understand the political-discursive dynamics that marked both the production of this policy as the systematic reaction that has been organized against it. This text analyzes the background of this policy, its main initiatives, the agents involved in its construction and the pedagogical discourse they produced. It also identifies its main opponents, their tactics and discursive strategies, seeking to understand how they are articulated with the reactionary movements that have dominated Brazil in recent years. Finally, the paper hilights evidences that the debate on gender and sexual diversity in schools survives even in times of conservatism, censorship and ideological terrorism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the social function of Brazilian universities from the standpoint of the history of computing in Brazil, revisiting the dissolution of the Computing Projects Laboratory (LPC), a lab of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-RJ). LPC was responsible in the mid-1970s for the pioneering development of the G-10 minicomputer basic software, a machine designed and developed in Brazil in the context of the so-called "Market Reserve" policy, aimed at developing local computer production. We highlight the narratives that position the source of the LPC crisis in the tensions between a supposed division of "pure science" versus "applied science." In order to answer the central question of the article—for what/whom is the Brazilian university for—we draw on such tensions to discuss the meanings given to university projects in Brazil during those times and their connections with computing and the Market Reserve demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]