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The aim of this study was to compare the effect of using demineralized dentin matrix (DDM) versus hybrid dentin matrices; Demineralized and undemineralized dentin particles (DDM +UDDM) on inducing bone regeneration in mandibular defects.The study was conducted on fifty adult New Zealand rabbits, twenty for preparation of experimental materials and thirty for surgical procedures. They were randomly assigned into 3 equal groups as follow one control group: no treatment and two experimental groups including demineralized group: treated with DDM only; and hybrid group: treated with a hybrid of (50% DDM+50% UDD). A rounded critical size defect (10 mm in diameter- 5mm in depth) was created in the body of mandible. After 3- and 6-weeks post-surgery, the bone regeneration was evaluated by light microscope, scanning electron microscope and histomorphometry.Histological, histomorphometrical observation and SEM revealed that both dentin matrices had largely resorbed and induced new bone formation at both experimental groups compared to the control group, with statistically higher percentage of new bone formation in the hybrid group.We concluded that although both dentin matrices induced new bone formation; however, hybrid dentin matrix yielded better results compared to DDM group.

Background Collagen is the most abundant structural protein in the mammalian connective tissue and represents approximately 30% of animal protein. The current study evaluated the potential capacity of collagen extract derived from Nile tilapia skin in improving the cutaneous wound healing in rats and investigated the underlying possible mechanisms. A rat model was used, and the experimental design included a control group (CG) and the tilapia collagen treated group (TCG). Full-thickness wounds were conducted on the back of all the rats under general anesthesia, then the tilapia collagen extract was applied topically on the wound area of TCG. Wound areas of the two experimental groups were measured on days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 post-wounding. The stages of the wound granulation tissues were detected by histopathologic examination and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and transforming growth factor (TGF-ß1) were investigated using immunohistochemistry. Moreover, relative gene expression analysis of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß1), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were quantified by real-time qPCR. Results The histopathological assessment showed noticeable signs of skin healing in TCG compared to CG. Immunohistochemistry results revealed remarkable enhancement in the expression levels of VEGF and TGF-β1 in TCG. Furthermore, TCG exhibited marked upregulation in the VEGF, bFGF, and α-SMA genes expression. These findings suggested that the topical application of Nile tilapia collagen extract can promote the cutaneous wound healing process in rats, which could be attributed to its stimulating effect on recruiting and activating macrophages to produce chemotactic growth factors, fibroblast proliferation, and angiogenesis. Conclusions The collagen extract could, therefore, be a potential biomaterial for cutaneous wound healing therapeutics.

Background Eye allergy is widely spread worldwide. The treatment includes topical anti-histamines, steroids and non-steroidal drugs. Steroids are the first choice by many ophthalmologists, but unfortunately they may cause serious side effects. Cyclosporine A (CsA) is an immunomodulator drug that can improve eye allergy and reduce the need for steroids; however, topical preparation of CsA is difficult because of the lipophilic nature of the drug. Methods An experimental study included 16 rats with induced allergy were divided into 2 groups. Group 1: allergic non-treated (6 rats), and Group 2: allergic treated with 0.5 mL subconjunctival CsA 1% (10 rats). Half of each group was sacrificed at 24 hrs and the other half at 1 week. Conjunctival hyperemia and eosinophilic cell count were assessed at each time. Results Group 2 (CsA treated) showed significantly lower hyperemia score and eosinophilic count at both 24 hrs and 1 week. No ocular complications were noted. Conclusion Subconjunctival CsA was safe and effective in treating ocular allergy through improving conjunctival hyperemia and reducing eosinophilic cell count with no significant ocular side effects.

Background: In maxillofacial surgery, critical size mandibular defects remain a challenging issue. There have been numerous attempts to improve mandibular defect healing. Recently, bone tissue engineering has provided many benefits in improving bone healing. Herein, we tried to investigate the effect of Mineralized plasmatic matrix (MPM) and Chitosan to enhance tissue healing and regeneration in mandibular bone defect. Methods: A mandibular bone defect of critical size was created in 45 New Zealand rabbits. There were three groups of rabbits: the MPM group, the Chitosan group, and the control group. Radiographical, histological, and immune histochemical evaluations were performed at 4, 8, and 12 post-operative weeks. Results: The MPM group demonstrated the highest degree of bone formation with uniform radio-opacity nearly like that of adjacent healthy parent tissue. While in the chitosan group, most of the defect area was filled with radio-opaque bone with persistent small radiolucent areas. The control group showed less bone formation than the MPM and chitosan group, with more radiolucent areas. Sections stained with (H&E) demonstrated an increase in osseous tissue formation in both the MPM and chitosan groups. Staining with Masson’s trichrome revealed an increase in fibrous connective tissue proliferation in both the MPM and chitosan groups. In both the MPM and chitosan groups, nuclear factor kappa p65 was downregulated, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 was upregulated. Conclusion: According to the current study, MPM and Chitosan may have beneficial effects on the healing of critical-sized mandibular bone defects.

Blue-green microalga Spirulina platensis (SP) gained more attention for its antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory properties magnifying its beneficial effects as a feed additive and for cosmetic and biomedical applications. This study was performed to examine the impact of SP on the cutaneous wound and burn healing and to develop an understanding of the correlation between the sequelae of wound healing and the molecular expression patterns of wound healing-related genes as angiogenic basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibrosis-related genes as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in rat wound models. To achieve these goals, two experiments were performed on 32 Wister male rats that were divided into 4 groups of 8 rats each. Each experiment was represented by 2 groups; the control group (CG) and the Spirulina group (SG). A full-thickness wound (1.5 × 1.5 cm) and burn wound (2 × 2 cm) were made on the back of each generally anaesthetized rat and the areas of wound and burn were measured on days of 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 and 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 post-wound and post-burn respectively. In both experiments, SP was topically applied on the backs of wounded and burned rats in Spirulina treated groups. The phases of wound granulation tissues were detected histopathologically. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expressions of (TGF-B1) and (VEGF). Furthermore, the relative quantification of gene expression was implemented using the (bFGF), (VEGF), (TGF-Ɓ1), and (α-SMA) as target genes. Histopathological examination revealed inflammatory cell infiltration, angiogenesis, epithelialization, and extracellular matrix deposition and wound contraction in SG as compared to CG in both experiments. Immunohistochemistry results showed a significant improvement in the VEGF and TGF-β1 expression levels of SG in both experiments. Interestingly, SG in both experiments revealed upregulation of angiogenic genes (bFGF and VEGF) and downregulation of fibrotic genes (TGF-β1 and α-SMA). In conclusion, our findings suggest that the topically applied Spirulina promoted wound healing. Thus, SP can be used as a biomedical application to treat various skin wounds and may reveal a potential molecular basis for future promising antifibrotic agents against scar formation.

The aim of this study was to compare forelimb claw dimensions in buffalo cows, and to establish a reference values for functional claw trimming. Medial and lateral healthy front feet claws were evaluated from 20 young (YB) and 20 mature (MB) Egyptian buffalo cows (Bubalus bubalis). The dorsal wall length (TL), dorsal wall angle (TA), heel length (HBL), height (HBH) and width (HBW), sole (SL) and claw length (CL) and sole width (SW) were measured. Differences between YB and MB were evaluated using ANOVA test, while those between the lateral and medial claws with a paired t test. Before and after trimming, the HBL, HBW, HBH, SL and CL were significantly higher for both claws in MB, while the TA was significantly lower. Before trimming the lateral HBW and HBH were significantly higher than the medial, while the SL and CL of the medial claw were significantly higher than the lateral claw. After trimming, the lateral claw HBL was significantly higher in MB. The SW of the lateral claw was significantly higher than the medial claw in both YB and MB, and it did not change after trimming. These results can be considered as a guidance during front feet trimming in buffaloes.

Background Eye allergy is widely spread worldwide. The treatment includes topical anti-histamines, steroids and non-steroidal drugs. Steroids are the first choice by many ophthalmologists, but unfortunately they may cause serious side effects. Cyclosporine A (CsA) is an immunomodulator drug that can improve eye allergy and reduce the need for steroids; however, topical preparation of CsA is difficult because of the lipophilic nature of the drug. Methods An experimental study included 16 rats with induced allergy were divided into 2 groups. Group 1: allergic non-treated (6 rats), and Group 2: allergic treated with 0.5 mL subconjunctival CsA 1% (10 rats). Half of each group was sacrificed at 24 hrs and the other half at 1 week. Conjunctival hyperemia and eosinophilic cell count were assessed at each time. Results Group 2 (CsA treated) showed significantly lower hyperemia score and eosinophilic count at both 24 hrs and 1 week. No ocular complications were noted. Conclusion Subconjunctival CsA was safe and effective in treating ocular allergy through improving conjunctival hyperemia and reducing eosinophilic cell count with no significant ocular side effects.

Wound healing is a public health concern. Licorice gained a great attention for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties which expand its valuable effects as a herbal medicine. In this study, we pointed out to the wound healing potential and the mechanism by which licorice alcoholic extract can modulate cutaneous wound healing through immune, antioxidant, histopathological, immunohistochemical (IHC) and molecular studies. 24 Wister rats were assigned into 3 groups (n = 8 each); control group, topical and oral supplied groups. Licorice extract administration significantly increased total and differential leucocyte counts, phagocytic activity of neutrophils, antioxidant biomarkers as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase activities (GPx) and reduced glutathione (GSH) content with a notable reduction in oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA). Moreover, histopathological findings detected complete re-epithelialization with increasing collagen synthesis while IHC results revealed a significant enhancement in the expression of α-SMA, PDGFR-α, FGFR1 and Cytokeratin 14 in licorice treated groups compared with the control group. Licorice extract supplementation accelerated wound healing by increasing angiogenesis and collagen deposition through up-regulation of bFGF, VEGF and TGF-β gene expression levels compared with the control group. UPLC-PDA-MS/MS aided to authenticate the studied Glycyrrihza species and recognized 101 potential constituents that may be responsible for licorice-exhibited potentials. Based on our observations we concluded that licorice enhanced cutaneous wound healing via its free radical-scavenging potential, potent antioxidant activities, and anti-inflammatory actions. Therefore, licorice could be used as a potential alternative therapy for wound injury which could overcome the associated limitations of modern therapeutic products.

Simple Summary Postfracture treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs might result in delayed healing. This study was aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of flunixin meglumine (FM) and ketoprofen on bone fracture healing in rabbits. A simple unilateral diaphyseal fracture was made and followed by fixation by K-wire. Healing was evaluated with radiography, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. Interestingly, the results revealed that FM enhanced bone fracture healing combined with the activation of early collagen deposition, marked angiogenesis, and enhanced vascular endothelial growth factor. However, ketoprofen delayed bone fracture healing. These findings provide novel baseline information about the potential beneficial effects of FM on bone fracture healing cases. Abstract Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most commonly used postoperative analgesics, antipyretics, and anti-inflammatories, and they help prevent blood clotting. However, most NSAIDs delay bone healing. This study was aimed to investigate bone healing in a rabbit animal model by assessing the ability of flunixin meglumine (FM) and ketoprofen to induce fracture healing by examining histology, radiological changes, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) immunostaining during bone healing. For this purpose, 24 New Zealand rabbits were assigned to three groups: the control group, the FM group, and the ketoprofen group. Our results revealed that there were no intraoperative complications, and all surviving rabbits achieved full-weight bearing. Significant periosteal reaction and callus formation were confirmed at 2 postoperative weeks. Interestingly, FM enhanced callus formation, bone union, and remodeling in the FM group compared to the control and ketoprofen groups. FM enhanced bone healing through early collagen deposition and marked angiogenesis process activation by increasing the expression of VEGF. Our findings demonstrated, for the first time, the potential imperative action of FM in the bone healing process rather than other NSAIDs in animals.

This study was conducted to describe and evaluate the ultrasound-guided technique and the anatomical relation for brachial plexus block in donkeys. In the first study, three donkey's cadavers were used to determine the neuroanatomical description of the brachial plexus. In the second study, four donkeys were used to evaluate the ultrasound structure of brachial plexus and the distribution of methylene blue solution that was injected around the nerves during subsequent postmortem anatomical dissection. In the third study, six donkeys were used to evaluate the efficient of the ultrasound-guided brachial plexus block after injection of lidocaine. Ultrasound was used to identify brachial plexus and blood vessels. Anatomical scrutiny assured the relationship between the nerves and the blood vessels. The nerves were adequately stained with methylene blue solution in all donkeys. A volume of 25 mL of lidocaine per injection site resulted in effective sensitive and motor block of forelimbs nerves after brachial plexus block. Based on the obtained data we could conclude that brachial plexus nerve block guided by ultrasound can be used in surgery of donkey distal fore limb. Key words : ultrasound; brachial plexus; nerve block; donkey

Objectives: Evaluate and compare the analgesic effect of epidural lidocaine and lidocaine- neostigmine combination in dogs. Methods: Six healthy dogs of mixed breed weighing 12–15 kg were selected for this study. All dogs received all treatments in a cross-over design with at least a one-week interval. Dogs were premeditated with Xylazine (0.5 mg/kg) and general anesthesia was induced with thiopental sodium (12.5 mg/kg) to perform the lumbosacral puncture. Epidural analgesia was done using either 6 mg/kg of lidocaine 2% or a combination of 6 mg/kg of Lidocaine 2%, with 10 µg/kg neostigmine. The degree of analgesia was evaluated using a numerical rating scale. Analgesia was defined as lack of response to pinprick test and pressure from hemostat clamp and was performed after one hour of epidural injection, and thereafter every 10 min until complete recovery. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and rectal temperature (RT) were recorded before (baseline, 0) and at every 10 min until a complete recovery was observed. Results: HR, RR and RT did not differ between treatments at any time point. The lidocaine–neostigmine combination produced a significant (P < 0.05) longer duration of analgesia than lidocaine alone. The addition of neostigmine resulted in a significantly longer duration of analgesia. Co-administration of epidural neostigmine and lignocaine appears to be a useful technique for postoperative analgesia as it increases the duration of analgesia Conclusion: Adding neostigmine to epidural administered lidocaine in dogs increases the analgesic effect on both hind limbs and perineal region. Short running title: Lidocaine-neostigmine epidural in the dog.

Xylazine Hcl was generally used in veterinary medicine for its sedative and moderate analgesic effect. This experimental study was undertaken to determine the effect of repeated intravenous (IV) administration of xylazine on sedation and analgesia as well as cardiac arrhythmia using ECG in donkeys. Three repeated injections of xylazine (0.5 mg/kg) with 10 minute interval were injected IV in six healthy adult donkeys. Sedation score, analgesic score, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate, rectal temperature and ECG parameters were recorded before and after 2, 5 and 10 minutes from injection for each injection and then at 5 minutes intervals until complete recovery from sedation and the normal ECG was recorded. Deep sedation was obtained 5 minutes after the second injection in all donkeys, and the length of sedation lasted 71 ± 6 minutes. The deep analgesia was obtained 5 minutes after the third injection in all donkeys, and the length of analgesia lasted 62 ± 5 minutes. There was a highly significant decrease in HR after the third injection (P < 0.01). Normal HR was obtained in all donkeys after 75 ± 10 minutes of the third injection. Cardiac arrhythmia as atrial fibrillation and AV block were recorded after second and third injection but this arrhythmia was transient. We can conclude that repeated injection of xylazine Hcl give acceptable results either for sedation or ECG parameters in donkeys.

The pathogenesis of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is not fully understood. The biomolecular signaling pathways involved in the IVD degeneration require further investigation. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of NG2 proteoglycan in the degenerated IVD. IVD samples were obtained from 16 Dachshunds that were confirmed to have IVD herniation and subsequently underwent hemilaminectomy. The samples were subjected to histological and immunohistochemical (IHC) examinations. IHC revealed positive results for the expression of NG2 proteoglycan in all examined samples. The results showed the expression of NG2 proteoglycan by the degenerated IVDs.

In the present study, we compare a new carbon dioxide (CO2) absorbent, Yabashi lime(®) with a conventional CO2 absorbent, Sodasorb(®) as a control CO2 absorbent for Compound A (CA) and Carbon monoxide (CO) productions. Four dogs were anesthetized with sevoflurane. Each dog was anesthetized with four preparations, Yabashi lime(®) with high or low-flow rate of oxygen and control CO2 absorbent with high or low-flow rate. CA and CO concentrations in the anesthetic circuit, canister temperature and carbooxyhemoglobin (COHb) concentration in the blood were measured. Yabashi lime(®) did not produce CA. Control CO2 absorbent generated CA, and its concentration was significantly higher in low-flow rate than a high-flow rate. CO was generated only in low-flow rate groups, but there was no significance between Yabashi lime(®) groups and control CO2 absorbent groups. However, the CO concentration in the circuit could not be detected (≤5ppm), and no change was found in COHb level. Canister temperature was significantly higher in low-flow rate groups than high-flow rate groups. Furthermore, in low-flow rate groups, the lower layer of canister temperature in control CO2 absorbent group was significantly higher than Yabashi lime(®) group. CA and CO productions are thought to be related to the composition of CO2 absorbent, flow rate and canister temperature. Though CO concentration is equal, it might be safer to use Yabashi lime(®) with sevoflurane anesthesia in dogs than conventional CO2 absorbent at the point of CA production.

Two dogs were presented with history of regurgitation. Both dogs were diagnosed with focal myasthenia gravis (FMG). Thoracic radiography was consisted with megaesophagus. Acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) antibody titer was positive. Both dogs were treated with pyridostigmine bromide as sole treatment. One case rapidly resolved with the recovery of the esophagus, while the other case even the AChRs antibody titer was normalized after 60 days but the clinical remission was occurred after long time. This report suggested that clinical signs of FMG were resolved, but we can’t predict the time required, additionally, pyridostigmine bromide might be effective for palliation of symptoms.

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the outcome of right flank colostomy technique and coloanal reconstruction technique in treating atresia coli in calves. Materials and methods: All newly born calves (n= 59) with lack of feces were admitted to the Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Kafrelsheikh University, between May 2011 and November 2015. After clinical and radiographic examinations, calves with atresia coli were subjected to either right flank colostomy or coloanal reconstruction technique, and outcome results after surgery were recorded. Results: Of 59 calves with intestinal atresia, 16 male calves were confirmed atresia coli and treated surgically. Right flank colostomy was performed in 7 calves, two calves died within 24 hours after surgery. Two calves died after short period of surgery due to peritonitis and one was slaughtered after 1 month due to recurrent colonic prolapse. Two calves reached 2 months old with weight less than 60 kg. Coloanal reconstruction was performed in 9 calves; one calf died during surgery due to hypothermia. Three calves died after short period of surgery due to peritonitis. One calf observed colonal prolapse and treated with purse string suture. One calf was slaughtered at 50 days after recurrent diarrhea. Three cases reached 2-3 months old with weight up to 80 kg. Conclusion: The results of the current study suggested that the coloanal reconstruction technique seemingly has a beneficial effect on long-term for treatment of atresia coli in calves than right flank colostomy technique.

Background Delayed wound healing is a significant clinical problem in patients who have had previous irradiation. This study investigated the effectiveness of Aloe vera (Av) on acute radiation-delayed wound healing. Methods The effect of Av was studied in radiation-exposed rats compared with radiation-only and control rats. Skin wounds were excised on the back of rats after 3 days of local radiation. Wound size was measured on days 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 after wounding. Wound tissues were examined histologically and the expressions of transforming growth factor β-1 (TGF-β-1) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) were examined by immunohistochemistry and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results Wound contraction was accelerated significantly by Av on days 6 and 12 after wounding. Furthermore, the inflammatory cell infiltration, fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition, angiogenesis, and the expression levels of TGF-β-1 and bFGF were significantly higher in the radiation plus Av group compared with the radiation-only group. Conclusions These data showed the potential application of Av to improve the acute radiation-delayed wound healing by increasing TGF-β-1 and bFGF production.

Ayman Atiba,1 Tamer Wasfy,2 Walied Abdo,3 Ahmed Ghoneim,2 Tarek Kamal,4 Mustafa Shukry5 1Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 2Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, 3Department of Pathology, 4Department of Biochemistry, 5Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt Purpose: To investigate the efficacy of topical applied aloe vera (AV) and to facilitate the repair of the standardized alkaline corneal ulcer in normal and diabetic rats.Materials and methods: The corneal alkali-burn injury model was established unilaterally in Wistar rats by filter paper saturated with 0.01 M NaOH contacting the eyes for 45 seconds. Rats were divided into four groups: normal control (NC), normal AV (NAV), diabetic control (DC), and diabetic AV (DAV). NAV and DAV groups were treated with AV gel eye drops four times daily, and NC and DC groups were treated with normal saline for 3 days. Corneal epithelial wound closure and degree of edema were recorded using slit lamp and optical coherence tomography at 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours postwounding. Histological examination was conducted to evaluate the degree of inflammation and the healing effect.Results: Corneal epithelial wound healing was better in the NAV group than in the NC group, and it was significantly higher in the DAV group than in the DC group (P

The object of this study was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of epidural injection of lidocaine plus neostigmine and lidocaine alone for perineal analgesia in buffalo. Caudal epidural analgesia was performed in six water buffalo calves at the first inter-coccygeal extradural space. It was produced in all calves by 2% lidocaine alone (0.22 mg/kg) and with 2 weeks intervals, repeated by combination of lidocaine–neostigmine (0.22 mg/kg and 10 µg / kg respectively). Analgesia was tested using deep pin prick stimuli. The time of onset and duration of analgesia, ataxia, heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature were compared among the two treatments. These parameters were determined before drug administration (baseline 0), at 10 minute intervals thereafter. Both treatments resulted in complete analgesia of the tail, perineum, and the upper parts of the hind limbs. The onset of analgesia was faster, but not significant in lidocaine plus neostigmine compared with lidocaine alone (3 ± 1 and 4 ± 1 minute respectively) (mean ± SD) (P > 0.05). The duration of epidural analgesia was significantly longer in lidocaine plus neostigmine than in lidocaine alone (134 ± 11 and 68 ± 9 minutes respectively) (P

Burn injury is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Healing of burn wounds still remains a challenge to modern medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on a second-degree burn wounds and compare it with that of silver sulfadiazine (SSD) 1% cream in dogs. A standard deep second-degree burn wound was produced, five dogs, each dog have three groups, DMSO, SSD and control (untreated). The efficacy of treatment was assessed based on the healing percentage of the wound, time to complete wound healing and the degree of inflammation. Wound contraction was higher in the DMSO group than both SSD and the control group. It was significantly higher in the DMSO group than the control group on days 21 and 24 (P 0.05). Clinically, inflammatory reaction was less in DMSO group than the control group. Topical application of DMSO has significant positive effects on the healing of burn wounds in a dog model.