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This paper deals with issues related to the increase in the cost of purchasing energy, following the secondary effects related to the liberalization of the markets, which will lead the main clients from the business environment in Romania to conclude that the increase in the cost of energy is a consequence of the decisions established by the main players in the market, those who provide energy and natural gas, decisions aimed at maximizing their profit. In a much more detailed research, a series of remarks can be made, such as that at the basis of the increase in the purchase regarding the fluctuations in the cost of natural gas cost variations of energy and natural gas that consumers have to bear, there are a multitude of aspects imposed by the European Union. and energy, fluctuations that have proven to have created fluctuations in the business environment in our country over time. Following the research carried out, we can conclude that the main causes of the energy and natural gas market that create imbalances in the business environment are: stock market fluctuations which in the current context have proven to be very dynamic and very unpredictable in extremely sudden changes; energy import and transformations generated by cross-border flows; the return to the consumption recorded before the pandemic period; the reorganization of the geopolitical space based on the decisions imposed by the Russian Federation has a very big impact; non-exploitation of natural gas stocks from warehouses to the maximum.

Establishing the financing sources exerts, under the conditions of market economy, a significant impact on the development of business activity. In this way it is decided upon the financial structure of the company and measures are taken to ensure its optimal character. Because preserving financial independence and autonomy is a major aspect in the process of choosing financing sources, one can observe the security offered by equity used as financing sources in the operating activity. However, the company cannot use only equity financing because the rational objective is to maximize the entity’s value, and the cost involved in raising capital will be higher than the cost of the existing one.

Economic entities, irrespective of their legal status, show a permanent concern forcommunicating the financial information useful to their environment. Financial communication isachieved through a variety of means, but the most relevant and credible instruments are the annualfinancial statements. Annual financial statements are synthetic documents used to provide information on thefinancial position and performance of an economic entity. The balance sheet is an important component of the annual financial statements and is used asan accounting instrument that reflects the entity's patrimony and the results of its activity during afinancial year. The new accounting regulations consider the balance sheet a synthetic instrument thatsynthesizes the financial position of an economic entity, that is to say the balance sheet gives a trueimage of the entity’s entire patrimony at a given moment.

On the background of a climate dominated by mistrust, suspicion and uncertainty, incontemporary society an increasing emphasis is put on financial communication as the main pillarthat ensures transparency and helps the economic entity to gain credibility among stakeholders. Financial communication has become a strategic concern, managed at top management level. The management of any entity is characterized by at least three fundamental processes: thinking,decision making and communication. Without proper thinking, no decision could be made. Withoutmaking decisions, we cannot talk about management. Without communicating the decisions made,we cannot put them in practice. Communication is a natural process, but within the corporate governance, it occupies asignificant share on the behalf of both issuers and receivers on one hand, with great care to ensurea continuous feed-back on the other hand.

Quality is a term that generally expresses the synthesis of all essential qualities of things and products/services. Quality and organization of activities necessary to achieve a level of quality has evolved permanently over several centuries. Quality is used in all economic and social aspects of life, but it has a subjective character and has special significance for each specific field, sector, function or product/service. Quality is a generic term applied to the various traits or characteristics, either individual or generic, and has been defined by experts or consultants in quality in many ways, different meanings being assigned to this term. The satisfaction of suppliers/producers for the work “well done” has always been perceived as a sense of pride and raised at different levels, depending on the historical period.

Companies face a diverse range of challenges and opportunities that have a significant impact on their long-term sustainability. This range includes factors such as climate change, resource limitations, urbanization and technological advances. Investors should evaluate the impact of these factors on companies to guide their investment choices. Stakeholders worldwide are looking to assess how companies manage sustainability risks and opportunities. They need access to standardized, comparable data, essential information in the decision-making process. The paper explores integrating sustainability standards in investment and governance, focusing on the ISSB's impact. Objectives include assessing their effectiveness for investor information, enhancing transparency, and promoting sustainable finance. The research analyzes the evolution, specific goals, and implications of these standards on decision-making and reporting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theme of our research is the ways of keeping accounting entities that are the object of the provision of services in the accounting profession. This paper aims to achieve a parallel between the ways of organizing financial records - accounting provided by freelancers and companies with activity in the financial - accounting. The first step in our scientific research is to establish objectives chosen area of scientific knowledge. Our scientific approach seeks to explain through a thorough and detailed approach as different sides (conceptual and practical) looking projections of accounting issues related to regulatory developments and practices in the field. This paper addresses various concepts, accounting treatments, and books and accounting documents used both freelancers in providing accounting services and legal persons authorized accounting profession. In terms of methodology and research perspective, the whole scientific approach combined with quantitative and qualitative research theoretical perspective (descriptive-conceptual) with practice perspective (empirical) analyzing the main contributions of various authors (Romanian and foreign) to knowledge in the field. Following the survey believe that the amendments to the national legislation will support entities providing accounting services, by cutting red tape on Administrative Burdens, and consequently will increase profitability and increase service quality.

In recent years, economists and specialists in human resources have shown a growing interest for more efficient wage policy, one that proves to be judiciously developed and in accordance with the specific activity of each entity. Therefore, an effective wage policy should be part of the general policy of the firm and should answer, on the one hand to the general requirements of increasing the efficiency of the activity and on the other hand to provide stimulation and motivation for the staff so to achieve not only individual performance but bring along added value to the overall business performance. This article is part of a broader research conducted by authors in the field of wages and labor market flexicurity. In elaborating this article we have appealed to an exhaustive analysis of EU law regarding remuneration of labor, in general, and labor flexicurity, in particular, the opinions of experts in the field were considered and their opinions, or some legal texts, the most significant ones, were presented in this work in a summary form. A critical documentary work on Community regulations and Romanian legislation, foreign specialized literature and the one published in our country was performed while conducting the research. The theoretical approach of flexicurity is different from state to state within the European Union in relation to the development and diversification of the labor market of each state. In some countries the efforts can focus on the firms for retraining, requalification, while in others the focus should be put on training during periods of inactivity or unemployment.

The changes occurred in the banking marketing in our country have their origin, firstly, in the changes of the organisational culture which has evolved in the last ten years from the bureaucratic behaviour, categorised excessively, to a specific behaviour for the market economy, based on the knowledge of the clients, on the competition and on the promotion of the mentality of a winner. The organisational culture can be changed in time, as long as the employees are aware of the objectives followed, as long as they are selected and promoted in conformity with these objectives and as long as the feeling of belonging to the organisation has formed which depends essentially on the satisfaction that the employee feels towards the activity he/she enrols. Due to the stimulation of the own personnel, the banks, through superior wages as for the best paid sectors of the national economy, have managed to attract the interest of the existing professionals, as well as of the young specialists willing to dedicate to a banking carrier. The training programs organised through the means of the Romanian Banking Institute or through distinct programs organised by the baking companies in our country have contributed to the motivation of the personnel, as well as to the consolidation of the new organisational culture.

Disruptive technologies are shaping our world in a wide range of manners, from targeted advertising to self-driving cars. Their impact becomes more complex in highly-regulated, judgmentintensive fields, such as public external audit. While auditees operate in an increasingly dataintensive environment, sometimes employing cutting-edge data analysis and automation tools, stakeholders expect the audit profession to step up its game and adapt to some of the better-developed IT technologies, such as robotic process automation or machine learning. While such initiatives begin to crop up, they must adhere to the stern normative framework of public external audit, stemming from INTOSAI and national authoritative audit standards, procedures and guidelines. Our research aims to shed light on the current degree of INTOSAI and Romanian standards and guidance readiness to facilitate the use of some of the latest and potentially beneficial IT concepts, as well as the results of INTOSAI collaborative initiatives on IT matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Personal bankruptcy is regulated in all the countries from Western Europe. We selected a group of three countries: France, Ireland and Germany, to analyze the ways in which physical persons are put under bankruptcy law protection, while considering that implementation of the personal bankruptcy law is constantly delayed in Romania. Taking into account some comparative studies, we have found out that in all three countries is applied the principle of “consumer-friendly legislation”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Countries from Central and Eastern Europe are in different stages of development and implementation of personal bankruptcy legislation. Austria has regulations comparable to those in Western Europe, while the Czech Republic and Poland have recently developed regulations regarding the bankruptcy of individuals. The solutions identified in countries that have followed a similar path, namely the abandonment of a centrally planned economy and transition to a functioning market economy, which consequently led to the problem of individual bankruptcy, can also be applied selectively in Romania in the next period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the microeconomic level, the research and development costs are included in a broader category known as "discretionary costs", i.e. they are not mandatory and occur as a result of managerial decisions. At the macroeconomic level, research and development spending stimulates innovation and contributes in this way to increase and diversify production, performance, productivity and economic efficiency. The Europe 2020 Strategy, based on the role of research and development expenses in the current period, has set a target on medium term for such expenditures: to rise up to 3% of GDP in the EU for 2020. The source of funding for research and development expenditures may be: state budget allocations to the government sector and higher education institutions and private funds allocated by corporate or nonprofit organizations. Our study aims to rank the impact of research activities undertaken by the government sector, higher education institutions and the private sector by GDP and gross private domestic investment and identify the most appropriate measures for achieving the Europe 2020 goals by Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the microeconomic level, the research and development costs are included in a broader category known as "discretionary costs", i.e. they are not mandatory and occur as a result of managerial decisions. At the macroeconomic level, research and development spending stimulates innovation and contributes in this way to increase and diversify production, performance, productivity and economic efficiency. The Europe 2020 Strategy, based on the role of research and development expenses in the current period, has set a target on medium term for such expenditures: to rise up to 3% of GDP in the EU for 2020. The source of funding for research and development expenditures may be: state budget allocations to the government sector and higher education institutions and private funds allocated by corporate or nonprofit organizations. Our study aims to rank the impact of research activities undertaken by the government sector, higher education institutions and the private sector by GDP and gross private domestic investment and identify the most appropriate measures for achieving the Europe 2020 goals by Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the European Union had emerged flexicurity strategies to increase by increasing in tandem flexibility and safety. In Romania flexicurity will be achieved by rebalancing the relationship between flexibility and security in the sense of increasing flexibility that ultimately seems to have understood, the decision makers as a real job security can not be achieved by ignoring the interests of employers. This is exactly the sense that we can understand the analysis changes in labor legislation in recent years, when concerns about labor market flexibility have emerged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modern economies under the impact of globalization have created an opportunity for investors to set up the various portfolios of financial assets (stocks, bonds, treasury bills, derivatives and other securities) diverse in terms of the structure, size and scale of the companies where investments have been made and a very diverse geographical area. This diversification has had considerable support from the development of technical instruments of transactions and of information technology, a general trend of market convergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The international economical integration approached various national economics that produced a strong interdependency. The elimination of the customs and monetary barriers led to the apparition of macrospaces, as is the EURO ZONE, for instances. This paper presents the advantages of monetary integration and the path that Romania must employ in order to achieve economic monetary integration. In regard to economic efficiency, it is estimated that the simple elimination of uncertainly over the evolution of foreign currency exchange rates and respectively of the costs of converting one currency into another will insure yearly savings of 15 million euro. A country within the European Economic and Monetary Union that is confronted with sudden changes or other specific problems, bound to decrease the expanding of its activities and consequently its income, will no longer take action by resorting to known strategies, such as interest or exchange rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The moment of EU extension to the east at the 1st of January 2007 is extremely important in the recent Romanian history. A feeling of self satisfaction has unfortunately come upon Romania like the one specific for a person who can rest in peace until the destination after hardly catching an important train. For Romania, a country behind the present times, the only chance is a long term economic growth, approached in an European context, by focusing the economic, monetary, currency and fiscal policies towards the achievement of a lasting economic growth. The Union works for the durable development of Europe, based on a balanced economic growth and prices' stability, on a highly competitive market economy, which targets the employment of the entire workforce and the social progress, as well as for a high level of environment protection and quality improvement[…]. This promotes the economic, social and territorial cohesion but also the solidarity between the member states as the article n. 2 of the Treaty concerning the creation of the European Community stipulates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]