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En la presente tesis doctoral se analiza la relación entre el engagement deportivo con su hipotético polo opuesto, el burnout, describiendo el papel de la motivación desde la perspectiva de la teoría de la autodeterminación (TAD). Para ello, previamente se validó una versión española del Athlete Engagement Questionnaire (AEQ). Los resultados ofrecen una adaptación del AEQ con valores satisfactorios en términos de fiabilidad y validez. Los análisis posteriores muestran: 1) relaciones negativas entre engagement y burnout y entre motivación y burnout y 2) positivas entre engagement y motivación, así como un papel mediador del engagement entre motivación y burnout.

The sport commitment model proposed by Schmidt and Stein is one of the most complete paradigms on the etiology of burnout syndrome. According to this model, the degree of burnout of athletes is related to the nature of their commitment to sporting activity. Based on the Benefits, Costs, Satisfaction, Alternatives, and Investments, three types of athletes are defined: (1) athletes who are fully committed because they enjoy the activity; (2) athletes who are committed because they feel trapped; (3) athletes who are not committed and are at risk of abandonment. Analysis of cluster and analysis of variance were performed using data collected from a sample of 357 athletes. The results were aligned with the Schmidt and Stein model predictions in terms of athlete type and partial scores for each component of the model, although with slight variations. The percentage of athletes correctly classified is 99.35% for the cluster of committed athletes; 97.35% for the cluster of entrapped athletes; 96.63% for the cluster of non-committed athletes at risk of abandonment. In conclusion, the sport commitment model provides a useful approach to explain the etiology of burnout in athletes, helping to understand the psychological keys to the syndrome.

Dicha investigación refleja la replicación del Modelo basado en el compromiso deportivo desarrollado por Schmidt y Stein (1991). Entre cuyos principales objetivos encontraríamos la comprobación de la fiabilidad de los resultados obtenidos por los mismos en el estudio original y comprobar su generalización a la población española. Además de poder fortalecer la evidencia de los descubrimiento del estudio anterior y corregir las diversas limitaciones encontradas.

The purpose of our research was to analyze the relationship among motivation, burnout, and engagement in sports. Five hundred athletes of both sexes from multiple sports modalities took part, with a mean age of 17.39 years (SD = 4.60). The instruments applied were as follows: Spanish versions of the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS), the Athlete Engagement Questionnaire (AEQ) and the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Pearson correlations showed that motivation is negatively related to burnout and positively to engagement, while burnout and engagement are inversely related to each other. Through structural equation modeling, it was shown that engagement has a mediating role between motivation and burnout. Furthermore, there are no gender differences in this relationship, although there are differences between athletes who practice individual sports and those who practice collective sports. Encouraging high levels of self-determined motivation can help to increase athletes’ degree of engagement and protect them against burnout and sport withdrawal.

The purpose of our research was to analyze the relationship among motivation, burnout, and engagement in sports. Five hundred athletes of both sexes from multiple sports modalities took part, with a mean age of 17.39 years (SD = 4.60). The instruments applied were as follows: Spanish versions of the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS), the Athlete Engagement Questionnaire (AEQ) and the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Pearson correlations showed that motivation is negatively related to burnout and positively to engagement, while burnout and engagement are inversely related to each other. Through structural equation modeling, it was shown that engagement has a mediating role between motivation and burnout. Furthermore, there are no gender differences in this relationship, although there are differences between athletes who practice individual sports and those who practice collective sports. Encouraging high levels of self-determined motivation can help to increase athletes’ degree of engagement and protect them against burnout and sport withdrawal

The results of a longitudinal study on the cognitive development of one group of full-term and three groups of low risk preterm children with different gestational ages (GA) are presented. The 181 participants were divided into four GA groups of similar size. The aims were: 1) To check if there are differences in cognitive development (measured through the Batelle scale) among the GA groups. 2) To establish the predictive factors of cognitive development at 22 and 60 months of age, taking into account biomedical, environmental and individual factors. The results of the repeated measures ANOVA performed at 22 and 60 months of age indicated that the cognitive trajectories of the four GA groups were similar. Linear regression analyses showed that the effect of the different predictors changed in relation to the time of measurement of cognitive development. Biological factors and the quality of home environment had a moderate effect on the cognitive development at 22 months of age. Cognitive results obtained at 22 months of age, and, to a lesser extent, working memory had the greatest effect on cognitive development at 60 months. GA does not predict cognitive development. Preterm children do not show cognitive delay if they are healthy

Necesidades Psicológicas del Deportista (CNPD) de Dosil (2005) que mide cuatro habilidades psicológicas de notable relevancia en el ámbito del deporte como son la concentración, la confianza, la activación y la motivación, y el segundo diseñado para evaluar la influencia que ejercen algunas variables psicosociales tales como la edad, el género, el tipo de deporte, la categoría competitiva, los años de práctica y el abandono deportivo sobre dichas habilidades. En total participaron en el trabajo trescientos veintisiete deportistas de dieciocho deportes diferentes, con edades comprendidas entre los 11 y los 54 años. En el primer estudio se han realizado diversos análisis factoriales confirmatorios de los ítems del CNPD hasta conseguir una versión reducida de 15 ítems. Se realizaron también análisis de consistencia interna de cada uno de los factores del cuestionario reducido así como del total de los ítems obteniéndose resultados satisfactorios (Alpha global = .86). Se obtuvieron además evidencias de validez convergente del cuestionario con otros instrumentos de medida similares, a través del cálculo de coeficientes de correlación de Pearson entre factores. En el segundo estudio, análisis univariados (ANOVA, prueba t-Student y prueba U de Mann-Whitney) indicaron que las necesidades psicológicas del deportista se vieron influenciadas por al menos una variable psicosocial. Análisis univariantes posteriores de 2 factores permitieron conocer, no solo los efectos principales, sino además los efectos de la interacción de las variables psicosociales sobre las habilidades psicológicas de los deportistas. Como conclusión principal de la tesis podemos señalar que se ha obtenido un instrumento de medida con buenas propiedades psicométricas e información sobre variables psicosociales y psicológicas que nos permiten, por un lado, contar con una herramienta sencilla y rápida de aplicar y, por otro, con conocimiento útil para que los profesionales del deporte puedan trabajar con rig

The purpose of the present research was to analyze the mediating role of motivational regulation between the satisfaction of basic psychological needs and burnout and engagement in athletes. From different sports 1011 young Spanish athletes participated in the study. Participants completed several measurement instruments concerning: the Basic Needs Satisfaction in Sport Scale, Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire, Athlete Burnout Questionnaire and Athlete Engagement Questionnaire. The results of structural equation modeling showed that the satisfaction of basic psychological needs has direct effects on burnout and engagement: a negative effect on athlete burnout (–0.49, p < 0.001) and a positive effect on engagement (0.54, p < 0.001). In addition, the satisfaction of basic psychological needs has a partial indirect effect over these variables in the same direction mediated by the self-determined degree of motivation. Thus, low levels of self-regulated motivation are positively related to burnout, but high levels of self-determined motivation are not. The same was observed with engagement, but vice versa: high levels of self-determined motivation are positively related to athlete engagement, but low levels of self-determined motivation are not. The proposed model explained 37% of the variance of burnout and 51% of the variance of engagement

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship among basic psychological needs and burnout in a sample of athletes (N = 639). It was hypothesized that psychological needs satisfaction was negatively associated with burnout syndrome and the frustration of these needs related positively. Burnout was measured with the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ), satisfaction of basic psychological needs with the Basic Needs Satisfaction in Sport Scale (BNSSS), and frustration with the Psychological Needs Thwarting Scale (PNTS). Data analysis was conducted under the approach of structural equation modeling (SEM). The results showed that satisfaction of basic psychological needs had a negative direct effect on burnout of −0.67 (p < 0.001) while the frustration of these needs had a direct effect of 0.18 (p < 0.001). In addition, the total model explained 59% of the total variance of burnout. All individual parameters of the model were statistically significant and the overall fit of the model was satisfactory. It can be concluded that satisfying the basic psychological needs of the athletes can protect them against burnout

The aim of this study was to analyze habits and motivation towards practicing physical-sports activities among university students. A sample of 608 university students from the Santiago de Compostela campus, selected by stratified random sampling, participated in the study. For data analysis, two groups (men vs. women) were established and comparisons were made by means of the chi-square and t-tests of Student, placing the level of significance at p < .05. Results display that 74.35% of college students practiced some type of physical-sports activities, and 34.38% of respondents claimed that they practiced three or more times per week. The average age of abandonment of physical-sports practice was 18.42 years old. Physical exercise was the main motivation among students who practiced some physical or sports activities. The most important reason for abandoning physical activity was the lack of time for studying., El objetivo de este estudio ha sido analizar los hábitos y motivaciones de práctica de actividad física-deportiva del alumnado universitario. En el estudio participó una muestra de 608 universitarios del campus de Santiago de Compostela, seleccionados por muestreo aleatorio estratificado. Para el análisis de datos se establecieron dos grupos (hombres vs. mujeres) y se realizaron comparaciones por medio de los test chi-cuadrado y t de Student, situando el nivel de significación en p < .05. El 74.35% de los universitarios practicaban algún tipo de actividad físico-deportiva, y el 34.38% de los encuestados afirmó practicar con una frecuencia de tres o más veces por semana. La edad media de abandono de la práctica físico-deportiva se situó en los 18.42 años. Hacer ejercicio físico fue la principal motivación entre los estudiantes que practicaban alguna actividad física o deportiva. El motivo más señalado para el abandono de la actividad física fue la falta de tiempo para estudiar.

The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between competitive state anxiety, self-confidence and attentional control. The impact of the number of years’ experience in sporting practice on these variables was also analysed. Our study considered the following hypotheses: high levels of attentional control will be related to lower levels of competitive state anxiety, and higher levels of self-confidence. As well as competitive state anxiety and self-confidence will be significant predictors of attentional control; and athletes with more experience in their sport will have higher levels of attentional control and self-confidence, in addition to lower levels of competitive state anxiety. The sample consisted of 833 Spanish athletes, and the data analyses included calculation of descriptive statistics, a regression analysis and a comparative analysis, using an unpaired t-test, based on the number of years of sport experience. The results partially confirmed these hypotheses, providing evidence for the connection between anxiety and self-confidence with attentional control in sport, as well as confirming the impact of sport experience on self-confidence and competitive state anxiety. This research has implications for understanding which type of characteristics may help athletes develop good attentional control, El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la relación entre la ansiedad competitiva estado y la autoconfianza sobre el control atencional. También se analizó el impacto de la cantidad de años de experiencia en la práctica deportiva sobre estas variables. Nuestro estudio consideró las siguientes hipótesis: Altos niveles de control atencional se relacionarán con menores niveles de ansiedad competitiva estado, y mayores niveles de autoconfianza. Del mismo modo la ansiedad competitiva estado y la autoconfianza serán predictores significativos del control atencional; y los deportistas con más experiencia en su deporte tendrán mayores niveles de control atencional, autoconfianza, así como niveles más bajos de ansiedad competitiva estado. La muestra consistió en 833 deportistas españoles, y los análisis de datos incluyeron: cálculo de estadísticos descriptivos, análisis de regresión y análisis comparativos, empleando pruebas t para muestras no emparejadas, basados en la cantidad de años de experiencia deportiva. Los resultados de nuestro estudio confirmaron parcialmente estas hipótesis, proporcionando evidencia de la conexión entre la ansiedad estado competitiva y la autoconfianza con el control atencional en el deporte, así como confirmando el impacto de la experiencia deportiva sobre la autoconfianza y la ansiedad competitiva estado. Esta línea de investigación tiene implicaciones para la comprensión del tipo de características que pueden ayudar a los deportistas a desarrollar un buen control atencional, O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a relação entre a ansiedade do estado competitivo e a autoconfiança sobre o controle da atenção. O impacto do número de anos de experiência na prática esportiva nessas variáveis também foi analisado. Nosso estudo considerou as seguintes hipóteses: altos níveis de controle da atenção estarão relacionados a níveis mais baixos de ansiedade do estado competitivo e níveis mais altos de autoconfiança. Da mesma forma, a ansiedade e a autoconfiança do estado competitivo serão preditores significativos do controle da atenção; e atletas com mais experiência em seu esporte terão níveis mais elevados de controle da atenção, autoconfiança, assim como níveis mais baixos de ansiedade do estado competitivo. A amostra foi composta por 833 atletas espanhóis, e a análise dos dados incluiu: cálculo da estatística descritiva, análise de regressão e análise comparativa, utilizando-se testes t para amostras não pareadas, com base no número de anos de experiência esportiva. Os resultados do nosso estudo confirmaram parcialmente essas hipóteses, fornecendo evidências da conexão entre a ansiedade do estado competitivo e a autoconfiança com o controle da atenção no esporte, bem como confirmando o impacto da experiência esportiva na autoconfiança e na ansiedade competitiva do estado. Essa linha de pesquisa tem implicações para a compreensão do tipo de características que podem ajudar os atletas a desenvolver um bom controle da atenção

El objetivo de este estudio ha sido analizar los hábitos y motivaciones de práctica de actividad física-deportiva del alumnado universitario. En el estudio participó una muestra de 608 universitarios del campus de Santiago de Compostela, seleccionados por muestreo aleatorio estratificado. Para el análisis de datos se establecieron dos grupos (hombres vs. mujeres) y se realizaron comparaciones por medio de los test chi-cuadrado y t de Student, situando el nivel de significación en p < .05. El 74.35% de los universitarios practicaban algún tipo de actividad físico-deportiva, y el 34.38% de los encuestados afirmó practicar con una frecuencia de tres o más veces por semana. La edad media de abandono de la práctica físico-deportiva se situó en los 18.42 años. Hacer ejercicio físico fue la principal motivación entre los estudiantes que practicaban alguna actividad física o deportiva. El motivo más señalado para el abandono de la actividad física fue la falta de tiempo para estudiar., The aim of this study was to analyze habits and motivation towards practicing physical-sports activities among university students. A sample of 608 university students from the Santiago de Compostela campus, selected by stratified random sampling, participated in the study. For data analysis, two groups (men vs. women) were established and comparisons were made by means of the chi-square and t-tests of Student, placing the level of significance at p < .05. Results display that 74.35% of college students practiced some type of physical-sports activities, and 34.38% of respondents claimed that they practiced three or more times per week. The average age of abandonment of physical-sports practice was 18.42 years old. Physical exercise was the main motivation among students who practiced some physical or sports activities. The most important reason for abandoning physical activity was the lack of time for studying.

[ES] Los estudios acerca del liderazgo deportivo, se han centrado tradicionalmente en el liderazgo formal del entrenador. No obstante, en los equipos deportivos existen otros tipos de liderazgo, como el liderazgo del deportista, definido como aquel jugador que ocupa un rol formal o informal en un equipo e influencia a sus miembros para lograr un objetivo común. En concreto, la investigación del liderazgo informal del deportista ha recibido menor atención, tanto teóricamente, como en los instrumentos utilizados para su evaluación. El presente trabajo describe los avances conceptuales en el campo del liderazgo informal del deportista a partir de la definición de este constructo, así como las teorías e instrumentos de medida desarrollados. Finalmente, se describen las investigaciones que se han llevado a cabo durante los últimos años que refuerzan la importancia que tiene este tipo de liderazgo en los equipos deportivos y proponen una nueva concepción del liderazgo compartido entre sus miembros., [EN] Studies into sports leadership have traditionally focused on the formal leadership of the coach. However, in sport teams there are other types of leadership, such as the athlete leadership, defined as the athlete who plays a formal or informal role in a team and influence it´s members to achieve a common goal. In particular, research on the informal leadership of the athlete has received less attention, neither theoretically nor in the tools used for it´s evaluation. The present study describes the conceptual advances in the field of the informal leadership of the athlete from the definition of this construct, as well as the techniques and tools developed. Finally, the investigations have been carried out during the last years that reinforce the importance of this type of leadership in sports teams are described and a new consideration of shared leadership among it´s members is proposed.

The theory of self-determination establishes the existence of three basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and relationship). If these needs are satisfied, optimal personal well-being will be achieved. The Basic Needs Satisfactions in Sport Scale (BNSSS) is a measurement developed to evaluate these needs within the sporting context. The BNSSS measures the satisfaction of the three basic psychological needs through 20 items distributed in five dimensions: autonomy-choice, autonomy-volition, autonomy-perceived locus of internal causality, competence, and relatedness. The purpose of this study is to validate a Spanish version of the BNSSS. The sample were 441 team athletes with a mean age of 17.46 (SD = 3.59), which 46.5% were men and the remaining percentage (53.5%) were women. After a standardised data collection, confirmatory factor analysis and invariance analyses were performed, as well as composite reliability. The obtained version showed a good overall fit of the model and values of composite reliability higher to 0.70. Therefore, a useful tool for assessing basic psychological needs in team sports was obtained.

Background: Engagement could constitute a frame of reference for promoting positive experiences in sport, hence the importance of learning about what precedes it in order to promote its development. This study was conducted to examine the role of self-motivation as a mediator between basic psychological needs satisfaction and athlete engagement. Method: A sample of 426 male and female athletes from different sports were asked to complete three questionnaires measuring each of the study variables: The Basic Needs Satisfaction in Sport Scale, the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire and the Athlete Engagement Questionnaire. A structural relationships model between the constructs analyzed was specifi ed and implemented. Results: High levels of self-motivation increased levels of athlete engagement and vice versa. Conclusion: Basic psychological needs satisfaction has a direct positive effect on athlete engagement and in turn, an indirect effect mediated by athletes’ self-motivation, Antecedentes: el engagement es un marco de referencia para la promoción de experiencias positivas en el deporte, de ahí la importancia de conocer sus antecedentes con el objetivo de promover su desarrollo. El presente estudio se realizó con el propósito de examinar el papel de la motivación autodeterminada como mediadora entre la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas y el engagement de los deportistas. Método: se utilizó una muestra de 426 deportistas, hombres y mujeres, de diferentes modalidades deportivas a los que les pidió que respondieran a tres cuestionarios que medían cada una de las variables de estudio: Basic Needs Satisfaction in Sport Scale, Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire y Athlete Engagement Questionnaire. Se especifi có un modelo de relaciones estructurales entre los constructos analizados. Resultados: niveles altos de motivación autodeterminada incrementan los niveles de engagement del deportista mientras que niveles bajos de motivación autodeterminada los debilitan. Conclusión: existe un efecto directo de tipo positivo de la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas de los deportistas sobre su grado de engagement deportivo y a la vez un efecto indirecto mediado por su motivación autodeterminada

Background: In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the conceptualisation and assessment of athletes’ psychological skills and the study of their impact on sports performance. The aim of this study was to adapt the Test of Performance Strategies 3 competition subscale to the Spanish context. Method: The items included in the original test in English were translated using a double-back method, and the test was completed by a sample of 1,003 Spanish athletes of both sexes. Analyses of the factorial validity, reliability and invariance of the measurement model were carried out. Results: Favourable evidence was obtained for a measurement model comprising 36 items grouped in 9 factors, similar to the original model. Model fi t was reasonable for both individual parameters and overall. Reliability rates were satisfactory for the overall test and for each factor. Evidence was also favourable for sex-based measurement model invariance. Conclusions: The adaptation is satisfactory and fi t for use by sports psychology researchers and professionals in assessing the psychological skills employed by athletes in competition, Antecedentes: en los últimos años ha crecido el interés por la conceptualización y la evaluación de las habilidades psicológicas de los deportistas y por el estudio de su relación con el rendimiento deportivo. El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de adaptar al español la subescala de competición del Test of Performance Strategies 3. Método: se siguió un proceso de doble traducción de los ítems del test original en inglés, y se aplicó a una muestra de 1.003 deportistas españoles de ambos sexos. Se realizaron análisis de validez factorial, de fi abilidad y de invarianza del modelo de medida. Resultados: se obtuvo evidencia favorable a un modelo de medida con 36 ítems agrupados en 9 factores, semejante al modelo original. El ajuste del modelo fue razonable a nivel individual de cada parámetro y a nivel global. Los índices de fi abilidad fueron satisfactorios para el total del test y para cada uno de sus factores. También se obtuvieron evidencias favorables a la invarianza del modelo de medida en función del sexo. Conclusiones: la adaptación realizada es satisfactoria y puede ser utilizada por investigadores y profesionales de la psicología del deporte para evaluar las habilidades psicológicas que los deportistas emplean en la competición

O ABQ é um questionário elaborado com amostras constituídas por atletas dos Estados Unidos com o propósito de medir a síndrome de burnout. Com o presente estudo pretendeu-se fazer uma adaptação para permitir que o instrumento passe a ser utilizado em Cabo Verde, páis de língua oficial portuguesa. Foi administrado o questionário a uma amostra de 400 jogadores de futebol de ambos os sexos, com idades compreendidas entre 14 e 18 anos. Utilizando a aproximação da análise fatorial confirmatória, foi definido un modelo de medida, à semelhança do original, com três constructos principais: esgotamento físico/emocional (EFE), desvalorização da modalidade desportiva (D) e reduzido sentido de realização (RSR). Os índices de ajustamento global do modelo foram satisfatórios a nível individual de cada parâmetro e a nível global. Foram, tambem, satisfatórios os índices de fiabilidade dos fatores. A nível do sexo foi constatado a invariância do modelo nas cargas fatoriais e nas correlações entre fatores, o que não aconteceu com os erros de medida. Em conclusão, a versão em Português do ABQ pode ser utilizado em Cabo Verde com as suficientes garantias psicométricas, El ABQ es un cuestionario elaborado con muestras de deportistas de los Estados Unidos para la medida del síndrome de burnout en deportistas. Con el presente estudio se pretendió hacer una adaptación para que pudiera ser utilizado en Cabo Verde de habla portuguesa. Se administró el cuestionario a una muestra de 400 futbolistas de ambos sexos y con edades comprendidas entre los 14 y los 18 años. Utilizando la aproximación del análisis factorial confirmatorio, se especificó un modelo de medida a semejanza del original tomando los ítems como indicadores de tres factores primarios: agotamiento físico/emocional (AFE), devaluación (D) y reducida sensación de logro (RSL). Los índices de ajustamiento fueron satisfactorios a nivel individual de cada parámetro y a nivel global. También fueron satisfactorios los indicadores de fiabilidad de los factores. Respecto al género de los deportistas, se obtuvo evidencia de invariancia del modelo en las cargas factoriales y en las correlaciones entre factores, pero no entre los errores de medida. En conclusión, la versión portuguesa del ABQ puede ser utilizada en Cabo Verde con las suficientes garantías psicométricas, The ABQ is a questionnaire to measurement of athlete burnout. It was elaborated with the responses of athletes of United States. The present study was the objective of adapt the ABQ to sport context of Cape Verde with Portuguese language. The Portuguese version of ABQ was administered to a sample of 400 soccer players of both sexes and with ages between 14 and 18 years old. A model with three factors as the original was specified using confirmatory factor analysis: physical/emotional exhaustion (PEE), sport devaluation (SD), reduced sense of accomplishment and (RSA). Overall fit of the model, fit individual parameters and values of reliability were satisfactory. Regarding to the gender of athletes, evidence of invariance model was confirmed in factorial loads and in correlations between factors, but not in measurement errors. In conclusion, this study shows that Portuguese version of ABQ can be used in Cape Verde with sufficient psychometric guarantees

La investigación tiene como objetivo analizar las habilidades psicológicas que poseen los deportistas. Para ello se adaptó al español la subescala de competición del Test of Performance Strategies 3 en una muestra de 1003 participantes pertenecientes a 43 deportes, evaluando las diferencias en el uso de esas habilidades en función de los factores de rendimiento de cada disciplina. Se analizaron las relaciones entre el uso de habilidades psicológicas y satisfacción con el rendimiento percibido, ansiedad competitiva estado y autoconfianza. La adaptación del TOPS-3 resultó satisfactoria, comprobándose la existencia de un uso diferencial de habilidades psicológicas en función de los factores de rendimiento, estando dicho uso relacionado positivamente con una mayor satisfacción con el rendimiento deportivo. La habilidad de control atencional mantuvo relaciones negativas con la ansiedad competitiva estado y positivas con la autoconfianza. Los resultados pueden aplicarse al entrenamiento deportivo favoreciendo la especificidad en el desarrollo de habilidades psicológicas.

The Athlete Engagement Questionnaire (AEQ) has showed evidence of its validity and reliability for measuring engagement in athletes. Engagement in athletes is a positive and persistent experience characterized by emotions and cognitions of confidence, vigor, dedication and enthusiasm. The purpose of this study was to adapt the AEQ into Spanish. AEQ-Spanish was administered to a sample of 509 Spanish athletes and data were subjected to a confirmatory factor analysis. The original model comprising four factors (confidence, vigor, dedication and enthusiasm) was replicated. All estimated parameters were statistically significant and overall fit of the model was reasonable (indexes of goodness of fit reached the minimum values). The values of Cronbach's alpha were also satisfactory for each factor with values above .70 cutoff. In conclusion, the Spanish version of AEQ offers similar psychometric properties to the findings in original version and it will allow researchers to carry out research in the Spanish context to identify personal and situational factors that contribute to engagement., El Athlete Engagement Questionnaire (AEQ) es un instrumento que ha mostrado evidencias de su validez y fiabilidad para la medida del engagement en deportistas. Este se define como una experiencia positiva y mantenida en el tiempo caracterizada por emociones y pensamientos de confianza, vigor, dedicación y entusiasmo. El propósito de este estudio fue adaptar el AEQ al español con una muestra de 509 deportistas españoles. Los datos fueron sometidos a un análisis factorial confirmatorio, replicándose el modelo original de cuatro factores (confianza, vigor, dedicación y entusiasmo). Todos los parámetros estimados fueron estadísticamente significativos y el ajuste general del modelo fue aceptable, alcanzando los índices de bondad de ajuste los valores mínimos requeridos. Los valores de alfa de Cronbach de cada factor también fueron satisfactorios con valores por encima de .70. Con estos datos, se puede concluir que la versión española de AEQ ofrece propiedades psicométricas similares a la versión original. Por ello, al disponer de una herramienta de medida adecuada, esto permitirá a los investigadores realizar estudios en el contexto español para identificar factores personales y situacionales que contribuyen al engagement.

This paper presents a descriptive case study, which establishes a comparative analysis of the level of specificity between two microcycles carried out by two teams at different competition level (professional versus in-formation). A new instrument, the Specificity of Football Training Scale (SFTS), was created for assessing tasks specificity, sessions and training microcycles in football. SFTS is based on an broader and more complex interpretation of the concept of specificity: synchronous, contextual and functional (Castelo, 2009; Vales, Arce, Miñano & García, 2012; Vales 2012). Its internal structure is conformed by four levels of specificity: low, moderate, high and maximum, based on the application of three original measurement indices: Specificity Index of Tasks (SIT), Specificity Index of Sessions (SIS), and Specificity Index of Microcycles (SIM). Data show that training models applied by both teams are developed under methodological guidelines characterized by a medium-high specificity, the professional team showing greater degree of specificity in training tasks, sessions and microcycles (5,2 ± 2,3 points) compared to the in-formation team (4,3 ± 0,4 points). Our overall results can be considered relevant for future intervention studies, as well as for establishing strategies to optimize football training planning processes., En el presente artículo se plantea un estudio de caso descriptivo, en el cual se establece un análisis comparativo del grado de especificidad que presentan dos microciclos de entrenamiento pertenecientes a dos equipos de diferente nivel competitivo (profesional vs. formación). Para ello, se ha construido un novedoso instrumento de evaluación del grado de especificidad que presentan las tareas, sesiones y microciclos de entrenamiento en el fútbol, denominado Escala de Especificidad del Entrenamiento en el Fútbol (E.E.E.F.), fundamentado en una interpretación más amplia y compleja del concepto de especificidad: sincrónica, contextual y funcional (Castelo, 2009; Vales, Arce, Miñano & García, 2012; Vales 2012). Su estructura interna se configura a partir de cuatro niveles de especificidad: bajo, moderado, elevado y máximo, en base a la aplicación de tres índices de medida originales: Índice de Especificidad de las Tareas (I.E.T.), Índice de Especificidad de las Sesiones (I.E.S.) e Índice de Especificidad de los Microciclos (I.E.M.). Los datos obtenidos ponen de manifiesto que los modelos de entrenamiento aplicados por ambos equipos analizados se desarrollan bajo unas pautas metodológicas caracterizadas por una especificidad media-alta, observándose un mayor grado de especificidad en las tareas, sesiones y microciclos de entrenamiento en el equipo profesional (5,2 puntos ± 2,3), en comparación al equipo de formación (4,3 puntos ± 0,4). En su conjunto, los resultados registrados pueden considerarse relevantes para futuros estudios de intervención, así como para el establecimiento de estrategias optimizadoras de los procesos de planificación del entrenamiento en fútbol.

Present research try to know about task characteristics and leadership, and also explore if peer leadership is lined up to formal leader as the captain. About this variable it was tried to know how leadership culture in sport can affect. The EELD-24 (Torrado & Arce, 2015), and questions oriented to evaluate task profile, were applied to a 219 men athletes sample (132 from soccer and 87 from basketball). It was observed that type of sport determines task profile and captaincy development of peer leaders. In soccer, minus than a half of peer leaders are captains (44.2%), standing out for them more the position in the field than level of performance. In basketball, most of leaders are captains (77.1), but in them is more important level of performance than position in the team structure during the game. Results diminish the importance of previous research about influence of task profile (Moran y Weiss, 2006)., A presente investigação pretende explorar a relação entre características da tarefa e a liderança, bem como conhecer se o exercício da liderança informal está alinhado com a figura formal do capitão. A respeito do estudo destas variáveis tratou-se de conhecer como pode influir sobre elas o tipo de cultura de liderança segundo o desporto. Aplicou-se a EELD-24 (Torrado e Arce, 2015), mais questoes referidas ao perfil de tarefa, a uma mostra de 219 desportistas adultos masculinos (132 de futebol e 87 de basquete). Observou-se que o tipo de desporto condiciona o perfil de tarefa e o exercício da capitanía por parte dos líderes informais. Em futebol, menos da metade dos líderes informais são capitães (44.2%), destacando neles em maior medida a posição no campo que seu nível de jogo. Em basquete, uma grande parte dos líderes sim são capitães (77.1%) mas neles influi bem mais o nível de jogo que a ocupação de funções muito influentes no jogo colectivo. Os resultados relativizan as conclusoes de trabalhos previos sobre a influência do perfil de tarefa (Moran e Weiss, 2006)., La presente investigación pretende explorar la relación entre características de la tarea y el liderazgo, así como conocer si el ejercicio del liderazgo informal está alineado con la figura formal del capitán. Acerca del estudio de estas variables se ha tratado de conocer cómo puede influir sobre ellas el tipo de cultura de liderazgo según el deporte. Se aplicó la EELD-24 (Torrado y Arce, 2015), junto a preguntas destinadas a evaluar el perfil de tarea, a una muestra de 219 deportistas adultos masculinos (132 de fútbol y 87 de baloncesto). Se ha observado que el tipo de deporte condiciona dicho perfil de tarea y el ejercicio de la capitanía por parte de los líderes informales. En fútbol, menos de la mitad de los líderes informales son capitanes (44.2%), destacando en ellos en mayor medida la posición en el campo que su nivel de juego. En baloncesto, una gran parte de los líderes sí son capitanes (77.1%) pero en ellos influye mucho más el nivel de juego que la ocupación de funciones muy influyentes en el juego colectivo. Los resultados relativizan las conclusiones aportadas por investigaciones previas sobre la influencia del perfil de tarea (Moran y Weiss, 2006).

La presente investigación pretende explorar la relación entre características de la tarea y el liderazgo, así como conocer si el ejercicio del liderazgo informal está alineado con la figura formal del capitán. Acerca del estudio de estas variables se ha tratado de conocer cómo puede influir sobre ellas el tipo de cultura de liderazgo según el deporte. Se aplicó la EELD-24 (Torrado y Arce, 2015), junto a preguntas destinadas a evaluar el perfil de tarea, a una muestra de 219 deportistas adultos masculinos (132 de fútbol y 87 de baloncesto). Se ha observado que el tipo de deporte condiciona dicho perfil de tarea y el ejercicio de la capitanía por parte de los líderes informales. En fútbol, menos de la mitad de los líderes informales son capitanes (44.2%), destacando en ellos en mayor medida la posición en el campo que su nivel de juego. En baloncesto, una gran parte de los líderes sí son capitanes (77.1%) pero en ellos influye mucho más el nivel de juego que la ocupación de funciones muy influyentes en el juego colectivo. Los resultados relativizan las conclusiones aportadas por investigaciones previas sobre la influencia del perfil de tarea (Moran y Weiss, 2006), Present research try to know about task characteristics and leadership, and also explore if peer leadership is lined up to formal leader as the captain. About this variable it was tried to know how leadership culture in sport can affect. The EELD-24 (Torrado & Arce, 2015), and questions oriented to evaluate task profile, were applied to a 219 men athletes sample (132 from soccer and 87 from basketball). It was observed that type of sport determines task profile and captaincy development of peer leaders. In soccer, minus than a half of peer leaders are captains (44.2%), standing out for them more the position in the field than level of performance. In basketball, most of leaders are captains (77.1), but in them is more important level of performance than position in the team structure during the game. Results diminish the importance of previous research about influence of task profile (Moran y Weiss, 2006), A presente investigação pretende explorar a relação entre características da tarefa e a liderança, bem como conhecer se o exercício da liderança informal está alinhado com a figura formal do capitão. A respeito do estudo destas variáveis tratou-se de conhecer como pode influir sobre elas o tipo de cultura de liderança segundo o desporto. Aplicou-se a EELD-24 (Torrado e Arce, 2015), mais questoes referidas ao perfil de tarefa, a uma mostra de 219 desportistas adultos masculinos (132 de futebol e 87 de basquete). Observou-se que o tipo de desporto condiciona o perfil de tarefa e o exercício da capitanía por parte dos líderes informais. Em futebol, menos da metade dos líderes informais são capitães (44.2%), destacando neles em maior medida a posição no campo que seu nível de jogo. Em basquete, uma grande parte dos líderes sim são capitães (77.1%) mas neles influi bem mais o nível de jogo que a ocupação de funções muito influentes no jogo colectivo. Os resultados relativizan as conclusoes de trabalhos previos sobre a influência do perfil de tarefa (Moran e Weiss, 2006)

The Athlete Engagement Questionnaire (AEQ) has showed evidence of its validity and reliability for measuring engagement in athletes. Engagement in athletes is a positive and persistent experience characterized by emotions and cognitions of confidence, vigor, dedication and enthusiasm. The purpose of this study was to adapt the AEQ into Spanish. AEQ-Spanish was administered to a sample of 509 Spanish athletes and data were subjected to a confirmatory factor analysis. The original model comprising four factors (confidence, vigor, dedication and enthusiasm) was replicated. All estimated parameters were statistically significant and overall fit of the model was reasonable (indexes of goodness of fit reached the minimum values). The values of Cronbach´s alpha were also satisfactory for each factor with values above .70 cutoff. In conclusion, the Spanish version of AEQ offers similar psychometric properties to the findings in original version and it will allow researchers to carry out research in the Spanish context to identify personal and situational factors that contribute to engagement

[ES] El estudio del engagement tiene sus orígenes en la psicología organizacional y su investigación en el campo del deporte es bastante reciente. El presente trabajo se realizó con el ánimo de satisfacer tres objetivos. El primero de ellos, estudiar la fiabilidad del Athlete Engagement Questionnaire (AEQ) en una muestra de deportistas españoles. El segundo, conocer los niveles de engagement de los deportistas de manera global y segmentada por sexo, categoría competitiva y años de experiencia en la práctica deportiva. Y el tercero, especificar la relación existente entre la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas de los deportistas y el engagement. Las principales conclusiones que se han podido extraer fueron: (1) los índices de fiabilidad de la versión elaborada del AEQ son satisfactorios, (2) existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las medias de los cuatro componentes del engagement, (3) no existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los niveles de engagement en función de los años de experiencia de los deportistas, pero sí en función del sexo y la categoría competitiva, y (4) la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas de los deportistas se ha mostrado como un buen predictor del engagement de los deportistas., [EN] Research about engagement has its origins in the organizational psychology and its investigation in the sport psychology is fairly recent. This work was carried out in order to satisfy three aims. First of all, evaluating the reliability of the Athlete Engagement Questionnaire (AEQ) with a sample of Spanish athletes. The second one was investigating the level of engagement among the athletes both global punctuation and divided by gender, competitive level and years of experience in sport. The third aim was studying the relation between the basic needs satisfaction in athletes and engagement. The main conclusions obtained were: (1) satisfactory reliability coefficients for the developed version of the AEQ, (2) there are statistically significant differences among the four engagement factors means (3) there aren’t statistically significant differences based on years of experience but there are statistically significant differences based on gender and competitive level, and (4) satisfying basic psychological needs of athletes seems to be a good predictor of athlete engagement.

En el presente artículo se plantea un estudio de caso descriptivo, en el cual se establece un análisis comparativo del grado de especificidad que presentan dos microciclos de entrenamiento pertenecientes a dos equipos de diferente nivel competitivo (profesional vs. formación). Para ello, se ha construido un novedoso instrumento de evaluación del grado de especificidad que presentan las tareas, sesiones y microciclos de entrenamiento en el fútbol, denominado Escala de Especificidad del Entrenamiento en el Fútbol (E.E.E.F.), fundamentado en una interpretación más amplia y compleja del concepto de especificidad: sincrónica, contextual y funcional (Castelo, 2009; Vales, Arce, Miñano & García, 2012; Vales 2012). Su estructura interna se configura a partir de cuatro niveles de especificidad: bajo, moderado, elevado y máximo, en base a la aplicación de tres índices de medida originales: Índice de Especificidad de las Tareas (I.E.T.), Índice de Especificidad de las Sesiones (I.E.S.) e Índice de Especificidad de los Microciclos (I.E.M.). Los datos obtenidos ponen de manifiesto que los modelos de entrenamiento aplicados por ambos equipos analizados se desarrollan bajo unas pautas metodológicas caracterizadas por una especificidad media-alta, observándose un mayor grado de especificidad en las tareas, sesiones y microciclos de entrenamiento en el equipo profesional (5,2 puntos ± 2,3), en comparación al equipo de formación (4,3 puntos ± 0,4). En su conjunto, los resultados registrados pueden considerarse relevantes para futuros estudios de intervención, así como para el establecimiento de estrategias optimizadoras de los procesos de planificación del entrenamiento en fútbol, This paper presents a descriptive case study, which establishes a comparative analysis of the level of specificity between two microcycles carried out by two teams at different competition level (professional versus in-formation). A new instrument, the Specificity of Football Training Scale (SFTS), was created for assessing tasks specificity, sessions and training microcycles in football. SFTS is based on an broader and more complex interpretation of the concept of specificity: synchronous, contextual and functional (Castelo, 2009; Vales, Arce, Miñano & García, 2012; Vales 2012). Its internal structure is conformed by four levels of specificity: low, moderate, high and maximum, based on the application of three original measurement indices: Specificity Index of Tasks (SIT), Specificity Index of Sessions (SIS), and Specificity Index of Microcycles (SIM). Data show that training models applied by both teams are developed under methodological guidelines characterized by a medium-high specificity, the professional team showing greater degree of specificity in training tasks, sessions and microcycles (5,2 ± 2,3 points) compared to the in-formation team (4,3 ± 0,4 points). Our overall results can be considered relevant for future intervention studies, as well as for establishing strategies to optimize football training planning processes

Este estudo teve como objetivo principal adaptar para o português o Athlete Burnout Questionnaire, à semelhança de vários estudos de adaptação para outros idiomas. O ABQ é um instrumento que reúne um amplo consenso a nível internacional pelo fato de ter evidenciado boas propriedades psicométricas na avaliação de burnout em atletas norte-americanos, na altura da sua criação, e em estudos posteriores realizados noutros países. A acompanhar este objetivo aparece o de conhecer o índice de burnout em função de variáveis sociodemográficas e profissionais (idade, sexo, modalidade desportiva, anos de prática a nível competitivo, carga de treino ou competição), e da comparação deste índice com os índices veiculados a nível da literatura internacional. O processo de adaptação iniciou com a tradução da versão original (Raedeke e Smith, 2001) para a versão em português, recorrendo ao método translation back translation, e prosseguiu com a realização de dois estudos. No primeiro, foram envolvidos 400 atletas de futebol com idades compreendidas entre 14 e 18 anos e utilizando a aproximação das Análise Fatorial Confirmatória (AFC), foi definido um modelo específico de mensuração, à semelhança do original, cujos três constructos principais são a Exaustão física ou emocional (EFE), a Desvalorização da modalidade desportiva (D) e o Reduzido sentimento de realização (RSR). O segundo estudo segue os mesmos moldes do primeiro, envolvendo, por sua vez, 407 atletas de 11 modalidades desportivas diferentes. Os resultados reforçaram as propriedades psicométricas da versão do ABQ adaptada e permitiram tirar ilações acerca dos níveis de burnout nos atletas cabo-verdianos comparativamente com os níveis de burnout veiculados a nível da literatura internacional. Os resultados globais evidenciam sintonia com os obtidos aquando da criação da versão original do ABQ e com os obtidos em estudos que tiveram o mesmo propósito a respeito dos níveis de burnout e da relação destes com outras variáveis.

[ES] El presente trabajo se realizó con el objetivo de analizar la relación entre la cohesión de los miembros de los equipos deportivos y su rendimiento deportivo y tratar de especificar el modelo que mejores predicciones del rendimiento pudiera producir. También se trataron de identificar posibles diferencias en la relación entre dichas variables para deportistas masculinos y femeninos. Para ello, se utilizó una muestra de 280 deportistas de ambos sexos y una conceptualización multidimensional de la cohesión con cuatro componentes denominados atracción individual hacia el grupo en lo social, atracción individual hacia el grupo en la tarea (ATG-T), integración grupal en lo social (IG-S), e integración grupal en la tarea (IG-T). Los resultados del estudio permitieron concluir que existe una relación positiva, estadísticamente significativa, entre la cohesión y el rendimiento deportivo. El tamaño del efecto fue, no obstante, moderado. Los mejores predictores del rendimiento fueron, por este orden, IG-T, ATG-T y ATG-S. En general, los efectos de estas variables sobre el rendimiento fueron mayores para las mujeres que para los hombres, pero las diferencias no alcanzaron significación estadística, [EN] Less than a decade ago, a new treatment was developed in order to modify the attention bias observed in people with anxiety disorders. This was called Attention Bias Modification (ABM). Even if this was quickly considered one of the most promising treatments for anxiety disorders, the underlying mechanisms used by it are still under debate among investigators. The most accepted hypothesis is the one that states that individuals with anxiety show a certain difficulty when it comes to deviate their attention from a stimulus that they fear, so the ABM technique acts so that it facilitates disengagement attention. In the present study, an experimental Eye-tracking paradigm was designed, so that the attention bias could be observed directly. In order to do so, 20 psychology students were selected to undergo a fixation condition and a distraction condition, all in one session. During the course of the experiment, the amount of eye movement produced during the fixation condition was evaluated, and this was done when stimuli with emotional valence (positive and negative) and without emotional value were created. It was hypothesized that a higher number of movements would be detected when the individuals were subjected to negative emotional stimuli (threatening) when compared to the other stimuli. The results obtained during the experiment did not showed any significant relation between the emotional content and the amount of the eye movement observed in the tested individuals. This led to the conclusion that the difficulty in the attention disengagement does not exist. A thorough examination of this paradigm should be done in the future, as well as an investigation on which mechanisms favor the modification of the attention bias and which do not

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la prestación competitiva de equiposde fútbol de alto nivel, con el fin de diferenciar su perfil de rendimiento,tomando como criterio de agrupación el resultado final de los partidos (equiposganadores vs equipos perdedores). Se aplicó una Batería Multidimensional deIndicadores de Rendimiento (BMIR) compuesta por seis índices: Índice deIniciativa de Juego (IIJ), Índice de Progresión en el Juego Ofensivo (IPROJO),Índice de Precisión en el Juego Ofensivo (IPREJO), Índice de Volumen de Juego(IVJ), Índice de Carga Física1 (ICF1) e Índice de CargaFísica2 (ICF2). Se analizaron 64 encuentrospertenecientes al Campeonato del Mundo de Fútbol celebrado en Sudáfrica 2010. Análisisestadísticos de comparaciones de medias entre ganadores y perdedorespermitieron concluir que los equipos ganadores presentan valoresestadísticamente más altos en cuatro de los seis índices de rendimientoutilizados: IIJ (p < 0,001), IPROJO(p =0,002), IPREJO (p=0,028) e IVJ (p=0,001).No se obtuvieron, sin embargo, diferencias estadísticamente significativasentre ambos grupos en los índices ICF1 e ICF2 (p>0,05). La utilización por parte de investigadores y entrenadores de la BMIRpuede representar una herramienta muy útil para la evaluación del rendimiento yorientación de los contenidos de entrenamiento en fútbol de alto nivel., The aim of this study was to evaluate the competitive performance of elite football teams in order to differentiate their performance profiles, by taking the final result of the games (winning teams vs. losing teams) as a criterion. We applied a Multi-Dimensional Battery of Performance Indicators (MBPI) comprising six indices: Game Initiative Index (GII), Offensive Game Progression Index (OGPROI), Offensive Game Precision Index (OGPREI), Game Volume Index (GVI), Physical Load Index1 (PLI1) and Physical Load Index2 (PLI2). A total of 64 games from the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa were analysed. Statistical analyses of comparisons of means between winners and losers made it possible to conclude that the winning teams showed statistically higher values in four of the six performance indices used: GII (p < .001), OGPROI (p =.002), OGPREI (p = .028) and GVI (p = .001). Nonetheless, no statistically significant differences were obtained between the two groups in the PLI1 and PLI2 indices (p > .05). The MBPI may prove to be a highly useful tool for researchers and coaches in evaluating performance, and orienting training content in elite football., O objectivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a prestação competitiva de equipas de futebol de alto rendimento, visando diferenciar o seu perfil de rendimento, adoptando como critério de agrupamento o resultado final dos jogos (equipas ganhadoras vs equipas perdedoras). Foi aplicada uma Bateria Multidimensional de Indicadores de Rendimento (BMIR) composta por seis índices: Índice de Iniciativa de Jogo (IIJ), Índice de Progressão no Jogo Ofensivo (IPROJO), Índice de Precisão no Jogo Ofensivo (IPREJO), Índice de Volume de Jogo (IVJ), Índice de Carga Física1 (ICF1) e Índice de Carga Física2 (ICF2). Foram analisados 64 jogos pertencentes ao Mundila de Futebol celebrado na África do Sul 2010. As análises estatísticas de comparações de médias entre ganhadores e perdedores permitiram concluir que as equipas ganhadoras apresentam valores estatisticamente mais elevados em quatro dos seis índices de rendimento utilizados: IIJ (p < .001), IPROJO (p = .002), IPREJO (p = .028) e IVJ (p = .001). Contudo, não foram obtidas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre ambos os grupos nos índices ICF1 e ICF2 (p > .05). A BMIR pode ser uma ferramenta muito útil para treinadores e investigadores no que concerne à avaliação do rendimento e da orientação de conteúdos do treino no futebol de alto rendimento.

El objetivo fundamental de este trabajo es comparar dos instrumentos de medida del burnout en deportistas: el Inventario de Burnout en Deportistas-Revisado (IBD-R) y el Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Ambos modelos de medida asumen una composición tridimensional del síndrome existiendo supuestamente un paralelismo conceptual entre dimensiones. Los análisis de correlaciones realizados entre subescalas supuestamente equivalentes muestran, no obstante, que sólo existe un buen grado de convergencia entre una de las subescalas (Agotamiento Emocional del IBD-R y Agotamiento Físico y Emocional del ABQ). Otras dos subescalas que deberían converger (Reducida Realización Personal del IBD-R y Reducida Sensación de Logro del ABQ) muestran un grado de convergencia menor del esperado y las subescalas de Despersonalización del IBD-R y Devaluación de la Práctica Deportiva del ABQ apenas evidencian relación. Las disonancias teóricas y psicométricas observadas nos hacen reflexionar acerca de desarrollo de un nuevo modelo que integre los componentes del burnout no convergentes, The aim of this work is to compare two instruments of measurement of burnout in athletes: Inventario de Burnout en Deportistas-Revisado (IBD-R) and the Spanish version of Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Both measurement models assume a three-dimensional composition of burnout syndrome, that is allegedly parallel. The analyses of correlations between scales, supposedly equivalent, allows us to conclude that there is only a good degree of convergence between the scales Emotional Exhaustion of IBD-R and Emotional and Physical Exhaustion of the ABQ. The scale Reduced Accomplishment (with the same name in the two instruments) shows a degree of convergence lower than expected and the scales of Depersonalization of IBD-R and Devaluation of the Sport Practice of the ABQ barely show relationship. Theoretical and psychometric dissonances observed make us think about the future development of a model that integrates the components of the burnout not converging in a single instrument, O principal objetivo deste trabalho é o de comparar dois instrumentos de medida da síndrome de burnout em atletas: el Inventario de burnout en Deportistas-Revisado (IBD-R) e a versão espanhola do Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Ambos os instrumentos apresentam uma composição tridimensional de burnout, assumindo o pressuposto de que existe um paralelismo conceptual entre as três dimensões. A análise de correlações entre as subescalas ou dimensões supostamente equivalentes evidenciam, todavia, que há apenas um bom grau de convergência entre uma das subescalas dos dois instrumentos (Exaustão emocional do IBD-R e Exaustão física e emocional do ABQ). A nível das outras duas subescalas que, também, deveriam apresentar correlações, constata-se que, por um lado, as subescalas Reduzida realização pessoal do IBD-R e a Reduzida sensação de resultados do ABQ evidenciam um grau de correlação abaixo do que é esperado e, por outro lado, as subescalas Despersonalização do IBD-R e a «Desvalorização da prática desportiva do ABQ apresentam apenas uma relação. As dissonâncias teóricas e psicométricas observadas levam-nos a refletir sobre o desenvolvimento de um novo modelo de medida de burnout, integrando componentes não convergentes