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The manufacture of bipolar junctions is necessary in many 4H-SiC electronic devices, e.g., junction termination extensions and p + in diodes for voltage class > --> 10 kV. However, the presence of electrically active levels in the drift layer that act as minority charge carrier lifetime killers, like the carbon vacancy (V C), undermines device performance. In the present study, we compared p + n diodes whose anodes have been manufactured by three different methods: by epitaxial growth, ion implantation, or plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII). The identification of the electrically active defects in the drift layers of these devices revealed that a substantial concentration of V C is present in the diodes with epitaxial grown or ion implanted anode. On the other hand, no presence of V C could be detected when the anode is formed by PIII and this is attributed to the effects of strain in the anode region. Our investigation shows that PIII can be a useful technique for the manufacture of bipolar devices with a reduced concentration of lifetime killer defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the structural effects on the cross-plane thermal conductivity of Li4Ti5O12-based anode active material. Three structures are investigated: a basic structure consisting of LiBr/LiCl/Li4Ti5O12, polyvinylidene difluoride, and Super P (sample #1); a structure without Li4Ti5O12 (sample #2); and a structure without LiBr/LiCl (sample #3). Despite its high porosity level (77%), sample #1 exhibits higher thermal conductivity than sample #3 (64% porosity) in both air and vacuum conditions, potentially due to the extra structural bonding provided by LiBr/LiCl. The observed difference in cross-plane thermal conductivity between air and vacuum conditions provides insights into the configuration of the anode's active material in the heat transfer direction. The lower limit corresponds to the parallel thermal circuit configuration of active material and air, which is the product of the sample's porosity and thermal conductivity of air. Our analysis suggests that in sample #2, the anode's active material and air inside the pores demonstrate a more serial configuration, while in sample #3, they exhibit a more parallel configuration in the heat transfer direction. However, the thermal conductivity difference observed for sample #1 falls below the theoretical lower bound indicating significant thermal radiation within the pores. Furthermore, the in-plane thermal conductivity is predominantly controlled by the copper foil. Sample #2 exhibits the lowest in-plane thermal conductivity. This is attributed to the severe oxidization of the copper foil by LiBr/LiCl, which is confirmed by structure characterization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-entropy oxides (HEOs) are single phase solid solutions where five or more metals share the same sublattice, giving rise to unexpected features in various fields of applications. Recently, HEOs have emerged as an alternative conversion electrode anode material for next-generation Li-ion batteries, where the combination of several different elements in a single solid solution can synergistically act to overcome some of its main drawbacks, improving performance. Due to their chemical complexity, x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) emerges as an appropriate technique to study the electronic (x-ray absorption near edge structure, XANES) and local structure (extended x-ray absorption fine structure, EXAFS) of these compounds as a function of cycling. This work aims to highlight the capabilities of XAS as an element-specific probe to understand a material's structure at the atomistic level through EXAFS modeling of (MgFeCoNiCuZn)O high-entropy system and how to extract valuable information about the bond distance, number of near neighbors, and local disorder, which are crucial to a full understanding of the electrochemical reaction mechanisms of such battery electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal–Organic Polymers (MOPs) have attracted growing attention for lithium-ion battery (LIB) applications due to their merits in orderly ionic transportation and robust structure stability in electrochemical reactions. However, they suffer from poor electronic conductivity. In this work, we apply first-principles density functional theory to explore the potential of three one-dimensional (1D) electrically conductive C6H2S4TM (TM = Fe, Co, and Ni) MOPs with the π–d conjugated coordination as anode materials for Li+ ions storage. Our theoretical results reveal that these 1D MOPs possess a superior theoretical capacity of over 748 mA h g−1. In particular, the 1D C6H2S4Ni MOP shows an exceptional theoretical specific capacity of 1110 mA h g−1 based on the three-electron transferring reaction, which significantly outperforms the traditional graphite-based anode material in LIBs. Moreover, the resonant charge transfer between Ni metal and ligand within the 1D C6H2S4Ni MOP reduces the diffusion energy barrier of the Li atoms when they migrate on the surface of the MOP. The ultrahigh theoretical specific capacity of the C6H2S4Ni MOP predicts that it can be a promising anode material for LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scanning x-ray microbeam topography and fluorescence experiments were conducted in situ to study the electromigration behavior of a 0.5 μm thick, 10 μm wide, and 200 μm long Al(0.25 at. % Cu) conductor line with 1.5 μm-thick SiO2 passivation on a single crystal Si substrate. The strain sensitivity of x-ray topography measurement allowed detailed examination of the electromigration-induced stress distribution and evolution in the conductor line in response to the depletion of Cu solute early in the electromigration process. Upon electromigration at 0.4 MA/cm2 and 303 °C, a short-range stress gradient was quickly induced by Al migration in the Cu-depleted cathode region to counteract further Al flow. The stress gradient was fully developed during the 5.3 h incubation time, extending over the critical Blech length of about 66 μm from the cathode end. Plastic deformation then occurred at the downstream end of the Cu-depleted region. The preferential electromigration of Cu did not cause detectable stress change outside the Cu-depleted region, except for the significant stress development from the Al2Cu precipitation at the anode end which appeared to initiate the fracture in the passivation. Preliminary finite difference modeling was undertaken to simulate the experimental observations, from which important parameters dictating electromigration in Al(Cu) line were extracted: an apparent effective valence of −5.6 and −1.9 for Cu and Al in Al(Cu), respectively, and a critical Cu concentration of 0.16 at. % above which Al grain boundary diffusion is effectively blocked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homogeneous sphere NiO-8YSZ composite powder with a narrow size distribution is significant for the fabrication of high-quality solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anodes. In this study, spray drying was used to prepare evenly distributed and spherical NiO-8YSZ composite particles used for the fabrication of SOFC anodes. The result showed that the particles prepared with a solid content of 65 wt %, atomizing pressure of 60 kPa, drying temperature of 180 °C, and sintering at 1200 °C for 2 h exhibited the best holistic quality with high sphericity (90 % over 0.84), narrow size distribution (D 10 = 27.78 μm, D 90 = 45.49 μm), high collection rate (70 %), and low content of unstable phases. The influence of these main parameters on the quality of the prepared particles was investigated and discussed as well. It was found that the solid content and the atomizing pressure demonstrated opposite effects on the particle size, with the former showing a positive correlation and the latter showing a negative correlation. The drying temperature decided the agglomeration degree of the prepared powder, which was involved in the presence of grape-like particles. In addition, the collection rate appeared to be positively correlated with the solid content and the atomizing pressure. The atmospheric plasma sprayed coating fabricated using the sprayed-dried powder prepared with the optimal parameters demonstrated significantly improved micromorphology and structure when compared with the coating fabricated using the mechanical mixed composite powder, which proved the prominent advantage of the powder produced through this spray drying method. All these progresses were considered good instructions for the studies on powder granulation and its applications in manufacturing high-quality coating materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving high energy density has always been the goal of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). SiOx has emerged as a compelling candidate for use as a negative electrode material due to its remarkable capacity. However, the huge volume expansion and the unstable electrode interface during (de)lithiation, hinder its further development. Herein, we report a facile strategy for the synthesis of surface fluorinated SiOx (SiOx@vG−F), and investigate their influences on battery performance. Systematic experiments investigations indicate that the reaction between Li+ and fluorine groups promotes the in situ formation of stable LiF‐rich solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on the surface of SiOx@vG−F anode, which effectively suppresses the pulverization of microsized SiOx particles during the charge and discharge cycle. As a result, the SiOx@vG−F enabled a higher capacity retention of 86.4 % over 200 cycles at 1.0 C in the SiOx@vG−F||LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 full cell. This approach will provide insights for the advancement of alternative electrode materials in diverse energy conversion and storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stability of aqueous zinc metal batteries is significantly affected by side reactions and dendrite growth on the anode interface, which primarily originate from water and anions. Herein, we introduce a multi H‐bond site additive, 2, 2′‐Sulfonyldiethanol (SDE), into an aqueous electrolyte to construct a sieving‐type electric double layer (EDL) by hydrogen bond interlock in order to address these issues. On the one hand, SDE replaces H2O and SO42− anions that are adsorbed on the zinc anode surface, expelling H2O/SO42− from the EDL and thereby reducing the content of H2O/SO42− at the interface. On the other hand, when Zn2+ are de‐solvated at the interface during the plating, the strong hydrogen bond interaction between SDE and H2O/SO42− can trap H2O/SO42− from the EDL, further decreasing their content at the interface. This effectively sieves them out of the zinc anode interface and inhibits the side reactions. Moreover, the unique characteristics of trapped SO42− anions can restrict their diffusion, thereby enhancing the transference number of Zn2+ and promoting dendrite‐free deposition and growth of Zn. Consequently, utilizing an SDE/ZnSO4 electrolyte enables excellent cycling stability in Zn//Zn symmetrical cells and Zn//MnO2 full cells with lifespans exceeding 3500 h and 2500 cycles respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To ensure optimal operation of electrochemical energy storage devices, a precise design of the interfaces formed between the electrodes and the electrolyte is essential. Si is a promising anode active material for Li-ion batteries owing to its high theoretical capacity; however, the large volume change associated with Li absorption and release hinders its practical applications. The development of high-performance storage batteries depends on the construction of an electrode-electrolyte interface that facilitates Li+ movement. To this aim, the authors have developed Si-specific interface observation methods. In this feature article, we review and discuss recent advances in the reaction behavior of Si-based anodes, particularly at the Si electrode-electrolyte interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-performance potassium-ion batteries have received great attention for electrochemical energy storage owing to their low redox potential, abundant natural resources and excellent safety. As an advanced negative material, CoSe 2 has been widely investigated for potassium-ion batteries. Unfortunately, the pure CoSe 2 anode suffers from the fast capacity decay and sluggish kinetics, preventing its practical application. Herein, we introduce a novel strategy to fabricate the CoSe 2 nanoparticles embedded in one-dimensional mesoporous carbon nanofibers (denoted as 1D-CoSe 2 @CNFs) with superior high-rate property and good cycle stability for the first time. In this designed material, the conductive carbon nanofibers are loaded with CoSe 2 particles. The obtained 1D-CoSe 2 @CNFs anode shows a specific capacity of 706.3 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g and presents a high capacity retention ratio of around 96.3 % at 5 A/g over 400 cycles. Therefore, this fabricated 1D-CoSe 2 @CNFs nanocomposite can be employed as a novel negative electrode for potassium-ion storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Alloying-type anode materials are considered promising candidates for next-generation alkali-ion batteries. However, they face significant challenges owing to severe volume variations and sluggish kinetics, which hinder their practical applications. To address these issues, we propose a universal synthetic strategy, which can realize the facile synthesis of various alloying-type anode materials composed of a porous carbon matrix with uniformly embedded nanoparticles (Sb, Bi, or Sn). Besides, we construct the interactions among active materials, electrolyte compositions, and the resulting interface chemistries. This understanding assists in establishing balanced kinetics and stability. As a result, the fabricated battery cells based on the above strategy demonstrate high reversible capacity (515.6 mAh g−1), long cycle life (200 cycles), and excellent high-rate capability (at 5.0 C). Additionally, it shows improved thermal stability at 45 and 60 °C. Moreover, our alloying-type anodes exhibit significant potential for constructing a 450 Wh kg−1 battery system. This proposed strategy could boost the development of alloying-type anode materials, aligning with the future demands for low-cost, high stability, high safety, wide-temperature, and fast-charging battery systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research studies on biomass-derived hard carbon are gaining notable scientific interest due to its potential application as a sustainable anode for Li-ion batteries (LIBs). The current study presents the development of hard carbon from soap-nut seed biomass, with the optimization of its pyrolysis temperature, followed by chemical activation using KOH- and ZnCl2-activated reagents. The physicochemical behaviour of the developed materials is studied by utilizing XRD, HRTEM, BET, and XPS techniques. CV and galvanostatic charge–discharge curves are examined to assess the potential of the material for the application as a sustainable anode in LIBs. The electrochemical performance of the developed materials obtained at various pyrolysis temperatures (600, 700, 800 and 900 °C) and chemically activated with KOH and ZnCl2 is explained with respect to their interplanar spacing, ID/IG ratio, and specific pore area. Among the different pyrolysis temperatures, the hard carbon pyrolyzed at 700 °C exhibits the maximum reversible specific discharge capacity of 391 mA h g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1. The present study also demonstrates that the electrochemical performance of the hard carbon deteriorates after chemical activation with ZnCl2, whereas chemical activation with KOH enhances its performance. The chemically-activated hard carbon using KOH exhibits a reversible specific discharge capacity of 454 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1 and delivers a better cycling stability (500 cycles) of 83 mA h g−1 at 300 mA g−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition metal sulfides (TMSs) are attractive anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their cost effectiveness, impressive redox properties, and high specific capacity. Among them, NiCo 2 S 4 stands out with a substantial theoretical capacity of 703 mAh g−1 and a high electronic conductivity of 1.25 × 106 S m−1, making it a strong candidate for LIBs. However, NiCo 2 S 4 experiences volume changes and mechanical stress during long-term cycling, leading to structural degradation and rapid capacity decay, which hinders its application. To address these issues, we have developed dodecahedral NiCo 2 S 4 embedded within a nitrogen-doped porous carbon structure (NiCo 2 S 4 /NC). The optimal NiCo 2 S 4 /NC-300 material exhibits minimum charge transfer resistance, maximum pseudo-capacitive contribution, and exceptional lithium storage performance. At 0.1 A g−1, NiCo 2 S 4 /NC-300 exhibits an initial discharge/charge specific capacity of 1730.1/949.4 mAh g−1 and retains a discharge capacity of 454.4 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. Even at 0.5 A g−1, it delivers an initial discharge/charge capacity of 1301.1/540.1 mAh g−1 with a capacity retention of 81.2 % after 500 cycles. This study presents significant potential for NiCo 2 S 4 /NC as a high-performance anode material for LIBs, providing new strategies and insights into the mechanisms for enhancing the performance of TMS-based bimetallic anode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The Bi/Bi 2 O 3 nanoscale particles embedded in N -doped carbon sheets was fabricated. • Two-phase of Bi/Bi2O3 give an alloying/transformation dual-channel mechanism. • The Bi/Bi 2 O 3 @CN-700 anode exhibits visible potassium storage performance. Bismuth-based materials have attracted interest in potassium-ion batteries (PIBs). However, the large volume expansion prevents further use of bismuth-based materials for potassium storage. This work employs a two-step synthesis method to innovatively synthesize of Bi/Bi 2 O 3 nanoparticles assembled on N -doped porous carbon sheets (Bi/Bi 2 O 3 @CN). The layered structures with uniformly shaped and N -doped porous carbon skeleton buffer the expansion of Bi and the Bi/Bi 2 O 3 particles increase the capacity of potassium storage. In brief, the Bi/Bi 2 O 3 @CN served as anode in half-cell of PIBs have a good rate capacity of more than 234.7 mAh/g at 20 A/g. The specific capacity retention was 73 % compared with 322.16 mAh/g at 1 A/g, demonstrating good holding capacity for diverse current densities. The cycle also displays 163 mAh/g after 1500 cycles at 2 A/g in the KPF 6 metal salt solution, showing its potential as one of the anode materials in PIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an anode for sodium-ion batteries, CuInS 2 @PPy exhibits excellent rate performance and cycling stability due to the synergism of combinational intercalation-conversion-intercalation reaction mechanism and the high conductivity of the PPy coating layer. [Display omitted] Polypyrrole-coated CuInS 2 (CuInS 2 @PPy) composite was prepared through the chemical vapor transport method and subsequent in situ polymerized coating strategy. In this unique nanoarchitecture, the PPy coating layer plays a crucial role in improving the conductivity of the composite, suppressing the volume change of CuInS 2 , and maintaining the structural integrity of electrode material upon cycling. In addition, the electrochemical reaction mechanism and kinetics of CuInS 2 @PPy were investigated in-depth. Benefitting from the synergism of its combinational intercalation-conversion-intercalation reaction mechanism and the high conductivity of the PPy coating layer, CuInS 2 @PPy electrode exhibits superior rate capability and cycling stability for sodium-ion batteries, with a capacity of 404.8 mA h g−1 at 4 A g−1 over 2500 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illustration of discharging processes of Si@ZIF-8 anode in KOH electrolyte. [Display omitted] • Si@ZIF-8 anodes universally exhibit longer discharge times than bare Si anodes. • Si NWs@ZIF-8 exhibited the highest average discharge voltage of 1.16 V. • The contact mode of the Si anode with water and OH– can be controlled by adjusting ZIF-8 structure. Si-air batteries have a high energy density, high theoretical voltage, and long lifetime, but they present a low anode utilization rate in a potassium hydroxide electrolyte. In this work, a ZIF-8 protective layer was prepared and modulated by a secondary growth method and then applied to protect the Si flat and Si nanowire (NW) anodes of a Si-air battery. By adjusting the conversion ratio, particle size, and crystallinity of ZIF-8 on the Si surface, the contact mode of the Si anode with water and OH– was controlled, thus achieving long-term corrosion and passivation resistance. Si NWs@ZIF-8 exhibited the highest average discharge voltage of 1.16 V, and the Si flat@ZIF-8 anode achieved the longest discharge time of 420 h. This work confirms that ZIF-8 acts as an anode protective layer to improve the properties of Si-air batteries and also provides valuable insights into the protection of Si anodes by MOFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zn dendrite growth and parasitic reactions at the interface of zinc anode/electrolyte in aqueous zinc batteries severely hinder its lifespan in application. Herein, the zinc anode is effectively stabilized by introducing trace amounts of 4‐aminobutane‐1‐phosphate (ABPA) into the ZnSO4 electrolyte. The ABPA adsorbs onto the surface of zinc anode and then further decomposes to a high conductive organic/inorganic composite in situ SEI layer including amino, partial carbon chain, and zinc phosphate. In the SEI layer, the residual undecomposed carbon chain promotes the desolvation of Zn2+, the amino induces uniform Zn2+ plating and zinc phosphate facilitates the migration of Zn2+. Thus, this in situ SEI layer not only suppresses water‐related side reactions but also enhances the Zn2+ transport kinetics. As a result, Zn||Zn symmetric cell delivers an ultralong cycle life of over 13 000 cycles at 50 mA cm−2 and 1 mAh cm−2. A high average Coulombic efficiency of 99.72% is achieved in over 1000 cycles in Zn||Cu half‐cell. The Zn||I2 full cell delivers a high‐capacity retention of 91.42% after 40,000 cycles. Moreover, a 49 mAh Zn||I2 pouch cell maintains 80.28% capacity retention over 300 cycles and 61.22% after 1000 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulating the electrical double layer (EDL) structure can enhance the cycling stability of Zn metal anodes, however, the effectiveness of this strategy is significantly limited by individual additives. Inspired by the high‐entropy (HE) concept, we developed a multicomponent (MC) EDL structure composed of La3+, Cl−, and BBI anions by adding dibenzenesulfonimide (BBI) and LaCl3 additives into ZnSO4 electrolytes (BBI/LaCl3/ZnSO4). Specifically, La3+ ions accumulate within EDL to shield the net charges on the Zn surface, allowing more BBI anions and Cl− ions to enter this region. Consequently, this unique MC EDL enables Zn anodes to simultaneously achieve uniform electric field, robust SEI layer, and balanced reaction kinetics. Moreover, the synergistic parameter – a novel descriptor for quantifying collaborative improvement – was first proposed to demonstrates the synergistic effect between BBI and LaCl3 additives. Benefitting from these advantages, Zn metal anodes achieved a high reversibility of 99.5 % at a depth of discharge (DoD) of 51.3 %, and Zn|MnO2 pouch cells exhibited a stable cycle life of 100 cycles at a low N/P ratio of 2.9. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with the elimination of methyl orange (MO) from an aqueous solution by utilizing the 3D electroFenton process in a batch reactor with an anode of porous graphite and a cathode of copper foam in the presence of granular activated carbon (GAC) as a third pole, besides, employing response surface methodology (RSM) in combination with Box-Behnk Design (BBD) for studying the effects of operational conditions, such as current density (3–8 mA/cm² ), electrolysis time (10–20 min), and the amount of GAC (1–3 g) on the removal efficiency beside to their interaction. The model was veiled since the value of R² was high (>0.98) and the current density had the greatest influence on the response. The best removal efficiency (MO Re%) at pH = 3 was 95.62% with an average energy consumption of 6.22 kWh/kg MO, which was achieved under maximal conditions of current density = 5.12 mA/cm², mass of GAC = 3 g, and time = 20 min with small amounts of Fe2+ (0.124 mM), and Na2 SO4 (0.02 M). Moreover, the present work investigated the effectiveness of 3D electro-Fenton assisted by ultrasound known as Sono-ElectroFenton (SEF), by following a new strategy based on applying the minimum circumstances of EF and comparing its results with that of SEF under the same conditions. MO Re% for EFmin was 49.24% while SEF was 50.51%, which is considered an exiguous improvement. However, using copper foam as a working electrode in the 3D EF system for the degradation of MO was an excellent choice. Furthermore, the suggested approach is characterized by simplicity, speed, and efficiency with a high percentage of pollutant removal, in addition to being eco-friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs) have a significant cost advantage in resources, making their commercial application imminent. Presently, the cycling lifespan and energy density of PIBs lag behind those of lithium‐ion batteries, highlighting the crucial need for anode materials suitable for potassium storage. This paper used high‐pressure heat treatment and extraction methods to obtained toluene insoluble (TI) as a carbon matrix, followed by nickel and nitrogen co‐doping to synthesized anode materials (NiNTI). NiNTI is characterized by defect engineering such as thermal condensation polymerization and template doping, which destroys the flattening of the material, provides more active sites, forms more disordered carbon structures, generates a large number of defects and structural vacancies, and improves the electronic conductivity of NiNTI materials. In the NiNTI half‐cell configuration, operating at a current density of 0.1 A g−1, the reversible specific capacity reaches 364 mAh g−1, with an initial coulombic efficiency of 64.9%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fe‐based anode materials with a high specific capacity, non‐toxic and abundant resources are among the ideal anode candidates for the new generation of LIBs. But their significant bulk effect causes the problems of the broken electrode structure and short cycle life that seriously hinder their practical applications. Herein, we prepared the core‐shell structure Fe3O4@C@SiO2 for the anode of LIBs by MIL‐101(Fe) derivatization using the solvent thermal method combined with the hydrolytic coating method. The porous carbon layer generated in situ by MOF pyrolysis, together with the coating of the SiO2 shell, can mitigate the volume expansion of ferric tetroxide during the cycling process. With these structural advantages, the Fe3O4@C@SiO2 anode preserves excellent performance with a specific capacity of 716 mAh/g for the 300 cycles at 1 A/g and 428 mAh/g after 2000 cycles as the density is up to 5 A/g. This work presents a promising approach for preparing SiO2‐coated core‐shell structured TMOs composite anodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous Zn metal batteries (AZMBs) offer a promising solution for grid‐scale energy storage. Nonetheless, their commercial deployment is hindered by pivotal challenges related to the Zn metal anode, particularly the morphological heterogeneity of electrodeposits and interfacial chemical instability arising from irreversible and uneven electrodeposition. Crystallographic texturing during Zn electrodeposition emerges as a robust approach to achieve grain‐refinement and chemically stable electrodeposits, thereby promoting the sustainable cycling of the Zn anode. Despite substantial progress in Zn texturing, a comprehensive review that systematically elucidates the principles and mechanisms underlying irregular morphological evolution and crystallographic texturing is still lacking. Therefore, this review addresses this gap by first examining the formation of these issues from a crystallographic perspective. The review then categorizes and details five distinct induction mechanisms for crystallographic texturing in Zn electrodeposits. Eventually, the review offers future perspectives on crystallographic texturing, aiming to advance the transition from academic research to industrial application of AZMBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques have proven to be powerful tools for the characterisation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed between the anode and solid electrolyte (SE) in solid-state batteries. XPS offers access to time and operational condition-resolved information on the SEI's chemical composition in the absence of destructive sample preparation. Here we present a Virtual Electrode Plating XPS (VEP-XPS) investigation of the composition and stability of the SEI formed between lithium metal and two different solid electrolytes: Li10GeP2S12 (LGPS) and Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 (LAGP). LAGP shows slower SEI formation kinetics, as proven by the emergence of a metallic lithium signal, while LGPS exhibits rapid SEI growth that prevents metallic lithium from plating. We attribute these observations to the SEI composition, distribution and physical properties of secondary decomposition products and in particular to the mixed ion-electron conductive Li3P which can be observed in LGPS and not in LAGP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NiFe2O4, as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries, has attracted extensive attention due to its high theoretical capacity. However, its practical application is greatly restricted due to the serious volume expansion that occurs during electrochemical reactions. A novel NiO@NiFe2O4/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) architecture was self-assembled by using a facile hydrothermal method and annealing treatment, and its electrochemical lithium-ion storage performance was studied. The results indicate that the NiO@NiFe2O4/rGO electrode exhibits superior rate capability and cycling performance, with a high specific capacity of 930.12 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 100 cycles and 663.72 mA h g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 after 300 cycles. In addition, it still delivers large specific capacities of 342.6 and 213.55 mA h g−1 after 1000 cycles with a coulombic efficiency of more than 99% at high current densities of 2 and 5 A g−1, respectively. This distinguished electrochemical performance is ascribed to the unique and stable structure of the self-assembled NiO@NiFe2O4/rGO electrode material and the synergistic effect between NiO, NiFe2O4 and rGO. This work provides the possibility of improving the lithium-ion storage capacity of transition metal oxides by the facile self-assembly construction of an electrode material architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of high‐performance ion battery anode materials is conducive to the rapid development of urban rail transit. Based on first‐principles calculations, this paper studies the potential performance of the recently discovered two‐dimensional material SnSe2 as a negative electrode for zinc ion batteries. By calculating the adsorption energy, the most stable adsorption configuration of Zn was determined. The band gap of intrinsic SnSe2 decreases after strain, which promotes the transition of carriers. The band gap opens after the strain occurs in the Zn adsorbed SnSe2 system (Zn‐SnSe2), which confirms the regulation of strain on the band gap. The lowest diffusion barrier of Zn is 0.083 eV. The theoretical zinc storage capacity is calculated to be 387.550 mAh/g. The calculation results provide theoretical parameters for the application of SnSe2 in ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uncontrolled dendrite growth and electrolyte‐induced intricate parasitic reactions are two great challenges that hinder the commercial applications of aqueous zinc‐ion batteries. Herein, a synchronous modulation strategy for Zn2+ interfacial migration behavior and electrolyte microenvironment is proposed by constructing a functional lanthanum hydroxide aerogel (LAG) interface layer on Zn anode surface. The in situ derivation of ion‐conducting zinc hydroxide sulfate (ZHS) from LAG layer results in the spontaneous generation of a hierarchic interface layer during the plating process, where the high Zn2+ selectivity of the upper dense ZHS layer can limit SO42− migration and allow for fast Zn2+ interfacial migration kinetics, while the aerogel layer with well‐defined nanochannels near the anode side can homogenize Zn2+ distribution, thus leading to the effective suppression of both dendrites and side reactions. Additionally, the pH microenvironment of the acidic electrolyte can be synchronously regulated by slightly soluble La(OH)3 aerogel, further inhibiting electrolyte corrosion and HER. Consequently, the modified Zn anode delivers highly reversible Zn plating/stripping and low‐voltage hysteresis, and the high areal‐capacity Zn||MnO2 full cells demonstrate considerable electrochemical performances under high Zn utilization conditions. This functional aerogel‐driven synchronous modulation strategy of Zn2+ migration behavior and electrolyte microenvironment provides new insight for stabilizing Zn metal anodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alloy‐type materials are attractive for anodes in sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) owing to their high theoretical capacities and overall performance. However, the accumulation of stress/strain during repeated cycling results in electrode pulverization, leading to rapid capacity decay and eventual disintegration, thus hindering their practical applications. Herein, we report a 3D coral‐like Sb−Cu alloy nanoarray with gradient distribution of both elements. The array features a Sb‐rich bottom and a Cu‐rich top with increasing Sb and decreasing Cu concentrations from top to bottom. The former is the active component that provides the high capacity, whereas the latter serves as an inert additive that acts against volume variation. The gradual transition in composition within the electrode introduces a ladder‐type volume expansion effect, facilitating a smooth distribution and effective release of stress, thereby ensuring the wanted mechanical stability and structural integrity. The as‐developed nanoarray affords a high reversible capacity (460 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C), stable cycling (89 % retention over 120 cycles at 1.0 C), and superior rate capability (354 mAh g−1 at 10 C). The concentration dual‐gradient strategy paves a new pathway of designing alloy‐type materials for SIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LiFe5O8 is regarded as a promising material, which is used as anode for lithium‐ion batteries on account of its lower cost and higher theoretical capacity. However, its practical applications are hindered by the low electron transfer rate, poor cycling performance, and huge magnification of lattice volume. In this work, a LiFe5O8/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) composite anode is designed to realize the ideal anode for low‐cost lithium‐ion batteries, showing broad commercial application prospects. It is found that the three‐dimensional conductive network of CNTs is used to accelerate electron transfer rate within the LiFe5O8 particles, thereby significantly reducing the reversible reaction barrier (Fe/Fe3O4). In addition, it can also alleviate the volume change of electrode, which maintains a stable Li+ insertion/extraction behavior during long‐term cycles. As a consequence, there is still a high capacity (427.3 mAh g−1) of the LiFe5O8/CNTs 3% anode reserved after 50 cycles at 0.5 C whereas the bare LiFe5O8 anode only delivers a low capacity of 220.6 mAh g−1 along with a poor cycling stability. This work highlights the outstanding contribution of electronic conductivity toward the electrochemical performance of LiFe5O8 anode and provides a low‐cost and commercially applicable composite anode for developing lower cost lithium‐ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air oxidation is the main cause of the excessive consumption of prebaked anodes, which not only wastes carbon resources but also increases carbon emissions. In this study, a quasi‐molten coating with self‐healing for prebaked anode by using the slurry method was proposed. This coating utilizes the viscous molten liquid phases to bond the carbon anode, absorbs thermal stress, insulates the carbon anode from the air, and provides self‐healing capabilities at elevated temperatures, while the solid phase provides toughening properties. A series of oxidation experiments have shown that the coating has superior oxidation resistance than coatings reported in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The linac and the 3 GeV rapid-cycling synchrotron (RCS) at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) were designed to provide 1-MW proton beams to the following facilities. Due to the improvement of the accelerator system, we accelerated a 1-MW beam with a small beam loss. The lack of anode current in the radiofrequency (RF) cavity, rather than beam loss, limits the RCS beam power. Recently, we developed a new acceleration cavity that can accelerate a beam with a low anode current. This new cavity enables us to reduce the requirement for the anode power supply and accelerate a beam of more than 1 MW. We considered how to achieve beam acceleration beyond 1 MW. So far, a beam of up to 1.5 MW is expected to be accelerated after replacing the RF cavity. We also studied to achieve an up to 2 MW beam in J-PARC RCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Exploring the intrinsic relationship between the network structure and the performance of catalyst layer (CL) by rational design its structure is of paramount importance for proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers. This study reveals the relative effect of polymeric dispersion evolution on oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance and cell voltage loss and linked to CL network structure. The results show that although the dispersed particle size of the ionomer and ink increases with increasing the solubility parameter (δ) difference between the mixed solvent and the ionomer, MeOH-cat (ink from MeOH aqueous solution) has the largest ionomer and ink particle size resulting in the poorest stability, but has comparable OER overpotential to that of IPA-cat (249 mV@10 mA cm−2), which has the smallest dispersed size. While at 100 mA cm−2, the overpotential of the ink rises as the particle size increases, suggesting that the electrode structure becomes more influential as the current density increases. Quantitatively analyzed the electrolyzers' voltage losses and determined that the CL from MeOH-cat has the lowest kinetic overpotential. However, its performance is the worst because of the insufficient network structure of CL, resulting in an output of 1.96 V at 1.5 A cm−2. Comparatively, the CL from IPA-cat has the highest kinetic overpotential yet can achieve the greatest performance of 1.76 V at 2 A cm−2 due to its homogeneous network structure and optimal mass transport. Furthermore, the performance variation becomes more pronounced as current density rises. Hence, this study highlights the significant impact of CL structure on electrolyzer's performance. To improve performance in PEM water electrolysis technology, especially for large work current density, it is crucial to enhance the CL's network structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The GSS-based electrode delivers a high cycle performance because of a synergistic effect between Ge (capacity), Sn (conductivity) and Se (stability). [Display omitted] A new ternary amorphous GeSnSe (GSS) nanopowder was effectively synthesized by using ball milling under inert atmosphere. Its topographical, microstructural and elemental characterizations revealed the formation of nanoparticles with undefined shape, short-range order and the tailored stoichiometry. Remarkably, this novel amorphous material demonstrates its competences as a promising Li-ion host anode, exhibiting a high cycle performance with a specific charge capacity of 963 mAh g−1 at an applied C-rate of 0.2C with a coulombic efficiency > 99.4 % after 300 cycles. Its high specific capacity, large rate capability, acceptable capacity retention and long cycle life could be attributed to a dual Li-ion storage mechanism that consists mostly of multiple reversible electrochemical processes as conversion and alloying reactions and capacitive processes. Moreover, its stable volume expansion (34 %), moderate electrode polarization (248.9 mV), reasonable charge transfer resistance (83 Ω) and apparent Li-ion diffusion coefficients between 10–9 – 10–14 cm2 s−1 could be promoted by a synergistic effect between Ge (capacity), Sn (conductivity) and Se (stability), which plays an important role on the stability and high cycle performance of the promising GSS-based anode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of Zn improves the wettability and surface lithiophilicity of Cu foam toward Li metal, and a sublevel scaffold of Li x Zn alloy is constructed in the pores of Cu foam, regulating uniform Li deposition in the modified 3D skeleton. [Display omitted] Lithium (Li) metal anode (LMA) is one of the most promising anodes for high energy density batteries. However, its practical application is impeded by notorious dendrite growth and huge volume expansion. Although the three-dimensional (3D) host can enhance the cycling stability of LMA, further improvements are still necessary to address the key factors limiting Li plating/stripping behavior. Herein, porous copper (Cu) foam (CF) is thermally infiltrated with molten Li-rich Li-zinc (Li-Zn) binary alloy (CFLZ) with variable Li/Zn atomic ratio. In this process, the LiZn intermetallic compound phase self-assembles into a network of mixed electron/ion conductors that are distributed within the metallic Li phase matrix and this network acts as a sublevel skeleton architecture in the pores of CF, providing a more efficient and structured framework for the material. The as-prepared CFLZ composite anodes are systematically investigated to emphasize the roles of the tunable lithiophilicity and hierarchical structure of the frameworks. Meanwhile, a thin layer of Cu-Zn alloy with strong lithiophilicity covers the CF scaffold itself. The CFLZ with high Zn content facilitates uniform Li nucleation and deposition, thereby effectively suppressing Li dendrite growth and volume fluctuation. Consequently, the hierarchical and lithiophilic framework shows low Li nucleation overpotential and highly stable Coulombic efficiency (CE) for 200 cycles in conventional carbonate based electrolyte. The full cell coupled with LiFePO 4 (LFP) cathode demonstrates high cycle stability and rate performance. This work provides valuable insights into the design of advanced dendrite-free 3D LMA toward practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Step 1: The diffusion process of Na+ in the bulk phase of the composites. Step 2: Charge transfer reaction process. Step 3: The transport process of Na+ through SEI layer. The accuracy of kinetic interpretation is significantly improved by combining ex-situ TEM with distribution of relaxation times (DRT) to analyses electrochemical processes. [Display omitted] • A template method is employed to construct Sb/Sb 2 O 3 embedded N-doped porous carbon. • The accuracy of kinetic analysis is improved by combining ex-situ TEM with DRT. • N-doping creates more Na+ storage sites to improve the capacity. • The Sb/Sb 2 O 3 @NPC anode exhibits excellent cycle performance. Sb-based materials are considered as promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their excellent sodium storage capacities and suitable potentials. However, the Sb-based anodes usually suffer from intense volume expansion and severe pulverization during the alloying-dealloying process, resulting in poor cycling performance. Herein, a composite anode with Sb/Sb 2 O 3 nanoparticles embedded in N-doped porous carbon is prepared by the gas–solid dual template method. The volume change of the anode material is mitigated by the carbon layer enwrapping and the confinement of the porous structure. Nitrogen doping provides abundant sodium storage sites, thus enhancing the storage capacity of sodium ion. Furthermore, to gain the accurate kinetic interpretation of the electrochemical process, an ex-situ transmission electron microscope (TEM) characterization combined with distribution of relaxation times (DRT) is conducted. The Sb/Sb 2 O 3 @NPC-1.0 demonstrates excellent electrochemical performance, achieving 340.3 mAh g−1 at 1A g−1, and maintains a capacity of 86.7 % after 1000 cycles. This work paves the way for the practical application of SIBs with high-performance and long-life Sb-based anodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The H 2 under organic acid regulates the reaction rate and protects the (0 0 2) crystal planes, initiating ultrathin SEI within 1 min. • The exposed (0 0 2) planes induce uniform deposition and enhance corrosion-resistance. • This SEI with organic groups exhibits excellent compatibility, low resistance and isolation of electrolyte/anode. • The ZAC1@Zn possesses practical application value due to the rapid preparation within 1 min and resistance to high current shock. Organic acid treatment can facilitate the in-situ formation of a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on Zn foil protecting the anode from corrosion. However, the generation of hydrogen (H 2) during this process is inevitable, which is often considered detrimental to getting compact SEI. Herein, a H 2 film-assisted method is proposed under concentrated Amino-Trimethylene-Phosphonic-Acid to construct ultrathin and dense SEI within 1 min. Specifically, the (0 0 2) crystal planes survive from the etching process of 1 min due to the adhered H 2 , inducing uniform deposition and enhanced corrosion-resistance. Moreover, the H 2 can effectively regulate the reaction rate, leading to ultrathin SEI and initiating a morphology preservation behavior, which has been neglected by the previous reports. The quick-formed SEI has excellent compatibility, low resistance and effective isolation of electrolyte/anode, whose advantages work together with exposed (0 0 2) planes to get accustomed to high-current surge, leading to the ZAC1@Zn//ZAC1@Zn consistently cycling over 800 h at 15 mA cm−2 and 15 mAh cm−2, the ZAC1@Zn//Cu preserves high reversibility (CE 99.7 %), and the ZAC1@Zn//MVO exhibits notable capacity retention at 191.7 mAh/g after 1000 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium niobium oxide (TiNbxO2 + 2.5x) is emerging as a promising electrode material for rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) due to its exceptional safety characteristics, high electrochemical properties (e.g., cycling stability and rate performance), and eco‐friendliness. However, several intrinsic critical drawbacks, such as relatively low electrical conductivity, significantly hinder its practical applications. Developing reliable strategies is crucial to accelerating the practical use of TiNbxO2 + 2.5x‐based materials in LIBs, especially high‐power LIBs. Here, we provide a chronicle review of the research progress on TiNbxO2 + 2.5x‐based anodes from the early 1950s to the present, which is classified into early stage (before 2008), emerging stage (2008–2012), explosive stage (2013–2017), commercialization (2018), steady development (2018–2022), and new breakthrough stage (since 2022). In each stage, the advancements in the fundamental science and application of the TiNbxO2 + 2.5x‐based anodes are reviewed, and the corresponding developing trends of TiNbxO2 + 2.5x‐based anodes are summarized. Moreover, several future research directions to propel the practical use of TiNbxO2 + 2.5x anodes are suggested based on reviewing the history. This review is expected to pave the way for developing the fabrication and application of high‐performance TiNbxO2 + 2.5x‐based anodes for LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, sodium‐ion batteries are considered the most promising large‐scale energy storage systems (EESs) due to the low cost and wide distribution of sodium sources as well as the similar working principle to lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Therefore, screening suitable materials with high abundance, low cost, and excellent reliability and modified with different strategies based on them is the key point for the development of sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). In addition, the ideal anodes with high abundance, and low cost elements also greatly influence the cost of SIB systems, determining the large‐scale application. Herein, recent advances in carbon, iron, manganese, and phosphorus‐based anodes of various types, such as hard carbon, iron oxides, manganese oxides, and red phosphorus, are highlighted. The various sodium storage mechanisms and structure‐function properties for these four types of materials are summarized and analyzed in detail. Considering the commercial profits that the EESs can bring and their suitability for mass electrode manufacturing, the participation of high‐abundance and low‐cost elements such as Fe, Mn, C, and P is convincing and encouraging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proton exchange membrane water electrolyser (PEMWE) possesses great significance for the production of high purity of hydrogen. To expedite the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) that involved multiple electron–proton‐coupled process, efficient and stable electrocatalysts are highly desired. Currently, noble‐metal Ir‐based materials are the benchmark anode due to its corrosion‐resistant property and favourable combination of activity/stability. However, the large‐scale deployment of PEMWE is usually constrained due to the use of the scarcest element iridium. In this review, we disclose the current research progress towards the non‐iridium‐based electrocatalysts for OER in acidic media, and then summarize some typical oxides that possesses good catalytic performance. Besides, we also present the unresolved problems and challenges in an attempt to enhance the activity/stability of these catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low‐volume power density remains a significant barrier to the portable application of direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). Herein, a shared anode flow field (SAFF) structure is introduced in an active DMFC to reduce stack volume and improve discharge performance. The differences in discharge performance between the bi‐cell with SAFF and the bi‐cell with traditional anode flow field (TAFF), coupled with the effect of operating conditions on performance, are investigated by polarization curve, electrochemical impedance spectra, and voltage versus time curves. The results show that the SAFF structure enhances anode mass transfer, resulting in an improvement in peak power density and voltage stability of the bi‐cell compared to the TAFF structure. In addition, the bi‐cell with SAFF achieves its highest peak power density at a lower methanol concentration, alleviating the methanol crossover caused by high concentration. The SAFF structure is an attractive choice for DMFC portable applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium-ion batteries are pivotal in modern energy storage, commonly utilizing graphite anodes for their high theoretical capacity and long cycle life. However, graphite anodes face inherent limitations, such as restricted lithium-ion storage capacity and slow diffusion rates. Enhancing the porosity of graphite and increasing d-spacing in expanded graphite anodes have been explored to improve lithium-ion diffusion and intercalation. Recent advancements suggest that nanoscale modifications, such as utilizing nano-graphite and graphene, can further enhance performance. Laser processing has emerged as a promising technique for synthesizing and modifying graphite and graphene-related materials, offering control over surface defects and microstructure. Here, we demonstrate an industrially compatible one-step laser processing method to transform a nano-graphite and graphene mixture into a nanoporous matrix, significantly improving lithium-ion battery performance. The laser-processed anodes demonstrated significantly enhanced specific capacities at all charge rates, with improved relative performance at higher charge rates. Additionally, long-term cycling at 1 C showed that laser-processed cells outperformed their non-processed counterparts, with specific capacities of 323 and 241 mAh/g, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sodium storage behavior in the plateau region is crucial for determining the capacity and rate capability of hard carbon (HC) anodes in sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Key structural features for achieving excellent plateau performance include extended graphite domains and increased interlayer spacing. However, synchronously optimizing these two structures is challenging due to their inherent trade‐off. Herein, a tandem catalytic carbonization strategy is developed to construct HC with long graphite domains (La = 5.31 nm) and large interlayer spacing (d002 = 0.389 nm) simultaneously. Comprehensive in situ and ex situ tests unravel the catalytic selective bond breaking and aromatization effects of ZnCl2, the catalytic graphitic layers enlargement and occupied effects of formed ZnO and Zn in different temperature stages, leading to the formation of the unique structure. The optimal HCZ‐0.1 exhibits a high reversible capacity of 346.9 mAh g−1 with a plateau capacity of 249.4 mAh g−1, and high‐rate performance (114.0 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1). In addition, the sodium storage mechanism and origin of enhanced Na+ kinetics of HCZ‐0.1 are also revealed. This work offers a precise method to engineer the graphite microcrystal structure in HC for superior sodium storage in the plateau region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium‐sulfur (Li−S) batteries are considered as a most promising rechargeable lithium metal batteries because of their high energy density and low cost. However, the Li−S batteries mainly suffer the capacity decay issue caused by the shutting effect of lithium polysulfides and the safety issues arising from the Li dendrites formation. This review outlines the current issues of Li−S batteries. Furthermore, we comprehensively summarized the challenges encountered by Li anode in Li−S batteries, such as the heterogeneous deposition of the Li anode, the unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer, and volume expansion. Moreover, research progresses in the stabilization strategies of Li anodes (physical approaches, optimization of electrolyte, surface protection layer, and design of current collector) is discussed in detail. Lastly, the remaining challenges and future research directions of Li metal anode stabilization in Li−S batteries are also present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anode‐free alkali metal batteries (AFAMBs) are regarded as the most promising candidates for next‐generation high‐energy systems owing to their high safety, high energy density, and low cost. However, the restricted alkali supply at the cathode, severe dendrite growth, and unstable electrode‐electrolyte interface result in low Coulombic efficiency and severely short cycle life. The optimization strategies are mainly based on laboratory‐level coin cells, but their effectiveness in practical‐level batteries is rarely discussed. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the recent developments and challenges of AFAMBs from the laboratory toward their practicability. First, the advances, major challenges, and optimization strategies are systematically summarized. More significantly, given the vast differences in battery structures and operating conditions, the gap between laboratory‐level and practical‐level batteries is particularly emphasized in this review. In addition, the failure mechanisms of practical‐level AFAMBs have been outlined and the key parameters affecting their performance are identified. Finally, insightful perspectives on practical AFAMBs are presented, aiming to provide helpful guidance for subsequent basic research to promote large‐scale commercial applications of AFAMBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous zinc batteries (AZBs) have emerged as promising candidates for next‐generation grid‐scale energy storage due to their excellent safety, environmental friendliness, and abundance of Zn metal. However, undesired dendrite growth on Zn anodes, resulting from uneven Zn plating/stripping, leads to poor durability and low Coulombic efficiency, posing significant challenges for the practical application of AZBs. Multiple physical fields, the intrinsic driving force governing the distribution of electrons and ions, significantly impact Zn deposition behavior. The underlying mechanisms and regulation strategies related to this phenomenon has not been fully reviewed. This comprehensive review focuses on revealing the key physical fields influencing Zn deposition (including ionic flux, electric field, stress field, and temperature field) and summarizes the most effective control methods. Each approach is thoroughly scrutinized, highlighting its operational mechanisms, benefits, and limitations. Furthermore, the challenges and potential pathways for developing durable Zn anodes are outlined. Through in‐depth analysis of the influences of multiphysical fields on Zn deposition behavior, this review sets the foundation for enhancing the performance of Zn anodes, thereby supporting the advancement of Zn batteries commercialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, Ti/PbO2‐MWCNTs anodes modified with different amount with different amount of Tween 80 (0.0–2.0 g/L) were prepared by the direct current electrodeposition method used as anode materials for Zinc electrowinning. The MWCNTs were dispersed in a lead nitrate solution with Tween 80, and the effects of the amount of added Tween 80 on the morphology, phase composition and electrocatalytical performance of lead dioxide coating were investigated. Physical characterizations show that with the increase of the amount of Tween 80, both grain size of PbO2 and carbon content in PbO2 layer firstly increased and then decreased, the preferential orientation and crystallinity of the PbO2 grain growth in the deposition process changed. Electrochemical tests demonstrate that the optimal modified electrode achieved the minimum Eo value and maximum j0 of 2.038 V and 3.781×10−4 A, respectively, an increase of capacitance to 368.8 μF cm−2, and a decrease of charge transfer resistance to 92.74 Ω cm2, which is mainly attributed to the PbO2 electrode modified with Tween 80, coupled with the synergistic effects of MWCNTs doping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of Si‐based anodes within sulfide‐based solid electrolyte (SSE) Li‐ion batteries (LIB) has emerged as a promising avenue of research and development, attracting increasing interest in recent years. This work comprehensively examines the latest research directions and major strides in this field. It covers the key advances in the design and engineering of nano‐ and micro‐structured Si anode architectures, and strategies of surface modification. Additionally, it explores the impacts of external pressure, the role of binders and conductive additives, and the implications of varying Si particle size. Beyond providing a detailed account of the evolution of Si anodes within SSE LIBs, this work also identifies critical research challenges that urgently need addressing. These include the electrochemical‐mechanical evolution behavior and failure mechanism of Si anodes in SSE LIBs, strategies for structural and interface modifications, methods for preparing Si electrodes, advancements in high‐performance SSEs, and the development of scalable technologies for SSE thin films. Moreover, it discusses high‐energy cathodes tailored for Si‐based SSE LIBs. The identified research priorities are set to offer crucial guidance and insights, supporting the ongoing investigations and innovations in this dynamic area of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium (Mg) metal is a promising anode candidate for high-energy and cost-effective multivalent metal batteries, but suffers from severe surface passivation in conventional electrolytes, especially aqueous solutions. Here, we uncover that MgH2, in addition to the well-known MgO and Mg(OH)2, can be formed during the passivation of Mg by water. The formation mechanism and spatial distribution of MgH2, and its detrimental effect on interfacial dynamics and stability of Mg anode are revealed by comprehensive experimental and theoretical investigations. Furthermore, a graphite-based hydrophobic and Mg2+-permeable water-tolerant interphase is drawn using a pencil on the surface of Mg anodes, allowing them to cycle stably in symmetric (> 900 h) and full cells (> 500 cycles) even after contact with water. The mechanistic understanding of MgH2-involved Mg passivation and the design of pencil-drawn waterproof Mg anodes may inspire the further development of Mg metal batteries with high water resistance. This paper uncovers the formation of MgH2, in addition to the well-known MgO and Mg(OH)2, during the passivation of Mg by water, and demonstrates a waterproof Mg metal anode by simply pencil drawing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining high‐voltage nickel‐rich cathodes with lithium metal anodes is among the most promising approaches for achieving high‐energy‐density lithium batteries. However, most current electrolytes fail to simultaneously satisfy the compatibility requirements for the lithium metal anode and the tolerance for the ultra‐high voltage NCM811 cathode. Here, we have designed an ultra‐oxidation‐resistant electrolyte by meticulously adjusting the composition of fluorinated carbonates. Our study reveals that a solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) rich in LiF and Li2O is constructed on the lithium anode through the synergistic decomposition of the fluorinated solvents and PF6− anion, facilitating smooth lithium metal deposition. The superior oxidation resistance of our electrolyte enables the Li||NCM811 cell to deliver a capacity retention of 80 % after 300 cycles at an ultrahigh cut–off voltage of 4.8 V. Additionally, a pioneering 4.8 V‐class lithium metal pouch cell with an energy density of 462.2 Wh kg−1 stably cycles for 110 cycles under harsh conditions of high cathode loading (30 mg cm−2), low N/P ratio (1.18), and lean electrolytes (2.3 g Ah−1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing an anode material that has better performance efficiency than commercial graphite while keeping the features of economic scalability and environmental safety is highly desirable yet challenging. MOFs are a promising addition to the ongoing efforts, however, the relatively poor performance, chemical instability, and large‐scale economic production of efficiency‐proven pristine MOFs restrict their utility in real‐life energy storage applications. Furthermore, hierarchical porosity for lucid mass diffusion, high‐density lithiophilic sites are some of the structural parameters for improving the electrode performance. Herein, we have demonstrated the potential of economically scalable salicylaldehydate 3D‐conjugated‐MOF (Fe−Tp) as a high‐performance anode in Li‐ion batteries: the anode‐specific capacity achieved up to 1447 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and 89 % of cyclic stability after 500 cycles at 1.0 A g−1 for pristine MOF. More importantly, incorporating 10 % Fe−Tp doping in commercial graphite (MOFite) significantly enhanced lithium storage, doubling capacity after 400 cycles. It signifies the potential practical utility of Fe−Tp as a performance booster for commercial anode material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]