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BACKGROUND: Ca2+ expression in astrocytes has been found to be closely related to cognitive function, and the Ca2+ signaling pathway regulated by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3R2) and ryanodine receptor (RYR) 2 receptors has become a hot spot in the study of cognitive disorder-related diseases. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of Ca2+ signals mediated by IP3R2 and RYR2 in hippocampal astrocytes in animal models of delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning, and to explore the possible pathogenesis of delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning. METHODS: C57BL mice with qualified cognitive function were selected by Morris water maze experiment and randomly divided into control group and experimental group. An animal model of delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning was established by static carbon monoxide inhalation in the experimental group, and the same amount of air was inhaled in the control group. Behavioral and neuronal changes, astrocyte specific marker glial fibrillary acidic protein, IP3R2, RYR2 receptor and Ca2+ concentration in astrocytes of the two groups were detected using Morris water maze, hematoxylin-eosin staining, western blot, immunofluorescence double labeling and Ca2+ fluorescence probe at 21 days after modeling. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the Morris water maze, the escape latency of the experimental group was significantly longer than that of the control group (P < 0.05). Hematoxylin-eosin staining results showed that in the experimental group, the number of hippocampal pyramidal cells decreased, the cell structure was disordered, and the nucleus was broken and dissolved. Immunofluorescence results showed that IP3R2 and RYR2 were co-expressed with glial fibrillary acidic protein in the hippocampus, and the expressions of IP3R2, RYR2 and glial fibrillary acidic protein were up-regulated in the hippocampus of the experimental group (P < 0.05). Western blot analysis showed that the expressions of IP3R2, RYR2, and glial fibrillary acidic protein in the hippocampus of the experimental group were increased (P < 0.05). Ca2+ concentration in hippocampal astrocytes increased significantly in the experimental group (P < 0.05). To conclude, astrocytes may affect Ca2+ signals by mediating IP3R2 and RYR2 receptors, then impair the cognitive function of mice with carbon monoxide poisoning, and eventually lead to delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

目的　观察颊针疗法对全髋关节置换老年患者术后疼痛及认知功能的影响。方法　选取拟行全髋关节 置换术的老年患者80例, 随机分为观察组和对照组, 每组 40 例。两组均给予腰硬联合麻醉, 观察组麻醉成功后给予 颊针疗法, 针刺得气后留针 30 min, 对照组麻醉成功后安静休息 30 min, 两组均行全髋关节置换术。记录两组术 前 1 天 (T0) 、术后 12 h (T1) 、术后 24 h (T2) 、术后 48 h (T3) 、术后 72 h (T4) 的静息和活动状态疼痛视觉模拟评分 (VAS)、简易精神状态量表 (MMSE) 评分和蒙特利尔认知评估量表 (MoCA) 评分, 采用化学发光法检测两组 T0、T1 时 间点血清C反应蛋白 (CRP)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶 (NSE), 记录两组术后并发症发生情况。结果 T1、T2、T3 时间 点观察组静息、运动状态 VAS 均低于对照组而 MMSE、MoCA 评分均高于对照组 (P均<0. 05), T0、T4时间点两组静 息及运动状态 VAS、MMSE 评分、MoCA 评分比较差异均无统计学意义 (P 均>0. 05) 。与同组 T0 时间点比较, 两组 T1时间点血清CRP、NSE 水平均升高, 且对照组升高更明显 (P均<0. 05) 。观察组术后发生尿潴留1例、恶心呕吐2例, 并发症发生率为7. 5% (3/40); 对照组分别为 4、6 例及 25% (10/40); 两组比较P<0. 05。结论　颊针疗法有助于减轻 全髋关节置换老年患者术后疼痛及炎症反应, 从而促进其术后认知功能的恢复, 且安全性较高。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To probe into the analgesic effects of dexmedetomidine combined with butorphanol in patients with femoral intertrochanteric fracture, and its effects on patients’ cognitive function and stress. METHODS: A total of 196 patients with femoral intertrochanteric fracture admitted into the Guang’an People’s Hospital from Sept. 2020 to Mar. 2022 were selected to be divided into two groups via random number table method, with 98 patients in each group. The control group was given butorphanol for postoperative analgesia, while the observation group received dexmedetomidine combined with butorphanol for postoperative analgesia. The surgical condition, postoperative analgesic effects, cognitive function, stress levels and incidences of adverse drug reactions were compared between two groups. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in the comparison of surgery duration, intraoperative blood loss and length of post-anesthesia care unit stay between two groups (P>0. 05). There were no statistically significant differences in the comparison of visual analogue scale (VAS) scores in resting and active states at 2 and 48 h after surgery, the Ramsay sedation scores at 2, 12, 24 and 48 h after surgery between two groups (P>0. 05). The VAS scores in resting and active states at 12 and 24 h after surgery were significantly lower in the observation group than those in the control group, with statistically significant differences (P<0. 05). There were no statistically significant differences in the comparison of Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores between two groups before surgery, at 24 and 48 h after surgery (P>0. 05). At 12 h after surgery, the MMSE scores of both groups decreased, and the MMSE score of the observation group was higher than that of the control group, with statistically significant differences ( P < 0. 05). There were no statistically significant differences in the comparison of cortisol (Cor) and norepinephrine (NE) levels between two groups at 2 h after surgery (P>0. 05). At 48 h after surgery, the Cor and NE levels of both groups increased, and those of the observation group were lower than the control group, with statistically significant differences (P<0. 05). The adverse drug reactions in both groups after surgery included skin pruritus, drowsiness, vomiting and nausea. There was no statistically significant difference in the comparison of incidences of adverse drug reactions between observation group and control group [ 7. 14% ( 7 / 98) vs. 11. 22% (11 / 98), P > 0. 05)]. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of dexmedetomidine and butorphanol for postoperative analgesia in patients with femoral intertrochanteric fracture can not only achieve significant analgesic effects, but relieve cognitive impairment and stress response, without increasing the incidence of adverse drug reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the changes of serum 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine ( 8-OHdG), NTproBNP and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in patients with heart failure (HF), and their correlation with cognitive function. Methods Ninety-six patients with HF were prospectively selected as reserach objects (HF group), meanwhile, another 96 healthy physical examinees were also enrolled as the control group. The cognitive function of the HF patients was assessed by the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) score. The serum levels of 8-OHdG, NT-proBNP and MnSOD were compared between the two groups, and patients with different cognitive status at admission. The correlation between the levels of the above three serum markers and MoCA score was also analyzed. The diagnostic value of the above three serum indicators for cognitive dysfunction at admission was analyzed. Results The levels of serum 8-OHdG and NT-proBNP in patients with HF at admission were significantly higher than those in the control group, while the level of serum MnSOD was significantly lower (all P<0. 01). The levels of serum 8-OHdG and NT-proBNP in HF patients with cognitive dysfunction were significantly higher than those in HF patients with normal cognition funtion, while the level of serum MnSOD was significantly lower (all P< 0. 01). For the HF patients at admission, the levels of serum 8-OHdG and NT-proBNP were both positively correlated with the MoCA score, while the level of serum MnSOD was negatively correlated with the MoCA score (all P<0. 05). In the diagnosis of cognitive dysfunction among HF patients, the area under the curve, sensitivity, and specificity of the combination of serum 8-OHdG, NT-proBNP, and MnSOD levels at admission were all significantly higher than those by using any single of the three indicators. Conclusion The serum levels of 8-OHdG, NT-proBNP and MnSOD are closely related to complicated cognitive dysfunction in patients with HF. The joint detection of the three markers significantly increases the diagnostic value of cognitive dysfunction in HF patients, which could provide references for clinical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the longitudinal correlation between cognitive function (CF) and activities of daily living (ADL) of the rural elderly in Guizhou province, and to provide theoretical basis for preventing and controlling health problems of the elderly. Methods The multi stage cluster random sampling method was used to select the elderly aged 60 years and above from 12 villages in 2 counties (districts) of Guizhou Province as the research objects. In this study, 792 elderly people who participated in two surveys in 2019 (T₁) and 2022 (T₂) and were ≥60 years old at baseline with complete variable values were selected as survey subjects. The cross lagged model was used to investigate the longitudinal relationship between cognitive function and ADL. Results The cross - lagged model showed that T₁ ADL could predict T₂ cognitive function after controlling T₁ cognitive function (β = -0.120, P<0.001). After controlling for T₁ ADL, T₁ cognitive function predicted T₂ ADL (β = -0.099, P=0.005). In the study of the association between two dimensions of ADL and cognitive function, it was found that T₁ IADL could predict T₂ cognitive function after controlling for T₁ cognitive function (β = 0.138, P<0.001). Similarly, after controlling T₁ IADL, T₁ cognitive function could predict T₂ IADL (β = 0. 124, P<0.001). But there was no predictive effect between BADL and cognitive function. Conclusion There is a longitudinal bidirectional correlation between cognitive function and activities of daily living of the rural elderly in Guizhou, only between IADL and cognitive function, suggesting that strengthening the monitoring and intervention of cognitive function of the elderly can help reducing the risk of the decline of IADL in the elderly, and strengthening the training of IADL plays an important role in delaying cognitive decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the chain-mediated roles of intergenerational spiritual support and depression between social participation and cognitive functioning in older adults. Methods In this paper, we used data from the China Health and Aging Tracking Survey (CHARLS) 2020 to screen 3 737 study participants who met the criteria. Depression and cognitive function were measured using the Center for Streaming Depression Scale (CES-D 10) and the Overall Cognitive Scoring Instrument, respectively. Two-column correlation analyses (Pearson’s correlation analyses) of correlation were used, and multiple mediating effect models were constructed to investigate the mediating effects of intergenerational spiritual support and depression in the impact of social participation activities and cognitive functioning in older adults. Results After including control variables such as age, gender, marital status, chronic disease prevalence, and insurance participation, regression analysis showed that older adults’ social participation status had a significant direct effect on their cognitive functioning (β=0.254, P<0.001), while intergenerational spiritual support (β=0.052, P<0.050) and depression status (β=-0.084, P<0.001) also had a significant effect on cognitive function in older adults. The results of mediation effect analysis showed that the simple mediation effects of intergenerational psychiatric support and depression status on the relationship between social participation status and cognitive function in older adults were 0.006(95%CI: 0.001-0.012) and 0.020(95%CI: 0.006-0.036), respectively, and the chained mediation effect was 0.001(95%CI: 0.001-0.004). Conclusion This study finds a direct mediating effect of depressive status and intergenerational psychiatric support between social participation status and cognitive functioning in older adults, as well as a chain-mediated effect between the two. Social participation of older adults should be improved, while their cognitive function can be improved by children caring more about their parents and reducing depressive symptoms to delay or prevent the occurrence of cognitive impairment in older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the multiple mediating effects of different types of social activities on the relationship between health status and cognitive function, providing insights for mitigating cognitive impairment in older adults. Methods Using data from the 2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, 7.991 individuals aged 65 and older were selected to construct a multiple mediation model examining the mediating effects of physical exercise, cultural and recreational activities, interpersonal interactions, and family life on the relationship between self-rated health and cognitive function. Results Self-rated health and the four types of social activities were significantly correlated with cognitive function (P < 0.01). Physical exercise, cultural and recreational activities, interpersonal interactions, and family life exhibited partial mediating effects between self-rated health and cognitive function. Specifically, self-rated health directly influenced cognitive function with an effect size of 0.591 (95%CZ: 0.471-0.710), Furthermore, self-rated health mediated cognitive function through the four types of social activities. The mediating effect size was 0.010 (95%CI: 0.002-0.018) for physical exercise, 0.083 (95%CI: 0.055-0.113) for recreational activities, 0.061 (95% Ch 0.042-0.080) for interpersonal interactions, and 0.078 (95% CI: 0.054-0.104) for family life. Conclusion Self-rated health can delay cognitive decline in older adults by promoting their participation in social activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the relationship between physical and cognitive activities and cognitive function in different socioeconomic status (SES) populations, providing a basis for interventions targeting cognitive impairment in elderly individuals of varying SES. Methods Data were sourced from the Hubei Memory and Aging Cohort Study (HMACS), including physical examinations and cognitive assessments. SES was categorized into low, medium, and high groups based on education level, occupation, and income. Physical Activity (PA) and Cognitive Leisure Activity (CLA) were standardized through a comprehensive scoring system based on the type, duration, and frequency of activities. Chi -square tests or -tests were used to analyze group differences, while multivariate logistic regression examined the association between SES and overall cognitive impairment as well as specific cognitive domains. General linear regression models analyzed the relationship between activity scores and cognitive function in elderly individuals across different SES groups. Results A total of 8 597 eligible participants aged M65 years were included in HMACS, with a mean age of 72.2 (±6.0) years, an average education level of 7.9 (±5.2) years, including 4 735 females (55.1%), 3 008 from rural areas (35.0%), and 2 155 currently unmarried individuals (25.2%). Among them, 1 553 (18.1%) were classified as low SES, and 2 677 (31.1%) had cognitive impairment. The prevalence of cognitive impairment was 1.88 times (95%CI: 1.62-2.18) higher in the medium SES group and 3.61 times (95%CI: 2.92-4.46) higher in the low SES group compared to the high SES group. In the medium SES group, PA showed the strongest association with memory and attention functions 侈=0.06: 95%CI: 0.02-0,11;/3=O.O8, 95%CI: 0.04-0,12, respectively). In the low SES group, CLA demonstrated the strongest associations with overall cognitive function, memory, language, attention, and processing speed compared to the high SES group, with respective 仔 values of 0.20 (95%CI: 0.12-0.28) vs. 0.03 (95%CI: 0.01-0.05), 0.15 (95%CI: 0.06-0.24) vs. 0.04 (95%CI: -0.01-0.10), 0.07 (95%CI: -0.03-0.16) vs, 0,02 (95%CI: 一0.02-0.07), 0.15 (95% CI: 0.07-0.24) vs. 0.06 (95%C/: 0.00-0.11), and 0.22 (95%CI: 0.08-036) vs. 0.04 (95%CI: -0.02-0.09). Additionally, the combination of PA and CLA in the low SES group showed the strongest associations with overall cognitive function, memory, language, attention, and processing speed compared to the high SES group, with j3 values of 0.29 (95%CI: 0.19 to 0.40) vs. 0.04 (95%CI: 0.00 to 0.07), 0.14 (95%CI: 0.02 to 0.26) vs. 0.05 (95%CI: -0.03 to 0.13), 0.11 (95%CI: -0.01 to 023) vs. 0.05 (95%CI: -0.01 to 0.11), 0.17 (95%CI: 0.07 to 0.28) vs. 0.09 (95%CI: 0.01 to 0.17), and 0.23 (95%CI: 0.04 to 0,41) vs. -0.02 (95%CI: 一0.09 to 0.05). Conclusion Physical and cognitive activities have a more significant impact on improving cognitive function among elderly individuals with low socioeconomic status. Implementing CLA and combined PA with CLA in low SES populations shows promising cognitive improvement effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

目的 探讨和厚朴酚对脑出血（intracerebral hemorrhage，ICH）小鼠神经损伤和认知功能的影响及其作用机制。 方法 将C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为假手术组，模型组，和厚朴酚低、中、高剂量组，以及和厚朴酚+抑制剂组。除假手术组外，其余组小鼠均通过自体血注入右侧基底神经节构建ICH模型。于ICH前15 min和ICH后1 h，和厚朴酚低、中、高剂量组分别腹腔注射10 mg/kg、20 mg/kg、40 mg/kg和厚朴酚，和厚朴酚+抑制剂组腹腔注射40 mg/kg和厚朴酚与5 μg/kg脑源性神经营养因子（brain derived neurotrophic factor，BDNF）-酪氨酸激酶受体B（tyrosine kinase receptor B，TrkB）-环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合蛋白（cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein，CREB）信号通路抑制剂K252a，假手术组、模型组腹腔注射等量的二甲基亚砜和生理盐水。采用改良的神经功能缺损评分（modified neurological severity score，mNSS）评估小鼠神经功能；通过Morris水迷宫实验计算逃避潜伏期、跨越原平台次数、目标象限停留时间百分比3个指标用于评估小鼠空间学习和记忆能力；苏木精-伊红（hematoxylin-eosin，HE）染色观察海马神经元病理学改变；原位末端转移酶标记（terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling，TUNEL）染色检测海马神经元凋亡率；酶联免疫吸附试验（enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay，ELISA）检测血清BDNF、TrkB水平；免疫印迹法检测海马组织BDNF、TrkB、CREB、磷酸化CREB（phosphorylated CREB，p-CREB）蛋白表达情况。 结果 与假手术组小鼠相比，模型组小鼠mNSS、海马神经元凋亡率升高，逃避潜伏期延长，跨越原平台次数减少，目标象限停留时间百分比降低，血清BDNF、TrkB及海马组织BDNF、TrkB、p-CREB/CREB水平降低（均P

目的 探讨不同亚型脑白质高信号（white matter hyperintensity，WMH）及脑白质高信号半暗带（white matter hyperintensity penumbra，WMH-P）内血流灌注、微结构损伤与认知障碍的关系。 方法 前瞻性连续纳入2021年5月—2023年3月就诊于唐山市工人医院，WMH为改良Fazekas分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级的脑小血管病（cerebral small vessel disease，CSVD）患者，进行包括三维动脉自旋标记（three-dimensional arterial spin labeling，3D-ASL）、弥散峰度成像（diffusion kurtosis imaging，DKI）序列在内的3.0 T MRI扫描。分析患者深部脑白质高信号（deep white matter hyperintensity，DWMH）感兴趣区（region of interest，ROI）（界定为ROI1）及其WMH-P感兴趣区（内层为ROI1-1，外层为ROI1-2），脑室旁脑白质高信号（periventricular white matter hyperintensity，PVWMH）感兴趣区（界定为ROI2）及其WMH-P感兴趣区（内层为ROI2-1，外层为ROI2-2）内血流灌注指标——脑血流量（cerebral blood flow，CBF），以及反映微结构改变的指标——轴向扩散系数（axial diffusivity，AD）、平均扩散系数（mean diffusivity，MD）、径向扩散系数（radial diffusivity，RD）、轴向峰度（axial kurtosis，AK）、平均峰度（mean kurtosis，MK）、径向峰度（radial kurtosis，RK）、各向异性分数（fraction anisotropy，FA）。评估患者的认知功能，用Spearman相关分析计算不同亚型WMH（DWMH和PVWMH）及其WMH-P内上述反映血流灌注和微结构改变的指标与认知障碍严重程度的相关性。 结果 共纳入61例CSVD患者，平均年龄（61±1）岁。DWMH（ROI1）内RD值（r=0.296）与认知障碍严重程度呈正相关，MK值（r=－0.287）、RK值（r=－0.315）与认知障碍严重程度呈负相关；其WMH-P内AD值（ROI1-1：r=0.274；ROI1-2：r=0.261）、MD值（ROI1-1：r=0.370；ROI1-2：r=0.387）、RD值（ROI1-1： r=0.411；ROI1-2：r=0.430）与认知障碍严重程度呈正相关，AK值（ROI1-1：r=－0.270；ROI1-2： r=－0.297）、MK值（ROI1-1：r=－0.367；ROI1-2：r=－0.325）、RK值（ROI1-1：r=－0.379；ROI1-2： r=－0.309）、FA值（ROI1-1：r=－0.286；ROI1-2：r=－0.256）与认知障碍严重程度呈负相关。PVWMH（ROI2）内MK值（r=0.354）、RK值（r=0.293）与认知障碍严重程度呈正相关；其WMH-P内各微结构改变的指标与认知障碍严重程度的相关性均无统计学意义。WMH及WMH-P内CBF值与认知障碍严重程度的相关性均无统计学意义。 结论 CSVD患者DWMH及其WMH-P、PVWMH内微结构损伤与认知障碍存在弱相关性，但PVWMH周围WMH-P内的微结构与认知障碍无相关性；WMH及WMH-P内血流灌注与认知障碍无相关性。 Abstract: Objective To investigate the relationship between blood perfusion, microstructural damage that in different subtypes of white matter hyperintensity (WMH) and white matter hyperintensity penumbra (WMH-P), and cognitive impairment. Methods The patients with cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) patients with the WMH rating of modified Fazekas grade Ⅰ-Ⅱ at Tangshan Gongren Hospital from May 2021 to March 2023 were included. The 3.0 T MRI scan [three-dimensional arterial spin labeling (3D-ASL), diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) sequences] were conducted on these patients. The blood perfusion index [cerebral blood flow (CBF)] and the indexes [axial diffusivity (AD), mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD), axial kurtosis (AK), mean kurtosis (MK), radial kurtosis (RK), and fraction anisotropy (FA)] reflecting the microstructural changes within the deep white matter hyperintensity (DWMH) region of interest (ROI1) and its WMH-P (ROI1-1 in the inner layer and ROI1-2 in the outer layer), as well as periventricular white matter hyperintensity (PVWMH) (ROI2) and its WMH-P (ROI2-1 in the inner layer and ROI2-2 in the outer layer) of patients were analyzed. The cognitive function of patients was analyzed. The Spearman correlation was used to analyze the relationship between the above indexes reflecting blood perfusion changes and microstructural changes in different subtypes of WMH (DWMH and PVWMH) and its corresponding WMH-P and the severity of cognitive impairment. Results A total of 61 patients with CSVD were included, with an average age of (61±1) years. The RD value (r=0.296) in DWMH (ROI1) was positively correlated with the severity of cognitive impairment, while the MK value (r=－0.287) and the RK value (r=－0.315) were negatively correlated with the severity of cognitive impairment. The values of AD (ROI1-1: r=0.274; ROI1-2: r=0.261), MD (ROI1-1: r=0.370; ROI1-2: r=0.387), and RD (ROI1-1: r=0.411; ROI1-2: r=0.430) in WMH-P were positively correlated with the severity of cognitive impairment, while the values of AK (ROI1-1: r=－0.270; ROI1-2: r=－0.297), MK (ROI1-1: r=－0.367; ROI1-2: r=－0.325), RK (ROI1-1: r=－0.379; ROI1-2: r=－0.309), and FA (ROI1-1: r=－0.286; ROI1-2: r=－0.256) were negatively correlated with the severity of cognitive impairment. The MK value (r=0.354) and RK value (r=0.293) in PVWMH were positively correlated with the severity of cognitive impairment. There was no significant correlation between the indexes that reflecting the changes of microstructures in WMH-P and cognitive impairment. The CBF values in WMH and WMH-P were not significantly correlated with the severity of cognitive impairment. Conclusions In CSVD patients, the microstructural damages of DWMH, WMH-P of DWMH, and PVWMH were weakly correlated with cognitive impairment, but the microstructure in WMH-P of PVWMH was not correlated with cognitive impairment. In addition, blood perfusion in WMH and WMH-P was not correlated with cognitive impairment.

Objective: To investigate the changes of neurotransmitters, cognitive function and inflammatory stress response in elderly patients with cognitive dysfunction after hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage (HICH) treated with citicoline combined with oxiracetam. Methods: According to the random number table method, 92 elderly patients with cognitive dysfunction after HICH were divided into control group (oxiracetam treatment, 46 cases) and observation group (citicoline combined with oxiracetam treatment, 46 cases). The total clinical effective rate, cognitive function, neurotransmitter level, inflammatory stress response index were observed between two groups after treatment. Results: The total clinical effective rate in observation group was higher than control group(P<0.05). Compared with control group, the scores of montreal cognitive assessment (MOCA), mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and the levels of serum glycine (Gly), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were increased, and the levels of glutamic acid (Glu), aspartic acid (Asp), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were decreased in observation group 2 weeks after treatment (P<0.05). Conclusion: Citicoline combined with oxiracetam in the treatment of elderly patients with cognitive dysfunction after HICH, can effectively improve the cognitive function of patients, which may be related to regulating neurotransmitter levels and reducing inflammatory stress response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To understand the status of alexithymia in people living with HIV aged 50 years and over, and to analyze its influencing factors. Methods From November 2023 to March 2024, HIV 一 infected people aged 50 and over in Luzhou City, Ziyang City and Zigong City of Sichuan Province were selected by convenience sampling method. The 20 - item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS - 20), Loneliness Scale (UCAL) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA) were used to conduct a questionnaire survey on people living with HIV aged 50 and oven T 一 test and ANOVA were used to compare the scores of alexithymia in HIV 一 infected people aged 50 years and above with different characteristics. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to explore the influencing factors of alexithymia in HIV - infected people aged 50 years and above. Results The average scores of TAS - 20, UCAL and MoCA were (61. 93 ± 10. 99) points, (44. 91 ± 9. 87) points and (18. 56 ± 4.86) points, respectively, in 207 HIV 一 infected patients aged 50 years and above. The detection rate of Alexithymia was 52. 2%. The results of multivariate analysis showed that non 一 marriage (仔=0. 13,95% CIt 0. 03 - 0. 53), loneliness (仔= 0. 44, 95% CIz 0. 32 - 0. 55), poor cognitive function (仔二 一 0. 25, 95% CI: - 0. 37 - 0, 14) may be the influencing factor of alexithymia in HIV 一 infected persons aged 50 years and above. Conclusion Compared with other age groups, HIV - infected people aged 50 and above have a higher prevalence of alexithymia, and AIDS prevention and control managers should focus on unmarried, lonely and poor cognitive performance of infected people, to develop personalized interventions for them to alleviate alexithymia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the relationship between female reproductive history and cognitive dysfunction in old age. Methods Based on the survey data of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey database in 2018, binary logistic regression and R4.3.3 software were used to construct a restricted cubic spline model to analyze the dose-response relationship between the number of births, gestational age and cognitive dysfunction in women. Results 7508 elderly women were included, of whom 764 (10.17%) had cognitive dysfunction. After adjusting for confounding factors, the first gestational age (OR=1.025, 95%CI:1.007-1.044), the last gestational age (OR=1.071, 95%CI:1.056-1.086), and the number of pregnancies (OR=1.085, 95%CI:1.044-1.127) had an impact on the cognitive function of elderly women. The results of the restricted cubic spline model showed that there was a linear dose-response relationship between the number of pregnancies and the risk of cognitive dysfunction in women (Poverall<0.05, Pnon-linearity=0.67), and the cognitive function was not adversely affected when the number of pregnancies was ≤4 (OR<1, 95%CI:0.45-1). When she had only one child, there was a nonlinear dose-response relationship between the gestational age and the risk of cognitive impairment (Poverall<0.05, Pnon-linearity<0.05), suggesting that the best childbearing age was 27 to 30 years old (OR<1, 95%CI:0.89-1). When she had more than one child, there was a nonlinear dose-response relationship between the first and last gestational age and the risk of cognitive impairment (Poverall<0.05, Pnon-linearity<0.05), suggesting that the best childbearing age was 22 to 35 years old (OR<1, 95%CI: 0.99-1). Conclusion There is a correlation between female reproductive history and cognitive function in old age. Limiting the number of childbearing and encouraging age-appropriate childbearing can improve cognitive function in old age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the white matter structural characteristics in patients with bipolar disorder (BD) using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and investigate their relationship with cognitive function. Methods: A total of 15 patients with BD type I and 26 patients with BD type II who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) diagnostic criteria and 37 normal controls were included. Cognitive function was assessed with the Trail Making Test (TMT) and Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). The tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) method was used to explore the differences in fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) among the three groups and perform correlation analyses with cognitive function. Results: Patients with BD I and BD II had lower scores in attention (P<0.001), delayed memory (P<0.01), and total scores (P<0.001) on the RBANS compared to the normal control group. They also exhibited lower FA values in the corpus callosum and right superior corona radiata compared to the normal control group (P < 0.05) In the BD I group, there was a positive correlation between FA values in the genu of corpus callosum and visuospatial/constructional scores (r = 0.74, P < 0.05), while in the BD II group, a positive correlation was found between FA values in the same region and language function scores (r = 0.55 P < 0.05). Conclusion: It suggests that patients with bipolar disorder may have impaired white matter integrity in the corpus callosum and right superior corona radiata, which may be associated with cognitive impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Asian Journals of Ecotoxicology is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To explore the effect of psychological resilience support combined with motivational behavior transformation theory-based nursing in patients after interventional thrombolysis for stroke. Methods A total of 80 patients who underwent interventional thrombolysis for stroke in this hospital from January 2022 to September 2023 were selected as the study subjects and randomly divided into two groups using a random number table. The control group (n=40) received psychological resilience support nursing, while the observation group (n=40) received motivational behavior transformation theory-based nursing on top of psychological resilience support nursing. Both groups received continuous nursing intervention for 30 days. The motor function, cognitive function recovery, quality of life, and nursing satisfaction were compared between the two groups. Results After 30 days of nursing, the Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scale score, Mini-Mental State Examination score, Short Form-36 Health Survey score, and nursing satisfaction in the observation group were all higher than those in the control group, with statistically significant differences (P＜0.05). Conclusion Psychological resilience support combined with motivational behavior transformation theory-based nursing can improve the limb motor function and cognitive function of patients after interventional thrombolysis for stroke, promote their quality of life, and increase their satisfaction with nursing outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To observe brain functional activities in first-episode, untreated adolescent female patients with depression based on the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and to analyze its relationship with cognitive function. Methods Thirty first-episode, untreated adolescent female patients with depression (observation group) and 24 healthy controls (control group) were included. Both groups underwent rs-fMRI to obtain the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) values, which were compared between the two groups. Regions of interest (ROIs) associated with cognitive function, such as the cingulate gyrus and middle frontal gyrus, were selected from the brain regions showing differences in ALFF values between the two groups. Functional connectivity (FC) analysis was performed based on these ROIs to observe brain functional activity between the two groups and to obtain FC values. Both groups were also assessed for cognitive function using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). Pearson correlation analysis was used to assess the relationships between the ALFF and FC values of the brain regions showing differences in ALFF and cognitive function. Results Compared with the control group, the observation group exhibited decreased ALFF in the right middle frontal gyrus, right medial superior frontal gyrus, left cingulate gyrus, and right angular gyrus (all P<0. 05) . Whole-brain functional connectivity analysis based on the cingulate gyrus as the ROI showed higher FC values in the right parahippocampal gyrus and right orbital inferior frontal gyrus in the observation group in comparison with those of the control group (all P<0. 05). Whole-brain functional connectivity analysis based on the middle frontal gyrus as the ROI revealed increased FC values in the bilateral cerebellum area 8 and left supplementary motor area in the observation group in comparison with those of the control group (both P<0. 05). There were no correlations between cognitive function and ALFF or FC values in the brain regions with differences (all P>0. 05). There were significant differences in the RBANS total score, immediate memory, visual span, language function, and delayed memory scores between the two groups (all P<0. 05). Conclusion First-episode, untreated adolescent female patients with depression exhibited abnormalities in ALFF and functional connectivity in key brain regions such as the cingulate gyrus and middle frontal gyrus, but no correlation was found between brain functional activity and cognitive function in these regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

目的　探讨超声引导下胸椎旁神经阻滞对老年肝癌手术患者镇痛效果和认知功能的影响。方法　选择 择期行肝癌切除手术的老年患者134例，随机分为观察组和对照组，每组67例。对照组予自控静脉镇痛（托烷司琼 5 mg + 舒芬太尼 0. 2 µg/kg用生理盐水稀释至 100 mL），观察组在此基础上予超声引导下胸椎旁神经阻滞（0. 25% 罗哌卡因0. 5 mg/kg）。比较两组术后1、4、12、24、72 h镇痛效果［采用视觉模拟评分法（VAS）评估］及血清疼痛介质 ［神经肽 Y（NPY）、P 物质（SP）及多巴胺（DA）］水平，术前 1 天与术后 7 天认知功能［采用简易智能精神检查量表 （MMSE）评分评估］及血清认知功能相关指标［脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）、兴奋性氨基酸（EAA）、缺氧诱导因子 1α（HIF-1α）］水平，以及围手术期不良反应情况。结果　两组术后VAS和血清NPY、SP、DA水平均呈先上升后下降 趋势，并且观察组术后4、12、24、72 h VAS和血清NPY、SP、DA水平均低于对照组同期（P均<0. 05）。观察组与对照 组术后MMSE评分均低于术前，并且观察组术后MMSE评分高于对照组术后（P均<0. 05）。两组术后血清BDNF水 平均低于术前，血清EAA、HIF-1α水平均高于术前（P均<0. 05）；观察组术后血清BDNF水平高于对照组术后，血清 EAA、HIF-1α水平均低于对照组术后（P均<0. 05）。观察组围手术期不良反应发生率低于对照组（P<0. 05）。结论　老年 肝癌手术患者在自控静脉镇痛基础上予超声引导下胸椎旁神经阻滞不仅镇痛效果好，还能减轻术后认知功能损伤， 并且安全性较高。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Decline in cognitive function is considered a hallmark of schizophrenia, and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)has developed as a promising tool for cognitive enhancement. Objective To systematically evaluate the effect of tDCS on improving cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia, so as to provide references for clinical intervention of cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia. Methods A computer-based systematic search was conducted on September 12, 2023 through CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, PubMed, CINAHL and PsycINFO databases, and randomized controlled trials relevant to the efficacy of tDCS for management of cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia were collected. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for Randomized Trials (RoB 2. 0). Results A total of 17 articles were included, including 953 patients with schizophrenia. TDCS has an improvement effect on cognitive functions such as information processing speed, attention, working memory, executive function and learning ability in patients with schizophrenia. Conclusion tDCS may have an effect on improving cognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To probe into the efficacy of beraprost sodium combined with agatroban in the treatment of patients with acute cerebral infarction (ACI) and its effects on cognitive function and serum inflammatory factors. METHODS: From Dec. 2022 to Nov. 2023, a total of 126 patients with ACI admitted into the hospital were extracted to be divided into the combined treatment group and agatroban group via the random number table method, with 63 cases in each group. The agatroban group was treated with routine symptomatic therapy and agatroban, while the combined treatment group received beraprost sodium on the basis of agatroban group. The clinical efficacy and adverse drug reactions of two groups were recorded, and the cognitive function, levels of inflammatory factors, oxidative stress indicators, and cerebral hemodynamic indicators were compared between two groups. RESULTS: The total clinical effective rate of the combined treatment group was 88. 89%(56/63), significantly higher than 74. 60% (47/63) in the agatroban group, with statistically significant difference (P < 0. 05). After treatment, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores in both groups increased, and the scores MoCA and MMSE in the combined treatment group were significantly higher than those in the agatroban group, with statistically significant difference ( P < 0. 05). After treatment, the levels of tumor necrosis factor-ɑ ( TNF-ɑ), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in both groups decreased, and the levels of TNF-ɑ, IL-1β, IL-6 and CRP in the combined treatment group were significantly lower than those in the agatroban group, with statistically significant difference (P <0. 05). After treatment, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in both groups decreased, while the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) increased significantly, the MDA level in the combined treatment group was significantly lower than that in the agatroban group, while the levels of SOD, T-AOC, and GSH-Px were significantly higher than those in the agatroban group, with statistically significant differences (P < 0. 05). After treatment, the mean velocity of blood flow (Vmean) and mean blood flow (Qmean) of two groups increased significantly, while the vascular resistance (Rv) and characteristic impedance of cerebrovascular net (Zcv) decreased significantly; compared with agatroban group, Vmean and Qmean increased more significantly, Rv and Zcv decreased more significantly in the combined treatment group, with statistically significant differences (P < 0. 05). There was no statistically significant difference in the total incidence of adverse drug reactions between two groups (P>0. 05). CONCLUSIONS: Ceraprost sodium combined with agatroban in the treatment of patients with acute cerebral infarction can effectively improve the efficiency, reduce inflammatory and oxidative stress reactions, improve cognitive function and cerebral hemodynamic indicators, with higher medication safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To observe the occurrence of sleep disorders in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and its correlation with cognitive impairment. Methods: A total of 100 elderly patients with COPD admitted to the hospital from January 2021 to December 2022 were selected. According to the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score, the subjects were divided into sleep disorder group and non-sleep disorder group. Cognitive function in the two groups was evaluated with the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Baseline data and MMSE scores of the two groups were taken as independent variables. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic analysis were conducted to identify the influencing factors of sleep disorders. The correlation between PSQI score and MMSE score was analyzed. Results: Of the 100 elderly patients with COPD, 32 (32%) had sleep disorders. Compared with the non-sleep disorder group, the sleep disorder group had higher PSQI scores. The total PSQI score of the sleep disorder group was (7.48± 1.81), higher than (6.02±0.74) of the non-sleep disorder group (P<0.05). Univariate analysis showed that the MMSE scores of different dimensions and the total MMSE score of the sleep disorder group were lower than those of the non-sleep disorder group. The proportions of patients with course of disease ≥ 10 years and dyspnea grade ≥ 3 were higher than those in the non-sleep disorder group (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that course of disease, dyspnea grade and MMSE score were independent risk factors for sleep disorders in patients with COPD (P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis found that PSQI score was negatively correlated with MMSE score in patients with COPD, while the PSQI score is positively correlated with the course of the disease and the grading of dyspnea (P<0.05). Conclusion: The risk of sleep disorders in elderly patients with COPD is high. The course of disease, dyspnea grade, and MMSE score are influencing factors of sleep disorders. In addition, the patients' sleep quality is closely related to the degree of cognitive impairment, which deserves attention in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To observe the effects of different doses of dexmedetomidine (Dex) combined with nerve block anesthesia on stress response factors and postoperative cognitive function in patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopic surgery. Methods: 160 patients who underwent gynecological laparoscopic surgery were admitted to the Yibin Second People's Hospital from January 2023 to June 2023 were included as the study subjects, patients were divided into low dose group (n = 53, 0.2mu*gkg h - 1) medium dose group (n = 53, 0.4mu*gkg h - 1) and high dose group (n = 54, 0.8mu*gkg h - 1) based on the dosage of Dex pump. The pain visual analogue (VAS) score, Ramsay sedation score, hemodynamics, stress response factors and cognitive function indexes and the incidence of adverse reactions were compared in three groups. Results: 12 hours after operation, the Ramsay in high dose group was higher than that in medium dose group, high dose and medium dose groups were higher than that of low dose group (P < 0.05) . 12 hours after operation, the VAS score in high dose group was lower than that in medium dose group, high dose and medium dose groups were lower than that of low dose group (P < 0.05) 5 minutes after extubation, the heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in high dose group were lower than those in medium dose group, high dose and medium dose groups were lower than those of low dose group (P < 0.05) 5 minutes after extubation, superoxide dismutase (SOD) in high dose group was higher than that in medium dose group, high dose group and medium dose group were higher than that of low dose group (P < 0.05) 5 minutes after extubation, norepinephrine (NA), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in high dose group were lower than those in medium dose group, high dose and medium dose groups were lower than those of low dose group (P < 0.05) 12 hours after extubation, the scores of mini-mental state examination (MMSE) in high dose group and medium dose group were higher than that in low dose group, and high dose group was higher than that of medium dose group (P < 0.05) The incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in high dose group was lower than that in low dose group and medium dose group (P < 0.05) Conclusion: The application of Dex in gynecological laparoscopic surgery shows a dose dependent effect, with a dose of 0.8 µg kg h¹ showing better results, which can significantly reduce the degree of stress injury and the incidence of POCD in patients, alleviate pain after operation, and increase the stability of perioperative hemodynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the correlation between serum C-reactive protein (CRP), melatonin (MT), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and oxidative stress indexes and cognitive function in patients with first-episode untreated schizophrenia (SP). Methods: 140 patients with first-episode untreated SP who were treated in Xuzhou Oriental Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University from January 2021 to June 2023 were selected as observation group, the patients were divided into high score group (≥70 points) with 57 cases and low score group (<70 points) with 83 cases according to the positive and negative symptom scale (PANSS) score. Another 140 volunteers who received physical examination in our hospital during the same period were selected as control group. Serum oxidative stress indexes, CRP, MT and IGF-1 levels were detected, and patients' cognitive dysfunction was evaluated by MATRICS cognitive assessment system (MCCB) score. The correlation between serum CRP, MT, IGF-1 and PANSS score, serum oxidative stress index, MCCB score and total score was analyzed. Results: Serum CRP in observation group was higher than that in control group, and MT and IGF-1 were lower than those in control group (P<0.05). The serum CRP in high score group was higher than that in low score group, and the MT and IGF-1 were lower than those in low score group (P<0.05). Serum SOD and GSH-Px in high score group were lower than those in low score group, while NO was higher than that in low score group (P<0.05). The MCCB scores and total scores in high score group were lower than those in low score group, and the PANSS score was higher than that in low score group (P<0.05). Pearson correlation showed that, serum CRP was positively correlated with PANSS score and NO, and negatively correlated with SOD, GSH-Px and MCCB scores and total scores (P<0.05). Serum MT and IGF-1 were negatively correlated with PANSS score and NO, and positively correlated with SOD, GSH-Px and MCCB scores and total score (P<0.05). Conclusion: The level of serum CRP in patients with first-episode untreated SP increase, and the levels of MT and IGF-1 decrease, there is a significant correlation between the three and oxidative stress indicators and cognitive function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the intervention effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on cognitive function of schizophrenia patients with methods using meta-analysis. Methods: CNKI, Wanfang Data, VIP, PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library and Embase were searched for randomized controlled trials of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on cognitive function in schizophrenia. Quality assessment was performed with the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews. Effect sizes and heterogeneity were assessed using RevMan 5. 3. Results: A total of 31 randomized controlled trials (2 421 patients) were included in this study. Meta-analysis showed that rTMS improved cognitive function in schizophrenia patients (SMD = 0. 73). Subgroup analyses showed that intervention intensity was less than or equal to 100% RMT, the intervention frequency was 1 Hz, the intervention time was lasted at least 20 min/time, and the intervention period was four weeks, the effect of rTMS was better. Subgroup analyses showed that rTMS was more effective in improving for patients with durations of 5 to 10 years. Conclusion: rTMS has more significant improvement effects on cognitive function in schizophrenia patients. It is recommended to set the intervention intensity ≤100% RMT, the intervention frequency of 1 Hz, the intervention time ≥20 min, and the intervention period of 4 weeks in the clinic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the association between cognitive function and the level of gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) before and after treatment in patients with major depression disorder. Methods: Totally 31 medication-naïve patients with major depression disorder meeting the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) and 33 normal controls were collected. Each eligible patient received treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor agents for 8 weeks. The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) was used to evaluate the cognitive function. By means of IH magnetic resonance spectroscopy, anterior cingulate cortex GABA concentrations were measured. Results: At base-line, the concentration of ACC GABA relative to water (GABA+/W) was lower in the patient group than in the control group (P<0.05) and increased after treatment (P<0.05). ACC GABA+/W was negatively associated with verbal learning and visual memory score in patient group at baseline (correlation coefficient and P value were r=-0.40. P<0.05; r = -0.42, P <0.05, respectively). The ACC GABA+/W difference resulted of treatment in patient group was positively associated with the difference of working memory score and the difference of reasoning and problem-solving score (correlation coefficient and P value were r = 0. 58, P <0.05; г = 0. 66, P<0.05, respectively). Conclusion: The cognitive dysfunction of patients with major depression disorder may not be related to the degree of depression and anxiety. And improvement of cognitive function may be associated with increase of ACC GABA concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Physical Education / Tiyu Xuekan is the property of Journal of Physical Education Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of South China University of Technology (Natural Science Edition) is the property of South China University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Stroke is the property of Chinese Journal of Stroke Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Modern Laboratory Medicine is the property of Journal of Modern Laboratory Medicine Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To observe the effects of 20 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) combined with venlafaxine in the treatment of adult generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and its impact on cognitive function and negative emotions. Methods A total of 75 adult patients with GAD admitted to the hospital from March 2021 to April 2023 were randomly divided into two groups using the random number table method. The control group (37 cases) received venlafaxine treatment, while the study group (38 cases) received rTMS on the basis of venlafaxine. The clinical efficacy of the two groups was compared. Results The total effective rate eye movement measurement. Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MOCA) scores in the study group were higher than those in the control group and the event-related potential latency, as well as the scores of GAD-7 scale, Hamilton Anxiety Scale and Hamilton Depression Scale were significantly lower than those of the control group, with statistical significance (P<0.05). Conclusion The 20 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with venlafaxine therapy can improve the clinical efficacy, cognitive function, and alleviate negative emotions in adult patients with GAD, with high therapeutic practicality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the relationship between serum neurofilament light chain protein (NFL), homocysteine (Hcy), irisin (Irisin) and cognitive function and seizure control after treatment in patients with epilepsy. Methods: 196 patients with epilepsy admitted to The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University from February 2021 to February 2023 were selected,according to the evaluation results of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA), patients were divided into cognitive impairment group and non-cognitive impairment group, with 70 cases and 126 cases respectively. All patients with epilepsy were treated with antiepileptic drugs, the levels of serum NFL, Hcy and Irisin were detected before treatment, the seizure control was evaluated 6 months after treatment, the patients were divided into complete control group (139 cases) and incomplete control group (57cases) according to this. The factors affecting the incomplete control of seizures in patients with epilepsy after treatment were analyzed by multivariate Logistic regression analysis. Results: The level of Irisin in cognitive impairment group was lower than that in non-cognitive impairment group, and the levels of serum NFL and Hcy were higher than those in non-cognitive impairment group (P＜0.05). The levels of serum NFL and Hcy in incomplete control group were higher than those in incomplete control group (P＜0.05), and the level of Irisin was lower than that in incomplete control group (P＜0.05). Electroencephalogram abnormalities, generalized seizures, high NFL and Hcy were risk factors for incomplete control after antiepileptic treatment in patients with epilepsy (P＜0.05), and high Irisin was a protective factor (P＜0.05). Conclusion: The levels of serum NFL and Hcy in patients with epilepsy and cognitive impairment are increase, and the level of Irisin is decrease, which are relate to the control of seizures after antiepileptic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the changes of analgesic effect, immune stress and cognitive function after preemptive analgesia with erector spinae plane block (ESPB) combined with nalbuphine in patients undergoing thoracoscopic radical resection of lung cancer. Methods: 124 patients undergoing thoracoscopic radical resection of lung cancer were divided into control group (62 cases, ESPB) and study group (62 cases, ESPB combined with nalbuphine preemptive analgesia) according to the random number table method.The changes of postoperative analgesia pump pressing times, pain score, hemodynamic index, cellular immune function index, stress response index and cognitive function score were compared between two groups. Results: The number of postoperative analgesia pump pressing in study group was less than that in control group (P＜0.05). 6 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h postoperative, visual analogue scale (VAS) scores of pain in study group were lower than those in control group (P＜0.05). The heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) after catheterization, slicing and after extubation in study group were higher than those in control group (P＜0.05). The levels of CD3+, CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ in study group were higher than those in control group at 24 h postoperative, CD8+, norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) in study group were lower than those in control group (P＜0.05). The scores of mini-mental state examination (MMSE) in study group were higher than those in control group at 24 h, 48 h and 7 d postoperative (P＜0.05). Conclusion: ESPB combined with nalbuphine for preemptive analgesia in patients undergoing thoracoscopic radical resection of lung cancer, which can exert good analgesic effect, stabilize hemodynamics, reduce immune stress and affect cognitive function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health promotion is a process that urges people to maintain and improve their own health, which can reduce the deterioration rate of cognitive function of the elderly or delay the decline of cognitive ability. However, the health promotion behavior and lifestyle of the elderly in the county are affected by many factors. Searching the existing databases, this paper reviews the related research on the health promotion of cognitive function of the elderly in the county area at home and abroad, including the related research on screening tools and health promotion intervention programs, compares the research on intervention programs, and puts forward the future research direction based on the county background in China. The purpose of this study is to provide a reference for Chinese scholars to effectively carry out health promotion strategies for the cognitive function of the elderly in county areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characteristic of moyamoya disease (MMD) is progressive narrowing or occlusion of the intracranial segment and its proximal branches of the internal carotid artery, leading to ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke with high disability and mortality rates. Many studies show that patients with MMD generally have high signal intensity in the white matter of the brain and varying degrees of white matter damage. At the same time, it has been found that there is a general decline in cognitive function in patients with MMD. After surgical treatment, white matter damage and cognitive function will also be improved to a certain extent, indicating consistency between white matter damage and cognitive function decline in MMD patients. This article reviews the research progress and comprehensive evaluation methods of white matter damage in patients with MMD, and summarizes the improvement of white matter damage and cognitive function in patients with smoke disease after revascularization surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To observe the effects of scalp acupuncture combined with speech auditory feedback cognitive training on cognitive function, cerebral blood flow, and serum neurocytokines in patients with cognitive impairment after brain injury. Methods: 102patients with cognitive impairment after brain injury admitted to our hospital from August 2021 to February 2023 were divided into control group (n=51, received speech auditory feedback cognitive training) and experimental group (n=51, received scalp acupuncture intervention on the basis of the control group) by random number table method. Compared Montreal cognitive assessment scale (MoCA),cerebral blood flow indicators [mean blood flow velocity (Vm), local cerebral blood flow (r CBF), local cerebral blood volume (r CBV) ],and serum neurocytokines [S100β, Neuron specific enolase (NSE), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF) ]between two groups before and after intervention, and the occurrence of adverse reactions during the intervention period were observed in both groups. Results: After intervention, the scores and total scores of visual space and executive function, naming, attention, language,abstraction, delayed recall, and orientation in both groups increased, and the experimental group was higher than the control group (P＜0.05). After intervention, Vm, r CBF, and r CBV increased in both groups, and the experimental group was higher than the control group (P＜0.05). After intervention, S100 β, NSE and NGF groups in both decreased, and the experimental group was lower than the control group; BDNF increased, and the experimental group was higher than the control group (P＜0.05). During the intervention period, there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups (P＞0.05). Conclusion: The combination of scalp acupuncture and verbal auditory feedback cognitive training can effectively improve cognitive function in patients with cognitive impairment after brain injury, and the safety is good, which may be related to improving cerebral blood flow and serum neurocytokine levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the relationship between cognitive function and social participation in community-dwelling older adults, and to analyze the mediating role of self-perceived aging and the moderating effect of the number of chronic diseases. Methods In total 555 community -dwelling older adults selected by convenience sampling in Xinxiang city was suiTeyed using the Brief Aging Perceptions Questionnaire, Mini-Mental State Examination, social participation questionnaire, and chronic disease survey from May to October 2022. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, and correlation analysis were conducted, and a moderated mediating model was constructed using Mplus 83. Results Cognitive function positively influenced social participation (r=0.256, P<0.01). Self-perceived aging mediated the relationship between cognitive function and social participation 0=0.095, SE二0.029, 95%CI: 0.047 to 0.159, R=0,001》accounting for 26.4% of the total effect. The number of chronic diseases moderated the first half of the mediating effect path 俗二一183, P<0.05), showing that the impact of cognitive function on self-perceived aging strengthened with an increase in the number of chronic diseases (simple slope=- 0.883, 95%CI: -L164 to 一0.602, PvO.001). When the number of chronic diseases was low, the influence of cognitive function on self-perceived aging was weaker (simple slope =-0.517, 95% CI: 一0.863 to 一 0.164, P=0.004). Conclusion Cognitive function and self-perceived aging are important factors influencing social participation in older adults. Self-perceived aging partially mediates the relationship between cognitive function and social participation, and the number of chronic diseases moderates this relationship. This suggests that interventions to improve social participation in community -dwelling older adults and promote successful aging should target self-perceived aging, cognitive function, and chronic disease prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective：To explore the effect of enriched environment on the A1/A2 phenotype conversion of astrocytes and cognitive function in rats after ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats. Method：Forty two adult male SD rats (weight 220±20g) were selected for middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery, followed by reperfusion 2 hours later. Three days after operation，30 rats were randomly divided into standard environment group (n=15) and enriched environment group (n=15), and 10 rats were selected as sham operation group. The enriched environment group was raised in the enriched environment cagSpraguees， and the other two groups were raised in the standard environment. After 21 days，the Bederson score and mNss score were used to detect the behavioral changes of rats in each group，and the Morris water maze was used to detect the cognitive function of rats. Subsequently，western blot analysis was used to analyze the activation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker of astrocytes. Real-time PCR and ELISA detect the expression of A1 type astrocyte marker (C3) and A2 type astrocyte marker (S100A10). Hematoxylin eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the pathological changes of cortex around the infarction. TUNEL staining was used to detect apoptosis. Result：Compared with SE group， the expression of GFAP protein in EE group decreased significantly (P< 0.05). The expression level of the A1 type astrocyte marker C3 in EE group was significantly lower than that in SE group (P<0.05), while the expression of A2 type astrocyte marker S100A10 was significantly higher than that in SE group (P<0.05). Correspondingly to this result，in the EE group，the secretion of the cytokine TNF-α by A1 astrocytes was significantly lower than in the SE group (P<0.05), and the secretion of the cytokine BDNF by A2 astrocytes was significantly higher than in the SE group (P<0.05). TUNEL and HE staining showed that the apoptosis and damage of cells in EE group were less (P<0.05). In addition，the neurological ischemia in the EE group was less severe， including significant differences in the Bederson score and mNss score (P<0.01). Compared with the SE group，the rats in the EE group had better cognitive function， characterized by shorter latency (P<0.05), longer residence time in the target quadrant (P<0.01), and more times of crossing the platform (P<0.05) in the water maze experiment. Conclusion：The enriched environment can inhibit the activation of astrocytes，promote the conversion of activated astrocytes to neuroprotective type A2 and inhibit their conversion into neurotoxic type A1，resulting in improving cognitive function after ischemic stroke in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effects of modified electroconvulsive therapy (MECT) in combination with medication and medication alone on relapse and cognitive functioning in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods: Totally 324 patients meeting the diagnostic criteria ofthe DSM-5 for MDD were selected and divided into combined MECT group (n = 117) and non-combined MECT group (n=207). At baseline and 5 years of follow-up, both groups completed the General Information Questionnaire, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA), and Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) to analyze associations between cognitive functioning and multiple variables. Results: At baseline, there were no significant differences between the two groups on general information, MoCA, and HAMD scores (Ps >0.05). After 5 years of follow-up, the relapse rate was lower in the combined MECT group than in the un-combined MECT group [(37.6% vs. 72.0%), P<0.001]. MECT was a protective factor against recurrence of MDD [RR(95% CI) = 0.52 (0.40-0.66)], and the MoCA scores were lower in the combined MECT group than in the un-combined MECT group [(20.9±3.5) vs. (23.6 ±4. 2), β = – 1.93, P <0.001]. Conclusion: Combined MECT is a protective factor against MDD recurrence. Its effects on the cognitive functioning of MDD patients may have long-term effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Stroke is the property of Chinese Journal of Stroke Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To observe the changes of postoperative cognitive function, pain mediators and oxidative stress in elderly patients undergoing hip arthroplasty (THA) after preemptive analgesia with flurbiprofen axetil and combine anesthesia with esketamine. Methods: 162 elderly THA patients were divided into control group (flurbiprofen axetil preemptive analgesia) and study group (esketamine combine with flurbiprofen axetil preemptive analgesia) by random number table method, 81 cases in each group. The Montreal cognitive assessment scale (MOCA), pain mediators [prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), substance P (SP) and β-endorphin (β-EP)], oxidative stress indexes [advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), lipid peroxides (LPO), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)] and adverse reactions were compared in two groups. Results: The MoCA score in study group was higher than that in control group at 3 days and 7 days after operation (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the study group had lower SP, PGE2, LPO, AOPP, while had higher GSH Px, and β-EP (P<0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions was 8.64% in the control group and 7.41% in the study group, there was no difference (P>0.05). Conclusion: Preemptive analgesia with esketamine combined with flurbiprofen axetil for elderly THA patients, which can effectively control pain mediators and oxidative stress, reduce postoperative cognitive dysfunction, and have reliable sedative and analgesic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

目的 初步探明以无卒中型烟雾病为代表的慢性脑缺血患者的睡眠质量及影响因素，分析睡眠质量与术后缺血症状和卒中的相关性。 方法 前瞻性纳入138例经影像学确认的无卒中型烟雾病患者，收集患者的性别、年龄、首发症状、合并基础疾病等临床资料。使用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表评估患者的术前睡眠质量，使用HAMD-17和MoCA分别评估患者的术前抑郁状态和认知功能。比较睡眠质量正常组和睡眠质量下降组患者的临床特征、认知功能与抑郁状态，使用多因素logistic回归分析影响患者睡眠质量的危险因素，并对接受脑血管重建术治疗的患者进行随访，分析两组患者术后缺血症状发作、卒中发生率的差异。 结果 共52例（37.7%）烟雾病患者存在睡眠质量下降。睡眠质量下降组患者较睡眠质量正常组具有更高的年龄（P=0.002）、更差的认知功能（P=0.017）和更明显的抑郁倾向（P=0.012）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示，年龄（OR 1.05，95%CI 1.01～1.09，P=0.021）和HAMD-17评分（OR 1.11，95%CI 1.01～1.23，P=0.035）是患者睡眠质量下降的独立危险因素。在术后随访中，术前存在睡眠质量下降的患者有更高的缺血症状发生率（P=0.008）。两组患者术后新发卒中率差异无统计学意义。 结论 无卒中型烟雾病患者存在较高比例的睡眠障碍，且与患者术后缺血事件发生相关，在临床诊疗中应加强对烟雾病患者睡眠质量的评估和干预。 Abstract: Objective To explore the sleep quality and influencing factors in patients with chronic cerebral ischemia represented by Moyamoya disease without stroke, and analyze the correlation between sleep quality and postoperative ischemic symptoms and stroke. Methods A total of 138 Moyamoya disease patients without stroke confirmed by imaging were prospectively included, and clinical data including gender, age, initial symptoms, and comorbidities were collected. The Pittsburgh sleep quality index scale was used to assess the patient’s preoperative sleep quality, and the HAMD-17 and MoCA were used to evaluate preoperative depression status and cognitive function, respectively. Clinical characteristics, cognitive function, and depression status were compared between the normal sleep quality group and the decreased sleep quality group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors affecting patient’s sleep quality. Patients who underwent cerebral revascularization were followed up to determine the differences in the incidence of postoperative ischemic events and stroke between the normal and decreased sleep quality groups. Results A total of 52(37.7%) patients with Moyamoya disease experienced decreased sleep quality. Patients with decreased sleep quality were older (P=0.002), had poorer cognitive function (P=0.017), and exhibited more significant depressive tendencies (P=0.012) than those with normal sleep quality. Multivariate analysis suggested that age (OR 1.05, 95%CI 1.01-1.09, P=0.021) and HAMD-17 score (OR 1.11, 95%CI 1.01-1.23, P=0.035) were independent risk factors for decreased sleep quality. Additionally, during the postoperative follow-up, patients with a preoperative decrease in sleep quality had a higher incidence of ischemic symptoms (P=0.008). There was no significant difference in stroke recurrence rates between the two groups. Conclusions Patients with Moyamoya disease without stroke have a higher proportion of sleep disorders, which are associated with postoperative ischemic events, highlighting the need for enhanced assessment and intervention of sleep quality in clinical practice.

目的 评估成人烟雾病患者的认知水平及其在长期随访中的变化，并探讨成人烟雾病患者认知功能下降的影响因素。 方法 采用前瞻性队列研究设计，连续纳入2015年1月—2016年6月海军军医大学第一附属医院脑血管病中心收治的成人烟雾病患者64例，其中42例接受血流重建术（联合血流重建术16例、间接血流重建术26例）治疗，22例未接受手术治疗。收集所有患者的基线资料，并使用MoCA评估患者基线、短期[（6±1）个月]随访、长期[（10±1）年]随访时的认知功能，采用9条目患者健康问卷（patient health questionnaire-9，PHQ-9）和7条目广泛性焦虑障碍（generalized anxiety disorder-7-item，GAD-7）量表评估患者的情绪状态。分析所有患者以及接受不同治疗患者在短期随访和长期随访中的认知功能和情绪状态变化。采用可靠变化指数（reliable change index，RCI）判断是否存在功能下降，计算公式为RCIMoCA=（X2-X1）/标准差（standard deviation，SD），将RCIMoCA＜-1定义为认知功能下降。采用二元logistic回归模型探讨成人烟雾病患者长期认知功能下降的独立影响因素。 结果 共53例患者完成长期随访，其中接受联合血流重建术治疗患者13例，接受间接血流重建术治疗患者22例，未接受手术者18例。整体人群3个随访时期MoCA评分趋于稳定（P=0.694）：接受联合血流重建术[21（18～25）分 vs. 19（17～24）分，P=0.035]和间接血流重建术[20（17～22）分 vs. 19（16～22）分，P=0.047]治疗的患者短期随访MoCA评分有改善，但长期随访相对基线趋于稳定；未手术患者短期随访MoCA评分无明显下降，长期随访较基线有下降[（15（11～24）分 vs. 18（14～26）分，P=0.039]。随着时间的延长，成人烟雾病患者的认知功能恶化有加重趋势，而焦虑、抑郁状态有好转趋势。长期随访认知功能下降组与未下降组之间的手术治疗比例差异有统计学意义（P=0.037），但logistic回归分析未发现手术治疗是其独立影响因素（P＞0.05）。 结论 在长期随访中，成人烟雾病患者认知功能大致保持稳定，焦虑、抑郁状态趋于好转。血流重建术可能对维持长期认知稳定有积极作用，但仍需扩大样本量进一步明确。 Abstract: Objective To assess the cognitive function of adult patients with Moyamoya disease (MMD) and the changes during long-term follow-up, and to explore the influencing factors of cognitive decline in adult patients with MMD. Methods A prospective cohort study was used to continuously include 64 adult patients with MMD admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University from January 2015 to June 2016, of whom 42 patients underwent revascularization (16 patients underwent combined revascularization and 26 patients underwent indirect revascularization), and 22 patients did not receive surgical treatment. Baseline characteristics of all patients were collected, and cognitive function was assessed by the MoCA at baseline, short-term [(6±1) months] follow-up, and long-term [(10±1) years] follow-up. Emotional status was assessed by patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and generalized anxiety disorder-7-item (GAD-7). The changes in cognitive function and emotional status were analyzed in all patients, as well as in patients receiving different treatment approaches, during short- and long-term follow-ups. The reliable change index (RCI) was used to determine whether there was a decline in function with the following formula: RCIMoCA= (X2-X1) /standard deviation (SD). It was defined as cognitive decline when RCIMoCA＜-1. The binary logistic regression model was used to explore the independent influencing factors of long-term cognitive decline in adult patients with MMD. Results A total of 53 patients completed the long-term follow-up, including 13 patients who underwent combined revascularization, 22 patients who underwent indirect revascularization, and 18 patients who did not undergo surgery. The MoCA scores of the overall population tended to stabilize during the long-term follow-up period (P=0.694). Patients who underwent combined revascularization [21 (18-25) points vs. 19 (17-24) points, P=0.035] and indirect revascularization [20 (17-22) points vs. 19 (16-22) points, P=0.047] showed improvement in MoCA scores at short-term follow-up, but tended to stabilize relative to baseline at long-term follow-up. There was no significant decrease in MoCA scores in patients who did not undergo surgery at short-term follow-up, but there was a decrease in MoCA scores compared with baseline at long-term follow-up [15 (11-24) points vs. 18 (14-26) points, P=0.039]. Over time, the cognitive function of adult patients with MMD tended to worsen, while the anxiety and depression status tended to improve. There was a significant difference in the proportion of surgical treatment between the two groups with and without cognitive decline during the long-term follow-up (P=0.037), but logistic regression did not find it as an independent influencing factor (P>0.05). Conclusions During long-term follow-up, the cognitive function of adult patients with MMD generally remain stable, and the anxiety and depression status tends to improve. Revascularization may have a positive effect on maintaining long-term cognitive stability, and future studies with larger sample sizes are needed.

BACKGROUND: Olfactory dysfunction is an early biological marker of various diseases. However, the neuroimaging mechanism by which olfactory dysfunction occurs following cerebral small vessel disease is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the different neuroimaging mechanisms of olfactory function regulation in patients with cerebral small vessel disease and Parkinson’s disease, and explore the potential application value of olfactory function assessment in patients with cerebral small vessel disease. METHODS: Neuropsychological and olfactory tests, high-resolution structural magnetic resonance and resting-state functional magnetic resonance data were collected in 80 patients with cerebral small vessel disease, 44 healthy controls and 29 patients with Parkinson’s disease. DPABI, SPM12 and SPSS were used to analyze and compare the amplitude of low frequency fluctuation, regional homogeneity and functional connectivity values between the cerebral small vessel disease, control and Parkinson’s disease groups. Correlations between the significantly altered resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging measures and olfactory and cognitive scores were evaluated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group, low-frequency fluctuation amplitude of the right dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus and the regional homogeneity of the left wedge leaf were significantly reduced in the cerebral small vessel disease and Parkinson’s disease groups. The right dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus and the left cuneiform lobe are the seed points. Compared with the Parkinson’s disease group, the functional connectivity values of the right anterior cunei, inferior temporal gyrus, anterior central gyrus and dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus, left posterior central gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus were significantly enhanced in the control and cerebral small vessel disease groups. The left cuneiform lobe was the seed point. Compared with the control group, the functional connectivity of the left lingual gyrus was significantly weakened in the cerebral small vessel disease and Parkinson’s disease groups. The functional connectivity values of the left middle temporal gyrus and the right posterior central gyrus were enhanced in the control group compared with the cerebral small vessel disease and Parkinson’s disease group, and that was enhanced in the cerebral small vessel disease group compared with the Parkinson’s disease group. Correlation analysis showed that the olfactory score and cognitive score were positively correlated in the cerebral small vessel disease group, and the regional homogeneity of the left wedge lobe was negatively correlated with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale score, while the functional connectivity of left wedge lobe-left middle temporal gyrus in the Parkinson’s disease group was positively correlated with the olfactory recognition score, and the functional connectivity values of the left wedge lobe-left posterior central gyrus and left wedge lobe-left lingual gyrus were positively correlated with the olfactory identification score and the total olfactory score, respectively. The regulation of olfactory function in patients with cerebral small vessel disease has a different neuroimaging mechanism from that of olfactory dysfunction in patients with Parkinson’s disease. The olfactory function of patients with cerebral small vessel disease is related to cognitive function. It is speculated that the olfactory function following cerebral small vessel disease is a secondary change of brain dysfunction, while olfactory dysfunction following Parkinson’s disease is directly caused by abnormal function of olfactory-related brain areas. Olfactory function assessment in patients with cerebral small vessel disease has potential application in predicting cognitive function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the clinical data of the patients with leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI-1) antibody-positive autoimmune encephalitis (AE) (LGI-1 AE) complicated with sleep structure abnormality and cognitive impairment, and to discuss the possible pathogenic mechanism. Methods: A 68-year-old male patient was admitted to our hospital due to memory decline for 2 months and seizures for 1 month. After diagnosed with LGI-1 AE, the patient was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin combined with methylprednisolone sodium succinate, resulting in the improved symptoms. Excluding any pharmaceutical influences, the neuropsychological assessments, including sleep evaluations with polysomnography (PSG), were performed during both the acute phase and the recovery phase. Results: During the acute phase assessment, the patient exhibited severe cognitive impairments, scoring 22 on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and 19 on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). The PSG results showed that the total sleep time (265 min) was shortened, the sleep fragmentation throughout could be seen, the sleep efficiency was reduced, and N3 and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep stages were complete absent. In the recovery phase, the patient’s cognitive functions improved (MMSE score was 30, MoCA score was 26), the total sleep time returned to normal with PSG, the sleep onset latency was 13. 5 min, the sleep fragmentation notably improved, the sleep efficiency was increased to 84. 3%, the N3 sleep lasted 26 min (5. 1%), and the REM sleep lasted 69 min (13. 6%). Conclusion: The abnormality in sleep structure and cognitive impairment in the patients with LGI-1 AE are synchronous in onset and outcome, and may be one of the etiologies of cognitive dysfunction in these patients. The pathological origin of the sleep disorder may lie in the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic secretions and the Lhx6 pathway might become new targets for correcting the sleep structure while treating the cognitive impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Alcohol dependence and related health problems have attracted greater than ever attention in recent years. Alcohol dependence not only affected personal behavior control ability, but also brought adverse effect to families and society. Objective To analyze the relationship between cognitive function and personality traits among male alcohol-dependent patients with aggressive behavior, in order to provide references for improving the cognitive function of male alcohol-dependent patients with aggressive behavior. Methods Male patients with alcohol dependence attending Hunan Brain Hospital from March 2020 to March 2022 and fulfilling the International Classification of Diseases, tenth edition (ICD-10) diagnostic criteria were enrolled. According to the score of Modified Overt Aggression Scale (MOAS), participants were classified into aggressive behavior group and non-aggressive behavior group at 1∶1 ratio, each with 80 cases. The enrolled subjects were then evaluated using Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Short Scale for Chinese (EPQ-RSC) and Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). Pearson correlation analysis was utilized to examine the correlation between EPQ-RSC and RBANS scores among alcohol-dependent patients with aggressive behavior. Results Scores on each subscale in RBANS were all lower in aggressive behavior group than those in non-aggressive behavior group (t=2. 176, 2. 580, 2. 076, 2. 308, 2. 193, P<0. 05), and scores on each dimension in EPQ-RSC in aggressive behavior group were higher than those in non-aggressive behavior group (t=4. 497, 5. 242, 6. 459, P<0. 01). Pearson correlation analysis denoted that the scores of introversion/extroversion, neuroticism and psychoticism in EPQ-RSC were positively correlated with the scores of immediate memory, visuospatial/constructional ability, language, attention and delayed memory in RBANS among alcohol-dependent patients with aggressive behavior (r=0. 294~0. 482, 0. 362~0. 511, 0. 265~0. 475, P<0. 05). Conclusion The cognitive function may have a certain correlation with personality traits in alcohol-dependent patients with aggressive behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia. There has been an increasing trend in incidence rate. The drug therapy has been proven ineffective in improving the cognitive function of AD patients or delaying the disease progression, leading to perceived low adherence with treatment and low efficacy. Previous basic research shows that blue light irradiation is helpful to improve the cognitive function of AD model rats, but there is no corresponding clinical study on the improvement effect of blue light irradiation on cognitive function of AD patients. Objective To explore the efficacy of blue light irradiation in improving the cognitive function of AD patients, so as to provide references for cognitive stabilization or improvement of AD patients. Methods A sample of 155 patients who were hospitalized in Geriatric Department of Shenzhen Kangning Hospital from June 2019 to December 2023 and met the International Classification of Diseases, tenth edition (ICD-10) diagnostic criteria for AD were retrospectively selected. Among them, 80 cases who received blue light irradiation combined with memantine therapy and conventional psychotherapy were the study group, and 75 cases who only received memantine therapy and conventional psychotherapy were the control group. Blue light irradiation therapy lasted for 4 weeks, 5 times per week, with each session lasting for 30 min. Then Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Activity of Daily Living Scale (ADL) were administered at the baseline and after treatment. Results After treatment, study group reported an increase in MMSE total score, orientation, immediate recall, attention/ calculation, delayed recall and language dimension scores (Z=-6. 931, -5. 773, -4. 123, -3. 649, -3. 508, -4. 733, P<0. 05), and a decrease in ADL total score (Z=-7. 020, P<0. 05) compared to baseline data. Analysis indicated that study group scored higher on MMSE total scale, orientation, immediate recall and language dimensions (Z=-2. 784, -4. 621, -2. 483, -3. 463, P<0. 05), and lower on ADL total score (Z=-3. 704, P<0. 05) than those of control group after treatment. Conclusion Blue light irradiation for AD patients may improve their cognitive function and activities of daily living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the mediating role of depression between uremic toxins and cognitive function in end-stage renal disease(ESRD)patients, so as to provide a basis for early clinical intervention. Methods A retrospective study involved 49 predialysis ESRD patients diagnosed in the Nephrology Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University between August 2018 and October 2021, along with 50 healthy controls(HC). General information of the two groups was collected. Montreal Cognitive Assessment(MoCA), Auditory Verbal Learning Test-Huashan Version(AVLT-H), Trail Making Test A(TMT-A), Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), and Beck Anxiety Inventory(BAI)were used to collect data on cognitive function, anxiety, and depression in both groups. Serological indicators in the ESRD group were used to clarify the impact of uremic toxins on cognitive function. PROCESS v3.4.1 was applied to explore the relationship between uremic toxins, depression, and cognitive function, as well as the mediating effect of depression. Results Significant differences were found between the ESRD group and the HC group in MoCA total score(P<0.001), AVLT-H(word learning; short-term delay; long-term delay,P<0.001; word recognition, P=0.001), TMT-A(P<0.001), BDI(P<0.001), and BAI(P=0.009). Cystatin C was a negative influencing factor for short-term delay in AVLT-H(B=-0.834, P=0.019), while BDI was a negative influencing factor for long-term delay in AVLT-H(B=-0.102, P=0.002), word recognition in AVLT-H(B=-0.071, P<0.001), and MoCA total score(B=-0.135, P=0.002). BDI partially mediated the effect of cystatin C on short-term delay in AVLT-H(total effect, c=-0.3346; direct effect, c'=-0.223 5; mediating effect, a×b=-0.111 0; and mediating effect proportion, 33.2%)and long-term delay in AVLT-H(total effect, c=-0.318 7; direct effect, c'=-0.218 8; mediating effect, a×b=-0.099 9; and mediating effect proportion, 31.3%). Conclusion ESRD patients experience cognitive decline as well as anxiety and depression. Cystatin C and depression are both negative influencing factors for cognitive decline in ESRD patients. Cystatin C indirectly affects cognitive function in ESRD patients through depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the effect of peripheral blood bile acids on the cognitive function of schizophrenia patients. Methods Targeted metabolomics was adopted to analyze the total level of primary and secondary serum bile acid metabolites collected from 23 schizophrenia patients and 23 health control individuals. The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery(MCCB)was adopted to evaluate the subjects' cognitive function in five dimensions. Results We found that the schizophrenia patients had impaired cognitive functions in multiple dimensions including speed of processing, working memory, reasoning and problem solving, and visual learning. Compared with the health control group, serum levels of cholic acid(CA)and chenodeoxycholic acid(CDCA)were significantly lower in patients with schizophrenia, while serum level of glycocholic acid(GCA)was significantly higher, and the ratio of deoxycholic acid(DCA)to CA was higher(3.04 vs. 1.16). Speed of processing, working memory, reasoning and problem solving, and visual learning abilities were significantly negatively correlated with serum levels of multiple primary bile acids including taurocholic acid(TCA), GCA, glycochenodeoxycholic acid(GCDCA)and taurochenodeoxycholic acid(TCDCA), after adjustments of age, sex, and body mass index. Conclusion The bile acid profile of schizophrenia patients is obvious, and the decrease in neuroprotective bile acids(namely, CA and CDCA)and the up-regulation of cytotoxic bile acid(i.e., GCA)may impair the cognitive function of schizophrenia patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the brain regions that play a key role in the impact of childhood adversity on cognitive function, based on the mediation effect analysis of debiased machine learning framework. Methods The dataset, consisting of 460 volunteers, was randomly partitioned into a training set (n=368) and a validation set (n=92). To enhance the stability of the results, this study utilized a debiased machine learning mediation analysis method to develop models and draw conclusions from the training set, which were then validated with the validation set. Finally, the Bonferroni method was employed to correct for significance in the identified brain regions. Results The experimental results for the training set and validation set were similar. The efficacy of the left superior parietal lobule was significant (validation set P<0.001), exhibiting a positive effect (validation set Effect Size=0.78). The right frontopolar cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and left inferior temporal gyrus were also significant (P<0.001 for both training set and validation set) and were identified as having a negative effect in this process (validation set Effect Size =-0.037 and -0.034, respectively). The associations between the brain regions with significant effects and cognitive function are supported by existing literature. Conclusion This study employed mediation analysis methods to investigate the mechanisms underlying the impact of childhood adversity on cognitive function. The results indicate that the left superior parietal lobule, right rostral anterior cingulate cortex, and left inferior temporal gyrus play crucial roles in the process of childhood adversity affecting cognitive function. Specifically, the left superior parietal lobule exhibits a positive effect, while the right rostral anterior cingulate cortex and left inferior temporal gyrus exhibit negative effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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