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BACKGROUND: Exercise has a regulatory effect on intestinal flora and glucose metabolism, but the effects of high-intensity intermittent exercise on intestinal flora and glucose metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of high-intensity intermittent exercise on glucose metabolism and intestinal flora in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Eleven patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were recruited, among which, two were lost to the follow-up and nine were finally enrolled. Highintensity intermittent exercise intervention was conducted 3 times per week for 6 continuous weeks. Fasting blood and fecal samples were collected before and after the intervention. Glucose metabolism indexes were detected in the blood samples, and intestinal flora was detected in the fecal samples. Changes in glucose metabolism indexes and intestinal flora indexes of the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus before and after the intervention were compared. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After 6 weeks of high-intensity intermittent exercise intervention, fasting blood glucose and glycosylated serum protein levels in patients were significantly reduced (P < 0.05), and fasting insulin, although not significantly changed, was decreased compared with before intervention. Alpha diversity analysis showed that the diversity (Shannon index), richness (Chao index) and coverage (Coverage index) did not change significantly. Venn diagrams showed that the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Fusobacteria in the intestinal flora of the patients increased, and the relative abundance of Firmicutes decreased, and a significant decrease was seen in Ruminococcus_torques and Ruminococcus_gnavus in the Firmicutes, which were both positively correlated with the abnormalities of the glycemic metabolism-related indicators, as well as with other disease development. All these findings indicate that high-intensity intermittent exercise intervention has an improvement effect on the glycemic metabolism-related indexes of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and the abundance of beneficial flora in the intestinal tract increases, and the abundance of harmful flora decreased, enhancing the stability of the intestinal flora in patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Intestinal acute graft-versus-host disease is one of the most aggressive complications after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with high lethality. How to improve intestinal inflammation and regulate autophagy by applying traditional Chinese medicine in order to treat intestinal acute graft-versus-host disease is a worthwhile research issue nowadays. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanism of Huangqintang modulating intestinal flora for the treatment of intestinal acute graft-versus-host disease. METHODS: CB6F1 mice were irradiated with 60Co X radiation at a total dose of 8 Gy, and then single nucleated cell suspensions (bone marrow cells + splenocytes) from Balb/c H-2d mice were injected into the tail vein in order to prepare a model of intestinal acute graft-versus-host disease. These samples were randomly divided into the model group and the high-, moderate-, and low-dose Huangqintang groups. After modeling, the model, high-, moderate-, and low-dose groups received different doses of Huangqintang or an equal volume of saline by continuous gavage for 14 days. Clinical acute graft-versus-host disease grading, and survival time was recorded. Small intestinal tissues from each group were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for small intestinal mucosal pathology scoring. The intestinal flora of mice in each group was detected using 16S rDNA sequencing. Autophagy-related markers were detected using immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with the model group, the survival time of mice was significantly prolonged (P < 0.01); the clinical acute graftversus-host disease scores were significantly reduced (P < 0.01); the pathological grading scores of the small intestinal mucosa were significantly diminished (P < 0.01); the levels of the small intestinal tissue inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6, were significantly decreased (P < 0.01); the structural integrity of the small intestinal mucosal epithelium was partially restored in mice after the intervention of moderate and high-dose Huangqintang. (2) The study of intestinal flora found that compared with the model group, the pro-inflammatory strain Enterococcus was significantly reduced (P < 0.05), while beneficial bacteria such as Clostridium_innocuum and Rhodococcus, a pro-autophagy bacterium, were significantly elevated (P < 0.05) in the moderate-dose Huangqintang group. (3) Compared with the model group, the autophagy markers were significantly elevated in the moderate-dose Huangqintang group (P < 0.05); under transmission electron microscopy, the number of autophagic vacuoles of moderate-dose Huangqintang group increased significantly. (4) The results showed that Huangqintang significantly reduced the abundance of conditionally pathogenic bacteria and the level of inflammatory factors in small intestinal tissues, and increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria and promoted the expression of autophagy in the small intestinal mucosa, which resulted in a significant improvement of intestinal symptoms in mice with acute graft-versus-host disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects on intestinal inflammation and microbial barrier of essential oil of Mosla chinensis Maxim.. Ninety mice were divided into 6 groups, with 15 mice in each group. During the next seven days, the blank group (group B) and model group (group MC) were orally administered normal saline, the positive control group (group P) was orally administered berberine hydrochloride, and the group of essential oil of Mosla chinensis Maxim. was orally administered essential oil of Mosla chinensis Maxim. at different concentrations [0.062 5(LD), 0.250 0(MD), 0.500 0(HD) mL/kg]. On the final day, after a 16-hour fast, all mice except those in the blank group were intraperitoneally injected with LPS at a concentration of 6 mg/kg. At the same time, five mice from each group were placed in metabolic cages for two hours to evaluate diarrhea using filter paper. Subsequently, the study analysed the expression of inflammatory genes in each group of tissues using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). In addition, this study also analysed and assessed the effect of essential oil of Mosla chinensis Maxim. on the gut microbiota. These findings suggested that essential oil of Mosla chinensis Maxim. not only reduces the severity of diarrhea and intestinal inflammation, but also improves the composition of the gut microbiota. Therefore essential oil of Mosla chinensis Maxim. has the ability to reduce inflammation and improve the intestinal microbial barrier to some extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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BACKGROUND: Osteonecrosis of the femoral head is a common and disabling disease, which is mainly characterized by microcirculation disorders and bone cell metabolism disorders. Luzhongjiangu decoction was developed by Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine and used in the form of soup in the clinic, which has good efficacy in the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. However, its mechanism of action has not been clarified. OBJECTIVE: To study the effect mechanism of Luzhongjiangu decoction on intestinal flora in rats with osteonecrosis of the femoral head based on 16S rDNA sequencing technique. METHODS: The model of osteonecrosis of the femoral head was established in Wistar rats by intragastric administration of retinoic acid. The therapeutic effect of Luzhongjiangu decoction was evaluated by serum hormone, bone histopathology and serum hormone levels. 16s rDNA sequencing technique was used to detect the intestinal flora of rats in the blank control group, model group and middle-dose Luzhongjiangu decoction group. The corresponding library was constructed and OTU clustering and microbial community diversity and abundance analysis were carried out to determine the composition of intestinal flora and the changes of species and diversity among groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Luzhongjiangu decoction could significantly increase the expression of osteocalcin, osteopontin and other osteogenic related factors, alleviate the destruction of bone trabeculae, increase bone mineral density, and had a significant therapeutic effect on osteonecrosis of the femoral head, of which the middle dose group showed the most significant effect. The results of intestinal flora sequencing showed that Luzhongjiangu decoction improved the flora disorder of rats with osteonecrosis of the femoral head to some extent, and screened out different colonies such as Bacillus, Desulfurizans, Desulfurization, Isobacteria, Bifidobacterium and so on; it could up-regulate the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, down-regulate the abundance of harmful bacteria such as Desulfovibrio, and improve the structure of intestinal flora. Functional prediction analysis indicated that Luzhongjiangu decoction could mainly affect amino acid metabolism and energy metabolism. Correlation analysis showed that the differential bacteria of Bifidobacterium and Intestinimonas in the middle dose group of Luzhongjiangu decoction were positively correlated with vitamin D3, estradiol and calcitonin, and negatively correlated with prostaglandin E2. In the model group, Escherichia-Shigella, Desulfovibrio, Globicatella and Streptococcus were positively correlated with prostaglandin E2 and negatively correlated with vitamin D3, estradiol and calcitonin. To conclude, Luzhongjiangu decoction may play a role in the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head by regulating the structure of intestinal flora, up-regulating the abundance of beneficial bacteria and affecting the secretion of vitamin D3, estradiol, calcitonin and prostaglandin E2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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目的探讨喂养不耐受早产儿口服益生菌前后肠道菌群变化。方法选取30例喂养不耐受早产儿为观 察组 (T组), 30例喂养耐受良好早产儿为对照组 (C组), 患儿均以配方奶为主, 每2h喂养1次。将观察组和对照组 患儿分为服用益生菌和未服用益生菌两亚组, 标记为TU(观察组口服益生菌)、TN(观察组未口服益生菌)、CU(对照 组口服益生菌)、CN(对照组未服用益生菌)。服用益生菌组患儿生后3d开始口服益生菌, 每日2次, 连续使用至达 全量喂养。益生菌的种类为长型双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳酸杆菌和粪肠球菌的复合制剂, 含活菌数不低于1×107cfu, 5mL温开水溶解, 用注射器缓慢注入口腔, 每日2次。口服益生菌前收集大便标本, 分别记作TU1、TN1、CUI、 CN1, 吃奶量达140mL/kg后留取第2次大便标本, 分别记作TU2、TN2、CU2、CN2, 进行 16S 测序分析, 比较各组早 产儿肠道菌群的物种相对丰度、Alpha多样性分析结果、组间群落结构差异结果、物种差异分析结果。结果肠 道菌群的优势物种C组与T组相比, T组Clostridioides 相对丰度下降, 梭菌属相对丰度上升, 差异有统计学意义 (P均< 0.05), 与TU1相比, 肠道菌群优势物种中TU2葡萄球菌属相对丰度下降, 差异有统计学意义(P<0.05); TU2与TN2 的dominance 和 Simpson 两个指标组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05); CU1与TU1、CU2与TU2肠道菌群群落结构均 存在差异, 且差异有统计学意义 (P均<0.05), 而TU1、TU2的肠道菌群群落结构差异无统计学意义(P>0.05); LEfSe 分析显示CN1和TN1富集菌种存在差异, TU1与TU2富集菌种亦存在差异。结论喂养不耐受早产儿的肠道菌群 存在明显紊乱和失衡, 菌群的多样性和均匀度较低, 应用益生菌后微生物丰度增加。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intestinal flora and their metabolites play an important role in the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis (AS), and have become an important target for the prevention and treatment of AS. In this paper, we focus on the intestinal microecological environment and focus on the relationship between intestinal flora metabolites such as trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), phenylacetylglutamine (PAG), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and bile acids (BA), and AS. At the same time, we also discuss the therapeutic strategies of AS that start from adjusting the intestinal flora and its metabolites, with the hope of opening up a new avenue of AS prevention and treatment. We hope to open up new avenues for the prevention and treatment of AS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synchronization and coordination of glucose release amount and speed at different time of digestion and different spaces of digestive tract are key factors affecting dietary nutrient utilization and energy supply. At present, starch is widely used in diets as the main energy substance in feed. However, the composition of starch and the selection of starch source will affect the glucose release mode of diets in animals, thus affecting energy utilization. The balanced glucose release diets are beneficial to energy utilization, protein synthesis and reduse the amino acid waste. This paper firstly introduces various factors affecting dietary glucose release mode, mainly summarizes the molecular structure of starch and the effects of other substances in diets on glucose release mode. Then, the application of dietary glucose release modes in livestock production is summarized, which provides a reference for optimizing dietary ratio, selecting starch and regulating animal precision nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In cows, ovarian cysts are a common reproductive disorder that usually leads to infertility and reduced productivity. Dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis caused by endocrine disorders is the main causative factor of ovarian cysts. Moreover, the reproductive endocrine system is closely related to the maternal metabolism and gut microbiology. In recent years, scholars at home and abroad have tried to analyze the pathogenesis of ovarian cysts from the aspects of maternal metabolism, intestinal microorganisms and nutritional regulation. This article mainly described the characteristics and pathogenesis of ovarian cysts, and summarizes some nutritional regulation measures, aiming to reveal the significance in nutrients alleviating ovarian cyst in cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To study the therapeutic effect of Qingchang Xiaopi Decoction on ulcerative colitis (UC) induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) . Methods C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups：normal group, model group, Qingchang Xiaopi Decoction group (14.71 g·kg-1 ·d-1 ) and mesalazine group (1 g·kg-1 ·d-1 ), with 10 mice in each group. The mice in the model group and the drug administration group freely drank 3% DSS for seven consecutive days, and then the UC mouse model was established. The normal group was given normal drinking water. At the same time, the model mice in each group were given the corresponding drug lavage according to the body mass of 10 mL · kg-1 dose for 10 consecutive days. The general condition, body mass and DAI score of mice were observed and recorded every day. HE staining method was used to observe the pathological changes of colon tissue, and pathological score was carried out. 16S rDNA sequencing technology was used to detect the structural changes of intestinal flora in mice, and targeted bile acid metabolomics was used to detect the changes of bile acid content in mice feces. Results Qingchang Xiaopi Decoction could alleviate the decrease of body mass (P＜0.01), increase of DAI score, decrease of spleen index, increase of thymus index, shortening of colon length and decrease of colon pathological score (P＜0.05, P＜0.01) in DSS-induced UC mice. Qingchang Xiaopi Decoction could increase the relative abundance of Firmicutes, reduce the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, and increase the relative abundance of Muribaculaceae, Lachnospiraceae NK4A136, Ruminococcus (P＜0.05, P＜0.01) . In addition, Qingchang Xiaopi Decoction could decrease the content of β-MCA, CA, CDCA, Tβ-MCA, and increase the content of ω-MCA, deoxycholic acid (DCA), and TDCA in feces of mice (P＜0.05, P＜0.01) . Finally, the correlation analysis of colitis, intestinal flora and bile acid metabolism found that there was a significant positive correlation between Muribaculaceae, Lachnospiraceae NK4A136, Ruminococcus and DCA, lithocholic acid (LCA) in secondary bile acids. Conclusion Qingchang Xiaopi Decoction can regulate the disturbance of bile acid metabolism mediated by intestinal flora and reduce intestinal inflammation by regulating the structural changes of intestinal flora, so as to play a role in the treatment of DSS-induced UC mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To observe the effect of Di'ao Xinxuekang (XXK) on gut microbiota in atherosclerosis (AS) model mice. Methods ApoE-/- mice were fed a high-fat diet to establish the AS model, concurrently administered with XXK (80, 160 mg·kg-1 ) and simvastatin (1.3 mg·kg-1 ) . After 18 weeks of the treatment, serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured in mice. Oil Red O staining was used to observe the formation of aortic plaque and hepatic lipid droplets. 16S rRNA microbiota diversity analysis was performed to study changes of fecal microbiota in mice. Results Comparison with the model group, serum levels of TC, TG, and LDL-C in XXK high-dose group and simvastatin group were significantly reduced (P＜0.05, P＜0.01), while HDL-C levels were significantly increased (P＜0.05, P＜0.01) . The formation of aortic plaque and hepatic lipid droplets was significantly inhibited to varying degrees (P＜0.05, P＜0.01) . Alpha and beta diversity analyses indicated good separation in sample clusters of each group. Compared with the control group, the abundance of Akkermansia in the model group significantly decreased (P＜ 0.01) . But the treatment with XXK increased the abundance of Akkermansia (P＜0.05), which negatively correlated with the levels of TC, TG and LDL-C, and hepatic lipid droplet area (P＜0.05, P＜0.01) . Conclusion The lipid lowering and anti-AS effects of XXK may be related to its modulation of gut microbiota dysbiosis and enhancement of the abundance of the beneficial bacterium Akkermansia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The function and integrity of intestinal barrier are critical for maintaining the health of body. Intestinal barrier dysfunction has emerged as a potential factor influencing the development of bone metabolic diseases. Intestinal barrier function is regulated by a variety of mechanism. The alterations in intestinal barrier function have been shown to be associated with bone metabolic diseases. Pathogens, exogenous irritants, and certain foods disrupt the intestinal barrier by affecting gut microbiota, intestinal mucosal integrity, and intestinal permeability, promote systemic inflammation, and cause malfunction of the body's immune system and tissue damage. Intestinal barrier dysfunction causes increased intestinal permeability. Increased intestinal permeability enhances systemic inflammation and alters intestinal immune function, thereby affecting bone metabolism. Maintaining the integrity of intestinal barrier function has been recognized as therapeutic targets for bone metabolic diseases. The aim of this review is to elucidate the relationship between intestinal barrier function and bone metabolism. The importance of the intestinal barrier for bone metabolism is highlighted by outlining the process of bone remodeling, the relationship between the intestinal barrier and bone metabolism, and finally by addressing the gut micro-environment and bone metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the mechanism of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), a bioactive compound extracted from the skin of Eucommia ulmoides, in regulating osteoporosis through intestinal flora. Methods 24 8-week-old female SD mice were randomly divided into 4 groups. 18 of them were randomly divided into OVX group, 5-HMF group and estradiol valerate group (Positive group) after bilateral ovariectomized osteoporosis model was established. Sham group was established in 6 mice. After 12 weeks of continuous intragastric administration of the above mice, the femur and fresh feces of the mice were collected. The changes of femoral bone mass in mice were analyzed by Micro-CT. Serum levels of PINP, E2, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-17 were analyzed by ELISA. 16 S rDNA high-throughput sequencing was used to detect the changes of intestinal flora in mice faecal species. Results Compared with Sham group, bone mineral density of femur in OVX group was significantly decreased (P<0.01), serum PINP and E2 levels were significantly decreased (P<0.001), serum TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-17 levels were significantly increased (P < 0.01), and intestinal flora diversity was significantly increased (P<0.01). The bacterial community structure also changed significantly. Compared with OVX group, bone mineral density of femur in 5-HMF group was significantly increased (P<0.05), serum levels of PINP and E2 were significantly increased (P<0.01), serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-17 were significantly decreased (P<0.01), and the relative abundance of Bacteroidota flora at the door level was increased. The relative abundance of Firmicutes and Desulfobacterota has decreased significantly, and the relative abundance of Firmicutes/Bacteroidota has decreased significantly (P<0.05). At the genus level, the relative abundance of Muribaculaceae and Alloprevotella increased, while the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group decreased. Conclusion 5-HMF can significantly improve the levels of bone mineral density, serum bone turnover markers and related inflammatory factors in ovariectomized osteoporosis mice, which may be related to its regulation of intestinal flora structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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慢性胰腺炎 (chronic pancreatitis, CP) 是多种因素导致的慢性消化系统疾病, 胰腺纤维化是其典型的 病理改变, 最终可导致胰腺内外分泌功能紊乱。CP 患者胰腺外分泌功能紊乱可造成肠道免疫屏障破坏, 导 致肠道微生态失衡, 而肠道微生态失衡又在 CP 发展过程中发挥重要作用。肠道微生态失衡可引起 CP 患者 小肠细菌过度生长, 使肠道菌群多样性减少、病原菌增多, 有益菌及其代谢产物短链脂肪酸、乳酸和丁酸等 减少, 且过度聚集的内毒素又可引发 CP 患者糖代谢异常, 增加 CP 患者癌变的风险。通过胰酶替代疗法、抗 菌药物治疗、益生菌治疗及中医药治疗等方法调节肠道微生态平衡, 缓解 CP 进展, 有望成为治疗 CP 的有效 手段。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

自身免疫性甲状腺疾病 (AITDs) 患者的肠道菌群多样性和丰度均发生显著变化, 如桥本甲状腺炎患者的 双歧杆菌属和克雷伯氏菌属丰度增加, 而Graves病患者的拟杆菌门和变形菌门丰度增加、厚壁菌门丰度降低。肠道 菌群失调通过影响碘、铁、硒等微量元素的转运吸收以及调节宿主免疫反应, 影响AITDs的发生发展。近年来, 通过 调节肠道菌群失调来治疗AITDs已成为研究热点, 包括调整饮食结构、口服益生菌、进行粪菌移植和中医药干预、补 充维生素D和硒、使用二甲双胍调节免疫等, 通过多种方式调节肠道菌群, 在AITDs的治疗中具有一定积极意义, 但 其有效性和持续性仍需大量研究来验证和确认。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to investigate the differences in gut microbiome composition between Pony horses and Mongolian horses. Fecal samples from Pony and Mongolian horses were collected, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted to study the differences in gut microbiota between the two using diversity analysis, taxonomic analysis, and differential analysis methods. The results showed that there were no significant differences in the gut microbiota of Pony horses and Mongolian horses at the phylum level (P>0.05), but at the genus level, the relative abundance of UCG-004 and Rummeliibacillus was significantly higher in the Mongolian horse than in the Pony horse (P<0.05). Functional prediction analysis revealed that the differential gut microbiota of Pony horses and Mongolian horses were enriched in pathways related to broad-specificity phosphatase PhoE, cold shock proteins, and 3-oxoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase. The mRNA expression levels of interferon-α (IFN-α), interferon-β (IFN-β), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the serum of Mongolian horses were all significantly or extremely higher than those in Pony horses (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The study indicates that there are significant differences in the composition of the gut microbiota between Pony horses and Mongolian horses, and Rummeliibacillus may affect the innate immune function of Pony and Mongolian horses by regulating the signal pathway related to specific phosphatase PhoE. This may result in Mongolian horses having a higher level of immunity than Pony horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the application effect of natural cesarean section in cesarean section parturients and its influence on parturients and newborns. Methods: 140 parturients undergoing elective cesarean section were selected, and patients were divided into study group (head position, natural cesarean section) and routine group (non-head position, routine cesarean section) according to neonatal head position and operation method, with 70 cases in each group. 70 parturients who underwent elective vaginal delivery were selected as control group. The breastfeeding status (breast milk secretion time, breastfeeding success rate), intraoperative blood loss, pain and psychological status [visual analogue scale (VAS), Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS), perceived social support scale (PSSS)] scores, vital signs and intestinal flora in three groups were compared. Results: The breast milk secretion time in study group and control group was shorter than that in routine group, and the success rate of breastfeeding was higher than that in routine group (P<0.05). The VAS score and EPDS score in three groups decreased 42 d after delivery, and the VAS score and EPDS score in study group and control group were lower than those in routine group (P<0.05); the PSSS scores in three groups increased 42 d after delivery, and the PSSS scores in study group and control group were higher than those in routine group (P<0.05). The body temperature of newborns in study group and control group were higher than those in routine group at 60 min after birth and 120 min after birth, and the heart rate was lower than that in routine group (P<0.05). The number of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in newborns in study group and control group was higher than that in routine group 3 months after birth, and the number of escherichia coli and enterococcus was lower than that in routine group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Compared with traditional cesarean section, natural cesarean section can obtain the effect close to natural vaginal delivery, which can improve postpartum pain and adverse psychological state, increase breastfeeding rate, and help improve the intestinal flora and vital signs of newborns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the effect of vitamin D adjuvant therapy in children with allergic asthma and its effects on intestinal flora and immune function. Methods: 120 children with allergic asthma in our hospital from January 2021 to December 2023 were divided into control group and combination group with oral vitamin D3 in the control group, and both groups were treated for 6 months. Compare the two groups of children. Results: After treatment, the symptoms and medication points of the two groups were reduced, the immune function index was improved, the intestinal flora was improved, and the combination group was better than the con- trol group (P<0.05), and the incidence of adverse reactions in the combination group was no different than that in the control group (P>0.05). Conclusion: The adjuvant therapy with vitamin D can significantly improve the clinical effects of allergic asthma in children, which may be related to the improvement of the immune function and intestinal flora of the children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the differences in gut microbiome expression between children with short stature and those with normal height, and to explore the relationship between changes in gut microbiome and short stature. Methods Sixty-six children with short stature were selected in the short stature group, and 56 healthy children were included in the control group. The diversity and abundance of gut microbiome were analyzed and compared between the two groups. Based on the differentially expressed gut microbiome between the two groups, a machine learning model was established using support vector machines, and the model's predictive performance for short stature was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the curve (AUC). Results The proportions of the top 10 gut microbiome at the phylum and genus levels were slightly different between the two groups, but the differences were not statistically significant. The Shannon index and species richness index of gut microbiome in the short stature group were lower than those in the control group (both P<0. 05). There were no statistically significant differences in Bray-Curtis or Jaccard distances between the two groups. The relative abundances of Leptotrichiaceae, Paraprevotellaceae, Tannerellaceae, Eubacteriumrectale, Agathobacter, Dietziaceae, Dietzia, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in the short stature group were higher than those in the control group, while the relative abundances of Helicobacte raceae, Clostridium sensu stricto, and Lachnospiraceae NC2004 group were lower (all P<0. 05). At the species level, cluster analysis of microbiome related to SDS revealed significant positive correlations among Bacteroides oleiciplenus, Alistipes, Actinomyces oris, and Ruminococcus. Based on the differentially expressed gut microbiome at the species level, an support vector machine prediction model was constructed. After parameter adjustment and optimization, the AUC of prediction model 1 for short stature was 0. 856（95% CI: 0. 726 7-0. 990 5); after further adjusting for other common factors that affected children's height (BMI, genetic height, premature birth, birth length, feeding method after birth, etc.), the AUC of prediction model 2 for short stature was 0. 788（95% CI: 0. 636 1-0. 939 7). In both models, the gut microbiome with greater influence on prediction included Prevotella histicola, Bacteroides oleiciplenus, Marvinbryantia, and Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans. Conclusions There are differences in gut microbiome expression between children with short stature and normal children. The prediction model based on differentially expressed gut microbiome shows good predictive performance for short stature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective To explore the regulatory effect of Tangning Ziyabitus tablets (TZT) on the Christensenella minuta-taurine-α-muricholate (TαMCA)-farnesoid X receptor (FXR)/G protein-coupled receptor 5 axis based on a high-glucose human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell model. Methods The liquid medium for strains, high-glucose medium, TZT solution and TαMCA solution were prepared. The strains were cultured. Inactivated Christensenella minuta and its fermentation broth were prepared. Human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2 cells) were routinely cultured. Some cells were randomly divided into the control group, the inactivated bacteria group, 106 CFU/mL live bacteria group, 107 CFU/mL live bacteria group, 108 CFU/mL live bacteria group and 109 CFU/mL live bacteria group, respectively. The control group was cultured with sterile Caco-2 special medium. The inactivated bacteria group was intervened with inactivated Christensenella minuta bacterial suspension. The 106 CFU/mL live bacteria group, 107 CFU/mL live bacteria group, 108 CFU/mL live bacteria group and 109 CFU/mL live bacteria group were intervened by adding 2 mL of 109 CFU, 108 CFU, 107 CFU and 106 CFU of live Christensenella minuta bacteria to the wells of the culture plate containing completely differentiated Caco-2 cells, respectively. Some cells were randomly divided into the control group and fermentation broth group. The control group was cultured with sterile Caco-2 special medium, and the fermentation broth group was intervened with the fermentation broth of Christensenella minuta. Some cells were randomly divided into the control group, high-glucose group and low-, medium-, medium-to-high- and high-dose TZT groups. Except the control group, the other groups were intervened by adding 8 g/L high-glucose medium for 24 h. The low-, medium-, medium-to-high- and high-dose TZT groups were intervened by adding 10, 25, 50 and 100 µg/mL TZT drug-containing medium for 24 h. Some cells were randomly divided into the control group, 25 µmol/L TαMCA group and 50 µmol/L TαMCA group, respectively. The latter two groups were intervened by adding 25 and 50 µmol/L TαMCA-containing medium for 24 h. The expression levels of FXR, TGR5, IL-8 and IL-10 mRNA were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR, and the expression levels of FXR and TGR5 proteins were detected by Western blotting. Results Compared with the control group, the 106 CFU/mL live bacteria group, 107 CFU/ mL live bacteria group, 108 CFU/mL live bacteria group and 109 CFU/mL live bacteria group had higher levels of TGR5 mRNA expression (all P<0. 05), while there were no statistically significant differences in the FXR, IL-8 or IL-10 mRNA expression levels (all P>0. 05). Compared with the control group, the bacterial fermentation broth group had higher expression of FXR mRNA (all P<0. 05), and there was no statistically significant difference in the expression of TGR5 mRNA (P> 0. 05). Compared with the control group, the high-glucose group had higher expression of FXR mRNA (P<0. 05), and lower expression of TGR5 mRNA (P<0. 05); there were no statistically significant differences in the expression levels of FXR or TGR5 proteins (all P>0. 05). Compared with the high-glucose group, each TZT group had lower expression of FXR mRNA (all P<0. 05), and higher expression of TGR5 mRNA (all P<0. 05); there were no statistically significant differences in the expression levels of FXR or TGR5 proteins (all P>0. 05). Compared with the control group, in the 25 µmol/L TαMCA group, the expression levels of FXR mRNA and protein were lower (both P<0. 05), and the expression levels of TGR5 mRNA and protein were higher (both P<0. 05); in the 50 µmol/L TαMCA group, the expression of FXR protein was lower (P<0. 05). Conclusions Christensenella minuta has a certain anti-inflammatory effect. TZT may promote the growth of Christensenella minuta and produce metabolites that affect bile acid metabolism, promote the accumulation of TαMCA in the intestine, further inhibit the expression of intestinal FXR and promote the expression of TGR5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: To investigate the effects of Panax notoginseng compound formula（ PN） on endometrial fibrosis by regulating inflammatory reaction and intestinal flora （IF） in a rat model of intrauterine adhesion （IUA）. METHODS: The rat IUA model was established by following the mechanical injury method. A total of 50 rats were randomly divided into sham group, model group, low-dose （210 mg/kg） PN group, medium-dose （420 mg/kg） PN group and high-dose （840 mg/kg） PN group. After 8 weeks of intragastric administration, the uterus was collected to observe morphological changes with naked eye. The degree of uterine tissue damage and fibrosis was evaluated through hematoxylin-eosin（ HE） and Masson staining. The collagen type I （Col I） was detected by immunohistochemistry. The interleukin-6（ IL-6） and IL-10 protein expression was detected by Western blot. The levels of IL-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） and vascular endothelial growth factor B （VEGFB） were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The IF diversity and population structure were observed by 16S amplicon. RESULTS: Compared with the sham group, the uteruses of rats in the model group showed: reduced elasticity, accompanied by congestion and edema; decreased number of glands and blood vessels, and thinned endometrium（ P<0. 01）; increased collagen fibers and Col I protein expression（ P<0. 01）; significantly increased IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and VEGFB levels in the uterine tissue （P<0. 01）; decreased IL-10 level （P< 0. 01）; and reduced IF diversity （P<0. 05）. Compared with the model group, the drug intervention groups exhibited: recovered elasticity of the uterus and relieved congestion and edema; increased number of endometrial glands and blood vessels （P<0. 05）; decreased collagen fibers and Col I protein expression （P<0. 01）; reduced IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels to varying degrees in the uterine tissue （P<0. 05）; elevated IL-10 level （P<0. 01）; and improved IF diversity （P< 0. 05）. CONCLUSION: The PN is able to significantly improve the endometrial tissue fibrosis in IUA rats. The underlying mechanisms may be related to the inhibition of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α expression, up-regulation of IL-10, and improvement of IF diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: To explore the effects of moderate-altitude exposure on intestinal flora in healthy individuals. METHODS: The aid-Tibet cadres, who were sent to work from Guangdong（ average altitude < 50 m） to Nyingchi（ average altitude of 2 900 m）, were recruited. A total of 76 samples were collected, including 42 samples from healthy adults with plateau living for 0 day and 34 samples from healthy adults with plateau living for 6 months. Fecal samples DNA were extracted, sequenced by the 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing technology and analyzed bioinformatically. RESULTS: Compared with the base group, α diversity was increased （P=4. 00×10-4） and β diversity was decreased （P=1. 00×10-3）. After moderate altitude exposure, the relative abundance of phylum Proteobacteria （|LDA|>4, P<0. 05）, genus Escherichia-Shigella, species Enterococcus_faecalis, Haemophilus_influenzae and Helicobacter_sp. _UNSW1. 7sp decreased（ adjusted P<0. 05）, wheras the relative abundance of phylum Bacteroidetes （|LDA|>4, P<0. 05）, genusButyricimona, species Lactobacillus_sp. _RA2113 （s） and Butyricimonas_sp. _Marseille-P2440 （s） increased （adjusted P<0. 05）. The functional prediction by PICRUSt showed a decrease in the relative abundance of pathway related to xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism, membrane transport and amino acid metabolism （adjusted P<0. 05）. Conversely, the relative abundance of pathway related to biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites and nucleotide metabolism was increased （adjusted P< 0. 05）. Finally, the results of microbiome phenotype prediction by BugBase showed that moderate altitude exposure improves the gut microbiota functions involving anaerobic oxygen tolerance and gram positive （adjusted P<0. 05）. And bacteria containing facultatively anaerobic oxygen tolerance, oxidative stress tolerance, gram negative and biofilm formation in the six-group decreased significantly compared with those in base group （adjusted P<0. 05）. CONCLUSION: Moderate altitude exposure impacts the diversity, abundance and function of intestinal flora in healthy population, suggesting that altitude factors may have some influence on gut microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: To explore the effect and mechanism of action of the aqueous extract of Fritillaria ussuriensis （FU-AE） against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD）. METHODS: The association between Fritillaria ussuriensis Maxir.（ FU） and NAFLD was analyzed by network pharmacology. A mouse model of NAFLD was induced in mice by high fat diet （HFD） + 10% fructose drinking water, and three doses of Fritillaria ussuriensis aqueous extract were given to the mice for intervention. Colorimetric assay was used for detection of aspartate aminotransferase （AST）, alanine aminotransferase （ALT）, triglyceride （TG）, total cholesterol （TC）, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C）, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C） levels in the serum of experimental mice. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to assess the pathological and histological changes in the liver of mice and to clarify the anti-NAFLD effect of aqueous extracts of Fritillaria ussuriensis. Liver tissue proteins were extracted, and expression of proteins related to the AMP-activated protein kinase（ AMPK）/acetyl-CoA carboxylase（ ACC） pathway was detected by Western blot to clarify the mechanism of anti-NAFLD action of Fritillaria ussuriensis. The microbial composition of cecum contents was explored using 16S rRNA sequencing to reveal the modulatory effect of the aqueous extract of Fritillaria ussuriensis on the structure of intestinal flora in mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. RESULTS: Aqueous extract of Fritillaria ussuriensis （high dose） ameliorated exogenous adipocyte infiltration in the liver of mice with NAFLD （P<0. 05）. AST, ALT, TG, TC and LDL-C levels were significantly decreased（ P<0. 05） and HDL-C levels were significantly increased（ P<0. 05） in the high-dose group. Aqueous extract of Fritillaria ussuriensis （high dose） significantly increased expression of phosphorylated AMPKα, AMPKα, and phosphorylated ACC in the livers of the model mice （P<0. 05）, significantly reduced expression of ACC （P<0. 05）, and significantly increased the relative abundance of the potentially beneficial bacteria Faecalibaculum rodentium, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Akkermansia muciniphila （P<0. 05）. CONCLUSION: Aqueous extract of Fritillaria ussuriensis may ameliorate NAFLD in mice by activating the AMPK/ACC pathway and modulating the structure of intestinal flora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atherosclerosis is a chronic vascular disease primarily affecting large and medium-sized arteries, involving multiple complex pathogenic factors. In recent years, numerous research trends in atherosclerosis, such as inflammation, gut microbiota, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, autophagy, cuproptosis, exosome and non-coding RNA have emerged. This article aims to review the recent advancements in these research directions, with the hope of opening new avenues for the mechanism of atherosclerosis and the treatment of diseases related to atherosclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a multifaceted metabolic disorder marked by obesity, hyperlipidemia, liver steatosis, and insulin resistance, posing a significant risk to human well-being. Research on the gut microbiome, metabolites produced by gut microbiota, and their ecological niche has revealed the pivotal role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of MS. The advancement of MS is intricately linked to the composition and function of gut microbiota. The gut microbiota and its metabolites have been identified as potential biomarkers for MS, providing early indications of disease progression and offering opportunities for prevention and treatment. Studies have demonstrated that aerobic exercise is a viable and safe intervention for modulating gut microbiota composition. Aerobic exercise has been shown to enhance gut microbiota diversity, regulate metabolites produced by gut bacteria, and strengthen the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier. The implementation of aerobic exercise as an intervention to modulate gut microbiota has been shown to be efficacious in the prevention of MS by mitigating inflammation, enhancing insulin sensitivity, optimizing lipid metabolism, and fortifying the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier. This study aims to systematically review the characteristics of gut microbiota in patients with MS, particularly those who are obese, diabetic, or have non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The research will also investigate the correlation between MS and gut microbiota, examine the molecular crosstalk, and assess the impact and mechanisms of aerobic exercise intervention in regulating gut microbiota to prevent MS. The ultimate goal is to offer a novel perspective and potential strategy for using aerobic exercise to modulate gut microbiota and prevent the onset of MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of copper citrate and copper sulfate on antioxidant capacity, blood lipids, immunity, intestinal flora and copper metabolism of arboracres (AA) broilers.A total of 360 broilers were randomly divided into 5 groups. Piglets in the control group were fed a basal diet, while piglets in the experimental groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with two copper sources (copper sulfate and copper citrate) and two copper levels (10 and 20 mg/kg), respectively. The experiment lasted for 42 days and was divided into two stages: early growth (1 to 21 days of age) and late growth (22-42 days of age). Serum biochemical indexes, intestinal flora and copper metabolism of broilers were determined. The results showed that At the early growth stage (1 to 21 days of age), compared with the control group, the superoxide dismutase activity in the copper citrate group and the copper level 20 mg/kg group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the serum total cholesterol (TC) content in the copper level 20 mg/kg group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). At the late growth stage (22-42 days of age), compared with the control group, the activities of ceruloplasmin and superoxide dismutase in the copper citrate group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the activity of ceruloplasmin in the copper sulfate group was significantly increased (P<0.05); the activities of ceruloplasmin and superoxide dismutase in 10 and 20 mg/kg copper groups were significantly increased (P<0.05); the content of serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) in 20 mg/kg copper group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). During the whole growth period (1-42 days of age), compared with the control group, the serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content of broilers in the copper citrate group was significantly increased (P<0.05). The copper deposition rate, the concentration of Escherichia coli in ileum, the concentration of lactic acid bacteria and Escherichia coli in cecum in copper sulfate and copper citrate groups were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the copper intake, copper excretion and copper deposition were significantly increased (P<0.05); the concentration of lactic acid bacteria in ileum of 20 mg/kg copper group was significantly decreased (P<0.05); the copper deposition rate, the concentration of Escherichia coli in ileum, the concentration of lactic acid bacteria and Escherichia coli in cecum were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the serum IL-6 content, copper intake, copper excretion and copper deposition were significantly increased (P<0.05) in the 10 and 20 mg/kg copper groups.In summary, copper citrate group and copper level 20 mg/kg group had better effects on improving serum biochemical indexes, intestinal flora and copper metabolism of broilers, which was more conducive to the growth of broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment aimed to study the effects of fermented Chinese medicine postbiotics on production performance, antioxidant capacity and intestinal microflora of sows. A total of 180 pregnant sows in the same batch were randomly divided into two groups. Sows in the control group were fed a basal diet, and sows in the experimental group were added 6 kg/t Chinese medicine postbiotics to the complete feed from the beginning of the laying bed until weaning. The performance of sows was counted, and serum antioxidant indexes and intestinal microflora indexes were measured. The results showed that: ① compared with the control group, the average litter weaning number of experimental group was 0.64 more, the average litter weaning weight was 0.48 kg higher, and the survival rate of piglets during lactation was 5.51 percentage points higher (P<0.05). ② The levels of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in serum of sows in the experimental group were significantly increased on days 14 and 28 (P<0.05). The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased significantly on day 28 (P<0.05). ③ Compared with the 0 d, the Faith's PD index of the sows in the experimental group was significantly increased on the 28 d (P<0.05), and the diversity of the intestinal microflora was improved. The relative abundance of Spirochaetes, Treponema and Prevotella increased significantly (P<0.01). The uniformity of the overall microflora distribution was better. In conclusion, fermented Chinese medicine postbiotics can improve the performance of lactating sows, significantly enhance the serum antioxidant index, and reduce the accumulation of harmful body metabolites. It has obvious effect on improving the structure of intestinal microflora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of Wenshen Jianpi Formula on rats with diarrheal irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) based on 16S rRNA technique. Methods Neonatal male SD rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group, piverium bromide group, Wenshen Jianpi Formula low-, medium- and high- dose groups, with eight rats in each group. Except the normal group, while other groups were treated with a combination method of mother- infant separation, acetic acid stimulation, and restraint stress to establish IBS-D model. After successful modeling, the rats in medication administration groups were given piverium bromide, low-, medium- and high- dose of Wenshen Jianpi Formula, while the rats in both the normal and model groups were treated with equal volume of saline. The administration of the various treatment agents was performed by oral gavage for two consecutive weeks. Visceral sensitivity, body weight and fecal water content of each group were compared. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the histopathological morphology of the colon of rats. 16S rRNA technique was used to detect the changes of fecal microorganisms in each group. Results Compared with normal group, body weight and visceral sensory thresholds of rats in model group were significantly decreased (P＜0.05), and fecal water content was significantly increased (P＜0.05) . After administration, compared with model group, the body weight of rats in piverium bromide group, as well as Wenshen Jianpi Formula medium- and high- dose groups was significantly increased (P＜0.05), the visceral sensory thresholds were significantly increased (P＜0.05), and the fecal water content was significantly decreased (P＜0.05) in all treatment groups. Compared with normal group, there was no significant difference in α diversity of intestinal flora (P＞0.05) and dominant difference in β diversity (P＜ 0.05) in model group. At the genus level, high dose of Wenshen Jianpi Formula could significantly increase the abundance of Dubosiella and Blautia in IBS-D rats (P＜0.05). The abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila in each treatment group decreased significantly compared with the model group (P＜0.05). The abundance of Alloprevotella and Ruminococcus in high- and medium- dose groups of Wenshen Jianpi Formula decreased significantly (P＜0.05). Conclusion Wenshen Jianpi Formula can improve diarrhea and visceral hypersensitivity in IBS-D rats, which may be related to regulating the structure and composition of gut microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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心血管疾病是当前对人体健康造成严重危害的主要疾病，受到了国内外的普遍重视。目前已有的机制研究不足以满足越来越高发的心血管疾病的治疗现状。肠道作为人体最大的微生态系统，和人体之间的相互作用与多种疾病的发病机制有关。近几年，心血管疾病和肠道微生物之间的关系，已被越来越多的人所了解。肠道菌群及其代谢产物水平的改变是促使疾病发生发展的主要因素，对肠道菌群失调进行纠正可能为治疗心血管疾病提供新策略。因此，本文就肠道微生物及其代谢产物在心血管疾病中的应用进行综述，旨在为未来相关研究提供参考。

BACKGROUND: The regulation of intestinal flora by exercise is closely related to human health, but intestinal flora involves many factors. Existing studies have lacked consistent evidence on the effect of exercise on the intestinal flora of college students. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of exercise on intestinal flora diversity and species composition of college students. METHODS: Through systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Medline, Cochrane Library, CNKI, WanFang Database and VIP database, eight empirical studies were selected and included, and semi-quantitative analysis was performed on them. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In terms of the species diversity of the intestinal flora, both high-intensity interval training and Tai Chi exercise significantly enhance the species diversity of intestinal flora in college students, while aerobic exercise does not have a significant effect on the enhancement of intestinal flora diversity in college students. In terms of the species composition of the intestinal flora, all three exercise modalities significantly alter the compositional structure of the intestinal flora in college students, which can increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Ruminalococcus, Faecalis prevotelli, Blautia, and decrease the abundance of harmful bacteria such as Escherichia spp. Compared with high-intensity interval training, aerobic and Tai Chi exercise causes more elevated abundance of beneficial bacteria. In addition to changes in intestinal flora characteristics, exercise improves body composition, cardiorespiratory function, and executive function in college students, and these health benefits are closely linked to exercise-induced changes in intestinal flora that can produce health benefits for the body through metabolic regulation, barrier function, and neuromodulation. Although studies have confirmed the association between exercise and intestinal flora, the mechanism by which exercise affects intestinal flora has not yet been clarified, and at the same time, localizing the flora related to the host health is the key to targeting intestinal flora as a therapeutic target in the future, all of which are worthy of further attention and investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Osteoporotic fracture is the most serious complication of osteoporosis. Previous studies have demonstrated that gut microbiota has a regulatory effect on skeletal tissue and that gut microbiota has an important relationship with osteoporotic fracture, but the causal relationship between the two is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the causal relationship between gut microbiota and osteoporotic fractures using Mendelian randomization method. METHODS: The genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets of gut microbiota and osteoporotic fracture were obtained from the IEU Open GWAS database and the Finnish database R9, respectively. Using gut microbiota as the exposure factor and osteoporotic fracture as the outcome variable, Mendelian randomization analyses with random-effects inverse variance weighted, MR-Egger regression, weighted median, simple model, and weighted model methods were performed to assess whether there is a causal relationship between gut microbiota and osteoporotic fracture. Sensitivity analyses were performed to test the reliability and robustness of the results. Reverse Mendelian randomization analyses were performed to further validate the causal relationship identified in the forward Mendelian randomization analyses. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The results of this Mendelian randomization analysis indicated a causal relationship between gut microbiota and osteoporotic fracture. Elevated abundance of Actinomycetales [odds ratio (OR)=1.562, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.027-2.375, P=0.037), Actinomycetaceae (OR=1.561, 95% CI: 1.027-2.374, P=0.037), Actinomyces (OR =1.544, 95% CI: 1.130-2.110, P=0.006), Butyricicoccus (OR=1.781, 95% CI: 1.194-2.657, P=0.005), Coprococcus 2 (OR=1.550, 95% CI: 1.068-2.251, P=0.021), Family XIII UCG-001 (OR=1.473, 95% CI: 1.001-2.168, P=0.049), Methanobrevibacter (OR=1.274, 95% CI: 1.001-1.621, P=0.049), and Roseburia (OR=1.429, 95% CI: 1.015-2.013, P=0.041) would increase the risk of osteoporotic fractures in patients. Elevated abundance of Bacteroidia (OR=0.660, 95% CI: 0.455-0.959, P=0.029), Bacteroidales (OR=0.660, 95% CI: 0.455-0.959, P=0.029), Christensenellacea (OR=0.725, 95% CI: 0.529-0.995, P=0.047), Ruminococcaceae (OR=0.643, 95% CI: 0.443-0.933, P=0.020), Enterorhabdus (OR=0.558, 95% CI: 0.395-0.788, P=0.001), Eubacterium rectale group (OR=0.631, 95% CI: 0.435-0.916, P=0.016), Lachnospiraceae UCG008 (OR=0.738, 95% CI: 0.546-0.998, P=0.048), and Ruminiclostridium 9 (OR=0.492, 95% CI: 0.324-0.746, P=0.001) would reduce the risk of osteoporotic fractures in patients. We identified 16 gut microbiota associated with osteoporotic fracture by the Mendelian randomization method. That is, using gut microbiota as the exposure factor and osteoporotic fracture as the outcome variable, eight gut microbiota showed positive causal associations with osteoporotic fracture and another eight gut microbiota showed negative causal associations with osteoporotic fracture. The results of this study not only identify new biomarkers for the early prediction of osteoporotic fracture and potential therapeutic targets in clinical practice, but also provide an experimental basis and theoretical basis for the study of improving the occurrence and prognosis of osteoporotic fracture through gut microbiota in bone tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: A network-based pharmacological approach has identified multifunctional effects of the main bioactive compounds in the Trichosanthis Fructus-Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus on coronary heart disease; however, the mechanism of its therapeutic effect on coronary heart disease has not been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role and mechanism of Trichosanthis Fructus-Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus in improving coronary heart disease by regulating the composition of gut microbiota. METHODS: Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: blank control group (n=10), model group (n=10), positive drug group (n=10), and medicine pair group (n=10). A rat model of coronary heart disease was established by continuous gastric perfusion of fat emulsion and injection of pituitrin. After modeling, rats in the model group were gavaged with distilled water (10 mL/kg) for control, rats in the positive drug group were gavaged with simvastatin 4 mg/kg per day, and rats in the medicine pair group were gavaged with Trichosanthis Fructus-Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus pairs 7.56 g/kg per day. All interventions lasted for 14 days. Electrocardiograms and myocardial pathology were observed, and blood lipid levels were measured. The structure of gut microbiota was analyzed using 16S rDNA sequencing technology. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Electrocardiogram results showed ST segment elevation in the model group. There were no significant abnormalities in the electrocardiograms of the positive drug group and medicine pair group. Compared with the blank control group, the levels of total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly higher in the model group (P < 0.05). Compared with the model group, the levels of total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly lower in the positive drug group and medicine pair group (P < 0.05). Compared with the blank control group, focal myocardial cell necrosis was observed in the model group, while partial myocardial cell disarray was observed in the positive drug group and medicine pair group. Compared with the blank control group, the Ace, Shannon, and Chao indices were increased (P < 0.05) and the Simpson index was decreased (P < 0.05) in the model group, positive drug group and medicine pair group. Compared with the model group, the Ace and Chao indices were decreased (P < 0.05), while the Shannon index showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) and the Simpson index was also decreased (P < 0.05) in the positive drug group and medicine pair group. Compared with the blank control group, the relative abundances of Desulfovibrionia, Muribaculaceae_norank, etc. were increased in the model group, while those of Clostridia, [Eubacterium]_coprostanoligenes_group_norank, etc. were decreased. Compared with the model group, the relative abundances of WPS-2_norank, Muribaculaceae_norank, etc. were increased in the medicine pair group, while those of Clostridia, [Eubacterium]_coprostanoligenes_group_norank, etc. were decreased; the relative abundances of Desulfobacterota, [Eubacterium]_coprostanoligenes_group_ norank, etc. were increased in the positive drug group, while those of Firmicutes, Muribaculaceae_norank, etc. were decreased. Compared with the positive drug group, the relative abundances of Desulfobacterota, Bacteroides, etc. were increased in the medicine pair group, while those of Firmicutes, [Eubacterium]_ coprostanoligenes_group_norank, etc. were decreased. The LEfSe results showed that the medicine pair group had the highest microbial enrichment, followed by the blank control group and positive drug group, with the model group having the lowest microbial enrichment. To conclude, Trichosanthis Fructus-Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus pairs can improve the development of coronary heart disease by regulating gut microbiota composition, providing new insights for further research and development of Trichosanthis Fructus-Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus pairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural characteristics of carbohydrates affect their utilization efficiency by microorganisms. In order to explore the effect of their structure on gut microbiota, this article starts from the perspective of monosaccharide composition and studies the changes in gut microbiota and its metabolites during in vitro culture using nine monosaccharides including glucose, mannose, arabinose, galactose, fucose, xylose, xylose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, and galacturonic acid as carbon sources. Mainly tested indicators such as OD600, sugar consumption, short chain fatty acids, and lactate content. After screening, the monosaccharide composition of the culture medium for mixed fermentation of seven neutral monosaccharides was analyzed, and the utilization order of the seven neutral monosaccharides in the fermentation process was clarified. The diversity and abundance changes of gut microbiota were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA. It was found that different monosaccharides compete with beneficial bacteria such as lactobacilli in the process of utilization. Mannose and galactose are beneficial for the growth and reproduction of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacilli in the gut. The research results will provide a theoretical basis for the study of the structure-activity relationship between polysaccharides and gut microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)