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为实现对4种大黄鱼（Larimichthys crocea）产地（分别来自福建宁德养殖、浙江温州养殖、浙江舟山养殖和舟山渔场自然海域捕捞）的区分，应用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry，ICP-MS）及元素分析-同位素质谱仪对大黄鱼肌肉中19种矿物元素及δ13C、δ15N和C、N元素的质量分数进行了测定，基于质量分数差异并结合主成分分析（principal component analysis，PCA）、聚类分析（cluster analysis，CA）和Fisher判别分析对4种不同产地大黄鱼进行区分。单因素方差分析（ANOVA）及事后多重比较（LSD和Tamhane T2检验）结果表明，12种元素（C、N、Mg、Al、K、Ti、Cr、Cu、Zn、Se、Sn、Ba）及δ13C、δ15N在不同产地大黄鱼中具有较明显的地域特征差异。PCA结果表明，前2个主成分（累计方差贡献率为64.1%）的得分散点图分成了4个相对集中的区域，4种不同产地大黄鱼彼此无重叠，能被有效区分。CA结果表明，4种不同产地大黄鱼中除温州养殖大黄鱼样本被分为两类，其他3种大黄鱼样本均各自聚为一类。Fisher判别分析结果显示，原始分类结果的判别准确率为100%，“留一法”交叉验证分类结果显示，有85.7%的舟山养殖大黄鱼样本被正确分类，14.3%的被误判为温州养殖大黄鱼，其余3种大黄鱼样本分类准确率均为100%。研究结果表明，利用元素及稳定同位素比值差异结合化学计量学分析手段，可有效实现大黄鱼的产地区分，为大黄鱼产地鉴别提供参考。

采用智能感官分析技术结合传统感官评价，研究了细点圆趾蟹蟹肉、细点圆趾蟹重组蟹肉、仿蟹肉块和仿蟹肉棒的感官品质。4类均为低脂类、可放心食用的食品。用电子舌技术与主成分分析法对4类蟹肉样品进行了区分和识别，用质构仪检测了4类样品的适口性（包括硬度、弹性、黏结性、胶性、咀嚼性和回复性）。结果表明，仿蟹肉制品与纯蟹肉在味道上存在明显差异，纯蟹肉较仿蟹肉制品具有更强的鲜味回味，但苦味、涩味和苦味回味相对较高；蛋白质类添加剂（TG酶）有利于提高纯蟹肉的感官品质，尤其可大幅度改良口感和质地，全质构分析测定结果与人的感官评价结果一致性较高。

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建立了一种强阳离子固相萃取结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定水产品中泰妙菌素和沃尼妙林残留量的分析方法。样品经乙腈提取和Oasis MCX 固相萃取柱净化后，以乙腈-0.05 %甲酸5 mmoL·L-1 乙酸铵水溶液为流动相，经Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 色谱柱梯度洗脱分离，在电喷雾正离子多反应监测模式下，用内标法分析泰妙菌素，用外标法分析沃尼妙林。结果显示，泰妙菌素和沃尼妙林在0.1～10.0 ng·mL-1 内具有良好的线性关系，相关系数r 均大于0.999 9，检出限和定量限分别为0.03 和0.1 μg·kg-1。在0.1，1.0，5.0 和 10.0 μg·kg-1 4 种添加水平下，加标回收率在87 %～114 %，相对标准偏差在0.87 %～6.50 %。对50 条鲫鱼进行实际样品验证，发现在鲫鱼的各个组织中均有泰妙菌素和沃尼妙林残留，其中肾脏残留总量最高，为453.81 μg· kg-1，肝脏次之，为236.97 μg·kg-1。结果表明，所建方法能够满足对水产品中泰妙菌素和沃尼妙林残留量的分析要求。

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建立了超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定水产品中的红霉素残留量.样品用改进的QuEChERS（快速、简单、廉价、高效、灵活和安全）进行提取净化，经乙腈快速提取，无水硫酸镁和氯化钠除水后，用N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)净化，液相色谱串联质谱分析测定.在ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18色谱柱上进行分离，采用梯度洗脱，以0.1%甲酸水溶液和甲醇为流动相，电喷雾正离子电离，多反应监测模式，内标法定量.结果表明：红霉素浓度在0.5~50 µg • L-1时具有良好的线性关系，相关系数为0.997 6，定量限为0.3 µg • kg-1，回收率为87.6%~96.1%，相对标准偏差为2.2%~5.3%.本方法操作简易、应用性强，适合水产品中红霉素的常规检测.

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建立了一种通过超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)测定养殖水体中14种喹诺酮类药物的方法.水样经甲酸酸化预处理后，采用HLB固相萃取柱富集并净化目标物，以0.2%体积分数的甲酸水溶液-甲醇为流动相，经过梯度洗脱分离，串联质谱多反应监测模式测定，再由外标法定量.结果显示，14种喹诺酮药物浓度为0.5~50.0 µg • L-1时线性良好，线性相关系数大于0.995.空白水样在5.00，50.0和100 ng • L-1 3种添加水平下的加标回收率为79.8%~95.4%，相对标准偏差均小于10%. 14种喹诺酮药物的检出限为1.00~1.50 ng • L-1，定量限为3.50~5.00 ng • L-1，结果表明所建立的方法重现性好，灵敏度、回收率高，检测时间短，适用于养殖水体中喹诺酮类药物残留的检测.

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为快速、准确监测水产养殖环境水体中孔雀石绿含量，建立了一种超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)测定水产养殖水体中孔雀石绿及隐色孔雀石绿的方法.水样经甲酸酸化预处理后，采用多壁碳纳米管固相萃取柱富集和净化目标物，超高效液相色谱分离，三重四级杆质谱检测，氘代同位素内标定量.在优化条件下，孔雀石绿和隐色孔雀石绿在0. 02~10. 0 µg • L-1浓度范围内均满足线性关系，相关系数R2>0. 998，方法检出限、定量限分别为0. 000 3和0. 001 µg • L-1.在0. 005~0. 100 µg • L-1添加水平下，淡水中孔雀石绿加标回收率为98. 7%~107. 8%,隐色孔雀石绿加标回收率为95. 3%~112. 6%，海水中孔雀石绿加标回收率为89. 5%~92. 7%，隐色孔雀石绿加标回收率为94.2%~101.4%，测定相对标准偏差均在7.4%以内.结果表明，所建立的超高效液相色谱-质谱法简单快速、前处理成本低、灵敏度高、重现性好、回收率高，适合于养殖水体中孔雀石绿的测定.

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Shale oil and gas were successfully developed by the key technology of staged fracturing of horizontal wells. However, due to geological properties like low porosity, low permeability, and formation heterogeneity, shale reservoirs were susceptible to be damaged during the fracturing and stimulation process. Besides, the damage is very difficult to be removed hence seriously affecting oil and gas production. The main reservoir damage types and mechanisms during the hydraulic fracturing process, including physical, chemical, and microbial-induced damages, are analyzed in this review. Moreover, a detailed discussion on the currently available reservoir protection methods is made while suggesting future upgrades and development of the protection technologies. Consequently, the awareness of the causes, location, degree, and impact of shale reservoir damage during hydraulic fracturing are raised in this paper. A better control and prevention of formation damage will be led through this knowledge, thus efficient production of shale reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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