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This article highlights sexual harassment in the fast-growing esports industry through a study of such cases in one of esports' prominent game titles, DOTA2. We argue that such harassment is a manifestation of sexual harassment at the workplace, while also positioning it as a continuation of the historical online harassment of women. Informed partly by an autoethnographic insight and relying on institutional critique as our approach, we delineate certain institutional features in esports that contribute to and sustain such harassment. This article concludes by highlighting how justice remains elusive for the victims despite the presence of "strong" legislation and the need to bring institutional changes while also enhancing the victims' capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Note examines the effects of Title IX's equal treatment framework on female collegiate athletes in the context of the female athlete triad. It describes the shortcomings of Title IX's equal treatment approach and its deleterious effects on the health of female student athletes. It argues for the adoption of the special treatment approach as a remedy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on calls for greater emphasis on combatting sexual misconduct on college campuses. It mentions passage of Title IX place a greater emphasis on combatting sexual misconduct that occurs on and off the campuses of postsecondary institutions. It also mentions Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security Policy and Campus Crime Statistics Act mandates that postsecondary institutions and campus police authorities or local law enforcement.

The article provides an history underlying women's involvement in sports and the hypersexualization of female athletes in the U.S. Topics include address the long historical journey of female athletes who have been sexualized and media coverage of female athletic uniforms; Title IX's impact on female participation in athletics; and high profile male to female sexual abuses in athletics.

The article highlights sports-related cases decided by courts between January 1,2021, and December 31,2021 in the U.S. Topics include Gilbert v. USA Taekwondo, Inc court case on sexual assault and sex trafficking allegations; In Re National Football League's Sunday Ticket Antitrust Litigation in Sherman Act; and NCAA v. Alston court case on amateur sports at the college level.

Competitive video gaming or esports has captured the attention of hundreds of millions of people across the globe. With that attention has come billions of dollars' worth of investment and promotion. But, it has also exposed an underlying toxic environment that features widespread sexual and gender harassment. This pervasive culture of harassment threatens to derail the esports industry and mars the promise of gender equity in one of the few competitive "sports" where physical strength, agility and body size do not dictate success. In this Article, we examine the rise of competitive gaming, and provide an in-depth analysis of the pervasive issue of harassment that permeates esports. We then propose a series of tangible reforms that would hold harassers and their corporate accomplices accountable for their harassing behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the impact of sexual harassment in the workplace has been well documented, little sexual harassment research has been conducted focusing on the women who work in the sport industry. This study explored the extent to which female sport print media professionals (i.e., sports editors, sportswriters, sports columnists) were subjected to sexually harassing behaviors in the workplace. Of the women who participated in the study (N = 112), over half of the participants indicated that they had encountered some form of sexual harassment over the 12 months before participating in the study. The perpetrators included their immediate supervisors, coworkers, members of the sport media, athletes, and employees of sport organizations. The study also identified the forms of sexual harassment encountered and attitudes toward harassment in the workplace. Suggestions on how to prevent harassment toward women in the sport industry are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrasts the respective approaches of a contributor, Michael Burke to two moral issues in sport. Information on coach-athlete sex exploitation; The incongruity in an article on boxing.

The American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM) convened a group of experts to develop a Position Statement addressing the problem of sexual violence in sport. The AMSSM Sexual Violence in Sport Task Force held a series of meetings over 7 months, beginning in July 2019. Following a literature review, the task force used an iterative process and expert consensus to finalize the position statement. The objective of this position statement is to raise awareness of this critical issue among sports medicine physicians and to declare a commitment to engage in collaborative, multidisciplinary solutions to reduce sexual violence in sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study assessed the perceptions of acceptable sexual behaviour of coaches and the occurrence of sexual harassment among female student in India. A sample of 180 Indian female student-athletes at intercollegiate and inter-university levels with male coaches participated in this study. A questionnaire on sport-specific Touch and Behaviour versus Unwanted Intimacy from coaches (Vanden Auweele et al., 2008), consisting of 41 items on a 5-point rating scale was used. The participants were asked to indicate the acceptability of specific coaching behaviour as well as the occurrence of the behaviour represented in each item. The acceptability of the behaviour was determined by means and standard deviations, while the occurrence was determined by frequencies. Factor analysis was performed to determine the structure of the coaches' behaviour and athletes' acceptability thereof, which yielded four factors. Cronbach's alpha was used to determine the internal consistency of the extracted items on each factor. Two factors, namely, unwanted sexual behaviour and inappropriate verbal and physical sexual behaviour, were regarded by athletes as very serious and unacceptable coach behaviour, while a third factor represented context-dependent suspicious behaviour (a grey area in which athletes differ in their opinion) and was perceived to be serious and unacceptable. A fourth factor represented acceptable behaviour. The occurrence of very serious and unacceptable behaviour was reported by 31% of the female athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australia is known as a ‘sporting nation’ and sport is central to its cultural identity. Children’s participation in leisure activities, including sport, is considered to be of such importance that it is enshrined as an international human right. There is a growing awareness, however, that children’s experience of sport is not always positive and that abuse and harm may occur in organised sport. This paper reports on a study designed to explore children’s experiences of organised sport, as recounted by young adults between the ages of 18 and 25 years. A mixed methods study design was implemented, which resulted in 107 survey responses and 10 follow-up interviews with young adults. Overwhelmingly, young people reported the lasting developmental benefits of participation in organised sport as children. More than 50% also reported negative experiences, including emotional and physical harm and sexual harassment. The reasons for these apparently contradictory findings are explored. The role of coaches, peers, parents and the wider sporting association ethos are investigated and suggestions made for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we question the rationality of ‘no-touch policies’ and offer an alternative approach to the matter of physical contact between teachers and students in the context of physical education (PE) in schools. Earlier research has drawn attention to how a discourse of child protection is starting to affect how physical contact is viewed in PE practice. The avoidance of intergenerational touch is increasingly justified by referring to the children's rights agenda. Here, arguments for ‘no-touching’ are linked to children's right to be protected from harm. In the paper we explore a children's rights-based viewpoint thatsupportsthe use of and need for physical contact in PE teaching by developing theoretical and practice-based arguments. An alternative children's rights perspective, based on rights theorising, is used to formulate the theoretical argument. Interviews with 16 PE teachers about their experiences of physical contact in their pedagogical work form the practice-based arguments. The two arguments provide a way of looking at intergenerational touch in education from the vantage point of children's human right to develop to their full potential, which can support a need for physical touch in pedagogical situations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Despite the well-recognised benefits of sport, there are also negative influences on athlete health, well-being and integrity caused by non-accidental violence through harassment and abuse. All athletes have a right to engage in 'safe sport', defined as an athletic environment that is respectful, equitable and free from all forms of non-accidental violence to athletes. Yet, these issues represent a blind spot for many sport organisations through fear of reputational damage, ignorance, silence or collusion. This consensus statement extends the 2007 IOC Consensus Statement on Sexual Harassment and Abuse in Sport, presenting additional evidence of several other types of harassment and abuse-psychological, physical and neglect. All ages and types of athletes are susceptible to these problems but science confirms that elite, disabled, child and lesbian/gay/bisexual/trans-sexual (LGBT) athletes are at highest risk, that psychological abuse is at the core of all other forms and that athletes can also be perpetrators. Harassment and abuse arise from prejudices expressed through power differences. Perpetrators use a range of interpersonal mechanisms including contact, non-contact/verbal, cyber-based, negligence, bullying and hazing. Attention is paid to the particular risks facing child athletes, athletes with a disability and LGBT athletes. Impacts on the individual athlete and the organisation are discussed. Sport stakeholders are encouraged to consider the wider social parameters of these issues, including cultures of secrecy and deference that too often facilitate abuse, rather than focusing simply on psychopathological causes. The promotion of safe sport is an urgent task and part of the broader international imperative for good governance in sport. A systematic multiagency approach to prevention is most effective, involving athletes, entourage members, sport managers, medical and therapeutic practitioners, educators and criminal justice agencies. Structural and cultural remedies, as well as practical recommendations, are suggested for sport organisations, athletes, sports medicine and allied disciplines, sport scientists and researchers. The successful prevention and eradication of abuse and harassment against athletes rests on the effectiveness of leadership by the major international and national sport organisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to a series of high-profile cases of sexual abuse of athletes in the 1990s, sport organizations across several nations engaged in policy development intended to introduce preventive measures and processes to address athlete maltreatment. In 1996, Sport Canada – the funding body for national sport organizations (NSOs) – stipulated that such funding was to be contingent upon each NSO having a harassment policy and trained, arm’s-length harassment officers who would address complaints. Some 17 years have passed since these requirements were mandated, and it is timely to address the current status of these policies. The purpose of this study therefore was to examine the extent to which the policies of sport organizations meet the requirements stipulated by Sport Canada. A review of a sample of sport organizations revealed that 86% of national and 71% of provincial (Ontario) sport organizations had accessible harassment policies. In many, however, critical information, such as a detailed complaint process, or articulation of the rights of the complainant and respondent was missing. Although all of the national and provincial organizations’ policies included references to a harassment officer, only 10% and 14%, respectively, actually had harassment officers; furthermore, none of these were at arm’s length to the organization. The results clearly indicate that Canada is falling far short of the requirements initially stipulated by Sport Canada for athlete protection. Recommendations are made for having a centralized pool of trained harassment officers and an approach to policies and practices that reflect a broader ‘ethic of care’ approach. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Following a high-profile case of child sexual abuse in sport in 1996, the Netherlands Olympic Committee and the Netherlands Sports Confederation (NOC*NSF) established a telephone ‘helpline’ service on sexual harassment and abuse (SHA). In order to expand their understanding of this problem, NOC*NSF maintained written records of incidents reported to the helpline. These records revealed 323 separate incidents for the period 2001 to 2010. This paper presents a descriptive analysis of this data and discusses the findings. We conclude that whilst there are major limitations to working with information gathered in this way, a sustainable telephone ‘helpline’ can provide a valuable service for the sports community. Whilst official sources of data are known to under represent the scale of sexual abuse, through collaboration with researchers, such services can also generate important information for policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the 50th anniversary of the ISSA and IRSS, a key foundational scholar on gender and sport, Kari Fasting, assesses sociological inquiry about sexual harassment in sport and its relation to the development of policy. The trajectory of this research on gender, sexual harassment and abuse (GSHA) in sport lies in feminist politics and advocacy. While sexual harassment and abuse in sport is widespread across sports, comparability in studies has been difficult due to issues of measurement and underreporting. Key challenges to doing research in this areas include difficulties in obtaining grant funding, access to and cooperation from athletes and perpetrators, and moral and ethical dilemmas in data gathering and reporting. Future work can build on recommendations by major organizations such as the IOC and UNICEF about organizational policies to curb sexual harassment and abuse; future research needs to advance systematic knowledge about the impact of policies and actions about sexual harassment and abuse in sport. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article focuses on the application of the Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments in sex-based discrimination issues in school and intercollegiate sports. Topics discussed include the Supreme Court's decision in case Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education based on the issue, the treatment of athletics under the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and claims concerning sexual harassment against women and employment discrimination.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of sexual harassment of university female athletes in Kenya. The specific aspects of sexual harassment assessed were perpetrators, frequency, location and time, forms or types, reactions of the respondents and physical complaints experienced by sexually harassed female athletes. Data were collected using questionnaires from 339 university female athletes who were participating at a university sport tournament in 2013.Results showed that 64.4% of respondents had experienced sexual harassment incidences and the major perpetuators were spectators with sexual harassment occurring mostly in the playing fields. The most common forms of sexual harassment were sexually offensive looks, comments and unwanted comments on attractiveness in public. The female athlete's reactions to sexual harassment were staying away from the perpetuators, telling them off and talking to somebody they trusted. Their physical complaints after the episodes of sexual harassment were headaches, fatigue and insomnia. Female athletes need to be advised on diverse measures to mitigate the effects of sexual harassment in universities. Universities also need to generate and implement specific sexual harassment policies which are applicable in sport settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigates whether sport is an especially risky environment for sexual harassment to occur. It explores female students’ experiences of sexual harassment in organized sport and compares them with their experiences in formal education, by addressing the following research questions: (1) Are there any differences in female sport students’ experiences of sexual harassment in sport and education? (2) Are there any differences in female sport students’ experiences of sexual harassment from coaches and teachers? (3) Are there any differences in female sport students’ experiences from peer students and peer athletes? A total of 616 female students from three different European countries, Czech Republic, Greece and Norway, answered a questionnaire. The results revealed that the students had experienced more sexual harassment in an educational setting than in a sport setting. Further analysis showed that this was primarily due to sexual harassment from peers in school. In Greece and Norway, there was no difference between occurrences from teachers and coaches, yet in Czech Republic coaches appear to harass more than teachers. The difference between sexual harassment occurring from peers in sport and in education is discussed in relation to whether the sense of belonging/camaraderie that a sport club member may experience might function as a barrier for sexual harassment to occur—because it embarrasses or hurts a teammate. In addition, sport clubs and teams are governed by their respective sport rules and possibly by additional club/team rules, which may also establish extra inside-club/team boundaries for acceptable and nonacceptable/harassing behaviors. This article concludes that greater emphasis ought to be placed on education; not only toward shaping safer teacher/coach behaviors, but also toward the student/athlete behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Coaches can easily dominate athletes and this unbalanced power distribution may be strengthened by authoritarian behavior; i.e. negative feedback, directive communication, coach-led decision making, task-centered role orientation, and goal orientation on performance. An unwanted risk emerges when the power is abused, which can lead to the occurrence of sexual harassment. This article examines whether authoritarian coaching behaviors may have any implications for female athletes' experiences of sexual harassment from male and female coaches. The participants in this survey were 399 female sport & PE students from Czech Republic, Greece and Norway. The study revealed that both the prevalence of authoritarian behaviors and of sexual harassment were significantly higher from male coaches. There was a higher prevalence of sexual harassment experiences from both male and female coaches among those participants who had experienced authoritarian behaviors compared to those who did not. This indicates that authoritarian behaviors are a stronger predictor of experiences of sexual harassment than the gender of the coach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents data from a cross-cultural study titled ‘Gender Relations in Sport — The Experiences of Czech, Greek, and Norwegian Female Sport Students’. The main research question asked is: what are the amounts and the forms of male and female sexual harassment experienced in a sport setting by female sport students in Czech Republic, Greece, and Norway? Women (N = 616) who were studying in sport departments of academic institutions in the three countries participated in the study. The results show that 34 percent of the students had experienced sexually harassing behavior from a man and 12 percent from a woman. Experiences of sexually harassing behaviors from both men and women were reported more often in the Czech Republic and Greece than in Norway.The form of sexual harassment the participants reported experiencing the most was ‘repeated unwanted sexual glances, etc.’ (22%). The difference between female and male harassment is discussed in relation to patriarchal power. The overall differences between countries are discussed in relation to the three countries’ gender orders, gender equality laws as well as the anti-sexual harassment laws inside and outside sport organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the perceptions and the occurrence of sexual harassment among male student athletes with male coaches. Most research in this field of study has been conducted from a male perpetrator-female victim paradigm and has thus been biased towards the study of female student athletes with male coaches. A sample of 98 male student athletes from an inner city university in the Johannesburg area participated in the study. They were asked to indicate their perception of the seriousness and acceptability of specific coach behaviour and how often such behaviour occurred. Through factor analysis four categories of coach behaviour were identified, namely Unwanted sexual behaviour, Physical and verbal behaviour with a sexual undertone, Sexist and discriminatory behaviour, and Acceptable behaviour. The results from the factor analysis indicated that the male student athletes clearly differentiate between coach behaviour that is very serious and unacceptable, or not. One in five of the participants reported that they experienced unwanted sexual behaviour, while two out of five reported the occurrence of unacceptable physical and verbal behaviour with a sexual undertone. The results suggested that the gender bias in sexual abuse research might not be justified anymore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the Title IX of 1972 Education Amendments which aims to stop sex-base discrimination in education as well as in athletics. It explores athletic litigation issues including team competitions of opposite-sex and sexual harassment. It cites the Supreme Court decision in Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education wherein the coach whistleblower of sex-discrimination against his players was fired. It also tackles the administration and enforcement of the Act.

The article focuses on the educational law on gender and sexuality called the Athletics and Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments. It notes the development of the Title IX legislation including its history and framework in the context of high school and intercollegiate athletics. It also mentions some athletics litigation issues including opportunities for participation in athletics for female students, sexual harassment and the Supreme Court case dealing with Title IX in athletics, which is the Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education. The administration and enforcement of Title IX are also discussed, including the availability of remedies, administrative developments, and the proper parties for private cause of action under Title IX.

The examination of sexual harassment in sport has become an active research field within the past two decades. It is especially important for sport psychology consultants to understand this issue because they have professional opportunities to influence both individual and organizational responses to it. This article uses interview data from an investigation of sexual harassment in sport to examine the personal responses of 25 elite female athletes to their experiences of sexual harassment. The athletes reacted with disgust, fear, irritation, and anger when the sexually harassing incidents occurred. They also demonstrated individual, internally focused responses to the harassment rather than collective, externally focused ones. This suggests that sport organizations have much work to do on both education and organizational change if sexual harassment is to be challenged and eradicated. The findings also indicate that sport psychology consultants have a role to play in equipping athletes with the necessary skills to avert or confront sexual harassment in sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the history and framework of the Title IX legislation in the context of secondary education and intercollegiate athletics. It also discusses common issues in athletics litigation, such as claims concerning increased participation opportunities, competition on opposite-sex teams, sexual harassment, discrimination against athletic coaches, and private sponsorships and funding of school athletic teams. In addition, it mentions in detail the case of Jackson versus Birmingham Board of Education, the U.S. Supreme Court case addressing with Title IX.

Although it is often assumed that the prevalence of sexual harassment is different in different sports, the assumption has not been empirically tested. This study considers whether the experience of sexual harassment varies by sport. The female elite athletes (N = 553) in the study participated in 56 different sport disciplines. These were grouped as: 1) team or individual sports; 2) extent to which clothing required for competition is revealing; 3) gender structure (male- or female- dominated membership statistics); and 4) gender culture (masculine, gender-neutral or feminine). The data show that sexual harassment occurs in every sport group. Female elite athletes who participated in `masculine' sports appear to experience more harassment than women in the other groups. We conclude that, when it comes to female athletes' experiences of sexual harassment, sport type matters far less than sport participation per se. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the participation of youth in competitive sport has increased. This has led to the occurrence of many psychiatric problems in youth. This study investigates the 1) Over-training syndrome, 2) Female athlete triad, 3) Hyperventilation syndrome, 4) Psychological development of younger athletes, 5) Sexual harassment in sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated differences in sexually aggressive attitudes and behavior among contact sport athletes, non-contact sport athletes and non-athletes. Two hundred and eighty-two male undergraduate students completed a questionnaire comprising the following: Questions requesting demographic information, the Sport Orientation Questionnaire (Gill & Deeter, 1988), the Rape-supportive Attitude Scale (Lottes, 1988), an eight-item short form of the Hostility Toward Women scale (Koss & Gaines, 1993) and the Sexual Experiences Survey (Koss & Gaines, 1993). Significant (p < .004) relationships were found among all three subscales of the Sport Orientation Questionnaire, the Hostility Toward Women scale and the Sexual Experiences Survey. A MANOVA with Tukey follow-up tests revealed that the contact and non-contact athletes scored significantly (p <. 05) higher on all three subscales of the Sport Orientation Questionnaire than the non-athletes. However, there were no significant differences between contact and non-contact sport athletes on these subscales (p > .05), and there were no significant between-group differences on the Rape-supportive Attitude Scale, the Hostility Toward Women scale and the Sexual Experiences Survey (p >. 05 in all cases). These results indicate that, despite suggestions to the contrary from the media and some academics, athletes do not have a greater propensity than non-athletes to commit sexual assault. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]