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We studied leaflets of 18 taxa of the genus Mimosa, specifically the Dolentes-Brevipedes taxonomic complex, focusing on micromorphology, type, shape, and density of trichomes. Within the nonglandular trichomes we described 3 types of nonbranched and 2 types of branched trichomes. We also described 2 types of stalked glandular trichomes, extending the recent classifications of trichomes in Mimosa. Multiseriate trichomes with lateral projections, which resemble incipient branching, are described here for many taxa. Most studied taxa have pubescent leaflets and show great variability in trichome density values. We also found 3 different types of blade margins with variation in type, alignment, and orientation of trichomes. Results show that the micromorphology of blade trichomes allows distinguishing groups of taxa in this complex, which could be a new tool for performing taxonomic treatment of both subseries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern society has developed in large part due to our ability to reliably grow plants for food and renewable resources. Predicted increases in environmental variability will impact agricultural productivity and may have extensive secondary effects on the stability of our society. Thus, a concerted effort to understand plant response strategies to stress is needed. High salinity is an agriculturally important environmental stress and generates complex effects on the physiology of the plant. The abiotic-stress-associated hormone, abscisic acid (ABA), mediates a major component of this response. I highlight recent work studying salt-stress responses at different spatial and organizational scales from the action of ABA in specific cell types to global networks of proteins that predict critical regulatory events during acclimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the NuMex Whisper onion cultivar that was released by the New Mexico State University's Agricultural Experiment Station in 2014. Topics discussed include the origin of the NuMex Whisper onion, the description and performance of the onion cultivar such as its growth, bulb characteristics and scale layers, and the objective of the university's breeding program.

Cyperus stewartii G.C. Tucker, sp. nov. is described. It is known from two collections from Cocos Island (Isla del Coco), Costa Rica, made in 1905. This species is most similar to C. thyrsiflorus and C. lentiginosus, species of the southern U.S., Caribbean slope of Mexico and Central America, and northern South America. It differs from both in its smaller anthers, shorter and narrower floral scales, closer spacing of scales on the rachilla, and very wide spacing of spikelets on the rachilla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the study of a new species Pityrogramma opalescens (Pteridaceae) from Colombia. This species is similar to Pityrogramma lehmannii. The two species are differentiated in rhizome scales with turgid cells, creeping rhizomes, an elongate pinnate lamina which is supplied by veins and farina. The species is only known from an isolated mountain peak in Colombia which is a region of high diversity.

Riparian vegetation is distinct from adjacent upland terrestrial vegetation and its distribution is affected by various environmental controls operating at the longitudinal scale (along the river) or transverse scale (perpendicular to the river). Although several studies have shown how the relative importance of transverse or longitudinal influences varies with the scale of observation, few have examined how the influences of the two scales vary with the level of ecological organization. We modeled vegetation-environment relationships at three hierarchically nested levels of ecological organization: species, plant community, and vegetation type. Our hierarchically structured analyses differentiated the spatial extent of riparian zones from adjacent upland vegetation, the distribution of plant community types within the riparian zone, and the distribution of plant species within community types. Longitudinal gradients associated with climate and elevation exerted stronger effects at the species level than at the community level. Transverse gradients related to lateral surface water flux and groundwater availability distinguished riparian and upland vegetation types, although longitudinal gradients of variation better predicted species composition within either riparian or upland communities. We concur with other studies of riparian landscape ecology that the relative predictive power of environmental controls for modeling patterns of biodiversity is confounded with the spatial extent of the study area and sampling scheme. A hierarchical approach to spatial modeling of vegetation-environment relationships will yield substantial insights on riparian landscape patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Many studies on soil microrelief, or roughness, have identified a multi-scale behaviour of roughness. However most of the literature on the surface storage of precipitation is based on experiments conducted over very small sampling areas, usually not large enough to reflect the large scale components of roughness. In this paper a 5m long surface roughness profile database is studied with the main objective of assessing the scaling behaviour of surface storage and the role that surface slope and tillage direction play on this phenomenon. In particular, in was evaluated whether the measurement domain size (profile length) and resolution (sampling interval) had any influence on the calculated storage values. Results illustrate a multiscale behaviour of surface storage, with larger storage values obtained for longer profiles and smaller sampling intervals. Tillage operations significantly affect observed storage values and their variability. Tillage direction also had a significant role in the calculated storage values, however its importance decreased clearly over areas of increasing slopes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 838-848 Abstract Despite the increasing importance of functional traits for the study of plant ecology, we do not know how variation in a given trait changes across ecological scales, which prevents us from assessing potential scale-dependent aspects of trait variation. To address this deficiency, we partitioned the variance in two key functional traits (leaf mass area and leaf dry matter content) across six nested ecological scales (site, plot, species, tree, strata and leaf) in lowland tropical rainforests. In both traits, the plot level shows virtually no variance despite high species turnover among plots and the size of within-species variation (leaf + strata + tree) is comparable with that of species level variation. The lack of variance at the plot level brings substantial support to the idea that trait-based environmental filtering plays a central role in plant community assembly. These results and the finding that the amount of within-species variation is comparable with interspecific variation support a shift of focus from species-based to trait-based ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 858-869 Abstract There is increasing recognition that ecosystems and their services need to be managed in the face of environmental change. However, there is little consensus as to the optimum scale for management. This is particularly acute in the agricultural environment given the level of public investment in agri-environment schemes (AES). Using a novel multiscale hierarchical sampling design, we assess the effect of land use at multiple spatial scales (from location-within-field to regions) on farmland biodiversity. We show that on-farm biodiversity components depend on farming practices (organic vs. conventional) at farm and landscape scales, but this strongly interacts with fine- and coarse-scale variables. Different taxa respond to agricultural practice at different spatial scales and often at multiple spatial scales. Hence, AES need to target multiple spatial scales to maximize effectiveness. Novel policy levers may be needed to encourage multiple land managers within a landscape to adopt schemes that create landscape-level benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the first record of Tarentola annularis relicta, a member of the genus Tarentola from Uganda. Specimens of geckoes that did not match any known East African genus were collected from the Ubbi village on the South-Western foot of Mount Otzi in northern Uganda. Distinct features of Tarentola annularis relicta include an absence of four white, dark-rimmed scapular flecks usually found on the scales of the nominotypic subspecies. The geckoes collected were pale-grey colored with orange to orange-brown blotches on dorsum of the head and body.

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The article discusses the anatomical, morphological and ecological characteristics of a new fern species called Isoëtaceae todaroana which was found in western Sicily, Italy. It mentions two major differences of the species from other known fern species such as the presence of just two leaf chambers and the different shapes of its scales which feature one central spine-like lobe and two lateral rounded lobes. It adds that the species is dedicated to Sicilian botanist Agostino Todaro.

Abstract: In this review, we compiled published results on biological interactions at different spatial scales in the Monte desert of Argentina and identified gaps in current knowledge. We presented evidence of competitive and facilitative plant–plant conspecific and heterospecific interactions, and plant–soil–microbes interactions in relation to the abiotic environment at the fine patch-scale. We also showed evidence of animal–animal interactions and plant–animal interactions at the community scale through study cases involving both native and introduced herbivores. Moreover, we identified bottom-up and top-down forces governing the interactions between granivores (birds, ants, and small mammals) and seed availability/production at the community scale. At the landscape scale, we discussed feedbacks between domestic grazers and the spatial patterns of resources and their interrelationships with processes occurring at other scales. We concluded that research has steadily increased during the last 6 years but knowledge on biological interactions in the Monte desert is still scarce, particularly at a landscape scale. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We review the current state of research on vegetation heterogeneity in the Monte Desert at scales varying from landscape to intra-patch. Different factors are related to vegetation heterogeneity at every scale. At a coarse scale (i.e. landscapes and communities) vegetation heterogeneity is commonly determined by abiotic factors, whereas biotic interactions usually influence fine scale (patch, intrapatch) heterogeneity. Communities are distributed at the landscape scale according to differences in precipitation, topography and soil attributes. On the other hand, there is evidence that the spatial pattern of plant patches within communities is determined by runon –runoff processes, although biotic influences such as grazing can induce changes in the spatial pattern of patches when plant cover is strongly reduced. In the same way, at patch and intrapatch scales, biotic interactions (i.e. plant –plant interactions, grazing) determine the size and the species composition of plant patches as well as the distribution of species inside plant patches. However, the mechanisms operating behind such biotic interactions at small scales are commonly related to plant-induced changes in the physical environment. We also found evidence of cross-scale interactions, feedbacks, and non-linear effects such as those induced by grazing disturbance. Our analysis showed some regional differences in patterns and processes related to vegetation heterogeneity along the Monte Desert which can be ascribed to climatic and taxonomic variation among areas. Although information about vegetation heterogeneity and its causes and consequences in the Monte Desert is abundant, some areas where knowledge is scarce are detailed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The glandular trichome is an excellent model system for investigating plant metabolic processes and their regulation within a single cell type. We utilized a proteomics-based approach with isolated trichomes of four different sweet basil ( Ocimum basilicum L.) lines possessing very different metabolite profiles to clarify the regulation of metabolism in this single cell type. Significant differences in the distribution and accumulation of the 881 highly abundant and non-redundant protein entries demonstrated that although the proteomes of the glandular trichomes of the four basil lines shared many similarities they were also each quite distinct. Correspondence between proteomic, expressed sequence tag, and metabolic profiling data demonstrated that differential gene expression at major metabolic branch points appears to be responsible for controlling the overall production of phenylpropanoid versus terpenoid constituents in the glandular trichomes of the different basil lines. In contrast, post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation of some enzymes appears to contribute significantly to the chemical diversity observed within compound classes for the different basil lines. Differential phosphorylation of enzymes in the 2- C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP)/terpenoid and shikimate/phenylpropanoid pathways appears to play an important role in regulating metabolism in this single cell type. Additionally, precursors for different classes of terpenoids, including mono- and sesquiterpenoids, appear to be almost exclusively supplied by the MEP pathway, and not the mevalonate pathway, in basil glandular trichomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of the canopy lichen flora of managed forests is poor, but needs more focus since, for example, slash (tops, branches and twigs) harvest for biofuel may pose a threat to epiphytic lichen diversity. This study compared lichen species richness, density and composition between stems, tops, branches and twigs of mature Norway spruce (Picea abies) and aspen (Populus tremula) in managed boreonemoral forests in south-central Sweden. The stems were also compared with the slash fractions pooled together. All comparisons were made separately for each tree species. In total, 30 lichen species were found on Norway spruce and 46 on aspen. No significant differences in species richness or species density between fractions were found for Norway spruce, whereas aspen tops were significantly less species rich and species dense than the other fractions. Moreover, aspen slash was significantly more species dense than the stem. The lichen species composition of the stems clearly differed from that of the tops, branches and twigs in both tree species. Thus, lichen communities other than those removed with stems by conventional forestry are removed from the stands owing to slash harvest. However, these species are rather common and widespread in Sweden. The impact of slash harvest on the epiphytic lichen flora may therefore be of minor importance in forests established after clear-cutting or on former arable land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper examines the effects of using a segmentation method to identify change-points or edges in vegetation. It identifies coherence (spatial or temporal) in place of unconstrained clustering. The segmentation method involves change-point detection along a sequence of observations so that each cluster formed is composed of adjacent samples; this is a form of constrained clustering. The protocol identifies one or more models, one for each section identified, and the quality of each is assessed using a minimum message length criterion, which provides a rational basis for selecting an appropriate model. Although the segmentation is less efficient than clustering, it does provide other information because it incorporates textural similarity as well as homogeneity. In addition it can be useful in determining various scales of variation that may apply to the data, providing a general method of small-scale pattern analysis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Scales of lily bulbs are swollen petioles. Lily scale fragments cultured in vitro regenerate bulblets consisting of scales that may or may not carry a leaf blade. The bulblets are dormant and require a cold treatment to sprout. We added the gaseous plant growth regulator methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA) in the headspace of the tissue-culture container and studied the effect on plantlet morphology (scale/leaf-blade formation) and dormancy development in three lilies, Lilium speciosum “Rubrum No. 10,” L. longiflorum “Snow Queen,” and the Asiatic hybrid “Connecticut King.” Methyl jasmonic acid strongly reduced leaf-blade formation in Lilium longiflorum and Connecticut King. This was a specific effect as scale formation was affected much less. The specific inhibition of leaf-blade formation was not observed in Lilium speciosum. In this lily, high concentrations of methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA) inhibited leaf-blade and scale formation to similar extents. Methyl jasmonic acid reduced dormancy development in all three lilies, with the largest effect observed in Connecticut King. In this Asiatic hybrid, almost all bulblets that had regenerated at 300 or 1000 μl l−1 MeJA in the headspace, did not require a dormancy-breaking treatment to achieve sprouting after planting in soil. Previously, it has been found in lily that treatments that reduce leaf-blade formation promote dormancy development. The present findings with MeJA do not agree with this. In the three lilies, the various parameters that were studied—regeneration, scale weight, leaf-blade weight, and dormancy development—were very differently affected by MeJA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here I present gene expression data that implicate a Notch-mediated lateral inhibition process in the spatial organization of butterfly wing scales. During early pupal development the receptor molecule Notch is expressed in a grid-like pattern in the wing epithelium, resulting in parallel rows of uniformly spaced cells with low Notch expression. Previous work has shown that these low-Notch cells express a homolog of the achaete-scute proneural transcription factors and develop into scales. All of these observations are consistent with the Drosophila model of Notch-mediated bristle determination and support the hypothesis that bristles and scales share an underlying patterning mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the lectotypification of Elaphoglossum tomentosum and E. heterolepis. Application for a revision of the Mascarene Elaphoglossum species; Similarity of the species; Examination of the blade scales and venation of species.

In the genus Gunnera, the species of subgenus Panke are unique in having large, triangular scales between the leaves on the rhizomes. The morphological significance of these scales has been extensively debated in the past. They have been interpreted as stipules, ligules, or cataphylls, with attempts made to identify homologous structures in representatives of the other subgenera. In the stoloniferous subgenus Misandra, the shoot apex is covered by a hood-like structure, usually termed ochrea, generally considered homologous to the scales inPanke. Efforts to find similar structures in the remaining subgenera were unsuccessful. Due to the lack of a phylogenetic hypothesis, the homology of the scales has remained unresolved. In this study, the shoot apices of species from all subgenera were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy and the results interpreted in a phylogenetic context. The tip of the stolons in subgenera Pseudogunnera and Milligania carries two opposite cataphylls at the base of the new shoot. These are homologous to the ochrea in Misandra which is in turn homologous to the scales in Panke; the latter are thus neither stipules nor ligules but cataphylls. The stems of subgenera Ostenigunnera and Gunnera have no similar structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cells of synurophyte flagellates (algal class Synurophyceae, formerly included in the Chrysophycease) are enclosed within a regularly imbricate layer of ornamented siliceous scales. Scale morphology is of critical taxonomic importance within this group of algae, and the scales are valuable indicator microfossils in paleolimnological studies. The data presented here demonstrate that scale morphology and the integrity of the scale layer can exhibit extreme variability in culture as a function of the cellular quota of silica under silica-limited growth. Silica-limited, steady-state populations of the colonial flagellate Synura petersenii Korsh were maintained over a range of specific growth rates (μ = 0.11-0.69 days[SUP-1]) and silica cell quotas (Q[SUBa] = 0.13-2.40 pmoles Si·cell[SUP-1]). Scale morphology and the organization of the scale layer became increasingly aberrant as silica stress increased. Under severe stress, scale deposition was completely suppressed so that cells appeared scale-free. This depression of scale deposition was reversible: populations of silica-starved, scale-free cells rapidly regenerated new scale layers when placed in batch culture and spiked with dissolved silica. During recovery from silica stress, cell division was repressed for 24 h while mean cell silica quota increased 25-fold. The first new scales appeared within 2 h after the silica addition, and development of the new scale layer proceeded in an approximately synchronous manner, resulting in normal scale layers on virtually all cells after 48 h of recovery in Sirich medium. Silica content of silica-replete Synura cells is comparable to freshwater diatoms of similar size, but Synura has much greater potential quota variability than diatoms and no apparent threshold silica requirement. Silica-limited growth kinetics and competition between diatoms and Synura for silica are discussed. The results suggest that morphological variability of siliceous scales in natural populations of synurophyte flagellates may result from silca stress and that the experimental approach developed here has great potential value as a means for circumscribing ecotypic variation in scale morphology. Results also demonstrate that scale production can be uncoupled from cell division, suggesting that cell cycle regulation of silica biomineralization in the Synurophyceae may be fundamentally different from that of diatoms (algal class Bacillariophyceae). This experimental system has application in the future study of the intracellular membrane system and the regulatory processes involved in silica biominerlization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Katablepharis ovalis Skuja, isolated from an impoundment in Colorado has a cell covering composed of two layers over the cell body and flagella. The outer component of the cell covering contains 25-nm-diameter hexagonal scales arranged in rows. The inner component of the cell covering is composed of a layer of interwoven microfibrils. The inner component of the cell covering is joined to the plasma membrane by one or more attachment strips that always occur outside, and along, one of the microtubular groups of the outer array. The attachment strips resemble hemidesmosomes and are composed of rows of electron-dense material, 12 nm apart, that protrude through the plasma membrane into the extracellular space, to attach to the inner wall. The two flagella are inserted subapically into a raised area of the cell. The flagella do not have any fibrillar or tubular hairs and are covered only by the two-layered cell covering. The cell has an inner and outer array of microtubules, both of which are spindle-shaped, arising at the anterior end of the cell and continuing into the posterior end of the cell. A single large Golgi apparatus occurs in the anterior cytoplasm. The nucleus is in the center of the cell. Two rows of large ejectisomes occur posterior to the area of flagellar attachment. Smaller ejectisomes occur under the plasma membrane in the posterior and medial areas of the cell. Each ejectisome is composed of a single body containing a spirally wound, tapered ribbon. On discharge, the ejectisome ribbon rolls inward creating a tubular structure. The possible relationship between Katablepharis, the green algae and the cryptophytes is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geographic expression of morphological variation in Xiphophora gladiata ssp. Gladiata was examined throughout the range of the taxon. The spatial scales on which this variation occurred were identified using nested analyses of variance (ANOVA) on 14 morphometric characters from 1224 plants collected at 12 sites. These characters were remarkably homogeneous in the scales at which their variation was expressed. The greater part of the morphological variation in X. gladiata ssp. Gladiata (over 90% for most characters) was expressed between adjacent primary clumps: that is, over scales of about 100 mm. Since it was previously shown that the clumps of plants are themselves spatially discrete, the spatial expression of morphology in this taxon forms a true mosaic with abrupt between-cells boundaries. Much of the remaining variation in most characters was expressed at a scale of about 300 km. At intermediate scales, that is, over a few meters and (in most characters) a few kilometers, there appears to be negative additional variance. In effect, the mixture of clumps at these scales tends to be a uniform rather than a random selection of the available morphological variety of clumps within each region. This observed pattern is compared and contrasted with those previously found in the confamilial species Fuscous distichus and F. evanescens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geographic expression of inter-regional morphological in Xiphophora gladiata ssp. gladiata was examined using a combination of discriminant function analyses, canonical correlation analysis and liner regression analysis. The pattern of that expression is an irregularly-stepped cline over scales of hundreds of kilometers, superimposed on a weak complex of microclines driven by exposure and (perhaps) other locally-varying environmental factors. The large-scale irregular cline is probably a response to the physico-chemical characteristics of regional water masses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article refers to ultrastructure and taxonomy of Pyramimonas lunata, a new marine species of the class Prasinophyceae. It reports that a new species of Pyramimonas P. lunata is described based on the specimens collected in Kesen-numa, Miyagi Prefecture, one of the places in Japan, where phytoplankton blooms have often been observed. This species is characterized by the presence of body trichocysts , the morphology of the pyrenoid and newly-described body scales. The body scales of the intermediate layer are box-like and consist of a square base perforated in a characteristic pattern and four sides made up of slender rods.

In transverse and longitudinal sections of buds and long shoots of Pinus nigra, invasion by hyphae of Scieroderris lagerbergii was investigated. It was found that the blade margins of scales, which surround the needle primordia, are first invaded by hyphae. In December the hyphae grow into the living, chlorophyll containing parenchyma cells of scales. Upon infection with Brunchorstia pinea conidia in July 1974 hyphae were found by the end of August 1974 in cells of the epidermis and hypodermis of the 1974 long shoots.

This study was undertaken to determine the patterns of accumulation and loss of the flavour precursors. (+) S‐1‐propyl‐L‐cysteine sulphoxide, (+) trans‐S‐1‐propenyl‐L‐cysteine sulphoxide, and (+) S‐1‐methyl‐L‐cysteine sulphoxide, during the development and senescence of the leaf blades and scales of a brown onion (Allium cepa L. cv. Pukekohe Longkeeper). The levels of the flavour precursors were related to the ontogeny of the individual leaf blade and scale, and the ontogeny of the entire plant. Leaf blades which developed on a young or bulbing onion contained all 3 flavour precursors (total of about 50–70 mg leaf−1); but as each attached scale developed, the leaf blades lost their flavour precursors. All 3 flavour precursors increased in the developing scales and decreased in the senescing scales. Leaf blades which developed on an older, ripening onion contained, and then lost, only (+) S‐1‐propyl‐L‐cysteine sulphoxide, whilst the scales accumulated only (+) S‐1‐propyl‐L‐cysteine sulphoxide; (+) S‐1‐methyl‐L‐cysteine sulphoxide and (+) trans‐S‐1‐propenyl‐L‐cysteine sulphoxide were minimal. In the main scales of the onion, which did not senesce during ripening, there was a transition between these two patterns. These scales accumulated all 3 flavour precursors with (+) S‐1‐propyl‐L‐cysteine sulphoxide remaining constant at about 30 mg/scale; however there was a 10 fold loss of the other 2 flavour precursors (from 20 to about 2 mg/scale). The base plate (true stem) contained mainly (+) S‐1‐propyl‐L‐cysteine sulphoxide, which increased 5 fold in amount during bulbing. The other 2 flavour precursors were present at much lower levels. A recycling of flavour precursors is suggested, with the leaf blades supplying flavour precursors to scales, and in turn older senescing scales recycling their flavour precursors to developing younger scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ultrastructure of Pyramimonas pseudoparkeae sp. Non of member of the class Parasinophyceae occurring in tidal pools along the east, south and west coast of South Aftica, is described. The cell surface is covered by three distinctive body scales whilst the flagellar surfaces possess four tupes of scales. The structure of these scales is described. P. pseudoparkeae resembles Pyramimonas parkeae Norris and Pearson but differs in the structure of the type 2 body scale. The symmetry and utrastructure of the cell are described with special attentin given to the flagellar apparatus. Preliminay information on the life cycle of this species is presented. This new species is compared with other closely related members of the genus Pyramimonas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pine cones fold their scales when it rains to prevent seeds from short-distance dispersal. Given that the scales of pine cones consist of nothing but dead cells, this folding motion is evidently related to structural changes. In this study, the structural characteristics of pine cones are studied on micro-/macro-scale using various imaging instruments. Raindrops fall along the outer scales to the three layers (bract scales, fibers and innermost lignified structure) of inner pine cones. However, not all the layers but only the bract scales get wet and then, most raindrops move to the inner scales. These systems reduce the amount of water used and minimize the time spent on structural changes. The result shows that the pine cones have structural advantages that could influence the efficient motion of pine cones. This study provides new insights to understand the motion of pine cones and would be used to design a novel water transport system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "a woman with scales on her upper body and grossly enlarged lower limbs" published in the March 1, 2012 issue of the periodical.