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Marjoram (Origanum majorana L.), also known as "sweet marjoram" or "sweet oregano" is a Mediterranean herbaceous perennial herb cultivated in Egypt and widely consumed as an herbal supplement for treatment of several ailments. The main goal of this study was to assess volatiles' variation in marjoram samples collected from two different widely consumed commercial products using two different extraction techniques viz. head space solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and petroleum ether using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and multivariate data analysis. A total of 20 major aroma compounds were identified in samples extracted with HS-SPME found enriched in monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds. The major volatiles included β-phellandrene (20.1 and 14.2%), γ-terpinene (13.4 and 11.7%), 2-bornene (12.3 and 11.5%), p-cymene (9.8 and 4.6%) terpenen-4-ol (16.4 and 7.5%), sabinene hydrate (16.02 and 8.8%) and terpineol (4.2 and 3.2%) in MR and MI, respectively. Compared with HS-SPME, 51 aroma compounds were identified in marjoram samples extracted with petroleum ether, found more enriched in aliphatic hydrocarbons (42.8 and 73.8%) in MR and MI, respectively. While a higher identification score was observed in the case of solvent extraction, SPME appeared to be more selective in the recovery of oxygenated terpenes to account more for marjoram aroma. Multivariate data analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) revealed distinct discrimination between volatile composition of both marjoram samples. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents in marjoram samples were at (111.9, 109.1 µg GA/mg) and (18.3, 19.5 µg rutin eq/mg) in MR and MI, respectively. Stronger antioxidant effects were observed in MR and MI samples with IC50 at 45.5 and 56.8 µg/mL respectively compared to IC50 6.57 µg/mL for Trolox as assayed using DPPH assay. Moderate anti-bacterial effect was observed in MR and MI samples and expressed as a zone of inhibition mostly against Bacillus subtilis (16.03 and 15.9 mm), B. cereus (12.9 and 13.7 mm), Enterococcus faecalis (14.03 and 13.97 mm), and Enterobacter cloacae (11.6 and 11.6 mm) respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helicobacter pylori, invades the gastric mucosa and is one of the causative agents of stomach cancer and peptic ulcers. Origanum vulgare, is a flavouring herb used worldwide. But little is known about the effects of extracts prepared by maceration in cold PBS. This study was aimed at determining the superoxide dismutase (SOD)- and peroxidase (Px)-like antioxidant activities as well as the immunomodulatory activity (anti-inflammatory/pro-inflammatory) of an aqueous extract of O. vulgare by evaluating the production of nitric oxide (NO) in macrophages stimulated with H. pylori derivatives. The cold extract presented SOD-like and Px-like activities with effective concentration 50 (EC50) values of Px = 489.7 ± 48 µg/ml and SOD= 384.7 ± 30 µg/ml. The extract was also capable of modulating the production of NO in macrophages stimulated by H. pylori derivatives by exerting a pro-inflammatory activity at high concentrations and an anti-inflammatory activity at low concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, eco-friendly extraction techniques are often used to develop natural plant extracts for commercial use. In the current investigation, Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare) phenolic extracts from different cultivated accessions were recovered employing ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). The phytochemical profile of the oregano extracts, as determined by spectrophotometric and chromatographic techniques, as well as antioxidant activity (ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays), was used to compare the three extraction approaches. The results showed that oregano phenolic extracts obtained by MAE held the highest total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and also a higher content of the main phenolic compounds identified, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B and carvacrol, as determined by LC-MS analysis, followed by those extracted by UAE and ASE. All of the tested extracts exhibited relatively high antioxidant activities, especially the MAE extracts. Oregano extracts produced by various extraction techniques were subjected to a multivariate data analysis to highlight differences in phytochemical profiles, and their correlation to antioxidant activity. According to our findings, it was evident that MAE offers more efficient and effective extraction of bioactive compounds in terms of obtaining phytochemical-rich oregano extracts, with applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is one of the most important abiotic factors limiting plant productivity. Although the aromatic plants of the Lamiaceae family often grow in arid regions, drought tolerance varies greatly among the different species of this family. The effect of induced drought stress can be reduced by the application of selenium. The current study aims to compare the growth and biochemical responses of three species of the Lamiaceae family (hyssop, salvia, and oregano) to drought stress and the possibility of reducing the effect of stress in these plants by foliar treatment with selenium. Drought stress reduced the fresh and dry biomass of hyssop (by 35% and 15%), salvia (by 45% and 41%), and oregano (by 51% and 32%). Se treatment did not affect the growth of plants under drought stress, but it improved relative water content in hyssop and salvia under moderate drought conditions. A reduction in the content of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b (in hyssop and salvia). In addition, an increase in the content of hydrogen peroxide (in oregano and salvia), malondialdehyde, and proline in plants cultivated under drought conditions was observed. Se treatment led to reduced levels of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde, along with an increase in chlorophyll a content (in hyssop and oregano) and proline content. The response of the antioxidant system depended on the plant species. Hyssop exhibited a significant increase in glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase activities. Oregano showed enhanced catalase activity. Salvia experienced a sharp increase in ascorbic acid content. Se treatment stimulated the accumulation of phenolic compounds and increased glutathione peroxidase activity in all studied species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to analyse the essential oil of Lavandula dentata from Algeria and to test the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of this plant. The essential oil (EO) (57 constituents) included mainly α-pinene, β-pinene, nopinone, linalool, cryptone, and limonene. The plant polyphenolic contents and the antioxidant activity were determined. The antimicrobial effect of the EO and the methanolic extract (ME) was assessed against referenced and clinical bacterial strains, and also foodborne fungal isolates. The EO minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values varied from 0.25 to 4 mg/mL and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were less than 8 mg/mL except for S. aureus, clinical Klebsiella, S. epidermidis, and B. subtilis. The mould strains were significantly inhibited by the EO (87.50% to 88.33%). The MIC values were 3.60–15.62 mg/mL and 0.5–4 mg/mL for ME and EO, respectively. The minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) values ranged from 31 to 125 mg/mL and from 2 to 8 mg/mL for ME and EO, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Oregano essential oil has recently garnered attention for its potential health benefits in both humans and animals. In rabbits, it can significantly enhance performance by promoting overall health and well-being. The active compounds in oregano oil, such as carvacrol and thymol, possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, that support the immune system and protect rabbits from diseases. Additionally, oregano essential oil help regulate gut flora, promoting digestion and nutrient absorption, which enhances rabbit performance. However, proper dilution and dosage are crucial to ensure the safety and effectiveness of oregano essential oil in rabbits. With careful consideration and expert guidance, oregano essential oil can be a valuable natural remedy for supporting rabbit health and performance. Antimicrobials long been used to enhance the performance and immunity of rabbits, typically by adding them to feed or drinking water to prevent illness. However, increasing consumer concerns about antibiotic-resistant microorganisms have led to a shift toward natural, eco-friendly, non-antibiotic feed supplements that can improve rabbit health and productivity. Recently, aromatic herbs and their extracts have gained considerable attention as natural antioxidants with growth-promoting and health-boosting properties. Essential oils and secondary metabolites play a central role in these effects, with Origanum vulgare (oregano) emerging as a standout option. Compared to synthetic alternatives, oregano is a natural, residue-free feed supplement with fewer harmful side effects. Its key bioactive components, thymol and carvacrol, have been shown to deliver significant benefits when incorporated into rabbit diets, particularly in improving production performance, immunity, and antioxidant capacity. Supplementing rabbit diets and drinking water with oregano essential oil (OEO) has been found to enhance growth performance, feed efficiency, and meat quality, while also lowering cholesterol levels and boosting antioxidant activity. Despite these promising results, research on the use of oregano in rabbit farming remains limited. This review aims to provide an up-to-date overview of the potential effect of oregano supplements, on growth parameters, carcass and meat quality, hemato-biochemical parameters, antioxidant capacity, immunity response, gut health, and gene expression in rabbits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the activity of common thyme (Thymus vulgare L.), Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare L. ssp. hirtum), and common oregano (Origanum vulgare L. ssp. vulgare) essential oils (EOs) against selected phytopathogenic microorganisms in relation to their chemical profile. The EOs were obtained from the herbs of 2-year-old plants cultivated in the organic farming system in a temperate climate in Central Europe. The EOs' composition was determined by GC/MS and GC/FID. The investigated species were represented by the following three chemotypes: 'thymol' for common thyme, 'carvacrol' for Greek oregano, and mixed 'caryophyllene oxide + β-caryophyllene' for common oregano. The antimicrobial activity of the EOs was assessed based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) values. The plant pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae, Xanthomonas hortorum, Erwinia carotovora, and fungi: Fusarium culmorum, Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Epicoccum purpurascens, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Phoma strasseri, and Pythium debaryanum were tested. The EOs revealed a stronger inhibitory effect against fungal growth in comparison to bacterial growth (MIC: 0.016–2 µL/mL for fungi and 0.125–4 µL/mL for bacteria). Common thyme and Greek oregano EOs indicated stronger antimicrobial power than common oregano EO. These results were associated with the chemical profile of the analysed EOs. The growth of examined bacteria and fungi strains (in particular, X. hortorum, F. culmorum, and P. debaryanum) were negatively correlated with the content of phenolic monoterpenes and monoterpene hydrocarbons. Among the tested strains, P. strasseri turned out to be the most sensitive (MIC 0.016 µL/mL) and E. carotovora the most resistant (MIC 0.250–4 µL/mL) to all investigated EOs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing concerns regarding antibiotic use in livestock, due to antibiotic resistance and potential human transmission, have led to increased interest in herbs and their derivatives, including essential oils, which possess antimicrobial properties that may enhance overall productivity and serve as a strategy for methane mitigation. The objective of this meta-analysis was to investigate the effects of adding oregano to the diet in different forms (essential oils, plant materials, or leaves) on the dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield (MY), milk components, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation parameters, and methane (CH4) emissions of dairy cows. A literature search was conducted to identify papers published from 2000 to 2023. Effect size for all outcomes was reported as a standardized means difference (SMD) and raw means difference with 95% confidence intervals. Heterogeneity was determined using the Q test and I2 statistic. The results of the meta-analysis indicated that adding oregano had no effect on DMI (SMD = 0.081; p = 0.507) and MY (SMD = 0.060; p = 0.665). Milk fat percentage, milk protein percentage, and milk lactose percentage were not affected by oregano. The addition of oregano to the diet significantly decreased dry matter digestibility (SMD = −0.502; p = 0.013), crude protein digestibility (SMD = −0.374; p = 0.040), and neutral detergent fiber digestibility (SMD = −0.505; p = 0.014). Ruminal pH (SMD = −0.122; p = 0.411), total volatile fatty acids concentration (SMD = −0.038; p = 0.798), acetate (SMD = −0.046; p = 0.757), propionate (SMD = 0.007; p = 0.960), and butyrate (SMD = 0.037; p = 0.801) proportion were not affected by oregano. The addition of oregano to the diet tended to decrease CH4/DMI (SMD = −0.275; p = 0.095) but did not affect CH4 production (SMD = −0.156; p = 0.282). Heterogeneity (Q and I2) was non-significant for all parameters. We conclude that the inclusion of oregano in various forms (essential oils, plant materials, or leaves) in the diet of dairy cows reduces nutrient digestibility but does not significantly affect DMI, MY, milk components, ruminal fermentation parameters, or CH4 production. Future research should focus on optimizing the dosage of oregano (both EOs and plant materials) and exploring the impact of its form on lactation, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and CH4 emissions in dairy cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum essential oil (OEO) is a natural oil with high therapeutic potential. For some applications, however, the development of novel formulations is still needed to improve the bioavailability and stability of OEO. In this study, we describe the fabrication of an original nanocomposite hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) physical hydrogel, containing OEO-loaded polymeric micelles, for topical delivery. The concentration of the main active compounds of OEO—carvacol and thymol—was determined using gas chromatography (GC) analysis. OEO was first encapsulated into Pluronic F127 micelles, and then embedded into HPC gel. Micellar and gel formulations of pure polymers and OEO-containing systems were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and rheology measurements, respectively. Selected formulations were evaluated for cytotoxicity and antiproliferative activity. The hydrogel formulation of HPC with micellar OEO (8% HPC, 2% F127, 1% OEO) exhibited sustained release of the oil and selectivity towards SH-4 tumor cells (an in vitro model of melanoma). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis is the main cause of most infections related to medical devices and prosthesis. However, current disinfection methods are not satisfactory; a new one is proposed here. S. epidermidis was spiked in a cotton gauze and then treated with supercritical CO2 mixed with essential oils, such as lemon, cinnamon, oregano, clove, and peppermint, and isolated thymol. The operation took 30 min at 10.0 MPa and 40 °C. Concentrations of 1000, 500, and 200 ppm of the essential oils were used. These additives, which have antimicrobial power by themselves, improved the inactivation with supercritical CO2. The peppermint essential oil was the most effective. The presence of water from 200 ppm also improved the disinfection. Thus, S. epidermidis total inactivation was achieved with the supercritical CO2 containing 200 ppm of peppermint essential oil and 200 ppm of water. An evaluation of the gauze before and after disinfection was realized by DSC, FTIR, and SEM. At the optimal conditions, there were no significant physical or chemical changes. Furthermore, no essential oil residuals were found. This disinfection method could be established in the healthcare field as an alternative to toxic liquid chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: This research underscores the potential of Portuguese oregano and thyme accessions as rich sources of diverse phenolic compounds, particularly flavonoids and phenolic acids, which have been less studied compared to the dominant monoterpenes thymol and carvacrol. These compounds contribute significantly to the antioxidant properties of the plants, offering potential applications in the food industry. By incorporating these unique phenolic profiles into food formulations or active packaging, the antioxidant benefits can enhance the food shelf life, improve the nutritional value, and support health and well-being. This makes these accessions valuable for developing innovative, healthier food products. Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) and thyme (Thymus mastichina L.) are popular aromatic plants used in the culinary sphere and are known for their antioxidant capacity. This study investigates the variability in the antioxidant capacity and phenolic profiles, focusing on flavonoids and phenolic acids, of oregano and thyme accessions from the Portuguese Bank of Plant Germplasm. The antioxidant capacity was assessed by measurements using the ferric-ion-reducing antioxidant power and DPPH radical scavenging activity assays, Total Phenolic Content, and individual phenolic compounds. Oregano extracts presented the highest total phenolic content (~2152 mg GAE/g DW), while thyme extracts showed the highest ferric-reducing antioxidant powers. However, both aromatic plants (~0.58 mmol TE/g DW) presented similar DPPH radical scavenging capacities. Rosmarinic acid was the major phenolic compound in methanolic extracts from oregano and thyme, but higher amounts were found in thyme (23.11 to 40.45 mg/g DW). The accessions of oregano and thyme showed statistical differences in the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. This study provides valuable insights into the phenolic profile of Portuguese oregano and thyme, which could constitute potential sources of natural antioxidants and bioactive compounds, to be used by the food industry as natural food additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gamma-terpinene (γ-TPN) is a cyclohexane monoterpene isolated from plant essential oils, such as tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), oregano (Origanum vulgare), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), thyme (Thymus vulgaris Marchand), and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.). Terpenes are widely studied molecules pharmacologically active on the cardiovascular system, hemostasis, and antioxidant actions. Herein, it was investigated the cytotoxic and antiplatelet activity of γ-TPN using different non-clinical laboratory models. For in silico evaluation, the PreADMET, SwissADME, and SwissTargetPrediction softwares were used. Molecular docking was performed using the AutoDockVina and BIOVIA Discovery Studio databases. The cytotoxicity of γ-TPN was analyzed by the MTT assay upon normal murine endothelial SVEC4-10 and fibroblast L-929 cells. Platelet aggregation was evaluated with platelet-rich (PRP) and platelet-poor (PPP) plasma from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), in addition to SVEC4-10 cells pre-incubated with γ-TPN (50, 100, and 200 µM) for 24 h. SHR animals were pre-treated by gavage with γ-TPN for 7 days and divided into four groups (negative control, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg). Blood samples were collected to measure nitrite using the Griess reagent. Gamma-TPN proved to be quite lipid-soluble (Log P = +4.50), with a qualified profile of similarity to the drug, good bioavailability, and adequate pharmacokinetics. It exhibited affinity mainly for the P2Y12 receptor (6.450 ± 0.232 Kcal/mol), moderate cytotoxicity for L-929 (CC50 = 333.3 µM) and SVEC 4-10 (CC50 = 366.7 µM) cells. The presence of γ-TPN in SVEC 4-10 cells was also able to reduce platelet aggregation by 51.57 and 44.20% at lower concentrations (50 and 100 µM, respectively). Then, γ-TPN has good affinity with purinergic receptors and an effect on the reversal of platelet aggregation and oxidative stress, being promising and safe for therapeutic targets and subsequent studies on the control of thromboembolic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent reports of P. olsonii causing postharvest rot of cherry tomatoes emphasize the need for effective strategies to prolong fruit shelf life. This study is the first to explore the use of essential oils (EOs), recognized for their antimicrobial properties, as a potential method to prevent postharvest losses from P. olsonii. Antifungal activity was tested for ten EOs at a concentration of 625 μL/L using the vapor diffusion method. Thyme, wild thyme, savory, oregano, and marjoram completely inhibited fungal growth over 14 days. Thyme EO, at a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 250 μL/L, fully inhibited all strains, while oregano, wild thyme, and savory were effective at 500 μL/L. Marjoram EO showed weaker activity. The lowest IC90 values, ranging from 35.72 to 162.72 μL/L, were estimated for thyme and oregano. In cherry tomatoes, oregano EO completely halted P. olsonii growth at 250 μL/L; thyme was effective for seven days; wild thyme and savory for two days. Thyme EO prevented P. olsonii spore germination at 500 μL/L for seven days, though germination occurred at half that concentration. The IC90 values varied between 256.2 and 138.7 μL/L depending on the strain. The vapor phase of EOs at 125 μL/L influenced the sensory characteristics of cherry tomatoes; however, for thyme and oregano, this effect was not negative due to their culinary association with tomato flavor. The selected EOs could be used to control and prevent postharvest fruit losses, but further research is needed to optimize their application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to isolate and characterize actinobacteria from the rhizosphere of medicinal and aromatic plants, specifically lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.), and oregano (Origanum vulgare L.). Rhizospheric soil samples revealed a high abundance of culturable actinobacteria (6.97–7.23 log10 CFU/g). Six isolates were selected for their promising enzymatic activities (lignin peroxidase, carboxymethyl cellulase) and antimicrobial properties. Isolates M345 and M162 exhibited the highest cellulase activity indices (3.19 ± 0.71 and 2.54 ± 0.22, respectively), with five isolates producing lignin peroxidase. These actinobacteria also demonstrated plant growth-promoting traits such as phosphate solubilization and nitrogen fixation, along with strong antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria and phytopathogenic fungi. Additionally, they significantly enhanced maize seed germination, increasing the vigor index from 4283.33 ± 1264.37 to 6248.28 ± 1661.94 compared to that of the control. These results indicate that the isolated actinobacteria strains hold potential as microbial inoculants for sustainable agriculture, contributing to soil health, plant growth, and pathogen management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melatonin (MT) is considered as an antistress molecule that plays a constructive role in the acclimation of plants to both biotic and abiotic stress conditions. In the present study, we assessed the impact of 10 and 100 μM MT foliar spray, on chlorophyll content, and photosystem II (PSII) function, under moderate drought stress, on oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) plants. Our aim was to elucidate the molecular mechanism of MT action on the photosynthetic electron transport process. Foliar spray with 100 μM MT was more effective in mitigating the negative impact of moderate drought stress on PSII function, compared to 10 μM MT. MT foliar spray significantly improved the reduced efficiency of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC), and PSII photoinhibition (Fv/Fm), which were caused by drought stress. Under moderate drought stress, foliar spray with 100 μM MT, compared with the water sprayed (WA) leaves, increased the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) by 31%, at the growth irradiance (GI, 205 μmol photons m−2 s−1), and by 13% at a high irradiance (HI, 1000 μmol photons m−2 s−1). However, the lower NPQ increase at HI was demonstrated to be more effective in decreasing the singlet-excited oxygen (1O2) production at HI (−38%), in drought-stressed oregano plants sprayed with 100 μM MT, than the corresponding decrease in 1O2 production at the GI (−20%), both compared with the respective WA-sprayed leaves under moderate drought. The reduced 1O2 production resulted in a significant increase in the quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII), and the electron transport rate (ETR), in moderate drought-stressed plants sprayed with 100 μM MT, compared with WA-sprayed plants, but only at the HI (+27%). Our results suggest that the enhancement of PSII functionality, with 100 μM MT under moderate drought stress, was initiated by the NPQ mechanism, which decreased the 1O2 production and increased the fraction of open PSII reaction centers (qp), resulting in an increased ETR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae, causes a significant challenge on vegetative spinach and seed production. Addressing this issue necessitates continuous research focused on innovative treatments and protocols through comprehensive bioassays. Recent studies have highlighted the potential of plant-based compounds in controlling fungal diseases. The present work aims to conduct a series of experiments, encompassing both in vitro and in planta assessments, to investigate the biocontrol capabilities of different essential oils (EOs) at various application rates, with the ultimate goal of reducing the incidence of Fusarium wilt in spinach. The inhibitory effect of four plant EOs (marjoram, thyme, oregano, and tea tree) was initially assessed on the spore germination of five unknown Fusarium strains. The outcomes revealed diverse sensitivities of Fusarium strains to EOs, with thyme exhibiting the broadest inhibition, followed by oregano at the highest concentration (6.66 μL/mL) in most strains. The tested compounds displayed a diverse range of median effective dose (ED50) values (0.69 to 7.53 µL/mL), with thyme and oregano consistently showing lower ED50 values. The direct and indirect inhibitory impact of these compounds on Fusarium mycelial growth ranged from -14% to -100%, wherein thyme and oregano consistently exhibiting the highest effectiveness. Following the results of five distinct inoculation approaches and molecular identification, the highly pathogenic strain F-17536 (F. oxysporum f.sp. spinaciae) was chosen for Fusarium wilt assessment in spinach seedlings, employing two promising EO candidates through seed and soil treatments. Our findings indicate that colonized grain (CG) proved to be a convenient and optimal inoculation method for consistent Fusarium wilt assessment under greenhouse conditions. Seed treatments with thyme and oregano EOs consistently resulted in significantly better disease reduction rates, approximately 54% and 36% respectively, compared to soil treatments (P > 0.05). Notably, thyme, applied at 6.66 µL/mL, exhibited a favorable emergence rate (ERI), exceeding seven, in both treatments, emphasizing its potential for effective disease control in spinach seedlings without inducing phytotoxic effects. This study successfully transitions from in vitro to in planta experiments, highlighting the potential incorporation of EOs into integrated disease management for Fusarium wilt in spinach production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This research studied the phenolic content compared with the antioxidant properties of various O. vulgare (Lamiaceae) cultivars grown in Poland. The research results in this paper indicate that the dominant ingredient in all oregano cultivars was rosmarinic acid, known for its strong antioxidant properties. The highest amounts of rosmarinic acid (87.16 ± 4.03 mg/g dm) were identified in the O. vulgare spp. hirtum (Link) Ietsw. Other metabolites identified in the studied extracts include luteolin O-di-glucuronide-O-di-pentoside (30.79 ± 0.38 mg/g dm in the 'Aureum' cultivar), 4′-O-glucopyranosyl-3′, 4′-dihydroxy benzyl-protocatechuate (19.84 ± 0.60 mg/g dm in the 'Margerita' cultivar), and p-coumaroyl-triacetyl-hexoside (25.44 ± 0.18 mg/g dm in the 'Margerita' cultivar). 'Hot & spicy' and 'Margerita' cultivars were characterized by the highest activity in eliminating OH• and O2•− radicals. Extracts from Greek oregano had the highest ability to scavenge DPPH radicals and chelate iron ions. This research has also provided new evidence that oregano has anti-migratory, cytotoxic properties and influences the viability of gastric cancer cells (the highest cytotoxicity was attributed to the 'Hot & spicy' cultivar, which performed the worst in antioxidant properties tests). Extracts from the tested cultivars at a concentration of 0.625% effectively inhibited the growth of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa bacteria. It seems that the oregano grown in Poland is of good quality and can be successfully grown on a large scale if the appropriate use is found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted to determine the effects of different doses of zeatin, kinetin, and gibberellic acid biostimulants, which are plant growth and development regulators, on the growth parameters and some biochemical parameters of Istanbul oregano (Origanum vulgare L. ssp. hirtum). The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse setting according to the "Completely Randomized Experimental Design" with three replications. In the study, seedling and root lengths, seedling and root fresh weights, seedling and root dry weights, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total carotenoid content, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity (CUPRAC and FRAP) parameters were examined. The results of the study showed that all biostimulants increased the growth and biochemical parameters compared to the control, except for seedling dry weight. The highest plant height was obtained from the 200 ppm dose of gibberellic acid, while the highest values in growth parameters, except for root dry weight, were obtained from the 50 and 100 ppm doses of kinetin. The highest values for chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, total carotenoid, and FRAP antioxidant activity were found at the 40 ppm dose of zeatin, while the highest values for total phenolics and CUPRAC antioxidant activity were observed at the 100 ppm dose of kinetin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Onychomycosis is a common fungal nail infection for which new antifungals are needed to overcome antimicrobial resistance and the limitations of conventional treatments. This study reports the development of antifungal nail lacquers containing oregano essential oil (OEO), rosemary essential oil (REO), and biogenic silver nanoparticles (bioAgNPs). The formulations (F) were tested against dermatophytes using agar diffusion, ex vivo nail infection, and scanning electron microscopy techniques. They were evaluated for their pharmacotechnical characteristics and by FTIR-PAS to assess permeation across the nail. F-OEO and F-OEO/bioAgNPs were promising candidates for the final nail lacquer formulation, as they permeated through the nail and showed antifungal efficacy against dermatophytes-contaminated nails after 5 days of treatment. Treated nails exhibited decreased hyphae and spores compared to the untreated control; the hyphae were atypically flattened, indicating loss of cytoplasmic content due to damage to the cytoplasmic membrane. The formulations were stable after centrifugation and thermal stress, maintaining organoleptic and physicochemical characteristics. Both F-OEO and F-OEO/bioAgNPs had pH compatible with the nail and drying times (59–90 s) within the reference for nail lacquer. For the first time, OEO and bioAgNPs were incorporated into nail lacquer, resulting in a natural and nanotechnological product for onychomycosis that could combat microbial resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rationale for this research is the investigation of the potential health benefits as well as the antibacterial and antifungal properties of selected aromatic plants from the Lamiaceae family, which may lead to the development of improved functional foods. The present study investigated the effects of incorporating dried aromatic plants Thymus vulgaris, Thymus serpyllum, Thymus × citriodorus, Origanum vulgare and Rosmarinus officinalis at a concentration of 1% in refined wheat flour and wholemeal flour on the production of functional tortillas. Sensory analysis was employed to identify the optimal 1% addition, with the objective of achieving a favorable flavor and aroma profile. It was hypothesized that this addition would affect water activity, moisture, texture, color, antioxidant content and phenolic content, thereby enhancing the tortillas as a source of bioactive compounds. The results indicated that the type of flour used had a significant impact on the water activity of the tortillas, with wholemeal flour resulting in higher water activity than refined flour. The water activity ranged between 0.735 and 0.821, while the water content remained relatively stable. The water activity in whole-grain tortillas was significantly higher than that of refined flour tortillas, with a value exceeding 0.8, which makes them susceptible to mold growth and the production of mycotoxins. The sensory evaluations indicated that the enriched refined flour tortillas with common thyme (Thymus vulgaris), lemon thyme (Thymus × citriodorus) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) were rated highly; a similar result was observed for the whole-grain tortillas enriched with wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum) and lemon thyme. The whole-grain tortillas with rosemary were rated the highest of all the tortillas. The addition of aromatic plants increased the phenolic content and the antioxidant potential, depending on the flour type and the plant used. The addition of wild thyme and rosemary resulted in a significant increase in the phenolic content of wheat tortillas, while all enriched whole-grain tortillas exhibited a higher phenolic content than the control samples. The highest phenolic content in whole-grain tortillas was found in those fortified with rosemary, oregano and wild thyme. The highest antioxidant content was recorded in tortillas prepared with rosemary, irrespective of whether the flour used was refined or wholemeal. Fourteen phenolic compounds were tentatively identified in aromatic plants tested. The main phenolic compounds in Origanum vulgare were flavonoids. Rosmarinic acid was the dominant phenolic compound in rosemary and all thyme species, reaching the highest level in rosemary. Such high levels of rosmarinic acid may be responsible for the high antioxidant and total phenolic contents observed in rosemary extracts and also in tortillas when this plant is included in the recipe. The results of this study indicate that selected aromatic plants, particularly rosemary, have the potential to be utilized as functional ingredients in bakery products. By incorporating dried aromatic plants from the Lamiaceae family into wheat flour tortillas, food manufacturers can create products that not only taste better but also provide added health benefits. The use of selected herbs can improve the nutritional profile of tortillas by increasing antioxidant properties and, due to the properties of herbs, extend the shelf life of the product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Veterinarska Stanica is the property of Croatian Veterinary Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A novel, simple, rapid, and non-expensive analytical method based on square wave voltammogram at Pt-microelectrode coupled with partial least square multivariate calibration was used for the simultaneous quantitation of thymol (THY) and carvacrol (CAR) in thyme and oregano essential oils. Results demonstrated that the multivariate calibration method successfully exploited the first-order advantage, rendering highly satisfactory quantitative figures (average recoveries not statistically different than 100%). Moreover, the results agree well with those obtained from the official analytical method. Last, the method's environmental sustainability was asserted using the AGREE metric, highlighting its eco-friendly nature. More importantly, the proposed analytical procedure does not require previous sample preparation or electrode surface modification. The results underscore the suitability of the method for determining THY and CAR in essential oils at low concentrations (LOD ~ 7.6 µM) with REP% below 5.6%, meeting the requirements of the green analytical chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study we evaluate the potential of essential oil and extracts obtained from Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum (Link) Ietswaart) to inhibit the mycelial growth of economically important plant pathogens from genus Phytophthora. The metabolite profiles of the essential oil, exudate, extract and methanolic polarity-based fractions were analyzed by GC/MS. The inhibitory activity of the essential oil and extracts against P. nicotianae var. nicotianae, P. rosacearum, P. citricola, P. plurivora and P. cryptogea was evaluated in an in vitro bioassay. Carvacrol (55.48%), p-cymene (11.06%) and γ-terpinene (15.04%) were the most abundant in the essential oil composition. In the acetone exudate and non-polar fraction, the main compound was carvacrol (48.15% and 50.34% respectively). In least amount carvacrol was found in the methanolic extract (13.24%) and completely absent in the polar fraction, where carbohydrates were the most abundant. All Phytophthora isolates responded to extracts and essential oil treatments with a decline of the vegetative growth to a different extend. A complete inhibitory effect was observed with P. nicotianae var. nicotianae in the essential oil, nonpolar fraction, acetone exudate and methanol extract variants, while the mycelial growth of P. cryptogea and P. plurivora was inhibited to a moderate degree. P. rosacearum was the most tolerant among tested oomycete representatives in these variants. We conclude that the economically important Phytophthora species, investigated in this study are susceptible to the impact of essential oil, methanol extract, the methanol's non-polar fraction, and acetone exudates of the aromatic plant O. vulgare subsp. hirtum. Essential oil, methanol extract, acetone exudate and non-polar fraction of Greek oregano are rich of carvacrol and could find further application in different sustainable crop protection systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Marjoram (Origanum majorana L.), also known as “sweet marjoram” or “sweet oregano” is a Mediterranean herbaceous perennial herb cultivated in Egypt and widely consumed as an herbal supplement for treatment of several ailments. The main goal of this study was to assess volatiles’ variation in marjoram samples collected from two different widely consumed commercial products using two different extraction techniques viz. head space solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and petroleum ether using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and multivariate data analysis. A total of 20 major aroma compounds were identified in samples extracted with HS-SPME found enriched in monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds. The major volatiles included β-phellandrene (20.1 and 14.2%), γ-terpinene (13.4 and 11.7%), 2-bornene (12.3 and 11.5%), p-cymene (9.8 and 4.6%) terpenen-4-ol (16.4 and 7.5%), sabinene hydrate (16.02 and 8.8%) and terpineol (4.2 and 3.2%) in MR and MI, respectively. Compared with HS-SPME, 51 aroma compounds were identified in marjoram samples extracted with petroleum ether, found more enriched in aliphatic hydrocarbons (42.8 and 73.8%) in MR and MI, respectively. While a higher identification score was observed in the case of solvent extraction, SPME appeared to be more selective in the recovery of oxygenated terpenes to account more for marjoram aroma. Multivariate data analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) revealed distinct discrimination between volatile composition of both marjoram samples. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents in marjoram samples were at (111.9, 109.1 µg GA/mg) and (18.3, 19.5 µg rutin eq/mg) in MR and MI, respectively. Stronger antioxidant effects were observed in MR and MI samples with IC50 at 45.5 and 56.8 µg/mL respectively compared to IC50 6.57 µg/mL for Trolox as assayed using DPPH assay. Moderate anti-bacterial effect was observed in MR and MI samples and expressed as a zone of inhibition mostly against Bacillus subtilis (16.03 and 15.9 mm), B. cereus (12.9 and 13.7 mm), Enterococcus faecalis (14.03 and 13.97 mm), and Enterobacter cloacae (11.6 and 11.6 mm) respectively.

[Objective] This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of essential oil (EO) from diverse chemotypes of Lippia graveolens against oxytetracycline-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila, which primarily affects the tilapia aquaculture (O. niloticus) in Guatemala. [Methodology] L. graveolens were collected in three departments in Guatemala. The EO was obtained by hydrodistillation and characterized using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Subsequently, an antimicrobial assay was conducted using disk and dilution susceptibility tests and evaluation of synergistic interactions among the chemotypes. Each test was performed in triplicate. [Results] The analysis revealed the presence of twenty-seven compounds in the EO obtained from the chemotypes, with the main class being monoterpenes. The major constituents identified were cis-Dihydro-β-terpineol (8.84%) in chemotype I, carvacrol (51.82%) in chemotype II, and thymol (79.62%) in chemotype III. All EO chemotypes of L. graveolens demonstrated the ability to inhibit the A. hydrophila growth. Thymol chemotype exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect against bacterial growth, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 92.4 µg/mL and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 184.8 µg/mL. Furthermore, the results suggest that there is no synergistic or additive effect when combining different chemotypes of L. graveolens. [Conclusions] This is the first report of L. graveolens chemotypes exhibiting antimicrobial activity against oxytetracycline-resistant A. hydrophila. The findings suggest that the chemotype thymol could be a potential treatment for infections in the tilapia aquaculture in Guatemala.

This study explores the antifungal efficacy of oregano and cumin essential oils against Aspergillus flavus in almonds. Our findings revealed that oregano oil at a concentration of 150 µg l-1 was significantly more effective in inhibiting Aspergillus flavus growth than cumin oil at 300 µg l-1. After a 10-day incubation period, almonds treated with oregano oil exhibited an average fungal infection rate of just 5%, compared to 58% for cumin oil-treated almonds, and a high 95% in untreated control samples. This indicates a remarkable 94% reduction in Aspergillus flavus growth for oregano oil-treated almonds in comparison to the control group. In contrast, cumin oil showed a 39% decrease in fungal contamination relative to the control, demonstrating its lesser but notable antifungal potential. The study also found that almonds with dry peel had lower mold contamination rates than those with green peel when treated with these essential oils, highlighting the protective role of the hardened endocarp. Thirteen panellists rated almond qualities using a 9-point scale. Cumin oil treated almonds had higher aroma and flavor ratings than oregano oil and control almonds. Cumin offered a spicy aroma and harmonious flavor, while oregano had a medicinal aroma and bitter taste. Cumin effectively inhibited fungal growth and maintained almond quality. Sensory analysis showed a consumer preference for the aroma and taste of cumin oil-treated almonds, despite the lower antifungal efficacy. Overall, this research underscores the potential of oregano and cumin essential oils as sustainable alternatives to synthetic preservatives in controlling Aspergillus flavus infection in almonds post-harvest.

Bidara upas (Merremia mammosa) and adas (Foeniculum vulgare Miller) are 2 medicinal plants that grow abundantly in Indonesia. This study investigated the chemical composition and biological activity of M. mammosa and F. vulgare. Phytochemical screening was conducted on both plants. However, only the essential oil of F. vulgare was analyzed for GC spectra. A total of 23 compounds were identified from the essential oil of F. vulgare, with anethole being the main constituent (79.02 %). The extract of M. mammosa had a higher total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of 50.241 ± 0.012 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram extract and 53.968 ± 0.742 mg quercetin equivalent (QRE) per gram extract, respectively. In the DPPH antioxidant test, the IC50 value indicated that M. mammosa extract had better activity than F. vulgare, with an IC50 of 89.139 ± 0.189 μgmL-1. This is supported by the TAC (Total Antoxidant Capacity) and Reducing Power Hexacyanoferrate (III) values, which also show a better antioxidant potential in M. Mammosa than in F. vulgare. In addition, M. mammosa has been shown to have an IC50 value of 2.215 ± 0.015 mgmL-1 against α-amylase inhibition, which is slightly different from F. vulgare with an IC50 value of 2.467 ± 0.025 mgmL-1. Overall, the antimicrobial activity of F. vulgare and M. mammosa was found to be resistant against S. mutans bacteria. The ethanol extract of F. vulgare was more potent against gram-positive bacteria and the essential oil was only effective against fungi. On the other hand, the ethanol extract of M. mammosa and the combination of their ethanol extracts showed no significant activity against bacteria and fungi. The combination of water extracts is most effective against 2 microbes, namely S. epidermis and E. faecalis with MIC 7.81 and 3.91 mgmL-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A functional edible film containing Pickering emulsion (PE) loaded with oregano essential oil (OEO) was developed. The sustained release of OEO in muffins significantly delayed muffin decay at 25°C (p < 0.05). According to the influence of oxygen permeability, antibacterial activity and mechanical properties of the active film, the optimum preparation conditions of PE were determined by orthogonal experiment. Peroxide values (POVs), total viable count (TVC) and yeast and mould count (YMC) were significantly lower compared with the blank group. On Day 6, the POV in the experimental group was 63% that of the blank group. TVC and YMC were 3.20 and 1.86 lg CFU/g on Day 9, respectively (TVC ≤ 1500 CFU/g; YMC ≤ 100 CFU/g), extending muffins shelf life to 6–7 days in practical preservation at 25°C. Thus, the edible PE loaded with OEO film provided sustained release, effectively slowing muffin quality deterioration and extending shelf life, making it a promising choice for future high‐fat food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Feed Research is the property of Editorial Board of Feed Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria remain a global public health issue due to the barrier imposed by their outer membrane and their propensity to form biofilms. It is becoming imperative to develop new antibacterial strategies. In this context, this study aims to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of Origanum vulgare essential oil (OEO), alone and in combination with antibiotics, as well as its antibiofilm action against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative strains. OEO components were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and antibacterial activity was assessed using the agar diffusion test and the microdilution method. Interactions between OEO and antibiotics were examined using the checkerboard method, while antibiofilm activity was analyzed using the crystal violet assay. Chemical analysis revealed that carvacrol was the major compound in OEO (61.51%). This essential oil demonstrated activity against all the tested strains, with inhibition zone diameters (IZDs) reaching 32.3 ± 1.5 mm. The combination of OEO with different antibiotics produced synergistic and additive effects, leading to a reduction of up to 98.44% in minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). In addition, this essential oil demonstrated an ability to inhibit and even eradicate biofilm formation. These results suggest that OEO could be exploited in the development of new molecules, combining its metabolites with antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mexican oregano by-products are a source of bioactive molecules (polyphenols) that could be extracted using solid-state fermentation (SSF). This study fermented the by-products via SSF (120 h) with a lactic acid bacteria (LAB) Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Sequentially, a bioactive and chemical determination was made according to the phenolic content, antioxidant activity (DPPH●/FRAP), bioactive properties (α-amylase inhibition and antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli), and chemical composition (HPLC-MS). The results showed that the total phenolics and flavonoid content, as well as the antioxidant activity, increased (0.60, 2.55, and 3.01 times, respectively) during the SSF process compared with unfermented material. Also, the extracts showed antimicrobial activity against E. coli and α-amylase inhibition. These inhibitory results could be attributed to bioactive compounds identified via HPLC, such as gardenin B, trachelogenin, ferulic acid, and resveratrol 3-O-glucoside. Therefore, the application of L. mesenteroides under SSF on oregano by-products comprises an eco-friendly strategy for their valorization as raw materials for the recovery of phenolic compounds that could be natural alternatives against synthetic antioxidant and antimicrobial agents, promoting a more circular and sustainable supply system within the oregano industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to develop ready-to-eat vegetable–herb mixes with high nutritional and sensory values as well as good storability. In this regard, the suitability of fresh herbs (peppermint, oregano, green basil, red basil, and parsley) was tested for their use in mixes with fresh-cut iceberg lettuce. Lettuce–herb mixtures were stored for 6 days at 5 °C. The reason for the decrease in the appearance of the salads was the browning of the cut surface of the lettuce, as well as discoloration on the cut herbs. Comparing the storage abilities of the cut herbs, red basil and parsley retained the best appearance for 6 d at 5 °C. A small addition of herbs to fresh-cut iceberg lettuce caused a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the contents of pro-health ingredients such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, L-ascorbic acid, and polyphenols in the mixes. There were large discrepancies in the sensory quality of the mixes, but the highest quality and consumer acceptance were found for salads with parsley (5% and 10%) and red basil (5%). After harvest, the fresh herbs were more contaminated by molds than the iceberg lettuce. Bacterial, yeast, and mold contamination increased during storage, but the rate of mold growth was much lower in the mixes with parsley compared to lettuce alone. In conclusion, the addition of parsley and mint contributed the most to the health-promoting and microbiological properties of iceberg lettuce salads. However, according to sensory evaluation, parsley and red basil contributed the most to improving the acceptability of the product in terms of best taste and shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lemon bee balm (Monarda citriodora Cerv. ex-Lag) is a noble industrial medicinal and aromatic plant species, which is used as digestive, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and menstrual irregularity remedies in traditional medicine. It is a common source of thymol and other active constituents with recognized antimicrobial properties. A multilocation field trial was performed to evaluate essential oil (EO) yield stability, secondary metabolites and economic returns in eight diverse geographical environment conditions (GEC) in India. The secondary metabolites viz., essential oil content and oil yield were found to be highest in tropical and sub-tropical regions. The essential oil content was found to be higher in inflorescence part at all the experimental sites and found to be highest (0.85±0.21%) at BR-JALAUN. The highest EO yield (130.25±3.25 kg ha−1), net return (Rs. 1,22,125.00±245.21 ha−1) and benefit cost (B:C) ratio (2.67±0.17) was recorded at FFDC-KANNAUJ. The thymol content percentage was found to be highest on physiological maturity (>95% flowering) [PM] and on 75% flowering [FS-II] and it began to decline on seed formation stage at all the experimental sites. The significantly highest thymol content percentage was found on PM (86.65±3.91%) and on FS-II (84.21±3.78%) at TBR-JHANSI. On the basis of the gas chromatography and mass spectrophotometry analysis, twenty constituents were isolated. The inflorescence EO contains more thymol than the EO from leaves with stem which in turn was characterized by a higher content of p-cymene, γ-terpinene, carvacrol, α-phellandrene, α-pinene, myrcene, α-terpinene, citral and β-caryophyllene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the antagonistic Bacillus subtilis and oregano essential oil (EO) on decay caused by Botrytis cinerea, shelf life, and some quality parameters of sweet cherry (Prunus avium cv. Takdaneh Mashhad). The fruit were inoculated with suspension of pathogenic fungus (1 × 105 spore mL−1), and then were treated with the antagonist bacterial strains at 1 × 108 CFU mL−1 and the EO at 0. 250, 500, 750, and 1000 µL/L. Treated fruit were stored at 0 ± 1 °C for 30 d. Quality parameters including firmness, weight loss, antioxidant activity, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase enzyme activity, marketability, color, total anthocyanins, and decay extension rate were evaluated after 0, 15, and 30 days of storage. The results showed that with an increase in storage time the quality of cherry fruit is significantly decreased and EO and Bacillus treatments significantly maintain fruit marketability, antioxidant activity and anthocyanins content. EO in at 750 µL/L in combination with Bacillus bacteria, significantly reduced fungal decay, retained quality and increased shelf life of sweet cherries. Therefore, the use of Bacillus bacteria and oregano essential oil can be considered as a promising environmental friendly alternative method for maintaining the sweet cherry fruit quality during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Toothache, often caused by tooth decay, cracks, or sensitivity to temperature, is one of the most distressing types of pain. Medicinal plants have long been used in traditional medicine and ethnobotanical knowledge for treating toothache. This study aims to identify medicinal plants used in Iranian ethnobotanical practices to alleviate toothache. Methodology: In this review, articles were searched using keywords such as medicinal plants, Iran, tooth, toothache, and ethnobotany. Databases including Google Scholar, SID, Magiran, PubMed, and Scopus were utilized for the search. Relevant ethnobotanical articles were reviewed for this study. Results: Medicinal herbs such as Origanum vulgare, Papaver somniferum, Mentha aquatica L., Mentha spicata L., Ferula persica Willd, Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Perovskia abrotanoides Kar., Dianthus caryophyllus, Viola odorata, Astragalus verus, Zingiber officinale, Allium sativum, Thymus danensis are identified as the most effective plants against toothache in traditional medicine. Conclusion: Iran's diverse herbal flora and rich ethnobotanical knowledge offer valuable insights and resources for the treatment of toothache. The findings of this study highlight the importance of incorporating this traditional knowledge into pharmacological research to develop effective anti-toothache, drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils are one of the most important products in the agricultural and food industry, as they are obtained from aromatic plants using various extraction techniques, such as steam distillation or hydrodistillation. However, these methods present challenges, such as low efficiency, limited selectivity, extensive use of solvents and long extraction times. Moreover, the quality of the oils obtained can be affected by hydrolysis or oxidation due to the duration and amount of water used in the process. This review updates the information on Clevengertype hydrodistillation extraction of four high-value commercial plant species: Matricaria chamomilla, Rosmarinus officinalis, Origanum vulgare, and Eucalyptus spp. The aim is to evaluate the results of original articles, considering the origin and characteristics of the plant material, extraction conditions, yield and metabolites. The search covered a 10-year period (2013-2023) in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar, using keywords such as species names and terms “essential oils” and “hydrodistillation”, with Boolean connectors such as OR, AND or NOT. The results show that quality and yield are influenced by factors such as geographical regions of origin, plant part used, drying techniques or extraction conditions (plant material/water ratio, extraction temperature, extraction time, etc.). In future research, the conditions associated with the plant material and the extraction process need to be optimized in obtaining high quality essential oils [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Using anaesthetics is an important application in aquaculture especially where the fish transportation, vaccination, grading, sorting activities and many other handling operations have been conducted during the different stages of production periods in the farms or hatcheries. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of oregano essential oil (OO) as an anaesthetic for Nile tilapia and to determine the optimal concentration and post‐application stress effects compared to clove oil (CO). Methods: Nile tilapia juveniles were exposed to different concentrations of OO (20–40–60–80–100 mg L−1) and CO (50 mg L−1) for different time periods to determine the optimal concentration and exposure time. After the effective concentration of OO was determined, in the second experiment, stress parameters (glucose, plasma cortisol) were analysed after 0, 2, 6, 12 and 24 h of application. The results compared to the control group and CO results. Results: The study found that OO which has carvacrol compound higher than 78% was an efficient anaesthetic for Nile tilapia, and the effective concentration was found to be 60 mg L−1. No significant differences were found between opercular beats in any concentration of OO and CO. Basal glucose level in blood without anaesthesia application and recorded at 39.33 mg dL−1 and significantly lower than OO and CO at first two sampling points, 0 and 2 h (p < 0.05). According to plasma cortisol level results, although CO experimental group showed secondary stress response at 12 h (17.91 ± 4.21 ng mL−1), OO and CO group cortisol levels decreased at 24 h after anaesthesia application 7.13 ± 0.14and 7.01 ± 0.54 ng mL−1, respectively, below the control group cortisol concentration (12.28 ± 1.81 ng mL−1). Conclusions: These findings have important implications for the aquaculture industry as the use of OO as an anaesthetic could reduce the stress and mortality associated with traditional anaesthetics. Further research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of OO as an anaesthetic agent for other fish species and to determine the optimal concentration and exposure time for different species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ciencia y Tecnología (1390-4051) is the property of Universidad Tecnica Estatal de Quevedo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Essential oils are emerging as alternatives to conventional pest control chemicals. Lippia graveolens Kunth (Mexican oregano) is a source of essential oils and during conventional extraction, the biomass generated is discarded as waste; however, reports show that this biomass is still a rich source of essential oils. Conventional essential oil extraction causes contamination and utilizes toxic solvents. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) offer low toxicity, biodegradability, high selectivity, and yields comparable to organic solvents. This study obtained essential oil from Lippia graveolens biomass via hydrodistillation with ultrasound-assisted DES pretreatment. This research aimed to optimize the extraction of essential oil from Lippia graveolens biomass using ultrasound-assisted DESs and assess its in vitro and in vivo inhibitory effect on C. asianum. The response variables were extraction yield and total reducing capacity. Optimal conditions were determined using a central composite rotatable design, considering solid-to-liquid ratio (0.38 g/mL), ultrasonic amplitude (45.05%), and time (7.47 min). The optimized oil, with thymol (48%) as the predominant component, exhibited more volatile compounds than conventional hydrodistillation. Fungicidal assays highlighted its potential in controlling anthracnose in papaya fruits caused by C. asianum, making ultrasound-assisted DES pretreatment a promising alternative for obtaining essential oil from botanical byproducts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunflower oil and peanuts are susceptible to oxidation reactions during the frying process. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of hop and oregano essential oils in protecting sunflower oil and peanuts during frying. The sunflower oil was enriched with oregano and hop essential oils (0.02% w/w). These treatments were compared to sunflower oil enriched with BHT (0.02% w/w). All treatments were subjected to a temperature of 170 °C for 8 h. Samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, and 8 h. Chemical oxidation indicators, oxidation volatile compounds, and 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine were measured. Also, a descriptive sensory analysis of fried peanuts was carried out. Oregano and hop essential oils enhanced the oxidative stability of the sunflower oil, while preventing the development of undesirable flavours in the fried peanuts. However, this protection led to the formation of 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine, which is responsible for desirable flavours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) films were developed by adding 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.5% and 5.0% (w/w) of Mexican oregano essential oil (OEO) or potassium sorbate (PS) as a positive antifungal control to inhibit the growth of Penicillium expansum, Penicillium citrinum and Aspergillus niger in vitro. Three methods of adding OEO in LDPE were evaluated; the best OEO yield in film was achieved when OEO was incorporated after laminating (88%); otherwise, when added into cool‐melting resin, OEO lost up to 91.5% from LDPE and completely volatilized (>99%) when combined with the resin before melting. PS yields in LDPE film were > 88% when incorporated into cool‐melted resin. Antimicrobial films with 2.5% or 5.0% (w/w) OEO or PS delayed the growth of P. expansum and P. citrinum for up to 4–5 days, and for A. niger, only films with 5.0% of OEO retarded its growth for 5 days. The modified Gompertz model was used to describe mould growth response, obtaining the parameters A (maximum growth), μm (maximum growth rate) and λ (lag phase), which correctly fit the data. P. citrinum was the most sensitive mould, and A. niger was the most resistant to the tested antimicrobials. The addition of antimicrobial agents significantly (p < 0.05) impacted the physical and mechanical properties of the LDPE films, wherein thickness and puncture strength were increased, and the colour changed (reducing the transparency and promoting the yellowness). In contrast, the water vapour transmission rate was dropped only by incorporating PS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the important sources of human selenium intake is vegetables, so increasing of selenium in edible parts of plants, biofortification, provides an effective approach to reduce selenium deficiency. Origanum vulgare L. is an important medicinal plant which is also used as a valuable spice. The present study was done to evaluate the ability of selenium accumulation of micropropagated O. vulgare under sodium selenate and/or salicylic acid treatment. Micropropagation of O. vulgare was done from shoot-tips as explants on modified Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium. After 1 month, rooted plantlets were transferred to modified Murashige & Skoog solidified medium containing sodium selenate (0, 25 and 50 µM) and/or salicylic acid (0 and 100 mgL−1). After 4 wk, growth, selenium accumulation, biochemical parameters and oxidative stress indicators were determined. The results showed that the plantlets were able to accumulate 16.1 µg g−1 DW and 28.27 µg g−1 DW selenium in shoots at 25 and 50 µM selenate sodium concentrations respectively. Both concentrations of selenium increased shoot dry weight, length of shoot and root, soluble sugars and total protein content, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity. On the contrary, malondialdehyde content decreased under selenium treatment. It was found that by increasing selenium concentration the content of total protein, H2O2 and antioxidant enzymes activity increased significantly. Application of salicylic acid in combination with selenium improved growth but did not affect on selenium accumulation. The obtained results can be considered as the first report of biofortification of O. vulgare under tissue culture technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was the cause of the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), commonly known as the coronavirus pandemic. Since December 2020, COVID-19 vaccines have been extensively administered in numerous countries. In addition to new antiviral medications, the treatment regimen encompasses symptom management. Despite sustained research efforts, the outbreak remains uncontrolled, with affected patients still lacking proper treatment. This review is a valuable asset for researchers and practitioners aiming to delve into the yet unexplored potential of Anatolian flora in the fight against COVID-19 and other viral infections. Numerous medicinal plants in Anatolia, such as thyme, sage, cannabis, oregano, licorice root, and Origanum sp., contain bioactive compounds with proven antiviral properties that have been used in the region for centuries. The rich legacy of traditional Anatolian medicine (TAM), has significantly influenced modern medicine; thus, the profusion of medicinal plants native to Anatolia holds promise for antiviral drug development, making this review essential for researchers and practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Adding natural antimicrobials such as essential oils (EOs) to alginate coatings on fruits provides an antifungal effect and a semipermeable water vapour barrier. This work aims to evaluate the antifungal effect of Lippia berlandieri S. (Mexican oregano) EO incorporated into alginate to coat tomato stems inoculated with Penicillium commune, Fusarium spp., or Cladosporium herbarum. Alginate films and coatings with EO concentrations (0%, 0.25%, 0.75%, 1%, 2%, or 4% v/v) were prepared to evaluate their properties (physical, mechanical, and water vapour transmission rates) as well as their effect on mould growth on tomato stems for 28 days during refrigerated storage. Mould growth was described with probabilistic and time‐to‐growth predictive models. Two treatment types were assessed (tomato inoculated and coated, TIC, and tomato coated and inoculated, TCI) to provide information about the moment of mould contamination (before or after coating). EO concentration influenced the alginate films' physical, mechanical, and barrier properties. Testing the coatings against moulds revealed varying inhibitory effects. Fusarium spp. exhibited the highest resistance, while C. herbarum was the most susceptible. The predictive models appropriately described the probability of growth or the time‐to‐growth of the studied moulds, identifying critical concentrations of oregano EO needed to inhibit mould growth effectively. The findings suggest that alginate coatings with oregano EO can serve as a natural and effective antifungal treatment for tomatoes, offering insights into optimal concentrations and application methods for extended shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red oregano (Origanum vulgare L. subsp. vulgare) is native to the mountainous slopes of Albania, thriving at altitudes ranging from 400 to 1300 m above sea level. The aerial components of oregano have been found to address a spectrum of health concerns. However, this subspecies presents intriguing characteristics that require comprehensive exploration and analysis. This study extensively analyzes the ex −situ collection of various genotype populations of red oregano in Albania. Essential oils were extracted by employing the hydrodistillation method. At the same time, their chemical analyses were carried out using gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector (GC−FID) and gas chromatography coupled with a mass−spectrometer detector (GS−MS). We employed two statistical techniques, namely hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), which allowed for a comprehensive examination of the relationships within the data set and more profound insights into the compositional patterns and interrelationships within the essential oils to be gained. The results revealed significant qualitative distinctions at the intraspecific level, particularly for sesquiterpenes, of populations originating from seven diverse geographic locations. The study's findings enhance our understanding of the chemical composition of Albania's red oregano and its chemical variation among different populations, which will potentially contribute to identifying the most suitable clones for breeding programs within red oregano populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]