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Deep oil and gas are essential alternative resources for future energy sources, but the lack of high temperature and high salt resistance mechanisms and agents significantly limits their development. Copolymers of six commonly used high-temperature and salt resistance monomers and acrylamide with similar molecular weights were prepared to improve oil recovery in deep reservoirs. The effects of different functional groups on the high-temperature and salt resistance of polymers were revealed by the drilling fluid and elemental analysis, TOC test, Zeta potential, particle size, and other analytical methods. Experimental results indicate that the pyrrole ring groups, quaternary amine groups, long-chain sulfonate groups, and benzenesulfonic acid groups can effectively improve the high-temperature stability of polymers in an aqueous solution. Quaternary ammonium groups and pyrrole rings can enhance the polymer adsorption with clay under high temperatures and high salinity conditions due to charge attraction. However, these functional groups hinder the clay dispersion and reduce the stability of drilling fluids. Hydration groups, such as sulfonic and carboxylic acid groups, can better maintain the colloidal stability of drilling fluids under high temperatures and high salinity, and benzene sulfonic acid groups are the optimal hydration groups. After the polymer is adsorbed on the clay surface, the benzene sulfonic acid group assists in forming a thicker hydration film on the clay surface, effectively hindering the damage of high temperature and high salinity on the clay. The findings and observations of this study provide theoretical support for the development of high-temperature and salt resistance polymers for water-based drilling fluids of ultra-deep wells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A possibility of using an industrially produced anionic surfactant, alkylbenzenesulfonic acid, for the precipitation and flotation extraction of neodymium(III), erbium(III), and thulium(III) ions is investigated. The influence of the concentration and ratio of the reacting components and the concentrations of sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide on the degree of precipitation of metal ions is considered. The composition of the resulting compounds is established and their conditional solubility products are calculated. Conditions for the flotation of metal ions with alkylbenzenesulfonic acid are optimized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Classification of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is associated with the clinical prognosis; however, objective classification markers are scarce. This study aimed to identify metabolic markers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of children with SMA types II and III. Methods: CSF samples were collected from 40 patients with SMA (27 with type II and 13 with type III) and analyzed for metabolites. Results: We identified 135 metabolites associated with SMA types II and III. These were associated with lysine degradation and arginine, proline, and tyrosine metabolism. We identified seven metabolites associated with the Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale: 4‐chlorophenylacetic acid, adb‐chminaca,(+/−)‐, dodecyl benzenesulfonic acid, norethindrone acetate, 4‐(undecan‐5‐yl) benzene‐1‐sulfonic acid, dihydromaleimide beta‐d‐glucoside, and cinobufagin. Potential typing biomarkers, N‐cyclohexylformamide, cinobufagin, cotinine glucuronide, N‐myristoyl arginine, 4‐chlorophenylacetic acid, geranic acid, 4‐(undecan‐5‐yl) benzene, and 7,8‐diamino pelargonate, showed good predictive performance. Among these, N‐myristoyl arginine was unaffected by the gene phenotype. Conclusion: This study identified metabolic markers are promising candidate prognostic factors for SMA. We also identified the metabolic pathways associated with the severity of SMA. These assessments can help predict the outcomes of screening SMA classification biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sonochemistry under controlled conditions has proven effective in medicinal chemistry and drug development. It can substantially shorten reaction timelines from days or hours to minutes. A convenient one-pot synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted and 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives catalyzed by PTSA and benzenesulfonic acid in ethanol as solvent, under ultrasonic irradiation and without ultrasound irradiation at 50° C has been achieved successfully. These 2,4,5-trisubstituted and 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives synthesis were also accomplished using different solvents viz., Methanol, Ethanol, DCM, DMF, Acetonitrile and THF and PTSA as the catalyst. This method yielded the highest % synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted and 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives with PTSA as the catalyst in solvent ethanol. These reactions were also optimized for % of PTSA catalyst required to obtain the maximum yield of 2,4,5-trisubstituted and 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives with and without ultrasound irradiation at 50° C. Synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted Imidazole derivatives reaction follows first-order rate kinetics while that of 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted Imidazole derivatives reaction follows the second-order rate kinetics. Furthermore, sonochemistry has higher yields, lower cost, easier workups, and higher purity than conventional thermal organic synthesis, which has lower yields, tedious workups, longer reaction periods, lower purity, and numerous byproducts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic conditions known as Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD), including Crohn's Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC), have a significant impact on the quality of life experienced by patients. Innovative research is revealing complex molecular interactions between medicinal plants and diseases, advancing plantbased therapies. Typically, the primary methods for managing the condition involve using medications and making lifestyle adjustments. However, recent research indicates that medicinal plants could serve as additional, supportive options for managing the condition. This review article examines around 99 articles from sources such as Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, ResearchGate, DOAJ, SCIELO, and NOPR. The review methodically investigates the therapeutic potential of different medicinal plants in the management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), including Crohn's Disease and ulcerative Colitis. The review provides insights into the underlying mechanisms, pharmacological properties, and effectiveness of these plants. The findings present a promising opportunity for further research and development of plant-based therapies to improve IBD management and improve patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐performance artificial synapse with nonvolatile memory and low power consumption is a perfect candidate for brainoid intelligence. Unfortunately, due to the energy barrier paradox between ultra‐low power and nonvolatile modulation of device conductances, it is still a challenge at the moment to construct such ideal synapses. Herein, a proton‐reservoir type 4,4′,4″,4'''‐(Porphine‐5,10,15,20‐tetrayl) tetrakis (benzenesulfonic acid) (TPPS) molecule and fabricated organic protonic memristors with device width of 10 µm to 100 nm is synthesized. The occurrence of sequential proton migration and interfacial self‐coordinated doping will introduce new energy levels into the molecular bandgap, resulting in effective and nonvolatile modulation of device conductance over 64 continuous states with retention exceeding 30 min. The power consumptions of modulating and reading the device conductance approach the zero‐power operating limits, which range from 16.25 pW to 2.06 nW and 6.5 fW to 0.83 pW, respectively. Finally, a robust artificial synapse is successfully demonstrated, showing spiking‐rate‐dependent plasticity (SRDP) and spiking‐timing‐dependent plasticity (STDP) characteristics with ultra‐low power of 0.66 to 0.82 pW, as well as 100 long‐term depression (LTD)/potentiation (LTP) cycles with 0.14%/0.30% weight variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, inhibitory and cell proliferation activities of Cirsium japonicum (C. japonicum) var. spinossimum. Methods: Phytochemicals (polyphenols, flavonoids, and silymarin) in leaves, roots, and seeds of C. japonicum var. spinossimum were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Antioxidant activity was investigated on 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. Anti-inflammatory activity was investigated on nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells. Immunostimulant and hair loss prevention was confirmed through 3'-{1-((phenylamino)-carbonyl)-3, 4-tetrazolium}bis(4-methoxy-6-nitro)benzenesulfonic acid hydrate (XTT)-based cell proliferation assays using Jurkat cells and human follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPC). Results: Extract from seeds exhibited the highest total polyphenol content (610.08 ± 32.40 mg GAE/g), as well as the highest total flavonoid content, while the total polyphenol content of leaves and root extracts were similar. The RC50 values for seed extract against ABTS and DPPH radicals were 8.20 ± 0.02 µg/mL and 40.13 ± 2.47 µg/mL, respectively. In particular, all six Silymarin derivatives were found to be highest in the seed extract. The C. japonicum var. spinossimum seed extract (CSE) showed significant (p < 0.05) nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity in RAW264.7 cells induced by LPS at all concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 µg/mL) and exhibited significant (p < 0.05) cell proliferation activity in Jurkat and hair follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPC) at 25 µg/mL. Conclusion: Extract of C. japonicum var. spinossimum seeds contain polyphenols and flavonoids and show significant NO inhibitory and cell proliferation activity in Jurkat and HFDPC. Therefore, Cirsium japonicum is a promising source of anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustained water consumption and uncontrollable dendrite growth strongly hamper the practical applications of rechargeable zinc (Zn) metal batteries (ZMBs). Herein, for the first time, we demonstrate that trace amount of chelate ligand additive can serve as a "molecular sieve‐like" interfacial barrier and achieve highly efficient Zn plating/stripping. As verified by theoretical modeling and experimental investigations, the benzenesulfonic acid groups on the additive molecular not only facilitates its water solubility and selective adsorption on the Zn anode, but also effectively accelerates the de‐solvation kinetics of Zn2+. Meanwhile, the central porphyrin ring on the chelate ligand effectively expels free water molecules from Zn2+ via chemical binding against hydrogen evolution, and reversibly releases the captured Zn2+ to endow a dendrite‐free Zn deposition. By virtue of this non‐consumable additive, high average Zn plating/stripping efficiency of 99.7 % over 2100 cycles together with extended lifespan and suppressed water decomposition in the Zn||MnO2 full battery were achieved, thus opening a new avenue for developing highly durable ZMBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustained water consumption and uncontrollable dendrite growth strongly hamper the practical applications of rechargeable zinc (Zn) metal batteries (ZMBs). Herein, for the first time, we demonstrate that trace amount of chelate ligand additive can serve as a "molecular sieve‐like" interfacial barrier and achieve highly efficient Zn plating/stripping. As verified by theoretical modeling and experimental investigations, the benzenesulfonic acid groups on the additive molecular not only facilitates its water solubility and selective adsorption on the Zn anode, but also effectively accelerates the de‐solvation kinetics of Zn2+. Meanwhile, the central porphyrin ring on the chelate ligand effectively expels free water molecules from Zn2+ via chemical binding against hydrogen evolution, and reversibly releases the captured Zn2+ to endow a dendrite‐free Zn deposition. By virtue of this non‐consumable additive, high average Zn plating/stripping efficiency of 99.7 % over 2100 cycles together with extended lifespan and suppressed water decomposition in the Zn||MnO2 full battery were achieved, thus opening a new avenue for developing highly durable ZMBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing green and convenient strategies for constructing C−S bonds is attractive, as it is indispensable for numerous essential biological and pharmaceutical compound syntheses. Herein, an efficient, cost‐effective method for synthesizing 2,4‐dinitroaryl thioether derivatives is achieved by ipso nucleophilic substitution of an aromatic sulfonic acid group by thiol to construct a new C−S bond. This methodology neither requires the assistance of any transition metal catalyst nor harsh reaction conditions. Such thioether formation from aryl sulfonic acids is new. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When continuous hemodiafiltration is indicated in the treatment of sepsis, dialysis membranes with specialized cytokine adsorption abilities are used. However, many studies have demonstrated the adsorption of therapeutic agents when this method is used. We studied the effect of aminoglycoside antimicrobial adsorption for arbekacin (ABK). However, the reported methods for determination of ABK require considerable time and effort. Therefore, we examined the possibility of applying the determination method using 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) and its measurement conditions, thereby making it simple. We added adding NaOH solution of Na2B4O7 in ABK solution, followed by Na2SO3 and TNBS. Then, the absorbance was measured using a spectrophotometer. The ABK reactions were performed at 25°C, 30°C, and 40°C. ABK was converted to trinitrophenyl (TNP-ABK) using TNBS showed the same maximum absorption at approximately 412 nm as other trinitrophenyl derivatives. Furthermore, a positive correlation was confirmed between the absorbance and the concentration of ABK. (r=0.9928) This suggests that ABK can easily be assayed through absorbance spectrophotometry by converting ABK to TNP-ABK using TNBS. The reaction of ABK to TNP-ABK was temperature-dependent, but the absorbance of TNP-ABK at 40°C was difficult to measure. Therefore, a reaction temperature of 30°C was considered appropriate, as well as a reaction time of 30 min to improve the accuracy of the assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the framework of the work, a mathematical model of the process of sulfonation of linear alkylbenzenes with SO3, which takes place in a multitube film reactor, is described. The causes and regularities of changes in the most important indicator of the quality of alkylbenzenesulfonic acid - its color index - are described. Using a mathematical model, it was found that the content of light aromatic compounds in the sulfonation feedstock worsens the color of ABS and leads to a reduction in the duration of the interwashing cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reaction of tetra(para-tolyl)stibonium chloride p-Tol4SbCl (I) with benzenesulfonic acid in water affords tetra(para-tolyl)stibonium benzenesulfonate p-Tol4SbOSO2Ph (II). According to the X-ray diffraction (XRD) data (CIF files CCDC nos. 2167562 and 2126493, respectively), compounds I and II have molecular structures with the distorted trigonal bipyramidal coordination of the antimony atom. The geometric characteristics for molecules of compound I: angles CSbC 96.12(8)°−124.83(8)°, axial angle CSbCl 174.91(6)°, distances Sb–C and Sb−Cl 2.107(2)–2.170(2) and 2.7230(13) Å, respectively; for molecules of compound II angles CSbC 97.72(14)°−118.77(15)°, axial angle CSbCl 174.91(6)°, distances Sb–C and Sb−Cl 2.107(2)–2.170(2) and 2.7230(13) Å, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reaction of 3-aminobenzenesulfonic acid (HL1) with Cu(NO3)2·2.5H2O in H2O/DMF leads to the formation of the new bis(3-aminobenzenesulfonato-κN)-diaqua-bis(dimethylformamide-κO)-copper(II) complex [Cu(L1)2(DMF)2(H2O)2] (1) (HL1 = 3-aminobenzenesulfonic acid and DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide). Single crystal X-ray analysis reveals that the hexacoordinated copper(II) center adopts a distorted octahedral geometry with trans-oriented two 3-aminobenzenesulfonate ligands (L1−), two water and two dimethylformamide (DMF) molecules. Comparison of its crystal structure with that of the known bis(4-aminobenzenesulfonato-κN)diaquabis(dimethylformamide-κO)-copper(II) complex [Cu(L2)2(DMF)2(H2O)2] (2) (HL2 = 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid) discloses that 1 and 2 are the isomers with an identical empirical formula (C18H30CuN4O10S2) and equal numbers of same coordinated solvents (DMF and water). H-bonded supramolecular structures and their corresponding topological analyses revealed a 2D with 6-connected hxl/Shubnikov plane net (3,6) for 1 and a 3D with 8-connected bcu; 8/4/c1; sqc3 net for 2, which are completely different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of wedge-shaped amphiphilic mesogens, derivatives of 1,2,3-tris(dodecyloxy)-benzene, which are precursors of polymer ion conducting membranes, were synthesized. The synthesized compounds included asymmetric 2,3,4-tris(dodecyloxy)benzenesulfonic acid and its sodium and pyridine salts. The self-organization processes of the synthesized mesogens were studied in thin films at different temperatures. Thermotropic liquid crystalline properties of these compounds were studied by DSC method. The structure of the liquid crystalline phases was studied using polarized thermooptical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The influence of an orientation of magnetic field vector on phase composition of thin films was analyzed. It was shown that the texture of mesogenic films containing different counterions can be controlled by a combination of heating and applying a magnetic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stability study of a 10 mg/mL injectable cisatracurium solution stored refrigerated in amber glass ampoules for 18 months (M18). Methods: 4000 ampoules were aseptically compounded using European Pharmacopoeia (EP)-grade cisatracurium besylate, sterile water for injection, and benzenesulfonic acid. We developed and validated a stability-indicating HPLC-UV method for cisatracurium and laudanosine. At each stability study time point, we recorded the visual aspect, cisatracurium and laudanosine levels, pH, and osmolality. Sterility, bacterial endotoxin content, and non-visible particles in solution were checked after compounding (T0) and after M12 and M18 of storage. We used HPLC-MS/MS to identify the degradation products (DPs). Results: During the study, osmolality remained stable, pH decreased slightly, and the organoleptic properties did not change. The number of non-visible particles remained below the EP's threshold. Sterility was preserved, and bacterial endotoxin level remained below the calculated threshold. Cisatracurium concentration remained within the ±10% acceptance interval for 15 months and then decreased to 88.7% of C0 after M18. The laudanosine generated accounted for less than a fifth of the cisatracurium degradation, and three DPs were generated—identified as EP impurity A, impurities E/F, and impurities N/O. Conclusion: Compounded 10 mg/mL cisatracurium injectable solution is stable for at least 15 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel Yb metal–organic frameworks {[Yb(L)(DMA)(H2O)]·(3H2O)}n (Yb‐MOF, H3L is 4‐(N,N′‐bis(4‐carboxylbenzyl)amino)benzenesulfonic acid) was synthesized by solvothermal reaction. Modified Yb‐MOF was prepared by the potassium permanganate method for removing the Cu(II) and As(V) from simulated wastewater. The optimal pH value of modified Yb‐MOF for Cu(II) and As(V) adsorption was 5, and the optimal dosage of adsorbent was 0.04 mg/10 ml by static adsorption test. Four isothermal adsorption models (Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich models) were fitted and analyzed. The adsorption processes of Cu(II) and As(V) were consistent with Freundlich, Langmuir, and Temkin models. The highest Cu(II) and As(V) adsorption capacity are 59.418 and 81.169 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption kinetic model and thermodynamic analysis of the modified Yb‐MOF for Cu(II) and As(V) were studied. The results showed revealed that the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic had a higher correlation association with the Cu(II) and As(V) adsorption process, indicating that chemisorption was dominant in both processes. At 298 and 308 K, the Cu(II) and As(V) adsorption by modified Yb‐MOF is spontaneous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unexpected ring closure of 2-(1-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carbonyl)-N-phenylhydrazine-1-carbothioamide (3) on exposure to sulfuric acid at room temperature for an extended duration (12 h) gave 4-((5-(1-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)amino)benzenesulfonic acid (4) in 75% yield. The use of sulfuric acid led to sulfonation at the para-position of the benzene ring in phenyl isothiocyanate. The crystal structure comprises two independent types of molecules of 4 and two disordered ether solvent molecules. The synthesized benzenesulfonic acid inhibits the growth of both Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli and its activity was comparable to those obtained for ampicillin and vancomycin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glass transition temperature (T g) is important for amorphous compounds because it can have implications on their physical and chemical stability. With drugs that possess ionizable acidic or basic groups, salt formation is a potential strategy to reduce re-crystallization tendency through T g elevation. While salt formation has been reported to impact re-crystallization tendency, it is not known if this holds true for all drugs and if it is useful in the context of amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) formulations. In addition, little information on the impact of salt formation on drug release performance of ASD is available. Herein, the influence of salt formation and T g elevation on the release performance of lumefantrine (T g = 19.7 °C) when formulated as an ASD with copovidone (PVPVA) was examined. Lumefantrine salts and lumefantrine salt–PVPVA ASDs with drug loadings (DLs) ranging from 5 to 30% were prepared. The acids used for salt formation were benzoic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, hydrochloric acid, p -toluenesulfonic acid, poly(ethylene) glycol 250 diacid (PEG 250 diacid), and sulfuric acid. Salt formation resulted in an elevation of T g compared to lumefantrine free base, with the largest increase in T g observed with lumefantrine sulfate. With a lower T g salt, ASDs could be formulated at higher DLs while ensuring drug release. In contrast, drug release ceased at a DL as low as 5% when T g of the salt was high. However, ASDs with lower T g s such as the benzoate and PEG 250 diacid salts showed poor stability against re-crystallization when stored under stress storage conditions. When using a salt in an ASD formulation, attention should be paid to the T g of the salt, since it may show opposing effects on physical stability and drug release, at least for PVPVA-based ASDs. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetra(para-tolyl)antimony benzenesulfonate of the monoclinic modification was synthesized by the reaction between equimolar amounts of benzenesulfonic acid and antimony tolyl derivatives para-Tol4SbХ [X = Br, ONCHCH=CHPh, OС(O)CH2OС6H3Cl2-2,4] in a water-acetone solution. Carrying out these reactions in a benzene solution leads to the formation of tetra(para-tolyl)antimony benzenesulfonate of the rhombic modification. The structure of the obtained compounds, in which antimony atoms have a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal coordination with electronegative substituents in axial positions, was established by X-ray diffraction analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionic organyl-triphenylphosphonium 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonates [Ph3PR][OSO2C6H3(NO2)2-2,4], R = CH2OMe (1), CH2CN (2), CH2CH = CHCH2PPh3 (3) are prepared by the reaction of organyl-triphenylphosphonium halides with 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid in water and are structurally characterized. According to the XRD data, the phosphorus atoms in cations 1-3 have a distorted tetrahedral coordination, the sulfonate anions have a usual geometry with a sulfur atom in a tetrahedral environment. The lengths of P–C bonds vary within 1.742(2)-1.872(2) Å; the CPC bond angles fall within 104.92(6)-113.43(11)°. In the arenesulfonate anions of the complexes, the S–C distances are close to each other (1.743(2)-1.806(3) Å), all the S–O bonds are almost equal (1.4324(15)-1.477(2) Å). The [Ph3PCH2CH=CHCH2PPh3]+ cations of complex 3 contain second-order rotation-reflection axes passing through the centers of the C=C double bonds (point group C2h). The structures of 1, 3 contain short CAr⋯H(Ph) contacts (CH⋯π interactions) (2.829 Å (1), 2.769 Å (3)). The structures of 1-3 are mainly determined by weak intermolecular O⋯H contacts 2.30-2.61 Å (1), 2.23-2.68 Å (2), 2.35-2.69 Å (3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pharmacotherapy of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is still not fully effective and safe. Attempts to search for new IBD drugs remain an incessant research aim. One of the novel approaches is targeting the developmental pathway molecules and effector cytokines of Th17/Treg axis. This study aimed to elucidate the impact of new pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazinone derivatives, compounds 7b, 10b, or 13b, on the course of experimental colitis in rats and to assess whether these new compounds may influence Th17/Treg axis. Rats were pretreated with studied compounds intragastrically before intrarectal administration of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid used for colitis induction. Body weight loss, disease activity index, colon index, and colon tissue damage were analyzed to evaluate the severity of colitis. The colonic levels of RORγt, STAT3, CCR6, Foxp3, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, TNF-α, IL-23, and PGE2 were assessed. Pretreatment with compounds 7b and 13b alleviated the severity of colitis and concomitantly counteracted the increased levels of RORγt, STAT3, CCR6, IL-6, IL-17, IL-23, TNF-α, and PGE2. The beneficial effect of compounds 7b and 13b may be due to the decrease in the levels of Th17-specific transcription factors and cytokines. The studied compounds might therefore constitute a promising therapeutic strategy in Th17/Treg imbalance-driven inflammatory conditions such as IBD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Describes a method to use redox-initiated graft-from polymerization to modify PVDF membranes. • Methacrylic acid as a co-monomer greatly improves polymerization rate. • Amine functionalities adsorb DBSA surfactant molecules through Psuedo-second order kinetic and Freudlich isotherms. • A 24 h polymerization achieved 98 % DBSA static adsorption from solution. • Regeneration occurs at > 50 % over 5 cycles using a low concentration NaOH solution. • Dynamic binding experiments showed 60% DBSA removal. The escalating global demand for clean water in the face of scarcity, driven by factors such as urbanization, industrialization, and climate disruptions, presents a critical challenge. The presence of dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) from detergents in water sources further compounds environmental concerns, necessitating effective remediation strategies. In this context, polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes were modified via a redox-initiated radical polymerization to impart adsorption capabilities to the membranes. We hypothesized that if PVDF membranes were modified with monomers containing tertiary amine groups, then the PVDF membrane could effectively adsorb DBSA and be regenerable with a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. We modified membranes with 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) [monomer] and methacrylic acid (MAAc) [comonomer]. The membranes were characterized using ATR-FTIR, SEM, contact angle goniometry, and BET. By introducing amine groups onto the PVDF surface, effective DBSA attachment was achieved, resulting in an increased DBSA removal rate from 8.9% for unmodified PVDF membranes to 98.9% for the best-performing modified PVDF membranes. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model and the adsorption isotherms correlated well with the Freundlich model. Thermodynamic analysis revealed the adsorption process to be exothermic. Dynamic adsorption also showed a removal efficiency of 60–65% when using one single membrane coupon in the dead-end filtration cell. The regeneration experiments showed that the removal efficiency gradually decreasing from 97% during the first cycle to 51% by the fifth adsorption cycle. This research underscores the potential of surface modification techniques to impart new separation capabilities to membranes and to assist in the removal of harmful surfactants from contaminated water sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, much effort has been devoted to the development of effective anticancer agents. In this manner, the utilization of water‐soluble sulfonated phthalocyanines is crucial for many cancer cell lines. In this study, phthalonitrile and metallophthalocyanine compounds linked by benzenesulfonic acid groups have been prepared. Antimicrobial behaviors of those compounds were investigated by performing disk diffusion and photodynamic assays on gram‐positive and negative bacteria. Indium phthalocyanine (InClPc) (3) showed inhibition activity against B. cereus, B. subtilis and S. aureus with disk diffusion assay. Also, gallium and indium phthalocyanines (2 and 3) exhibited inhibitory activity on both gram‐positive and ‐negative microorganisms after light activation. Increasing the inhibitor concentration and light exposure time increased the inhibition activity for both molecules. GaClPc (2) demonstrated the maximum reducing power capacity among studied compounds, and CoPc (4) showed even better DPPH radical scavenging ability than the standard molecule Trolox at 2000 µg mL−1 concentration. The dose‐dependent effect of compounds on cytotoxicity was studied against cancer cells PANC‐1, MDA‐MB‐231, HepG2, A549, HeLa, CaCo‐2 and non‐tumorigenic cells HEK‐293. All compounds showed no significant cytotoxic effect on any cell line up to the highest treated concentration at 50 µg mL−1. However, all phthalocyanines had significant nitric oxide inhibition activity, and only in copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) (5), the MTT IC50 value was reached on LPS‐activated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The lowest inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) IC50 values were defined as 6 ± 1 μg mL−1 and 7 ± 0.5 μg mL−1 for CuPc (5) and InClPc (3), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the phenomenon that rhodamine derivatives（4-N-acrylamide-（3'，6'-bis（diethylamino）- spiro［isobenzofuran-1，9'-xanthene］-3-one）（AM-RhB）will open the lactone ring to display color or emit fluorescence under moderate acidic conditions（4. 425%） and fluorescence intensity modulation （>700） before and after stimulating with water ，and good reversibility （> 5 times）. This work will provide a promising way for the development of new hydrochromic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we analyze the influence of the linear alkylbenzenes consumption of in a multitube film sulfonation reactor on the formation of viscous by-products, tetralins and sulfones, using the method of mathematical modeling. It was found that an increase in the consumption of raw materials from 3500 to 4500 kg/hour at a constant molar ratio of SO3/LAB equal to 1.08 makes it possible to achieve a decrease in the contact time of linear alkylbenzene with a sulfonating agent from 30.1 to 25.4 seconds and an increase in the duration of inter-flushing cycles due to a decrease in the viscosity of the organic liquid film and the normalization of the hydrodynamic regime of the flow of raw materials. It was also determined that the duration of inter-flushing cycles is influenced by the content of light aromatic hydrocarbons in the sulphonated raw material. An increase in the content of aromatic hydrocarbons leads to a decrease in the duration of the inter-flush cycles. This is due to the fact that light aromatic hydrocarbons are the source of the formation of viscous by-products - tetralins, which have a negative effect on the hydrodynamic regime of the liquid film flow. Calculations using a mathematical model showed that with an aromatic hydrocarbon content in the feed of 2 %wt. the duration of the inter-washing cycle at a standard flow rate of 3500 kg/hour is 15 days, and at 6 % wt. - 10 days. At the same time, an increase in consumption up to 4500 kg/hour makes it possible to achieve a cycle time at 2% wt. up to 17 days, and at 6% wt. up to 16 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reactions of tris(3-fluorophenyl)antimony and tris(4-fluorophenyl)antimony with benzenesulfonic and 2,4-dimethylbenzenesulfonic acids in the presence of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (molar ratio 1 : 2 : 1, respectively) in diethyl ether afford tris(fluorophenyl)antimony bis(arenesulfonates) (3‑FC6H4)3Sb(OSO2R)2 (R = Ph (I) and С6H3Me2-2,4 (II)) and (4-FC6H4)3Sb(OSO2Ph)2 (III). The Sb atoms have a distorted trigonal bipyramidal coordination, and the arenesulfonate ligands exist in the axial positions (CIF files CCDC nos. 2055557 (I), 2055820 (II), and 2060295 (III)). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene as a prospective cocatalyst can obviously promote the photocatalytic H 2 -evolution performance of photocatalysts by rapidly transferring photogenerated electrons. For an efficient graphene-modified photocatalytic system for H 2 evolution, the fast H 2 -evolution reaction is as important as the rapid photoelectron transfer via graphene. In this paper, edge-sulfonated graphene (rGO-SO 3 H) with high H+-adsorbed activity was successfully synthesized by the formation of covalent bonds between graphene and benzenesulfonic acid through a diazotization reaction, which couples with TiO 2 nanoparticles to prepare rGO-SO 3 H/TiO 2 photocatalyst for accelerating H 2 -evolution reaction. The results showed that the rGO-SO 3 H/TiO 2 displayed the highest H 2 -production rate of 197.1 μmol h−1 g−1 as high as 5.38, 2.81, and 3.40 times of TiO 2 , rGO/TiO 2 , and SO 3 H/TiO 2 , respectively. The improved efficiency of rGO-SO 3 H/TiO 2 can be attributable to the synergetic action of graphene as a photoelectron cocatalyst and sulfonate ions as H+-adsorbed active sites. This study provides a new insight for the efficient hydrogen-evolution graphene-based photocatalysts. • Sulfonated graphene as cocatalyst was modified on TiO 2 for high H 2 -evolution rate. • Edge-sulfonated graphene-decorated TiO 2 photocatalyst was successfully prepared. • Sulfonate ions as H+-adsorbed sites can improve H 2 -evolution rate of graphene/TiO 2. • A mechanism on the synergistic effect of graphene and sulfonate ions was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparative electrosynthesis of m-aminobenzenesulfonic acid (metanilic acid) from m-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid is studied under galvanostatic conditions on a nickel cathode in ammonia buffer. The technological parameters of electrosynthesis of metanilic acid determined on an enlarged laboratory setup in the ammonia buffer (0.4 М NH4Cl + NH4OH) with рН 7.5 the product yield on the substance of 93.8–94.0%, the current efficiency of 54.5–60.2, provide the substance yield 78.0–80.0%, the energy consumption of 10.2–11.3 kW h/kg, and the performance of electrolyzer of 0.36–0.40 kg/(m2 h) at the current density of 10 A/dm2 and the temperature of 55–60°С. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suvorexant (SRX) is a dual orexin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of insomnia. It belongs to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class II with high permeability and poor solubility in water (0.024 mg mL−1). It is a very challenging molecule from the crystallization perspective because most of the crystallization experiments predominantly yield either form I or a semi-solid form. Increasing S-enantiomer impurity is another problem that was observed during the recrystallization. Further to this, SRX is known to exist in only two crystalline polymorphs (forms I and II). As far as we know, there is no report on the crystal structure analysis or the solid-state modification approaches pertaining to the suvorexant molecule. All these critical aspects of suvorexant have drawn our attention towards the development of novel solid forms by using crystal engineering principles. Here, we report two novel salts and one salt solvate of suvorexant with p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA) and benzenesulfonic acid (BSA) with the objective of enhancing the solubility and dissolution. All three solid forms were characterized by powder XRD, DSC, FT-IR, and single crystal XRD. Notably, the BSA salt crystallizes as an anhydrous form and the PTSA salt of suvorexant crystallizes as a methanol solvate. Furthermore, the methanol solvate of the PTSA salt shows an efficient single-crystal-to-single-crystal phase transformation to the anhydrous form upon heating, yielding X-ray diffraction quality single crystals. In view of the pharmaceutical importance of these salts, we have performed pH solubility and intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) studies in comparison to the marketed form. The novel salts of suvorexant exhibit enhanced solubility in comparison to the marketed form II. Therefore, the novel salts are expected to show better formulation development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports that the optical properties of anthraquinone (AQ) and its photo-catalytic performance in the visible light-driven p -xylene (PX) oxidation can be fine-tuned and improved through varying its skeleton substituents at the molecular level, and the electron-withdrawing substituent exhibits a better improvement effect than the electron-donating one. The best catalyst 2-carboxyanthraquinone (AQ-COOH) can achieve 70.9% PX conversion and 88.2% p -toluic acid selectivity under visible light illumination and 1 atm O 2 pressure. The addition of benzenesulfonic acid in the above photocatalytic system can further increase PX conversion to 86.7%, along with a significant improvement in the selectivity of p -carboxybenzaldehyde and terephthalic acid, which likely originates from the unique recombination behavior of the photo-generated charge carriers of the catalyst and the additive driven by the strong interactions between their aromatic skeletons and acidic substituents. Furthermore, AQ-COOH can achieve almost quantitative yield of acetylacetone in ethylbenzene photooxidation and the regulating effect of toluene's para-position substituents on its reactivity is also reported in the AQ-COOH photocatalysis system. Based on quenching tests and EPR spectral characterizations, the oxygen vacancies (h+), superoxide free radicals (O 2 •-) and singlet oxygen (1O 2) as the photo-generated active species are involved in the proposed photo-catalysis mechanism. [Display omitted] • AQs-based photo-catalytic protocol is very efficient for PX oxidation to p -TA. • This protocol uses inexpensive visible light and O 2 /air as green reactants. • This protocol employs mild reaction conditions and its operating is very simple. • This protocol has a good adaptability for the photooxidation of other substituted toluene. • Photosensitive PhSO 3 H plays a unique adjusting effect in this photo-catalytic protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The origin of the meta regioselectivity in electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) reactions of deactivated benzene derivatives is herein analysed through Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT). To this end, the EAS reaction of benzenesulfonic acid with the nitronium NO2+ ion in H2SO4 solution has been studied at the ωB97X-D/6-311G(d,p) level. This reaction takes place through a two-step polar mechanism involving the formation of an unstable cation intermediate. The activation Gibbs free energies associated with the three competitive regioisomeric reaction paths are found in the narrow range of 15.5–18.3 kcal mol−1. By using the Eyring–Polanyi equation a relationship of 18.7 (ortho) : 81.0 (meta) : 0.3 (para) is obtained, in agreement with the experimental outcome. From this MEDT study it is possible to conclude that the presence of the SO3H group in benzenesulfonic acid only slightly polarises the aromatic electron density towards the substituted C1 position. However, while the SO3H group markedly deaccelerated the EAS reaction with respect to that of benzene, its presence has a low impact in the regioselectivity, which is the result of the slight polarization of the ring electron density towards the substituted C1 carbon and the weak repulsive steric interactions appearing along the ortho approach mode, and not due to the stability of resonance structures as was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Core–shell structured photoresponsive molecularly imprinted polymers were developed for the determination of sulfamethazine in milk samples. The photoresponsive imprinted polymers were prepared with polymethyl methacrylate containing a mass of ester groups as core, sulfamethazine as template molecules, self‐synthesized water‐soluble 4‐[(4‐methacryloyloxy)phenylazo] benzenesulfonic acid as a photoresponsive monomer, and ethylene dimethacrylate as cross‐linker. Interestingly, the imprinted polymer can specifically adsorb sulfamethazine under dark and 440 nm irradiation, and release it at 365 nm. A series of adsorption experiments showed that the maximum adsorption capacity reached 12.5 mg⋅g–1, and the adsorption equilibrium was achieved within 80 min. Moreover, the imprinted polymers display excellent reusability, with almost no performance loss after four times photo‐controlled adsorption‐release cycles, and the imprinted polymers have excellent selectively for sulfamethazine (imprinting factor = 3.01). In the end, the imprinted polymers realized effective separation and enrichment of sulfamethazine in milk, with a recovery rate of over 97.5%. The material can be used as a solid‐phase extractant in the process of enrichment and separation for the quantitative detection of sulfamethazine in milk samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic iron nanoparticles (MNPs) encapsulated in a carbon shells and containing sulfo groups on the surface (Fe@C-SO3H) were synthesized. The aggregative stability of aqueous suspensions of the Fe@C-SO3H nanoparticles was studied in solutions of bovine serum albumin and calcium chloride and in phosphate-buffered saline, which simulate blood plasma. It is shown that the Fe@C-SO3H particles practically do not aggregate in the phosphate buffer saline for a long time (several days). On the contrary, MNPs encapsulated in a protein shells using ultrasonic treatment form aggregates up to 110–120 nm in size under these conditions. Suspensions of the Fe@C-SO3H particles are stable in aqueous solutions of calcium chloride in the range of the solid phase concentration between 0.05 and 0.10 g L−1. The results obtained indicate the possibility of using the functionalized Fe@C-SO3H nanoparticles in vitro experiments in biological media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a 30 L reactor, acetone (9.5 L) was placed, and B 2 b (1.90 kg, 6.27 mol), B 3 b (1.35 kg, 6.92 mol) and potassium carbonate (1.04 kg, 7.53 mol) were added with stirring. I Bepotastine besilate i ( B 1 b , Figure 1, synonymous with bepotastine besylate), is a non-sedative highly selective histamine receptor antagonist, which has a stabilizing effect on mast cells. According to the literature,[8] B 2 b , B 3 b and potassium carbonate were loaded into acetone at room temperature and then heated to reflux for 7 hours. If dimethylformamide (DMF) or an acetone-water system was used as solvent, the reaction could be complete, but the waste solvent was difficult to recover. [Extracted from the article]

Imidazole (Im) and benzenesulfonic acid (BSA) formed deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were used as acidic catalyst and solvent for the dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). The DES formation involved an acid–base neutralization to produce equimolar salt from BSA and Im, and subsequent interaction between equimolar salt as hydrogen bond acceptor and excessive BSA as hydrogen bond donor. The BSA-rich DES [Im:1.5BSA] with a 1:1.5 molar ratio of Im:BSA and 10% dosage exhibited high catalytic activity for fructose dehydration with a 5-HMF yield of 90.1% at 100 °C after a very short reaction time (3 min). The bifunctionality of [Im:1.5BSA] for promoting reaction rates and catalytic activity of fructose dehydration has been identified by tuned acidity of DESs and hydrogen bond interaction among fructose, 5-HMF, and DESs demonstrated by conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Phenolic aerogel composites by ambient pressure drying are enabled by copolymerization with 4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid. • 4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid serves as catalyst to promote carbocation formation and decrease curing activation energy. • PFS exhibits remarkable reduction in synthesizing temperature and gel time. • PFS aerogel composites show excellent mechanical properties, thermal insulation performance and fire safety. Phenolic aerogel composites, as an excellent thermal insulation material, have been used in aerospace to resist extreme working conditions of severe heating and intense mechanical stress. However, the high cost and lengthy preparation process seriously restricts their more extensive application. Herein, a novel strategy for rapid preparation of aerogel composites by ambient pressure drying is enabled by copolymerization with 4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid. That is, the reactive 4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid can serve as the acid catalyst to accelerate both the protonation step and the gelation step during the preparation process of phenolic aerogel. After copolymerization with 4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid, these sulfonic acid groups significantly accelerate the protonation of benzoxazine intermediates, leading to more carbocation formation. The activation energy of curing reaction is significant decreased from 300 kJ∙mol−1 to 90 kJ∙mol−1. Thus, 4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid containing phenol formaldehyde resin (PFS) aerogel precursors exhibit much faster gelation reaction (within 4 h) than phenol formaldehyde resin (PF) aerogel precursor (12 h), which further facilitates the preparation of phenolic aerogel composites with needled quartz fiber felt by ambient pressure drying. Importantly, the PFS aerogel composites exhibit excellent thermal insulation performance under low heat flux and good fire safety under high heat flux. Rapid gelation of PFS triggered by 4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid provides a new approach to develop phenolic aerogel composites with low energy consumption, low cost and short preparation cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotinus coggygria is a shrub, rich in tannins and flavonoids, used in traditional medicine [1]. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is a crucial modulator of inflammatory reactions and immune responses [2]. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the flavonoid fustin on the immunohistochemical expression of NF-κB in a rat colitis model induced by trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS). Fustin was isolated from Cotynus coggygria heartwood and purified [3]. Forty male Wistar rats allocated to four groups: Control, TNBS, TNBS+F10, and TNBS+F20. In groups TNBS, TNBS+F10, and TNBS+F20, colitis was induced by rectal administration of 10 mg TNBS. Treatment began 24 hours after colitis induction and continued for 8 days. Fustin at a dose of 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg prepared as a suspension was given orally to TNBS+F10 and TNBS+F20 groups, respectively, while the vehicle for fustin was given to groups Control and TNBS. On the 10th day of the experiment, samples of colon tissue from the site of injury were taken and processed for immunohistochemical investigations. Tissue sections, 4 µm thick, were placed on silanized slides. NF-κB expression was determined using a rabbit anti-NF-kB-p100 polyclonal antibody (E-AB-32222; Elabscience, USA), diluted 1:200, following the protocol for universal highly sensitive visualization system for antibody detection EnVision FLEX. Immunohistochemical evaluation was performed semi-quantitatively in 50 cells of each probe using the following score: 1 - no cytoplasmic staining, 2 - weak staining, 3 - moderate staining, 4 - strong staining. The average intensity of the immune reaction was calculated using the formula: number of cells of each type x corresponding coefficient (1, 2, 3 or 4) x total number of cells-1. The results showed that NF-κB immunohistochemical expression score in the control group was 1.57±0.57, while in TNBS group it was significantly higher (2.53±0.86; p<0.001 vs. Control). The antibody expression score of TNBS+F10 group (2.35±0.96) was slightly reduced. The score of TNBS+F20 group (1.41±0.57) did not differ significantly from the control value and was significantly lower (p<0.05) in comparison with that of TNBS group. In conclusion, fustin at a dose of 20 mg/kg reduced the proinflammatory transcription factor NF-κB expression which might contribute for its ameliorative effect against TNBS-induced damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interfacial chemical bonding reinforced activated carbon fiber-m-aminobenzenesulfonic acid-polyaniline (ACF-mABSA-PANI) is designed as an electroactive supercapacitor electrode to achieve long cycle life and high capacitive performance. The ACF-mABSA-PANI molecular involves amide bond (–CO–NH–) between mABSA and ACF, as well as sulfonamide bond (–SO 2 –NH–) between mABSA and PANI. ACF-mABSA-PANI forms a π-π conjugated structure with enhanced electron delocalization and accelerated charge transfer, ultimately leading to reduced interfacial resistance, increased cycle life and superior capacitive performance. [Display omitted] • Bridge molecule-reinforced ACF-mABSA-PANI involves chemical bonding interaction. • ACF-mABSA-PANI shows higher cycle life and specific capacitance than ACF-PANI. • ACF-mABSA-PANI shows fast-Faradaic process dominated energy storage mechanism. • ACF-mABSA-PANI electrode is well used for braidable-supercapacitor application. The bridge molecule-reinforced activated carbon fiber-m-aminobenzenesulfonic acid-polyaniline (ACF-mABSA-PANI) is designed and fabricated as braidable-supercapacitor electrode to achieve long cycle life and high capacitive performance. The mABSA acts as bridge molecule to form amide bond between mABSA and ACF, as well as sulfonamide bond between mABSA and PANI, which is confirmed by infrared spectrometer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The interfacial interaction between ACF and PANI is enhanced by chemical bonding, thus alleviating the shedding of polyaniline and improving the cycle life of ACF-mABSA-PANI. The electrostatic potential and Mulliken charge analysis calculations indicate that ACF-mABSA-PANI has an extended delocalized π-π conjugation system. The bridge molecule of mABSA improves the free electron migration efficiency between PANI and ACF, leading to an increase in the specific capacitance of ACF-mABSA-PANI. As a result, ACF-mABSA-PANI presents much higher specific capacitance of 599.3F/g at 0.5 A/g and much higher capacitance retention ratio of 93.8 % after 2000 charge/discharge cycles at 2 A/g while ACF-PANI only keeps 335.0F/g and 54.4 %. Braidable-supercapacitor based on ACF-mABSA-PANI electrode provides an energy density of 39.83 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 900 W kg−1 and maintains a high capacitance retention of 78.1 % after 2000 charge/discharge cycles at 2 A/g. Well-designed ACF-mABSA-PANI presents the potential and promising application for wearable electrochemical energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Poisoning effect of benzene-containing hydrocarbon-based ionomers on Pt catalysts. • Two types of orientation-dependent adsorption of benzenesulfonic acid anion for Pt. • Changes in PZTC of Pt surface according to the sequence of electrolyte replacement. • Combination of various electrochemical analyses and XPS/TPD measurements. • Time-dependent anion adsorption affecting the long-term stability of fuel cell electrodes. Membrane electrode assembly (MEA) is an essential component that mainly determines the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). In the electrodes of the MEA, ionomers are mixed with Pt-based nanoparticles to transfer protons to the Pt surface where electrochemical reactions take place. However, Pt catalysts suffer from the poisoning effect of ionomers with proton-conducting groups such as sulfonic acid (SA), resulting in performance deterioration. In particular, for emerging hydrocarbon-based ionomers, the benzene group, which is commonly used to improve their chemical structure, accelerates the poisoning effect. Herein, we experimentally simulate the adsorption of SA and benzenesulfonic acid (BSA) on Pt nanoparticles, revealing the orientation-dependent poisoning effect of BSA on the Pt surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), peeling off the PSS on its surface is a crucial step in improving its morphology and conductivity. Herein, a PVA-PP double-crosslinked hydrogel is developed using a chemical crosslinking method in situ based on PVA matrix. By utilizing dodecyl benzenesulfonic acid (DBSA), the PSS on the surface of PEDOT:PSS is partially peeled off and a distributed porous structure of PVA-PP-DBSA hydrogels is formed. The mechanical properties are greatly improved, with the tensile properties increasing from 90% to 580%. Additionally, the potential window is expanded from 0.8 V to 1.5 V. Furthermore, due to the formation of the pore structure and improved conductivity, a specific capacitance of up to 412 F g−1 (energy density of 131.4 Wh kg−1 and a power density of 1200 W kg−1) is achieved, demonstrating its excellent performance as a flexible and wearable power supply in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel intelligent photo‐controlled molecularly imprinted polymers were synthesized, based on the magnetic core‐shell structure, with 4‐[(4‐methacryloyloxy) phenylazo] benzenesulfonic acid as the functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethyl acrylate as the cross‐linking agent. Subsequently, a series of light‐controlled enrichment‐release performance showed that it only took about 30 and 10 min to reach the equilibrium photosensitive characteristic peak, respectively. The photo‐controlled polymers could intelligently select target molecules, the maximum adsorption capacity for dibutyl phthalate was 3.88 mg/g. However, the adsorption capacity for its structural analogue dicyclohexyl phthalate was only 0.88 mg/g. The Freundlich and Langmuir isothermal equations were discussed for the specific enrichment process. Finally, the photo‐controlled molecularly imprinted polymers were successfully applied to the selective detection of dibutyl phthalate, with the recovery rate of 95.4–98.4%. It could be used for the analysis of trace dibutyl phthalate in actual samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atropisomerism is a fundamental feature of substituted biaryls resulting from rotation around the biaryl axis. Different stereoisomers are formed due to restricted rotation about the single bond, a situation often found in substituted porphyrins. Previously NMR determination of porphyrin atropisomers proved difficult, if not almost impossible to accomplish, due to low resolution or unresolvable resonance signals that predominantly overlapped. Here, we shed some light on this fundamental issue found in porphyrinoid stereochemistry. Using benzenesulfonic acid (BSA) for host‐guest interactions and performing 1D, 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses, we were able to characterize all four rotamers of the nonplanar 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(2‐aminophenyl)‐2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18‐octaethylporphyirin as restricted H‐bonding complexes. Additionally, X‐ray structural analysis was used to investigate aspects of the weak host–guest interactions. A detailed assignment of the chemical signals suggests charge‐assisted complexation as a key to unravel the atropisomeric enigma. From a method development perspective, symmetry operations unique to porphyrin atropisomers offer an essential handle to accurately identify the rotamers using NMR techniques only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease with an unknown precise etiology. This study proves that Radix Hedysari (RH) ameliorates UC. Four RH extracts were used to ameliorate UC induced by 2,4‐Dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid by 7 days intervention in agreement to preliminary studies. Compared to treatment with RH extracts, the RH ethanol extract (EE) was found to be more effective in ameliorating UC. With EE, the DAI were significantly decreased. Macroscopic and histopathological assessments suggest that the colon mucosa was repaired, the organizational structure of the colon had been rebuilt. The levels of MPO, TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and MDA were significantly decreased (p <.01), the levels of T‐SOD and CAT were significantly increased (p <.01). Moreover, the compounds in EE were analyzed by HPLC. The results show that EE can ameliorate UC, and its anti‐inflammatory capability probably plays an important role. RH can act as a functional food and ameliorate UC. Practical applications: In this work, the ameliorative effect of RH on UC was evaluated from multiple angles. There are two practical applications of this work. On the one hand, a new approach to ameliorating UC is provided by this work. In addition, UC patients have a new option for improving their symptoms. On the other hand, this work also provides information on how best to process RH for therapeutic use. In addition, we can utilize some compounds of RH that were once considered useless and reduce the waste of natural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the antihyperglycemic, anti-dyslipidemic and antioxidant properties of hydromethanol extract of Eremomastax speciosa leaf in alloxan monohydrate-induced hyperglycemic rats. Methods: Hydromethanol extract of Eremomastax speciosa leaf was tested at dose range of 25 to 100 mg/kg against vehicle (distilled water) and glibenclamide (2 mg/kg, reference standard) in alloxaninduced hyperglycemic rats. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed in the identification of phytoconstituents. The fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum lipid profile, malondialdehyde, catalase and superoxide dismutase levels as well as the histopathology of the pancreas of the animals were evaluated. Results: The extract (25 mg/kg) significantly reduced FBG, lipid profile and malondialdehyde levels relative to vehicle treated group but increased the superoxide dismutase and catalase levels and reversed alloxan-induced pancreatic islet cell degeneration. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of 4,5-dimethylthiazole (4.38%), benzenesulfonic acid, methyl ester (15.62%), benzenesulfonyl chloride (40.62%), benzopyran-4-one, 5,7-dihydroxy-2-phenyl- (21.25%), 2(5H)-furanone, 4-methoxy-5-phenyl- (12.50%), and p-chlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride (5.62%). Conclusion: The hypoglycemic effect of the extract validates the folkloric uses of E. speciosa leaf in the ethnobotanical care of diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of eight quinoline-thiazole hybrid-bearing diazenylsulfonamides, 4a-4h, were synthesized and characterized by UV-Vis, FT/IR, ¹H NMR and LC-MS. These compounds were formed when two prepared intermediate precursors of Schiff-base compounds, (E)-N-((2-chloroquinolin-3-yl)methylene)-4- phenylthiazol-2-amine (3a) and (E)-N-((2-chloroquinolin-3-yl)methylene)-4-chlorophenylthiazol-2-amine (3b) were converted to the corresponding diazenyl compounds 4a-4h by treating and coupling with the individual diazonium salts of sulfa-drugs. The results of in vitro cytotoxic activity of the synthesized compounds in two cancer cell lines MCF 7 (human breast cancer cell line) and K562 (myelogenousleukemia cell line) have shown the IC50 values as given: 4b against MCF 7 19.52 and against K562 20.55µM; 4d against MCF 7 15.96 and against K562 13.05µM. Moreover, the compound 4-(((Z)-(2-chloroquinolin-3- yl)(4-phenylthiazol-2-ylimino)methyl)diazenyl)benzenesulfonic acid (4d) induced maximum percentage of apoptosis. Furthermore, the in vitro antioxidant activity study revealed that among all the synthesized compounds, compound 4d has an excellent radical scavenging effect. Molecular docking was additionally performed to investigate the binding affinity of H-bonding interaction of synthesized compounds with a targeted enzyme and to compare it with the anticancer drugs, dasatinib, bosutinib and dacarbazine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We carried out quantum chemical calculations to analyze the effects of fluorination on the activation energy (Ea) of sulfonic group deprotonation by water molecules. The model molecule was 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzenesulfonic acid (5FBSA), which was obtained by substituting all aromatic hydrogen atoms of benzenesulfonic acid (BSA) for fluorine atoms. The target hydration level was three. Our analysis indicated that the Ea of deprotonation in 5FBSA was lower than that of BSA, suggesting that the cation of 5FBSA was stabilized. Previous studies have reported that fluorinated molecules have a lower Ea to deprotonation and a stabilized deprotonated state even at a hydration level of three. This effect is attributed to the strong electron withdrawing ability of fluorine. However, compared with non-aromatic molecules, the Ea of deprotonation of aromatic molecules is slightly higher, and the overall energy change (ΔE) is lower, even if the molecule is fluorinated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) contain cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin that can be pyrolyzed to produce liquid smoke. This study characterizes the composition of liquid smoke compounds from OPEFB pyrolyzed at various temperatures. OPEFB pyrolysis was performed using slow-reactor pyrolysis at temperatures of 300°C, 320°C, 340°C, 380°C, and 420°C. The composition of the chemical compounds in the liquid smoke was then analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the concentrations of phenol and acetic acid were analyzed using spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. The results show that pyrolysis temperature affects the composition of liquid smoke compounds. The GC-MS analysis shows that liquid smoke contains more than 15 chemical compounds, including acetic acid, pyridine, benzene, benzenesulfonic acid, phenol, and toluene. Acetic acid and phenol dominate the composition of the liquid smoke. The HPLC analysis shows that the concentration of acetic acid in liquid smoke produced at the pyrolysis temperatures of 300°C, 320°C, 340°C, 380°C, and 420°C was 10.727 g/L, 17.994 g/L, 17.423 g/L, and 13.269 g/L, respectively. The highest phenol content was obtained at a temperature pyrolisis of 340°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Novel photonic and magnetic dual responsive protein MIPs were first prepared. • A water-soluble azobenzene containing photoswitchable functional monomer was synthesized. • Outstanding magnetic properties and well selective photoreponsive ability were obtained. • The MIPs exhibited specific recognition of target protein from real biological sample. Stimulated response molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have attracted wide attention not only because of their intriguing response to external stimuli, but also due to the desired molecular recognition ability. Herein, a novel dual responsive proteins MIPs with both photonic and magnetic stimuli has been developed by surface imprinting polymerization, where double bonds modified Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles, a water-soluble azobenzene containing 4-[(4-methacryloyloxy)phenylazo]benzenesulfonic acid and bovine hemoglobin (BHb) were used as magnetic core, photoswitchable functional monomer and template protein, respectively. The resultant MIPs possessed a typical spherical structure with a relative rough imprinted layer of 15 nm thickness. Moreover, the MIPs had good binding behavior toward BHb with fast binding kinetics, high adsorption capacity and satisfactory selectivity. The MIPs were proved to be well photo-controlled toward the template protein BHb under the alternating irradiation of 365 and 440 nm: 31.4% BHb was released from the MIPs at 365 nm and 67.2% BHb was bound into the MIPs at 440 nm. As a result, the MIPs were successfully applied to specifically extract template protein from actual biological sample. As a consequence, combining photocontrolled release and uptake, rapidly magnetic separation and specific recognition, the resultant MIPs with photonic and magnetic dual responsive abilities show significant advantages in the enrichment of trace protein in biological samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As sulfonated aromatic compounds are widely used in industry, they have frequently been detected in aquatic environments. This study evaluated the degradation and mineralization of 2,6-naphthalenedisulfonic acid disodium salt (2,6-NS), sodium 2-naphthalenesulfonate (2-NS), benzenesulfonic acid sodium salt (BS), and 4-vinylbenzene sulfonate sodium (4-VBS) by exposing aqueous solutions of these compounds to Co60 irradiation. The radiolytic degradation of these pollutants was found to follow pseudo-first-order kinetics. The dose required to achieve 90% degradation (D90) of these four sulfonated compounds was 0.480 (2,6-NS), 0.390 (2-NS), 0.194 (BS), and 0.280 kGy (4-VBS). The chemical radiolytic yield (G value) decreased as the absorbed dose increased; moreover, the chemical structures of these compounds affected their radiolytic efficacy. No significant reduction in radiolytic degradation was observed in the presence of inorganic anions (SO 4 2−, Cl−). The radiolytic degradation efficiency was higher when hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 , a hydroxyl radical (OH) promoter) was added. The results also showed that combining H 2 O 2 , persulfate anions (S 2 O 8 2−, a sulfate radical anion (SO 4 −) promoter), or N 2 O gas (a OH radical promoter) with the sulfonated compounds enhanced the radiolytic mineralization yield and process by reducing the required irradiation energy. In terms of the Co60/O 2 system, at an absorbed dose of 12 kGy, the total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency was almost 70%, resulting in the observed release of SO 4 2− anions. In addition, the concentration of dissolved oxygen decreased and the pH was lowered. Based on these results, irradiation with Co60 was found to be a useful tool to remedy wastewater containing sulfonated aromatic compounds. • Aromatic compounds with a sulfonate group were studied. • The focus was on compounds that have been detected in aquatic environments. • 2,6-NS, 2-NS, BS, 4-VBS were investigated. • The degradation kinetics were calculated in terms of k (kGy−1), D90, and G value. • The combined effect of radical promoters on the removal of TOCs was evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]