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The efficacy in controllinginsect pest in thecrop of a virus biopesticide was significant depends on the concentration of occlusion bodies (OB) of NPV and dosage of product released in crop field after spraying which how to meet level from 9,0 x 1011 to 3,0 x 1012 OBs per hecta. By that, it is considered to be necessaryforOBs purity and qualification when making using formulation.The result of a study undertaken in 2017 showed that theOBs of Spodoptera lituraNPV could be purified by rotational use of two times of SDS and three times of pure water. By the way, the quantity of NPV’s OB could be 2,35 x 1010 OB/ml and their harvested percentage reached 83.93%. The result of study was alsoshowed that it was possible to formulate bioproduct under the wettable powder for a hectare with adosage of 500 gram, in which the concentration of 2,0 x 109 OBs per gram equivalence an using dosage of 1 x 1012 Obs per ha of thecrop. It was also indicated that the efficacy in controllingthe insect pest reached to 81.23% with aproduct without adding 5% Boric axit and 87,14% for the product mixtured with 5% of Boric axit in alaboratory experiment, to 81,13% and 82.92% (equivalent) in greenhouse condition at 7 days after spraying.

The vibrational spectroscopy of TCNQF40, TCNQF41− and TCNQF42− has been investigated by means of density functional theory. Band assignments in infrared and Raman spectra have been clarified and a series of diagnostics developed for redox level characterisation of TCNQF4 compounds. In the CC stretching region (1460-1600 cm−1), TCNQF40 and TCNQF41− show two bands, with the more energetic being at 1600 cm−1 in TCNQF40 and at approximately 1535 cm−1 in TCNQF41−; in TCNQF42− both modes absorb below 1500 cm−1, often merging to give a single band. In the CF and endocyclic CC stretching region (1290 and 1360 cm−1), TCNQF40 and TCNQF41− show strong bands, whereas TCNQF42− absorbs weakly or not at all. (Additional bands, e.g. from co-crystallised solvent molecules, may complicate this region.) In the nitrile stretching region (2000-2250 cm−1), modes are highly sensitive to nitrile coordination by metal cations. All three redox levels can produce bands above 2200 cm−1, however bands below 2150 cm−1 are usually due to TCNQF42−. This sensitivity to coordination is likely to affect the spectra of many organic molecular ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intriguingly, coordination polymers containing TCNQ2- and TCNQF42- (TCNQ = 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane, TCNQF4 = 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane, both designated as TCNQ(F4)2-) may be generated from reaction of metal ions with TCNQ(F4)•-. An explanation is now provided in terms of a solvent-dependent dynamic disproportionation reaction. A systematic study of reactions associated with TCNQ(F4) and electrochemically generated TCNQ(F4)MeCN•- and TCNQ(F4)MeCN2- revealed that disproportionation of TCNQ(F4)MeCN•- radical anions in acetonitrile containing a low concentration of water is facilitated by the presence of ZnMeCN2+. Thus, while the disproportionation reaction 2TCNQ(F4)MeCN•- TCNQ(F4)MeCN + TCNQ(F4)MeCN2- is thermodynamically very unfavorable in this medium (Keq ≈ 9 × 10-10; TCNQF4), the preferential precipitation of ZnTCNQ(F4)(s) drives the reaction: ZnMeCN2+ + 2 TCNQ(F4)MeCN•- ZnTCNQ(F4)(s) + TCNQ(F4)MeCN. The concomitant formation of soluble TCNQ(F4)MeCN and insoluble ZnTCNQ(F4)(s) and the loss of TCNQ(F4)MeCN•- were verified by UV-visible and infrared spectroscopy and steady-state voltammetry. Importantly, the reverse reaction of comproportionation rather than disproportionation becomes the favored process in the presence of ≥3% (v/v) water, due to the increased solubility of solid ZnTCNQ(F4)(s). Thus, in this "wet" environment, ZnMeCN2+ and TCNQ(F4)MeCN•- are produced from a mixture of ZnTCNQ(F4)(s) and TCNQ(F4)MeCN and with the addition of water provides a medium for synthesis of [Zn(TCNQ(F4))2(H2O)2]. An important conclusion from this work is that the redox level of TCNQ(F4)-based materials, synthesized from a mixture of metal cations and TCNQ(F4)•-, is controlled by a solvent-dependent disproportionation/comproportionation reaction that may be tuned to favor formation of solids containing the monoanion radical, the dianion, or even a mixture of both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrocrystallization of transition metal coordination polymers MTCNQF4 containing TCNQF42- dianions and M2+ cations (TCNQF4 = 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane, M = Co or Ni) has been achieved in acetonitrile (0.1 M Bu4NPF6) at glassy carbon and indium tin oxide electrodes and the reaction pathway monitored by cyclic voltammetry and surface plasmon resonance. TCNQF4 is sequentially reduced to TCNQF4 ·- and then TCNQF42-. In the presence of M2+, the TCNQF42- formation is accompanied by the electrocrystallization of the sparingly soluble MTCNQF4 on the electrode surface. Cyclic voltammetry studies reveal that two phases of MTCNQF4 are formed. One is kinetically favoured and rapidly converts to a second thermodynamically stable phase. The formation of MTCNQF4 is possible because of the relatively high solubility of M(TCNQF4)2 derivatives. The solubilities of CoTCNQF4 and NiTCNQF4 are 8.6 × 10-6 and 9.2 × 10-6 M, respectively, in neat acetonitrile and 2.2 × 10-5 and 2.4 × 10-5 M, respectively, in an acetonitrile solution containing Bu4NPF6 (0.1 M). The presence of TCNQF42- dianions rather than TCNQF4 ·- monoanions in the coordination polymers was confirmed by UV/Vis, IR and Raman spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy images show that the morphology of the electrocrystallized MTCNQF4 depends on the applied potential for CoTCNQF4, but not for the NiTCNQF4 complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated the possibility of a photocatalytic system that uses graphene-quantum-dot (GQD)-deposited graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) to treat tetracycline (TC) and other organic compounds generated from an in-situ-recirculatory-aquaculture-system (RAS)-like shrimp farming pond. GQDs were successfully deposited on the exfoliated g-C3N4 base through a hydrothermal treatment. The results showed that the incorporation of GQDs into the g-C3N4 enhanced its porosity without aggregating its mesoporous structure. The GQDs-deposited g-C3N4 photocatalysts revealed sheet-like structures with nanopores on their surface that facilitate photocatalysis. More than 90% of the TC was removed by the photocatalysts under UV-LED irradiation. Low loadings of GQDs over g-C3N4 resulted in a faster and more effective photocatalysis of TC, mainly driven by.O2- radicals. The photocatalysts were also applicable in the degradation of organic compounds with 27% of the total organic compounds (TOC) being removed from the wastewater of a RAS-like shrimp farming pond., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The past decade has witnessed a rapid rise in the performance of optoelectronic devices based on lead-halide perovskites (LHPs). The large mobility-lifetime products and defect tolerance of these materials, essential for optoelectronics, also make them well-suited for radiation detectors, especially given the heavy elements present, which is essential for strong X-ray and γ-ray attenuation. Over the past decade, LHP thick films, wafers, and single crystals have given rise to direct radiation detectors that have outperformed incumbent technologies in terms of sensitivity (reported values up to 3.5 × 10 6 µC Gy air -1 cm -2 ), limit of detection (directly measured values down to 1.5 nGy air s -1 ), along with competitive energy and imaging resolution at room temperature. At the same time, lead-free perovskite-inspired materials (e.g., methylammonium bismuth iodide), which have underperformed in solar cells, have recently matched and, in some areas (e.g., in polarization stability), surpassed the performance of LHP detectors. These advances open up opportunities to achieve devices for safer medical imaging, as well as more effective non-invasive analysis for security, nuclear safety, or product inspection applications. Herein, the principles behind the rapid rises in performance of LHP and perovskite-inspired material detectors, and how their properties and performance link with critical applications in non-invasive diagnostics are discussed. The key strategies to engineer the performance of these materials, and the important challenges to overcome to commercialize these new technologies are also discussed., (© 2023 The Authors. Advanced Materials published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Polarimetric imaging systems combining machine learning is emerging as a promising tool for the support of diagnosis and intervention decision-making processes in cancer detection/staging. A present study proposes a novel method based on Mueller matrix imaging combining optical parameters and machine learning models for classifying the progression of skin cancer based on the identification of three different types of mice skin tissues: healthy, papilloma, and squamous cell carcinoma. Three different machine learning algorithms (K-Nearest Neighbors, Decision Tree, and Support Vector Machine (SVM)) are used to construct a classification model using a dataset consisting of Mueller matrix images and optical properties extracted from the tissue samples. The experimental results show that the SVM model is robust to discriminate among three classes in the training stage and achieves an accuracy of 94 % on the testing dataset. Overall, it is provided that polarimetric imaging systems and machine learning algorithms can dynamically combine for the reliable diagnosis of skin cancer., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

One of the various sorts of damage to asphalt concrete is cracking. Repeated loads, the deterioration or aging of material combinations, or structural factors can contribute to the development of cracks. Asphalt concrete's crack resistance is represented by the CT index. 107 CT Index data samples from the University of Transport Technology's lab are measured. These data samples are used to establish a database from which a Machine Learning (ML) model for predicting the CT Index of asphalt concrete can be built. For creating the highest performing machine learning model, three well-known machine learning methods are introduced: Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and Multivariable Adaptive Regression Spines (MARS). Monte Carlo simulation is used to verify the accuracy of the ML model, which includes the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), and coefficient of determination (R2). The RF model is the most effective ML model, according to analysis and evaluation of performance indicators. By SHAPley Additive exPlanations based on RF model, the input Aggregate content passing 4.75 mm sieve (AP4.75) has a significant effect on the variation of CT Index value. In following, the descending order is Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement content (RAP) > Bitumen content (BC) > Flash point (FP) > Softening point > Rejuvenator content (RC) > Aggregate content passing 0.075mm sieve (AP0.075) > Penetration at 25°C (P). The results study contributes to selecting a suitable AI approach to quickly and accurately determine the CT Index of asphalt concrete mixtures., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist, (Copyright: © 2023 Nguyen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

The crystallization of nanocrystal building blocks into artificial superlattices has emerged as an efficient approach for tailoring the nanoscale properties and functionalities of novel devices. To date, ordered arrays of colloidal metal halide nanocrystals have mainly been achieved by using post-synthetic strategies. Here, a rapid and direct liquid-phase synthesis is presented to achieve a highly robust crystallization of luminescent metal halide nanocrystals into perfect face-centered-cubic (FCC) superlattices on the micrometer scale. The continuous growth of individual nanocrystals is observed within the superlattice, followed by the disassembly of the superlattices into individually dispersed nanocrystals owing to the highly repulsive interparticle interactions induced by large nanocrystals. Transmission electron microscopy characterization reveals that owing to an increase in solvent entropy, the structure of the superlattices transforms from FCC to hexagonal close-packed (HCP) and the nanocrystals disassemble. The FCC superlattice exhibits a single and slightly redshifted emission, due to the reabsorption-free property of the building block units. Compared to individual nanocrystals, the superlattices have three times higher quantum yield with improved environmental stability, making them ideal for use as ultrabright blue-light emitters. This study is expected to facilitate the creation of metamaterials with ordered nanocrystal structures and their practical applications., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Flexible sensing devices have attracted significant attention for various applications, such as medical devices, environmental monitoring, and healthcare. Numerous materials have been used to fabricate flexible sensing devices and improve their sensing performance in terms of their electrical and mechanical properties. Among the studied materials, conductive polymers are promising candidates for next-generation flexible, stretchable, and wearable electronic devices because of their outstanding characteristics, such as flexibility, light weight, and non-toxicity. Understanding the interesting properties of conductive polymers and the solution-based deposition processes and patterning technologies used for conductive polymer device fabrication is necessary to develop appropriate and highly effective flexible sensors. The present review provides scientific evidence for promising strategies for fabricating conductive polymer-based flexible sensors. Specifically, the outstanding nature of the structures, conductivity, and synthesis methods of some of the main conductive polymers are discussed. Furthermore, conventional and innovative technologies for preparing conductive polymer thin films in flexible sensors are identified and evaluated, as are the potential applications of these sensors in environmental and human health monitoring.

Significance: The combination of polarized imaging with artificial intelligence (AI) technology has provided a powerful tool for performing an objective and precise diagnosis in medicine., Aim: An approach is proposed for the detection of hepatitis B (HB) virus using a combined Mueller matrix imaging technique and deep learning method., Approach: In the proposed approach, Mueller matrix imaging polarimetry is applied to obtain 4 × 4 Mueller matrix images of 138 HBsAg-containing (positive) serum samples and 136 HBsAg-free (negative) serum samples. The kernel estimation density results show that, of the 16 Mueller matrix elements, elements M 22 and M 33 provide the best discriminatory power between the positive and negative samples., Results: As a result, M 22 and M 33 are taken as the inputs to five different deep learning models: Xception, VGG16, VGG19, ResNet 50, and ResNet150. It is shown that the optimal classification accuracy (94.5%) is obtained using the VGG19 model with element M 22 as the input., Conclusions: Overall, the results confirm that the proposed hybrid Mueller matrix imaging and AI framework provides a simple and effective approach for HB virus detection., (© 2022 The Authors.)

The evolution of influenza viruses is fundamentally shaped by within-host processes. However, the within-host evolutionary dynamics of influenza viruses remain incompletely understood, in part because most studies have focused on infections in healthy adults based on single timepoint data. Here, we analyzed the within-host evolution of 82 longitudinally sampled individuals, mostly young children, infected with A/H1N1pdm09 or A/H3N2 viruses between 2007 and 2009. For A/H1N1pdm09 infections during the 2009 pandemic, nonsynonymous minority variants were more prevalent than synonymous ones. For A/H3N2 viruses in young children, early infection was dominated by purifying selection. As these infections progressed, nonsynonymous variants typically increased in frequency even when within-host virus titers decreased. Unlike the short-lived infections of adults where de novo within-host variants are rare, longer infections in young children allow for the maintenance of virus diversity via mutation-selection balance creating potentially important opportunities for within-host virus evolution., Competing Interests: AH, ZF, MW, RV, NT, TL, TP, DD, TT, MH, TN, QL, TL, TH, KC, PP, VN, MN, VN, TD, TT, HW, PH, AF, Hv, DE, Md, CR No competing interests declared, (© 2021, Han et al.)

Significance: The Mueller matrix decomposition method is widely used for the analysis of biological samples. However, its presumed sequential appearance of the basic optical effects (e.g., dichroism, retardance, and depolarization) limits its accuracy and application., Aim: An approach is proposed for detecting and classifying human melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer lesions based on the characteristics of the Mueller matrix elements and a random forest (RF) algorithm., Approach: In the proposal technique, 669 data points corresponding to the 16 elements of the Mueller matrices obtained from 32 tissue samples with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), basal cell carcinoma (BCC), melanoma, and normal features are input into an RF classifier as predictors., Results: The results show that the proposed model yields an average precision of 93%. Furthermore, the classification results show that for biological tissues, the circular polarization properties (i.e., elements m44, m34, m24, and m14 of the Mueller matrix) dominate the linear polarization properties (i.e., elements m13, m31, m22, and m41 of the Mueller matrix) in determining the classification outcome of the trained classifier., Conclusions: Overall, our study provides a simple, accurate, and cost-effective solution for developing a technique for classification and diagnosis of human skin cancer.

CsPbBr 3 perovskite nanocrystals with two different dimensionalities were synthesized at different temperatures and then integrated as optoelectronic transducers into transistor-type photoconversion devices. Postsynthesis transformation was observed for two-dimensional (2D) nanoplatelets, while the transformation was rarely found in 3D nanocubes. At ambient temperature and pressure, neighboring nanoplatelets made facet-to-facet contact and then fused into larger 2D nanoplatelets (2-5 times) without defects. The coalescence of 2D nanoplatelets at the ambient condition lowered the density of defects at the surface of the nanocrystals and thus could facilitate effective and stable photoconversion behavior in the nanocrystal film integrated into the device. Consequently, the ambient-condition aging of 2D nanoplatelets on device substrate led to 3 times higher retention in photoconversion performance. Importantly, these results provide a new concept of how perovskite nanocrystals can be integrated into a device for enhanced stability in device performance.

The functionalization of nanocarbon materials such as graphene has attracted considerable attention over the past decades. In this work, we designed and synthesized a unique N-heterocyclic carbene compound with a pyrene tail group (NHCp) to investigate how carbene species can be used for the functionalization of graphene. Although the carbene moiety of NHCp has the ability to covalently bond to graphene, the pyrene tail can noncovalently interact with graphene and allows monitoring its surrounding microenvironment. The major characteristics of the resulting nanohybrids were highly dependent on the type of graphene and the NHCp-to-graphene weight ratio. Importantly, despite the covalent functionalization of graphene, an anomalous decrease in the intensity of the Raman D peak and improved conductivity were observed for the nanohybrids. It was found that the covalent bond of NHCp to the graphene edge may allow the hybridization of their orbitals, which affects electronic energy levels and alters the double resonance process that originates the D peak at the edge defect. Importantly, the NHCp compound can act as a π acceptor (not just as a σ donor) via the NHCp-graphene covalent bridge. This is the first report showing that the concept of π-backdonation can be realized in two-dimensional materials, such as graphene, and rationally designed carbene molecules can functionalize graphene without losing their beneficial sp2 hybridization characteristics.

The fascinating properties of single-layer graphene isolated by mechanical exfoliation have inspired extensive research efforts toward two-dimensional (2D) materials. Layered compounds serve as precursors for atomically thin 2D materials (briefly, 2D nanomaterials) owing to their strong intraplane chemical bonding but weak interplane van der Waals interactions. There are newly emerging 2D materials beyond graphene, and it is becoming increasingly important to develop cost-effective, scalable methods for producing 2D nanomaterials with controlled microstructures and properties. The variety of developed synthetic techniques can be categorized into two classes: bottom-up and top-down approaches. Of top-down approaches, the exfoliation of bulk 2D materials into single or few layers is the most common. This review highlights chemical and physical exfoliation methods that allow for the production of 2D nanomaterials in large quantities. In addition, remarkable examples of utilizing exfoliated 2D nanomaterials in energy and environmental applications are introduced., (© 2020 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Quantum dots (QDs) have been widely studied as promising materials for various applications because of their outstanding photoluminescence (PL). Although ligand exchange methods for QDs have been developed over two decades, the PL quantum yield (QY) of aqueous phase QDs is still lower than that of their organic phase and the mechanism of quenching has not been clearly understood. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that 3-mercaptopropionic-capped CdZnSeS/ZnS core/shell QDs obtained via ligand exchange in a ternary solvent system containing chloroform/water/dimethyl sulfoxide can enable the fast phase transfer and zero reduction of PL under ambient condition. The new solvent system allows the ligand-exchanged QDs to exhibit enhanced QYs up to 8.1% of that of the organic-phase QDs. Based on both theoretical calculation and experiment, it was found that control over the physical/chemical perturbation between the organic/aqueous phases by choosing appropriate solvents for the ligand exchange process is very important to preserve the optical properties of QDs. We believe that our new technologies and theoretical knowledge offer opportunities for the future design and optimization of highly stable and highly luminescent aqueous-phase QDs for various applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Insulating polymers have received little attention in electronic applications. Here, we synthesize a photoresponsive, amphiphilic block copolymer (PEO-b-PVBO) and further control the chain growth of the block segment (PVBO) to obtain different degrees of polymerization (DPs). The benzylidene oxazolone moiety in PEO-b-PVBO facilitated chain-conformational changes due to photoisomerization under visible/ultraviolet (UV) light illumination. Intercalation of the photoresponsive but electrically insulating PEO-b-PVBO into graphene sheets enabled electrical monitoring of the conformational change of the block copolymer at the molecular level. The current change at the microampere level was proportional to the DP of PVBO, demonstrating that the PEO-b-PVBO-intercalated graphene nanohybrid (PGNH) can be used in UV sensors. Additionally, discrete signals at the nanoampere level were separated from the first derivative of the time-dependent current using the fast Fourier transform (FFT). Analysis of the harmonic frequencies using the FFT revealed that the PGNH afforded sawtooth-type current flow mediated by Coulomb blockade oscillation.

Background: HIV-infected children suffer from higher levels of treatment failure compared to adults. Immunoactivation, including humoral immunoactivation reflected by increased immunoglobulin levels, is believed to occur early during HIV infection. Therefore, we wanted investigate alteration in immunoglobulin levels in association with treatment response in HIV-infected children., Methods: A nested case-control study was conducted using clinical data collected from 68 HIV-infected children enrolled at the National Hospital of Pediatrics, Vietnam., Results: The results showed that immunoglobulin levels, CD4 T-cell counts, CD4 T-cell percentage, and HIV load were significantly higher in the treatment-failure group than the treatment-success group at treatment initiation. IgG and IgA levels were negatively correlated with CD4 T-cell counts ( P =0.049 and P <0.01, respectively) and positively correlated with HIV load ( P =0.04 and P =0.02, respectively). In addition, IgG and IgA levels were independently associated with treatment response, analyzed by Cox regression analysis (HR 1.19 [ P =0.049] and HR 1.69 [ P <0.01], respectively)., Conclusion: Elevation of IgA levels occurred early during HIV infection, and might have a prognostic role in treatment response., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Objectives: Over the past decades, Vietnam has made great strides in reducing the rate of mortality in HIV-related deaths, due to increased access of antiretroviral therapy (ART); however, given the significantly high level of treatment failure (TF), it is essential to identify markers that describe the failure of ART in HIV-1 infected children., Methods: A nested case-control study was conducted with clinical data collected from 101 HIV-infected children [26 TF and 75 treatment success (TS)] at National Hospital of Pediatrics, Vietnam (2008-2012)., Results: The results showed that certain factors including height, weight, vaccination with Hepatitis B, and platelet were significantly different between TF and TS before starting the treatment. In addition, age to start the treatment, CD4 percentage, and opportunistic infection were found to significantly predict treatment outcome most frequently, implying the importance of clinical markers in the treatment response by Cox regression analysis., Conclusions: There is an inherent complexity within clinical markers that is challenging to determine HIV-pediatric failure and further research is needed to build a complete picture to guide clinical, evidence-based practice.