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As LED applications with fast dimming appears, it is required that the variable pulse position modulation (VPPM)-based visible light communications (VLC) scheme works in this environment also. With the previous VPPM scheme, however, transmission was made possible only in different dimming levels, not in the transition period. In this work, we propose a novel VPPM scheme to operate even in rapid brightness fluctuation environment. For this purpose, we adopt a stepwise brightness change at the LED and moving average correlation masks to cope with the changing brightness. The implemented VLC testbed demonstrates that the proposed scheme is appropriate for fast dimming environment.

As the development of IT and scientific technology, very large amounts of knowledge data are continuously being created and the big data era can be said to have arrived. Therefore, RDF store inserting and inquiring into knowledge bases has to be scaled up in order to deal with such large sources of data. To this end, we propose a scalable distributed RDF store based on a distributed database that uses bulk-loading for billions of triples to store data and to respond to user queries quickly. In order to achieve this purpose, we introduce a bulk-loading algorithm using the MapReduce framework and the SPARQL query processing engine to connect to a large distributed database. Experimental results show that the proposed bulk-loading algorithm achieves 67.893K triples per second to load approximately 33 billion triples. Therefore, the experiment proves proposed RDF store can manage billions of triples scale data.

Environments in nuclear power plants (NPPs) are changing as the design of instrumentation and control systems for NPPs is rapidly moving toward fully digital instrumentation and control, and modern computer techniques are gradually introduced into main control rooms (MCRs). Within the context of these environmental changes, the level of performance of operators in a digital MCR is a major concern. Situation awareness (SA), which is used within human factors research to explain to what extent operators of safety-critical systems know what is transpiring in the system and the environment, is considered a prerequisite factor to guarantee the safe operation of NPPs. However, the safe operation of NPPs can be guaranteed through a team effort. In this regard, the operating team's SA in a conventional and digital MCR should be measured in order to assess whether the new design features implemented in a digital MCR affect this parameter. This paper explains the team SA measurement method used in this study and the results of applying this measurement method to operating teams in different MCR environments. The paper also discusses several empirical lessons learned from the results.

In this study, a flotation process is proposed for separating the arsenic-bearing minerals to recycle the soil surrounding the Janghang refinery in South Korea, which contains a high level of arsenic. To maximize the arsenic recovery, several experimental parameters were systematically investigated. X-ray diffraction revealed that the contaminated soil was mainly composed of arsenopyrite (FeAsS), arsenic trioxide (As 4 O 6 ), arsenic pentoxide (As 2 O 5 ), and quartz (SiO 2 ). Flotation experiments with various concentrations of potassium amyl xanthate (PAX) showed that arsenic recovery increased with increasing PAX concentration. The addition of activators (Na 2 S, CuSO 4 , Na 2 S + CuSO 4 ) in pulp pH greatly increased the arsenic recovery. In addition, oil agglomerate flotation was conducted to enhance the arsenic recovery by improving the separation of fine particles. The results showed that arsenic recovery increased with increasing nonpolar oil concentration. Based on the results obtained from the optimization tests, a flotation process by which the arsenic-contaminated soils can be recycled was successfully designed.

We demonstrated nanofloating gate transistor memory devices (NFGTMs) using mechanically-exfoliated few-layered black phosphorus (BP) channels and gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) charge trapping layers. The resulting BP-NFGTMs exhibited excellent memory performances, including the five-level data storage, large memory window (58.2 V), stable retention (10(4) s), and cyclic endurance (1000 cycles).

Carbonation has been considered as an alternative to prevent CO2 leakage. In this study, calcium-doped mesoporous silica (CDMS) was introduced into Portland cement as a promoter of carbonation. An admixture of CDMS and American Petroleum Institute (API) Class G Portland cement exposed to CO2-saturated water was analyzed under geologic sequestration conditions (40 °C and 80 MPa) to assess the carbonation properties and self-healing effect of CDMS for CO2 storage. The capacity of CDMS to synthesize CaCO3 from CO2 via carbonation was identified in an in vitro crystallization test. Analysis of the cut surface of a cement core showed the rapid synthesis of CaCO3 including calcite and aragonite. Rietveld analysis was employed for quantitative phase analysis. The quantitative analysis of the cement carbonation showed that tricalcium silicate (C3S) and dicalcium silicate (C2S) play important roles in cement carbonation. Several crystal phases of CaCO3 were identified in this study including calcite, aragonite and amorphous CaCO3. X-ray diffractometry (XRD), a field emission-scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS), 29Si MAS-NMR (magic angle spinning–nuclear magnetic resonance) spectrometry, thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) and FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) were applied to characterize the admixture. Keywords: CO2 storage, Self-healing, Portland cement, Cement carbonation, CaCO3

The stability of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in biological samples is very important for their biomedical applications. Although various molecules such as polystyrenesulfonate (PSS), phosphine, DNA, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) have been used to stabilize AuNPs, it is still very difficult to stabilize large AuNPs. As a result, biomedical applications of large (30-100 nm) AuNPs are limited, even though they possess more favorable optical properties and are easier to be taken up by cells than smaller AuNPs. To overcome this limitation, we herein report a novel method of preparing large (30-100 nm) AuNPs with a high colloidal stability and facile chemical or biological functionality, via surface passivation with an amphiphilic polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). This PVP passivation results in an extraordinary colloidal stability for 13, 30, 50, 70, and 100 nm AuNPs to be stabilized in PBS for at least 3 months. More importantly, the PVP capped AuNPs (AuNP-PVP) were also resistant to protein adsorption in the presence of serum containing media and exhibit a negligible cytotoxicity. The AuNP-PVPs functionalized with a DNA aptamer AS1411 remain biologically active, resulting in significant increase in the uptake of the AuNPs (∼12,200 AuNPs per cell) in comparison with AuNPs capped by a control DNA of the same length. The novel method developed in this study to stabilize large AuNPs with high colloidal stability and biological activity will allow much wider applications of these large AuNPs for biomedical applications, such as cellular imaging, molecular diagnosis, and targeted therapy.

THz waves transmission amplitude at room temperature. Notably, we found that the amount of the trapped charge carriers within the fully randomized, complex molecular defects (i.e., localized impurity states (LIS)) of GO can be precisely adjusted by the DC biasing with versatile and simple device architecture (i.e., a two-terminal, interdigitated electrode device); the excitation of the electrically trapped charge carrier in turn leads to a large change in broadband THz transmission (e.g., ≈ 30% at 1.0 THz). This dramatic change in broadband THz transmission (i.e., ≈0.3–2 THz) was achieved with a deepsubwavelength (< λ /10,000) thick GO paper (≈ 500 nm) without any assistance of the foreign structural motifs (e.g., metamaterials, plasmonic structures, and Fabry–Perot architectures). Systematic THz spectroscopy of the chemically reduced GO further revealed the critical role of GO’s complex molecular defects in the active control of broadband THz transmission. Also, we observed the trapped charge carriers within LIS of GO can additionally provide interesting hysteretic behavior in the control of broadband THz transmission, which could be applied to the THz-based photonic memory devices. Figure 1 a–c presents schematic and macro/microscopic images of the two-terminal GO devices used in the present work. The GO device mainly consists of two functional parts: (i) GO paper (i.e., multistacked GO fl akes) and (ii) two-terminal, interdigitated gold (Au) electrodes (Au microwire array) patterned on the polyimide (PI) fl exible substrate (2.6 μm in thickness). High-quality monolayer GO fl akes, prepared by acidic chemical exfoliation of graphite, [ 23 ] were dispersed in deionized water; then, GO aqueous solutions were vacuumfi ltrated in order to obtain mechanically robust, freestanding paper platform (≈500 nm in averaged thickness). The transmission electron microscope image and UV–vis spectroscopy of the obtained GO fl akes are summarized in Figures S1 and S2 in the Supporting Information. In particular, UV–vis spectroscopy and its Tauc plot analysis verify the presence of both energy bandgap (3.4−4.0 eV) and LIS, which makes GO contrast to graphene with zero bandgap. The mechanical robustness of the paper-type fi lm can facilitate the transfer of GO onto any desired substrate; herein, by using solvent-assisted transfer printing (see Figure S3 in the Supporting Information), GO paper was directly integrated onto the surface of the interdigitated, two-terminal electrodes (100 nm thick Au micro wire array with 10 nm Ti adhesion layer), as shown in Figure 1 b–d. Scanning electron microscope image in Figure 1 d shows the large-area GO paper (1 cm × 2 cm), conformably printed onto the predeveloped electrodes. The average roughness of GO (i.e., root-mean-square) was measured about 180 nm, which is still far below the wavelength of interest (Figure S4 in the Two-Terminal Graphene Oxide Devices for Electrical Modulation of Broadband Terahertz Waves

The effects of CO2 flow rate and calcium source on the particle size (PS) and specific surface area (SSA) of CaCO3 particles were evaluated using microbubble generator (MBG) and air diffuser (AD) systems. The carbonate mineralization (CM) and precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) methods were employed to produce CaCO3 using gypsum and Ca(OH)2 as the calcium sources, respectively. The CaCO3 particles prepared using the MBG were smaller (with larger specific surface area) than those obtained using the conventional AD, regardless of the calcium source. The average PSs were 2–3 and 7–9 μm for the MBG and AD systems, respectively. Moreover, the PS and SSA of the particles prepared using the MBG were not greatly affected by the CO2 injection rate. This study clearly demonstrates that the use of an MBG ensures the stable production of fine CaCO3 particles using various calcium sources and a wider range of CO2 flow rates.

We introduce a low-melting-point (MP) Sn-P-F-O glass ceramic material into the phosphor-in-glass (PIG) material to realize an ‘on-chip’ chip-on-board (COB) type of phosphor-converted (pc) white light-emitting diode (WLED) with green (BaSr)2SiO4:Eu2+ and red (SrCa)AlSiN3:Eu2+ (SCASN) phosphors. The optimum Sn-P-F-O-based ceramic components can be sintered into the glass phase with a facile one-step heating process at 285 °C for 1 min. Specifically, these soft-fabrication conditions can be optimized to minimize the degradation of the luminescent properties of the red SCASN phosphor as well as the green silicate phosphor in PIG-based white COB-type pc-LEDs owing to the low thermal loss of the phosphors at low fabrication temperatures below 300 °C. Moreover, the constituents of the COB package, in this case the wire bonding and plastic exterior, can be preserved simultaneously from thermal damage. That is, the low sintering temperature of the glass ceramic encapsulant is a very important factor to realize excellent optical qualities of white COB LEDs. The optical performances of low-MP Sn-P-F-O-based PIG on-chip COB-type pc-WLEDs exhibit low yellowing phenomena, good luminous efficacy of 70.9–86.0 lm/W, excellent color rendering index of 94–97 with correlated color temperatures from 2700 to 10000 K, and good long-term stability.

Advanced materials with low density and high strength impose transformative impacts in the construction, aerospace, and automobile industries. These materials can be realized by assembling well-designed modular building units (BUs) into interconnected structures. This study uses a hierarchical design strategy to demonstrate a new class of carbon-based, ultralight, strong, and even superelastic closed-cellular network structures. Here, the BUs are prepared by a multiscale design approach starting from the controlled synthesis of functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets at the molecular- and nanoscale, leading to the microfluidic fabrication of spherical solid-shelled bubbles at the microscale. Then, bubbles are strategically assembled into centimeter-scale 3D structures. Subsequently, these structures are transformed into self-interconnected and structurally reinforced closed-cellular network structures with plesiohedral cellular units through post-treatment, resulting in the generation of 3D graphene lattices with rhombic dodecahedral honeycomb structure at the centimeter-scale. The 3D graphene suprastructure concurrently exhibits the Young's modulus above 300 kPa while retaining a light density of 7.7 mg cm-3 and sustaining the elasticity against up to 87% of the compressive strain benefiting from efficient stress dissipation through the complete space-filling closed-cellular network. The method of fabricating the 3D graphene closed-cellular structure opens a new pathway for designing lightweight, strong, and superelastic materials.

CO2 mineralization is a method of sequestering CO2 in the form of carbonated minerals. Brine discharged from seawater desalination is a potential source of Mg and Ca, which can precipitate CO2 as forms of their carbonate minerals. The concentration of Mg and Ca in brine are twice those in the seawater influent to desalination process. This study used a cycle for CO2 mineralization that involves an increase in the pH of the brine, followed by CO2 bubbling, and, finally, filtration. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that non-synthesized brine from a seawater desalination plant has been used for CO2 mineralization. The resulting precipitates were CaCO3 (calcite), Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·4H2O (hydromagnesite), and NaCl (halite) with these materials being identified by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and thermo gravimetric-differentail thermal Analysis (TGA)-DTA. Despite the presence of Ca with Mg in brine being unfavorable for the precipitation of Mg carbonate, Mg reacted with CO2 to form hydromagnesite at a yield of 86%. Most of the Ca formed calcite, at 99% yield. This study empirically demonstrates that brine from seawater desalination plants can be used for CO2 mineralization.

Previously, we investigated extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) on diverse DNA damage responses, such as phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX), comet tail moments, and aneuploidy production in several non-tumorigenic epithelial or fibroblast cell lines. However, the effect of ELF-MF on DNA damage responses in neuronal cells may not be well evaluated. Here, we investigated the effects of ELF-MF on the DNA damage responses in HT22 non-tumorigenic mouse neuronal cells. Exposure to a 60-Hz, 2 mT ELF-MF did not produce any increased γH2AX expression, comet tail moments, or aneuploidy formation. However, 2 mT ELF-MF transiently increased the cell number. From the results, ELF-MF could affect the DNA damage responses differently, depending on the cell lines.

The purpose of this study is to understand hiking-tourist behavior by exploring tourist motivation, personal values, subjective well-being, and revisit intention. The study demonstrates the theoretical and empirical evidence of the relationships among the four constructs. Using a sample drawn from tourists in South Korea, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is carried out. As a result, “enjoying the natural environment and escaping from daily life”, “pursuing new type of travel”, “pursuing healthy life”, and “pursuing intimacy” are classified as motivations for hiking tourists. Moreover, in order to investigate the relevant relationships among the four constructs, a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach is used. The results indicate that revisit intention is affected by tourist motivation and subjective well-being. Furthermore, hiking-tourists’ motivation and personal values are effective predictors of subjective well-being.

BACKGROUND Numerous surgical techniques for failed dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) have been described. The aim of this study was to compare nonlaser endoscopic endonasal DCR revision surgery and diode laser transcanalicular DCR revision surgery. This study described the success rate, merits, and demerits of each surgery, and compared them. PATIENTS AND METHODS As retrospective comparative study, 76 patients, who underwent revision DCR between January 2005 and September 2010, were included. The patients were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 consisted of 34 patients (average 59.2 yr), who were treated with nonlaser endoscopic endonasal revision DCR. Group 2 consisted of 42 patients (average 58.7 yr), who were treated with diode laser transcanalicular revision DCR. The visual analog scale (VAS) was used for clinical pain assessment. The mean follow-up period was 12.8 months for group 1 and 12.2 months for group 2. RESULTS Success of revision DCR was defined as resolution of epiphora and patency of nasolacrimal drainage system, confirmed by irrigation and endoscopic examination. Moreover, 88.2% of patients (30 of 34 cases) were successful in group 1 and 90.5% (38 of 42 cases) in group 2. This difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.519). The operating time in group 2 (25.4 min) was significantly shorter than that of group 1 (43.8 min) (P < 0.001). The average VAS score of group 1 was 3.9 ± 1.4, compared with 1.9 ± 1.2 of group 2 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS There is no significant difference in success rates of the 2 groups. However, diode laser transcanalicular revision DCR is recommended, as operating time was shorter and showed lower VAS score.

One of the benefits of LED lighting is its convenient dimming control. If dimmable LED lamps are used for visible light communication (VLC), then it will be useful not only for data transmission but also for energy savings or emotional lighting. In this paper, we consider variable pulse position modulation (VPPM)-based VLC, which can transmit data while changing brightness of LED lamps. For the implementation of this system, we propose a correlator-based receiver structure in decoding VPPM signals regardless of dimming levels with improved performance in noisy environment. We implemented a test system and measured the performance under various dimming environments.

This article describes a technique which estimates line-of-sight LOS parameters of each CCD array in a high-resolution electro-optical sensor on board a satellite using statistical information which is extracted automatically from a large number of real images acquired after launch. First, the focal length of panchromatic PAN CCD arrays is estimated by using thousands of ground control points GCPs converted to raw image space. Second, a model is introduced for deriving LOS parameters for multispectral MS CCD arrays in one focal plane assembly FPA such as the focal lengths and the first/last detector cell positions from automatically matched band-to-band B2B tie-points. Finally, the LOS parameters of all arrays in one FPA are updated using automatically matched tie-points in the overlap zone OZ in order to represent the geometrical relationship between the CCD arrays with the same spectral band in two FPAs. The proposed technique was applied to the calibration of a ground segment image processor for a currently operating high-resolution imaging satellite during its initial commissioning phase. This article describes the accuracy and robustness of the LOS parameters estimated by the proposed technique by using more than one hundred images covering full geographical locations and off-nadir tilt angle ranges.

A customized graphene doping method was developed involving stamping using a chemically functionalized rubber lens as a novel design strategy for fabricating advanced two-dimensional (2D) materials-based electronic devices. Our stamping strategy enables deterministic control over the doping level and the spatial pattern of the doping on graphene. The dopants introduced onto graphene were locally and continuously controlled by directly stamping dopants using a chemically functionalized hemispherical rubber lens onto the graphene. The rubber lens was functionalized using two different dopants: poly(ethylene imine) to achieve n-type doping and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amine to achieve p-type doping. The graphene doping was systematically controlled by varying both the contact area (between the rubber lens and the graphene) and the contact time. Graphene doping using a stamp with a chemically functionalized rubber lens was confirmed by both Raman spectroscopy and charge transport measurements. We theoretically modeled the conductance properties of the spatially doped graphene using the effective medium theory and found excellent agreement with the experimental results. Finally, complementary inverters were successfully demonstrated by connecting n-type and p-type graphene transistors fabricated using the stamping doping method. We believe that this versatile doping method for controlling charge transport in graphene will further promote graphene electronic device applications. The doping method introduced in this paper may also be applied to other emergent 2D materials to tightly modulate the electrical properties in advanced electronic devices.

The advantages of graphene photodetectors were utilized to design a new multifunctional graphene optoelectronic device. Organic semiconductors, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and graphene were combined to fabricate a photodetecting device with a nonvolatile memory function for storing photonic signals. A pentacene organic semiconductor acted as a light absorption layer in the device and provided a high hole photocurrent to the graphene channel. The AuNPs, positioned between the tunneling and blocking dielectric layers, acted as both a charge trap layer and a plasmonic light scatterer, which enable storing of the information about the incident light. The proposed pentacene-graphene-AuNP hybrid photodetector not only performed well as a photodetector in the visible light range, it also was able to store the photonic signal in the form of persistent current. The good photodetection performance resulted from the plasmonics-enabled enhancement of the optical absorption and from the photogating mechanisms in the pentacene. The device provided a photoresponse that depended on the wavelength of incident light; therefore, the signal information (both the wavelength and intensity) of the incident light was effectively committed to memory. The simple process of applying a negative pulse gate voltage could then erase the programmed information. The proposed photodetector with the capacity to store a photonic signal in memory represents a significant step toward the use of graphene in optoelectronic devices.

UV curable adhesives with different acrylic functionalities were synthesized for temporary bonding and debonding process in 3D multi-chip packaging process. The aim is to study various factors which have an influence on UV curing. The properties and curing behaviors were investigated by gel fraction, peel strength, probe tack, and shear adhesion failure temperature. The results show that the properties and curing behaviors are dependent on not only acrylic functionalities of binders but also UV doses and coating thickness.

Copyright©2016 Korean Geriatric Society This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). ▸Received: October 1, 2015, ▸Revised: January 27, 2016 ▸Accepted: February 4, 2016 Address for correspondence: Eun Phil Heo, MD, PhD Department of Dermatology, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 158, Palyong-ro, MasanHoiwon-gu, Changwon 51353, Korea Tel: +82-55-290-6052, Fax: +82-55-290-1274 E-mail: epheo@hanmail.net 대상포진 후 발생한 복벽의 가성 탈장

Peptide assemblies have received significant attention because of their important role in biology and applications in bionanotechnology. Despite recent efforts to elucidate the principles of peptide self-assembly for developing novel functional devices, peptide self-assembly on two-dimensional nanomaterials has remained challenging. Here, we report nature-inspired two-dimensional peptide self-assembly on pristine graphene via optimization of peptide–peptide and peptide–graphene interactions. Two-dimensional peptide self-assembly was designed based on statistical analyses of >104 protein structures existing in nature and atomistic simulation-based structure predictions. We characterized the structures and surface properties of the self-assembled peptide formed on pristine graphene. Our study provides insights into the formation of peptide assemblies coupled with two-dimensional nanomaterials for further development of nanobiocomposite devices.

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanomanipulation has been viewed as a deterministic method for the assembly of plasmonic metamolecules because it enables unprecedented engineering of clusters with exquisite control over particle number and geometry. Nevertheless, the dimensionality of plasmonic metamolecules via AFM nanomanipulation is limited to 2D, so as to restrict the design space of available artificial electromagnetisms. Here, we show that “2D” nanomanipulation of the AFM tip can be used to assemble “3D” plasmonic metamolecules in a versatile and deterministic way by dribbling highly spherical and smooth gold nanospheres (NSs) on a nanohole template rather than on a flat surface. Various 3D plasmonic clusters with controlled symmetry were successfully assembled with nanometer precision; the relevant 3D plasmonic modes (i.e., artificial magnetism and magnetic-based Fano resonance) were fully rationalized by both numerical calculation and dark-field spectroscopy. This templating strategy for advancing AFM nanomanipulation can be generalized to exploit the fundamental understanding of various electromagnetic 3D couplings and can serve as the basis for the design of metamolecules, metafluids, and metamaterials.

Various electrical devices, which radiate electromagnetic Helds of frequency ranges below 30 MHz, such as wireless power transfer systems, wireless charging devices, and PDP TVs, have been widely developed and manufactured. These devices radiate the spurious emissions of low frequency bands, below 30 MHz, and could affect other devices. In response to this, IEC CISPR has been discussing and standardizing the measurement and validation methods below 30 MHz. In addition, researchers who attended the CISPR annual meeting suggested the normalized site attenuation (NSA) method. However, this method has several problems in terms of the antenna factors, antenna feeding point, NSA values, etc. We found the NSA values and antenna factors to be the most important problem when the test is repeatedly performed. We need to recalculate the NSA values according to exact antenna shape and where the antenna feed point is. Therefore, we recalculated and adopted new NSA values by using the NEC program. According to the site validation test results, the calculated site attenuation deviation is satisfied within 4 dB ranges.

Owing to the development of big-data-related technology, interest on systematic methodology that determines policies has been increasing based on data in the public health field. In this study, a method is proposed to establish an issue data map required to discover main national and social issues based on the data and solve issues through cooperation with domain experts. First, main issues with socially high interest are selected through literature review and analysis on news and search trends. Next, the factors that influence these selected issues are analyzed, and specific monitoring items of each driving force are selected to investigate the related data. In addition, a map is established to interconnect researchers with considerable experience in issue domain research and policy decision organizations that have decision-making capacity to solve the issues. This study empirically shows the process of establishing an issue map on a main social issue, which is the “increase in domestic inflow of foreign infectious diseases.” Efficient policy decision making will be possible if an issue-detection system that enables constant monitoring based on this issue map is established.

In order to analyze a news article dataset, we first extract important information such as title, date, and paragraph of the body. At the same time, we remove unnecessary information such as image, caption, footer, advertisement, navigation and recommended-news. The problem is that the formats of news articles are changing according to time and also they vary according to news source and even section of it. So, it is important for a model to generalize when predicting unseen formats of news articles. We confirmed that a machine learning based model is better to predict new data than a rule-based model by some experiments. Also, we suggest that noise information in the body possibly can be removed because we define a classification unit as a leaf node itself. On the other hand, general machine learning based models cannot remove noise information. Since they consider the classification unit as an intermediate node which consists of the set of leaf nodes, they cannot classify a leaf node itself.

The field-gradient, superficial photo fluidization of azomaterials allows a specific 3D nano-silhouette to be shaped over a large area, so as to get easy access to a 3D-tapered, deep sub-wavelength Au nanohole (20 nm spatial size) array. The squeezing of visible light into the deep sub-wavelength point and the relevant extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) are achieved using this 3D-tapered, 20 nm Au nanohole.

Thermally stable polyimide (PI), which has a photoreactive p-phenylenediacryloyl (PDA) moiety in the main chain with a rigid biphenyl as a side group, was prepared from a poly(amic acid) (PAA) solution using a thermal imidization process. PAA was synthesized successfully with a reasonably high molecular weight and gave high quality films with relatively good thermal stability. The photoreactions and photoalignments of PI were analyzed by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and their liquid crystal (LC) alignment properties were examined. The PI in the film showed good photoreactivity to UV light irradiation. Linearly-polarized ultra-violet light (LPUVL) irradiation induced anisotropic reorientation of the polymer chains in the film due to a direction-selective photoreaction of the PDA moieties. All the films irradiated with LPUVL aligned the LCs in a direction perpendicular to the electric vector of the LPUVL. The pretilt angles of the LC molecules on the LPUVL irradiated film surfaces were controlled by th...

Mechanical failure along a conductive pathway can cause unexpected shutdown of an electronic devices, ultimately limiting the device lifetime. To address this problem, various systems to realize healable electrical conductors have been proposed; however, rapid, noninvasive, and on-demand healing, factors that are all synergistically required, especially for wearable device applications, still remains challenging. Here, a light-powered healable electrical conductor (conceptualized as photofluidic diffusional system) is proposed for simple-, fast-, and easy-to-implement wearable devices (e.g., the electronic skin, sensitive to mechanical motion). Contrary to other implementations such as capsules, heat, water, and mechanical forces, green light even with low intensity has potential to provide fast (less than 3 min) and repetitive recovery of a damaged electrical conductor without any direct invasion. Also, the multiple, irregular cracks resulting from vigorous motions of wearable devices can be simultaneously recovered regardless of the light incident angles and crack propagation directions, thus, making light-powered healing more accessible to wearable devices beyond existing system options. To develop and demonstrate the key concepts of this system, combined studies on materials, integrations, and light-powering strategy for recovering a damaged wearable electrical conductor are systematically carried out in the present work.

Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) that operated with good electrical stability were prepared by synthesizing fluorinated polyimide (PI) gate dielectrics based on 6FDA-PDA-PDA PI and 6FDA-CF3Bz-PDA PI. 6FDA-PDA-PDA PI and 6FDA-CF3Bz-PDA PI contain 6 and 18 fluorine atoms per repeat unit, respectively. These fluorinated polymers provided smooth surface topographies and surface energies that decreased as the number of fluorine atoms in the polymer backbone increased. These properties led to a better crystalline morphology in the semiconductor film grown over their surfaces. The number of fluorine atoms in the PI backbone increased, the field-effect mobility improved, and the threshold voltage shifted toward positive values (from -0.38 to +2.21 V) in the OFETs with pentacene and triethylsilylethynyl anthradithiophene. In addition, the highly fluorinated polyimide dielectric showed negligible hysteresis and a notable gate bias stability under both a N2 environment and ambient air.

We present the facile synthesis of Co and Zn biomimetic complexes inside the mesoporous silica (MS) nano cages. These biomimetic complexes (Co–Im@MS and Zn–Im@MS) mimicked the active site of carbonic anhydrase and showed an enhanced catalytic activity in CO2 hydration. Furthermore, a partial hydrophobic environment imposed by hexadecanol functionalization, enhanced the activity of Co–Im@MS and Zn–Im@MS. The hexadecanol functionalized Co–Im@MS and Zn–Im@MS, therefore, represent true models for carbonic anhydrase, in which the complexes catalyses CO2 hydration. The hexadecanol moiety could be suggested as a positive modulator for the enhancement of CO2 hydration. BET, FE-SEM, FE-TEM, 29Si NMR, FTIR, UV–vis DRS, XRD and XPS were applied for the characterization of the functionalized supports and the biomimetic catalysts. The synthesized catalysts were applied to in vitro CaCO3 crystallization and resulted in the morphologically altered CaCO3. We believe that this study will facilitate the development of optimized model systems in the field of biomimetic catalysis.

Two diamine monomers with methyl (CH3TPA) and methoxy (OCH3TPA) group substituents in the para position of the triphenylamine (TPA) moiety were synthesized by nucleophilic aromatic substitution using 4-fluoronitrobenzene with p-toluidine and p-anisidine, respectively. From these diamine monomers, electroactive polyimides (PI)s were prepared by the chemical imidization of poly(amic acid) solutions, which were prepared with 4,4′-oxydiphthalic anhydride (ODPA). 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed that both PIs had been synthesized successfully. The measured inherent viscosity for ODPA-CH3TPA PI and ODPA-OCH3TPA PI was 0.42 and 0.49 dL/g, respectively. The glass transition temperatures for ODPA-CH3TPA PI and ODPA-OCH3PDA PI were 236°C and 238°C, respectively, and the thermal degradation temperature of both PIs was above 390°C. The band gaps of ODPA-CH3PDA and ODPA-OCH3PDA were 3.00 and 2.72 eV, respectively. The oxidation onset potential Eox of ODPA-CH3PDA PI an...

A product production system consists of multiple fabrication processes which generate information such as the time, status of equipment and operators, and the process information related to the inconsistently changing production line status need to be collected and supervised. Existing data collection systems are expensive, complex, and difficult to extend, maintain, and integrate with high-level systems, when increasing the lines or applying new process. In this paper, we propose a direct equipment interface that is based on an information collection system. The proposed method can obtain information of shop floor using the direct equipment interface such as the PLC and SIB (Sensor-based I/O Board) and be flexibly applied regardless of any changes such as changes of processes or an increase of the lines. The PLC-based interface collects digital information by connecting lines to the facility PMC using a PLC’s digital module; and obtains additional information by connecting various sensors to a PLC’s analog module. The SIB interface collects information using sensors from the general-purpose facilities without a controller. We introduce the case study that develops the information collection system using the direct equipment interface and provides supervising information from shop floor, thereby reducing the cycle time, lead time, and Work-In-Process.

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a rare thrombotic complication characterized by a triad of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure. HUS may be caused by several different conditions, including infection, malignancy, and chemotherapeutic agents, such as mitomycin, cisplatin, and most recently, gemcitabine. The outcome of gemcitabine-induced HUS is poor, and the disease has a high mortality rate. This study reports a case of gemcitabine-induced HUS in a patient with pancreatic cancer in Korea.

Near field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) has been used in many fields to see the optical properties of various materials with highly improved resolution over the diffraction limit. On the other hand, an alternative way to measure the optical properties of nanostructures were proposed using photosensitive polymer. By irradiation irradiating light on certain nanostructures on photosensitive polymer, electric field can be recorded depending on the irradiation time, intensity or nanostructure. [1] Though this method has some limits compared to the conventional NSOM, it gives high spatial resolution with relatively simple setup. Until now, most of the researches were done by simply coating photosensitive polymer on nanostructure or nanoparticles. Here, we measured near field intensity of superspherical gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by varying the embedding depth of AuNPs in photosensitive polymer. Changed electric field from as transferred one (non-embedded) to fully embedded one was measured by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). By simply changing the irradiation angle on AuNPs, we mapped angle-dependent localized near field. Also, we placed thin gold film underneath the photosensitive polymer to measure image dipole of AuNPs. Furthermore, sub-nanometer gap from monolayer graphene can be differentiated by placing graphene sheet between gold film and polymer. Along with single AuNP, near field mapping of AuNP dimers were also measured by varying the interparticle distance. Finally, near field mapping of simple artificial structures manipulated with AuNPs for possible plasmonic applications were measured.

Whether dispersal of plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) within a perovskite active layer can increase the efficiency of solar cells is a long-standing question. It is well known that inclusion of metallic NPs in an active layer can boost the surrounding near-field intensity around them owing to the dipolar localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR, also called antenna effect), which can increase light absorption by solar cells. However, the use of plasmonic NPs in perovskite solar cells has been barely reported, and it is not known whether inserting plasmonic NPs into a perovskite active layer produces any performance advantage compared with a pure perovskite counterpart. We explore the fundamental and practical limits of "plasmonic metamaterial" perovskite solar cells by applying effective medium theory and a detailed balance analysis. Our results indicate that an increase in effective refractive index of perovskite through dispersed plasmonic NPs can in principle enhance the performance of solar cells.

Nanoscale manipulation of magnetic fields has been a long-term pursuit in plasmonics and metamaterials, as it can enable a range of appealing optical properties, such as high-sensitivity circular dichroism, directional scattering, and low-refractive-index materials. Inspired by the natural magnetism of aromatic molecules, the cyclic ring cluster of plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) has been suggested as a promising architecture with induced unnatural magnetism, especially at visible frequencies. However, it remains challenging to assemble plasmonic NPs into complex networks exhibiting strong visible magnetism. Here, a DNA-origami-based strategy is introduced to realize molecular self-assembly of NPs forming complex magnetic architectures, exhibiting emergent properties including anti-ferromagnetism, purely magnetic-based Fano resonances, and magnetic surface plasmon polaritons. The basic building block, a gold NP (AuNP) ring consisting of six AuNP seeds, is arranged on a DNA origami frame with nanometer precision. The subsequent hierarchical assembly of the AuNP rings leads to the formation of higher-order networks of clusters and polymeric chains. Strong emergent plasmonic properties are induced by in situ growth of silver upon the AuNP seeds. This work may facilitate the development of a tunable and scalable DNA-based strategy for the assembly of optical magnetic circuitry, as well as plasmonic metamaterials with high fidelity.