Search

Objective The aim of this study was to analyse the significant variables for vaginal discharge after ultrasound-guided percutaneous microwave ablation (PMWA) therapy. Materials and methods PMWA was performed on 117 patients with adenomyosis from October 2012 to July 2014. The presence or absence, colour, quantity and duration of vaginal discharge, which was different from pre-ablation, were recorded within 1 year after PMWA. Patients were categorised into G1 (n = 26, without vaginal discharge), G2 (n = 40, vaginal discharge lasting 1 to 19 days), and G3 (n = 51, vaginal discharge lasting ≥20 days) groups. The potentially correlative variables were analysed. Variables with significant correlations with vaginal discharge post-ablation were identified via binary logistic regression analysis. Results The differences in adenomyosis type, pre-ablation uterine volume, total microwave ablation energy, total non-perfused volume (NPV) and minimum distance from the non-perfused lesion (NPL) margin to the endomyometrial junction (EMJ) among groups were statistically significant (p = 0.005, p = 0.000, p = 0.000, p = 0.005 and p = 0.000, respectively). Minimum distance from the NPL margin to the EMJ was the strongest predictor of vaginal discharge post-ablation with odds ratio (OR) 0.632, p = 0.018, 95% CI 0.432-0.923. Patients with diffuse adenomyosis were more likely to have prolonged vaginal discharge (≥20 days) post-ablation (OR 3.461, p = 0.000, 95% CI 1.759-7.536). Conclusion The minimum distance from the NPL margin to the EMJ and adenomyosis type were significantly associated with vaginal discharge post-ablation.

In this study, three new species belonging to the genus Pholcus, collected from a forest of the Taihang Mountains, P. R. China, are described under the names of Pholcus papillatus sp. n. (male, female), Pholcus curvus sp. n. (male, female) and Pholcus auricularis sp. n. (male, female).

Objectives: Few randomized controlled studies have compared antibiotic regimens against diabetic foot infections (DFIs) in Chinese patients. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of ertapenem versus piperacillin/tazobactam for the treatment of DFIs in Chinese patients., Methods: Patients with moderate to severe DFIs requiring parenteral antibiotics were randomized in a 1 : 1 ratio to receive ertapenem (1.0 g once daily) or piperacillin/tazobactam (4.5 g every 8 h) by 30 min intravenous (iv) infusions for ≥5 days. The primary outcome was favourable clinical response at discontinuation of iv therapy (DCIV). An evaluable-patient population was identified for primary analysis of non-inferiority at -15%. Safety was assessed. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01370616., Results: Of 565 patients randomized, 443 patients (ertapenem = 219 and piperacillin/tazobactam = 224) were clinically evaluable for primary analysis. In the clinically evaluable population, the proportions of patients with favourable clinical response at DCIV were 93.6% (205/219) and 97.3% (218/224) in the ertapenem and piperacillin/tazobactam groups, respectively (difference: -3.8%, 95% CI: -8.3%, 0.0%). Ertapenem had a significantly lower favourable clinical response rate (91.5% versus 97.2%, 95% CI for difference: -12.1%, -0.3%) at DCIV in severe DFI patients. In the modified ITT population, 88.8% (237/267) and 90.6% (241/266) of patients in the ertapenem and piperacillin/tazobactam groups, respectively, had favourable clinical responses at DCIV (difference: -1.9%, 95% CI: -7.3%, 3.3%). Microbiological eradications of causative pathogens and adverse events were similar between treatment groups., Conclusions: Treatment with ertapenem was non-inferior to piperacillin/tazobactam in Chinese patients with DFIs. Ertapenem treatment resulted in a markedly lower rate of clinical resolution in severe DFIs., (© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and major depressive disorder (MDD) are likely to be caused by multiple susceptibility genes, each with small effects in increasing the risk of illness. Identifying DNA variants associated with schizophrenia and MDD is a crucial step in understanding the pathophysiology of these disorders., Aims: To investigate whether the SP4 gene plays a significant role in schizophrenia or MDD in the Han Chinese population., Method: We focused on nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) harbouring the SP4 gene and carried out case-control studies in 1235 patients with schizophrenia, 1045 patients with MDD and 1235 healthy controls recruited from the Han Chinese population., Results: We found that rs40245 was significantly associated with schizophrenia in both allele and genotype distributions (Pallele = 0.0005, Pallele = 0.004 after Bonferroni correction; Pgenotype = 0.0023, Pgenotype = 0.0184 after Bonferroni correction). The rs6461563 SNP was significantly associated with schizophrenia in the allele distributions (Pallele = 0.0033, Pallele = 0.0264 after Bonferroni correction)., Conclusions: Our results suggest that common risk factors in the SP4 gene are associated with schizophrenia, although not with MDD, in the Han Chinese population., (© The Royal College of Psychiatrists 2016.)

A silver-catalyzed oxidative cyclization of 2- or 3-propargylamide-substituted indoles to synthesize phosphorated indoloazepinone derivatives is described. This reaction displays a difunctionalizalion of alkynes with diphenylphosphine oxides to construct a seven-membered ring through a radical cyclization process. The indoloazepinones derivatives are common structural motifs found in many natural products and pharmaceuticals.

Objectives: To compare the clinical effects among three kinds of treatments (external fixation, plate fixation, and non-operation) of 1/3 displaced midshaft clavicular fractures in adults., Methods: Retrospective analysis was conducted on 306 patients with clavicular fractures in Trauma Orthopedic Department in Jishuitan Hospital from March 2010 to May 2013, and 89 of these patients met the inclusive criteria.Among them, there were 29 cases of external fixation (Group A), 30 cases of plate fixation (Group B), and 30 cases of non-operation with the clavicle sling in Outpatient and Emergency Department (Group C). The average follow-up period was 32 months.The results were evaluated from four perspectives, respectively, follow-up period, Constant Shoulder Score (CSS), Disability of the Arm Shoulder and Hand Score (DASH), and imaging.There was no significant difference in demography, severity of injuries, mechanism of injury, and fracture type among the patients in the three groups., Results: Among 29 cases of external fixation, 25 cases were successfully followed up, 4 were lost.60 cases of plate fixationand non-operation were all successfully followed up.Based on the pairwise comparison of CSS and DASH among the three groups, there was no significant difference between external fixation [(94.0±6.4), (15.2±3.4)Score] and plate fixation[(92.9±8.4), (15.7±3.5)Score] (both P>0.05). Mean values of CSS and DASH of non-operation group [(86.0±3.6), (18.0±3.6)Score] were lower than those of the former two groups (P<0.001). The healing time of 3 kinds of treatments were as follows: external fixation 10.4±2.32 weeks; plate fixation 12.1±2.5 weeks; and non-operation 15.7±2.2 weeks.In terms of their complications, for the external fixation group, there was 1 case of nonunion (4%); and 3 cases of angulation deformity in the 12(th) week, whose external fixations were maintained till their unions in the 16(th) week.Shortening and displacement did not appear in any cases.In the plate fixation group, there was 1 case of nonunion (3%) and no malunion in this group.The biggest complications of plate fixation were implants stimulus and to remove the plate in the second operation, accounting for 60%.In the non-operation group, there were 3 cases of nonunion (10%), and 12 cases of malunion (40%) including 10 cases without symptoms and 2 cases with symptoms.The satisfaction rates for the appearance of shoulder after these 3 kinds of treatments among the patients were 96%, 93% and 77%, respectively., Conclusions: (1) In treating 1/3 displaced midshaft clavicular fractures in adults, external fixation and plate fixation are overall better than non-operation.And there is no significant difference in curative effects between the two. (2) Both external fixation and plate fixation have its advantages and disadvantages.The choice of treatment must be based on the clinical type of the fracture and the communication with patients.

Parkinson's disease is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system. In spite of extensive research, neither the cause nor the mechanisms have been firmly established thus far. One assumption is that certain toxic substances may exist in the cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) of Parkinson's disease patients. To confirm the neurotoxicity of CSF and study the potential correlation between neurotoxicity and the severity of Parkinson's disease, CSF was added to cultured cells. By observation of cell morphology, changes in the levels of lactate dehydrogenase, the ratio of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells, and the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA and protein, the differences between the two groups were shown. The created in vitro model of dopaminergic neurons using primary culture of mouse embryonic mesencephalic tissue is suitable for the study of neurotoxicity. The observations of the present study indicated that CSF from Parkinson's disease patients contains factors that can cause specific injury to cultured dopaminergic neurons. However, no obvious correlation was found between the neurotoxicity of CSF and the severity of Parkinson's disease.

Three new species of the huntsman spider genus Sinopoda Jäger, 1999, collected from Sichuan Province and Chongqing Municipality, P. R. China, are described: Sinopoda cochlearia sp. nov. (male, female), S. globosa sp. nov. (male, female) and S. longiducta sp. nov. (male, female). All three new species were collected from native forest by hand.

A total of 142 premenopausal women with symptomatic adenomyosis underwent ultrasound (US)-guided percutaneous microwave ablation (PMWA) at the Chinese PLA General Hospital. This study aimed to evaluate changes in serum pituitary, gonadal hormone and cancer antigen 125 (CA125) levels after US-guided PMWA. Therefore, estradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin (PRL) and CA125 levels were evaluated before ablation and at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after ablation. No significant differences were observed in the E2 and FSH levels pre-ablation and during follow-up (E2: p=0.933, p=0.987, p=0.106, p=0.936; FSH: p=0.552, p=0.295, p=0.414, p=0.760). The mean absolute values of serum CA125 and PRL were significantly decreased at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after ablation (CA125: p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.003; PRL: p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001). A significant correlation between changes in CA125 levels and uterine volume was found (p<0.001). No evidence of a decline in ovarian function was observed after US-guided PMWA.

Ketonic/quinonic C=O groups on the surface of a carbon matrix are capable of abstracting hydrogen in C=H bonds from hydrocarbons and enable them to selectively convert into corresponding unsaturated hydrocarbons; this process is the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) reaction. However, a variety of inevitable defects or graphene edges and other oxygen-containing groups on the carbon matrix are detrimental to the selective production of alkenes due to their high activity towards overoxidation. Herein, we show that phosphate can not only impede the total oxidation but also cover the selective C=O groups, hence allowing its use as a modulator to defects and oxygen-containing functional groups on the multiwalled carbon nanotubes, regulating the distribution of active sites and related catalytic targets., (© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Background: We previously constructed a recombinant bacille Calmette-Guérin (rBCG-AE) strain that could express a fused Ag85A-ESAT-6 protein. That study suggested that the rBCG-AE strain was able to induce a higher titer of antibody and elicit a more long-lived and stronger Th1-type cellular immune responses than the parental BCG strain, the rBCG-A strain (i.e., expressing Ag85A), or the rBCG-E strain (i.e., expressing ESAT-6)., Methods: In the current study, we further investigated the strain's protective efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv infection in BALB/c mice through evaluating organ bacterial loads, lung histopathology, lung immunohistochemistry, and net weight gain or loss by using conventional BCG, rBCG-A, and rBCG-E as the controls., Results: From the 3rd to 9th weeks after the challenge infection, the bacterial counts were significantly lower in tissues (e.g., spleen and lung tissues) in the mice immunized with rBCG-AE than in the control group, but were higher than the counts in the BCG group. The pathological damage in the lung tissues of the rBCG-AE group gradually improved from the 6th to 9th weeks after being infected with M. tuberculosis H37Rv, but the score of pathological changes in the rBCG-AE group was obviously higher than the score in the BCG group. There was no difference in the percentage of IFN-γ and iNOS positive cells in the lung tissues of the rBCG-AE and BCG groups., Conclusion: The results suggest that rBCG-AE can not promote protective efficacy against M. tuberculosis H37Rv infection, compared to the BCG vaccine., (Copyright © 2012. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

In recent years, increasing evidence has shown that individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) have lower levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH) D] relative to healthy controls. We therefore evaluated the relationship between serum 25(OH) D levels and severity in Chinese patients with a Parkinson's disease. From July 2010 to June 2012, consecutive PD patients admitted to the Department of Neurology of General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, were identified. Clinical information and disease duration were collected. Serum level of 25(OH) D was measured at baseline. PD severity was assessed at admission using the Hoehn and Yahr (HY) stage and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Stage (UPDRS) total score. The results indicated that the mean serum 25(OH) D levels were significantly lower in PD patients as compared to normal cases (P < 0.001). There was a negative correlation between levels of 25(OH) D and the disease duration [r (spearman) = -0.124, P = 0.041]. There was a significant negative relationship between circulating serum 25(OH) D levels and severity of Parkinson's disease evaluated by HY stage (P = 0.030) and UPDRS Stage (P = 0.000) even after multivariate adjustment for possible confounders: age, gender, disease duration, levels of Ca, ALP, blood glucose, and seasons. These results suggest that lower 25(OH) D levels may be associated with severity of PD in Chinese patients.

Four new species of the huntsman spider genus Pseudopoda Jäger, 2000 are described from Southern China: Pseudopoda acuminata sp. n. from Suiyang County, Guizhou Province, P. emei sp. n. from Emei Mountain, Sichuan Province, P. lacrimosa sp. n. from Fugong County and Tengchong County, Yunnan Province, and P. robusta sp. n. fromJinyun Mountain, Chongqing Municipality.

Objective: The western borderland between Yunnan Province, China, and Myanmar is characterized by a climate that facilitates year-round production of mosquitoes. Numerous mosquito-transmitted viruses, including Japanese encephalitis virus circulate in this area. This project was to describe seasonal patterns in mosquito species abundance and arbovirus activity in the mosquito populations., Methods: Mosquitoes were collected in Mangshi and Ruili cities of Dehong Prefecture near the border of China and Burma in Yunnan Province, the Peoples Republic of China in 2010. We monitored mosquito species abundance for a 12-month period using ultraviolet light, carbon dioxide baited CDC light and gravid traps; and tested the captured mosquitoes for the presence of virus to evaluate mosquito-virus associations in rural/agricultural settings in the area., Results: A total of 43 species of mosquitoes from seven genera were collected, including 15 Culex species, 15 Anopheles spp., four Aedes spp., three Armigeres spp., one Mimomyia spp., two Uranotaenia spp. and three Mansonia spp.. Species richness and diversity varied between Mangshi and Ruili. Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles sinensis and Anopheles peditaeniatus were the most abundant species in both sampling sites. Ultraviolet light traps collected more specimens than CDC light traps baited with dry ice, though both collected the same variety of mosquito species. The CDC gravid trap was the most effective trap for capture of Culex quinquefasciatus, a species underrepresented in light trap collections. A total of 26 virus strains were isolated, which included 13 strains of Japanese encephalitis virus, four strains of Getah virus, one strain of Oya virus, one strain from the orbivirus genus, and seven strains of Culex pipien pallens densovirus., Conclusions: The present study illustrates the value of monitoring mosquito populations and mosquito-transmitted viruses year-round in areas where the climate supports year-round adult mosquito activity.

Objective: To explore the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (p-ANCA) associated hypertrophic pachymeningitis., Methods: A retrospective study was performed for 6 inpatients with p-ANCA associated hypertrophic pachymeningitis at our hospital from 2005 to 2012., Results: There were 3 males and 3 females with an age range of 52 - 68 years. The main clinical manifestations included headache and multiple cranial neuropathies. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, titer of myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA and protein in cerebrospinal fluid were uniformly elevated in all 6 patients during active phase while cytoplasmic(c)-ANCA was all negative. Head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enhancement scan had a high diagnostic sensitivity. Different parts of dura were all thickened and obviously enhanced. Glucocorticoid was uniformly effective. During the follow-up period, 2 cases relapsed and received immunosuppressive agents., Conclusion: The disease should be considered in elderly patients with headache, cranial nerve injury and positive p-ANCA. And head MRI enhancement scan is helpful for diagnosis.

Objective: To explore the effects of entacapone on the plasma level of homocysteine (Hcy) in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients on levodopa., Methods: This cross-sectional study was made up of 4 groups, i.e. 'L + E' group (primary PD patients on levodopa and entacapone), 'L' group (primary PD patients on levodopa alone), 'L(-)' group (primary PD patients never on levodopa) and control group (people without PD or any other nervous system diseases). They were randomly selected from the PD patient database of our department in September 2012. At the beginning, 60 cases were selected for each group. The C677T genotypes of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) were identified and the plasma concentrations of Hcy, folic acid and vitamin B12 detected in each subject. Then group t test, single factor analysis of variance and χ(2) test were used for statistical analysis by SPSS 11.5 software., Results: Among 240 early subjects, 98 cases with CC genotype at 677 site of MTHFR gene were finally recruited. Statistical analysis revealed no differences in age, gender, plasma concentrations of folic acid and vitamin B12 among the groups. The PD duration of 'L + E' group (96 ± 21 months) were the longest among 3 groups, followed by those of 'L' group (51 ± 17 months) and 'L(-)' group (21 ± 6 months). The treatment duration and daily dose of levodopa in 'L + E' group (77 ± 22 months, 765 ± 110 mg) were all higher than those in 'L' group (42 ± 14 months, 673 ± 73 mg). The plasma Hcy concentrations of 'L + E' group (15.1 ± 3.1 µmol/L) were lower than those of 'L' group (20.4 ± 4.7 µmol/L), but still higher than those of 'L(-)' group (12.2 ± 2.4 µmol/L) and control group (9.1 ± 2.2 µmol/L). The Hcy concentrations of 'L(-)' group were also higher than those of control group., Conclusion: Entacapone increases the bioavailability of levodopa and simultaneously alleviates partially its resulting hyperhomocysteinemia.

Objective: To investigate the change in dendritic cells (DCs) in children with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (cITP) and the effect of glucocorticoid on DCs in children with cITP., Methods: Fifteen children with cITP and 20 healthy controls were included in the study. Flow cytometry was used to measure the DC subsets count in the 15 children with cITP before and after glucocorticoid treatment as well as the corresponding values in the 20 healthy controls. The DCs derived from peripheral blood monocytes in children with cITP were cultured in vitro and collected, and their immunophenotypes were determined by flow cytometry., Results: Before glucocorticoid treatment, the children with cITP showed no notable change in the absolute count of myeloid DCs (mDCs) but showed decreased absolute count of plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and increased mDC/pDC ratio compared with the healthy controls (P<0.05). After glucocorticoid treatment, the children with cITP demonstrated increased absolute count of pDCs and decreased absolute count of mDCs and mDC/pDC ratio compared with before treatment (P<0.05). Before glucocorticoid treatment, the children with cITP had significantly higher positive rates of HLA-DR, CD80, CD83 and CD86 on peripheral blood DCs than the healthy controls (P<0.01). All the positive rates were significantly decreased after glucocorticoid treatment (P<0.01), so that there was no significant difference from the healthy controls (P>0.05)., Conclusions: Disproportion and functional disturbance of DC subsets is associated with the pathogenesis of cITP in children. Glucocorticoid can strengthen the immunosuppression of DCs in children with cITP, which may contribute to the effectiveness of glucocorticoid as a treatment.

Four new species of the huntsman spider genus Pseudopoda Jäger, 2000 are reported from Yunnan Province, China: Pseudopoda gibberosa sp. nov. (male, female), P. semiannulata sp. nov. (male, female), P. breviducta sp. nov. (male, female) and P. triangula sp. nov. (male, female).

Objective: To study the regional cerebral glucose utilization with (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET and to investigate the correlation between cerebral glucose metabolism and the clinical characteristic of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)., Methods: A total of 13 patients with PSP and 30 matched healthy controls were performed (18)F-FDG PET imaging at rest state. Visual inspection and statistical parametric mapping (SPM) were used to investigate regional cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (rCMRglc)., Results: Based on the visual inspection, PET imaging in the PSP patients showed that the focal hypometabolic areas mainly included the bilateral frontal cortex, midbrain and subcortical structures. Compared to the controls, voxel-based analysis showed that the regional glucose metabolism decreased in bilateral superior, middle frontal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, midbrain and subcortical structures including basal ganglion and thalamus, which were consisted with the clinical characteristics, such as vertical gaze palsy, pseudobulbar palsy, postural instability, axial rigidity, dementia and so on., Conclusion: (18)F-FDG PET imaging is helpful for the early diagnosis of PSP.

Objective: To study the intestinal dynamics characteristics of puerarin and other active ingredients in Gegenqinlian decoction., Methods: Caco-2 cell monolayer model was used to research the transport of puerarin and baicalin, berberine hydrochloride, liquiritin when they were used in different compatibilities, meanwhile a ultra performance liquid chromato-graphic method was also developed., Results: The concentration of puerarin, haicalin, berberine hydrochloride, liqpiritin in cell culture medium was measured and the apparent permeahility coefficients (Papp) as well as percent absorption (%) from apical side to basolateral side were calculated. The absorption characteristics of the four components were different when they were used in different compatibilities. Furthermore the Papp sequence of puerarin in specific groups were puerarin-baicalin-berberine-liquiritin group > puerarin-baicalin group > puerarin-berberine > puerarin-liquiritin group > single puerarin (P < 0. 05)., Conclusion: The intestinal absorption dynamics process of the active ingredients in Gegenqinlian decoction changes as the change of prescription compatibilities. And the intestinal absorption characteristics of puerarin is enhanced by the use of other components.

The cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) gene plays a principal role in controlling cytokinin levels and has been shown to be a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) affecting grain number in rice. However, the function and evaluation of the haplotypes of the wheat CKX gene have yet to be illustrated. In this study, TaCKX6-D1, a wheat ortholog of rice OsCKX2, was cloned and its haplotype variants were determined to be significantly associated with the 1000-grain weight on the basis of linkage mapping, association analysis and gene expression analysis. Five TaCKX6-D1 haplotypes, designated a-e, were identified. An indel marker was developed to identify haplotype a, which was associated with higher grain weight. Haplotype a showed decreased expression relative to haplotype b in seeds at 8 d after pollination. Sequence variations among modern cultivars, landraces and wild species suggest a significant domestication signature at the TaCKX6-D1 locus in Chinese wheat germplasm. TaCKX6-D1 may serve as a useful gene for the breeding of high-yielding wheat. A strategy for allele mining and utilization of TaCKX6-D1 was proposed. Our study also sheds light on the mechanisms of grain development and domestication of wheat, as well as the functional divergence of orthologs in comparative genomics., (© 2012 Institute of Crop Sciences. CAAS New Phytologist © 2012 New Phytologist Trust.)

A three-dimensional bubble graphene film, with controllable and uniform macropores and tailorable microstructure, was fabricated by a facile hard templating strategy and exhibit extraordinary electrochemical capacitance with high rate capability (1.0 V s(-1)).

In the title compound, [Zn(C(7)H(4)ClO(2))(2)(C(10)H(8)N(2))], the Zn(II) atom is coordinated by two O atoms from two 4-chloro-benzoate ligands and two N atoms from a chelating 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) mol-ecule in a distorted N(2)O(2) tetra-hedral geometry. The Zn(II) atom is located on a twofold rotation axis, which also passes through the mid-point of the central C-C bond of the bpy ligand. In the crystal, weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking inter-actions between the pyridine rings of the bpy ligands [centroid-centroid distance = 3.642 (3) Å] link the complex mol-ecules into a two-dimensional supra-molecular structure parallel to (100). An intra-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bond is also observed.

Objective: To define the role of interferon-γ on radiotherapy of lung cancer and explore a new way to clinical treatment., Methods: A549 cells were exposed to γ ray with or without IFN-γ co-treatment. MTT assay was performed to evaluate cell viability. Western blot was used to observe the expression of P53 protein., Results: The results showed that co-treatment of IFN-γ decreased the cell viability significantly compared with the γ ray irradiation group (71.4% ± 2.1% vs 44.1% ± 3.1%, n = 7, P < 0.01). In addition, the expression of P53 protein also increased significantly after co-treatment (P < 0.01); Furthermore, the cell cycle was changed obviously in co-treatment group compared with γ ray irradiation group, S phase increased (12.9% vs 20.9%, n = 5, P < 0.05) and also blocked the G2/M phase (28.8% vs 38.9%, n = 5, P < 0.05)., Conclusions: The results suggested that γ ray irradiation combined with IFN-γ can increase the efficiency of radiotherapy on A549 cells and there is much broad prospect in the clinical treatment of lung cancer.

Two new spider species of the genus Chrysso O. P.-Cambridge, 1882 are reported from Hainan Island, China, Chrysso bifurcasp. n. (male, female) and Chrysso bicuspidatasp.n. (male, female). Chrysso bimaculata Yoshida, 1998is recorded from China for the first time.

In the title compound, {[Ca(C(7)H(4)FO(2))(2)(H(2)O)(2)]·0.5C(10)H(8)N(2)}(n), the Ca(II) atom is coordinated by eigth O atoms from four 2-fluoro-benzoate ligands and two water mol-ecules, resulting in a distorted CaO(8) square-anti-prismatic coordination environment. The 2-fluoro-benzoate ligand bridges two symmetry-related Ca(II) atoms, giving rise to a chain structure extending along [100]. The distances between the Ca atom and its two symmetry-related counterparts are 4.054 (2) and 4.106 (2) Å. The polymeric chains are connected by classical O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds into a layer structure parallel to (010). The layers are connected by non-classical C-H⋯F hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional supra-molecular structure. O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O inter-actions also occur. The uncoordinated 2,2'-bipyridine mol-ecule is located on a centre of symmetry at the mid-point of the bond between the two heterocycles. One of the two benzene rings is disordered over two sites with occupancy factors of 0.60 and 0.40.

In the title compound, [Mn(C(7)H(4)FO(2))(C(12)H(8)N(2))(2)(H(2)O)](C(7)H(4)FO(2))·3H(2)O, the Mn(II) atom is coordinated by four N atoms from two chelating 1,10-phenanthroline ligands and two O atoms from one monodentate 4-fluoro-benzoate ion and one water mol-ecule, forming a distorted octa-hedral geometry. In the crystal, the three components are assembled into a tape structure along the a axis by O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Between the tapes, a π-π inter-action with a centroid-centroid distance of 3.569 (3) Å and a weak C-H⋯F hydrogen bond are observed.

Two kinds of membranes modules, vapor retained glassy membrane based on PEEK hollow fiber membrane modules and vapor permeated rubbery membrane system based on GMT plate-and-frame membrane modules, were used to control the oil vapor pollution during the course of receiving and transferring gasoline in oil station. The efficiencies of the membrane module and the membrane system of them were evaluated and compared respectively in the facilities which were developed by ourselves. It was found that both the two kinds of membranes modules had high efficiency for the separation of VOCs-air mixed gases, and the outlet vapor after treatment all can meet the national standard. When the vapor-enriched gas was returned to the oil tank to simulate the continuously cycle test, the concentration of VOCs in the outlet was also below 25 g x m(-3).

From April, 2008 to July, 2009, 187 atmospheric samples in four different seasons were collected from five sites in Shenyang. The 108 species of VOCs were measured by using the method of pre-concentration-GC-MS. The objectives of this study were to investigate the VOCs pollution level as well as its spatial and temporal distribution, and to identify the main source in Shenyang city. The results showed that the average total mass concentration of VOCs in Shenyang was 371.0 +/- 132.4 microg/m3. The major components were oxygen-containing compounds, halogenated hydrocarbon, alkanes, aromatics and alkenes, which accounted for 57.2%, 20%, 11.4%, 8.5%, and 3.0% of the total mass, respectively. A seasonal variation of VOCs across all the sampling sites was observed, with higher levels in spring and autumn and lower levels in winter and summer. Related with industrial emission, the diurnal variation of the total mean VOCs concentrations at downtown site showed three peaks in winter and two peaks in summer. The VOCs levels in the industrial and downtown areas were higher than those in other areas, with the lowest concentration observed at clean air site with no emission source around. From the results of correlation analysis and concentration ratios analysis, the VOCs pollutants in Shenyang were mainly contributed by automobile exhaust, coal & biofuel combustion, gasoline & solvent evaporation and industrial process.

The asymmetric unit of title compound, [Cd(C(9)H(6)NO(2))(2)(C(10)H(8)N(2))(2)]·0.5C(10)H(8)N(2)·2H(2)O, consists of one complex mol-ecule, one half of an uncoordinated 2,2'-bipyridine mol-ecule and two solvent water mol-ecules. The uncoordinated 2,2'-bipyridine mol-ecule is located on a center of symmetry. Within the complex mol-ecule, the Cd(II) atom is coordinated by four N atoms from two 2,2'-bipyridine ligands and three O atoms from two 1H-indole-2-carboxyl-ate anion ligands, completing a distorted CdN(4)O(3) penta-gonal bipyra-mid. The mol-ecules are assembled into one-dimensional chains along the [100] direction through classical hydrogen bonds (O-H⋯N, N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O). The resulting chains are further connected into two-dimensional supra-molecular layers parallel to the (110) direction by inter-molecular classical hydrogen bonds (N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O) from adjacent chains. A three-dimensional supra-molecular network is formed via interlayer and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

To investigate the relationship between the structures of methylhesperetin-7-alkyl ether analogues and their anti-inflammatory activities, nine new compounds, methyl-hesperetin (2), methylhesperetin-7-ethyl ether (3), 7-n-butyl ether (4), 7-n-hexyl ether (5), 7-n-octyl ether (6), 7-n-decyl ether (7), 7-n-dodecyl ether (8), 7-n-tetradecyl ether (9) and 7-n-hexadecyl ether (10), were synthesized with the lead compound of methylhesperidin (1). Their structures were confirmed by UV, 1H NMR, MS and HR-MS spectral data. The in vivo antiinflammatory activities of these compounds were tested on mouse paw edema induced by Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) and mouse capillary permeability induced by acetic acid with po dose of 300 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1). The result indicated that the anti-inflammatory activities of the synthetic compounds increased firstly and then decreased with the elongating of the length of alkyl chain. After 25-day oral administration of compounds 6, 7 and 8, the inhibitory rates on mouse paw edema of adjuvant arthritis (AA) were 31.9%, 38.5%, 39.1%, respectively. They showed the concentrations of COX-2 in serum of AA mice respectively were 79.3, 75.4, 73.9 ng x L(-1) and the concentrations of PGE2 were in correspondence with 275.4, 258.9, 242.6 ng x L(-1). The inhibitory rates of compounds 6 and 7 on mouse capillary permeability induced by acetic acid were, respectively, 42.4% and 41.5% after 5-day oral administration. Compared with the lead compound of methylhesperidin, the anti-inflammatory activities of compounds 6, 7 and 8 were increased and showed an effective inhibition on the symptom of adjuvant arthritis and capillary permeability in mice.

Objective: To explore the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and surgical treatment of adult congenital bronchoesophageal fistula., Methods: Eleven cases of adult congenital bronchoesophageal fistula that were diagnosed and surgically treated between May 1990 and August 2010 had been reviewed. There were 7 male and 4 female patients, ranging in age from 28 to 66 years (mean 48.7 years). The chief clinical presentation included coughing and sputum in 10 cases, recurrent bouts of coughing after drinking liquid food in 6 cases, hemoptysis in 6 cases, low fever in 4 cases, chest pain in 3 cases. The duration of symptoms before diagnosis ranged from 5 to 36 years (mean 16.8 years). The diagnosis of bronchoesophageal fistula was confirmed most by esophagography. Associated diseased lung was resected in all patients (lobectomy in 10 cases and pneumonectomy in 1 case). The operation included right thoracotomy in 7 cases and left thoracotomy in 4 cases. The fistula was completely resected in 10 cases. The tract was simply divided and the end was sutured in 1 case., Results: The postoperative course was uneventful in 10 patients who were discharged from hospital 10 to 18 d after operation. One patient suffered from esophageal fistula and received second operation. Regular follow-up was conducted on all 11 patients, proving that 3-year survival rate was 11/11 and 5-year survival rate was 9/11., Conclusion: Persistence of congenital bronchoesophageal fistula into adulthood is rare. The main symptom is nonspecific coughing and bouts of coughing after drinking liquid food. The most useful diagnostic method is the esophagography. Even though it is benign disease, life-threatening complications might occur and it must be treated surgically as soon as the diagnosis is established.

8-alkylberberine homologues (Ber-C8-n, where n indicates carbon atom number of gaseous normal alkyl at 8 position, n = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, or 16) were synthesized and their effects on the hemolysis of rabbit erythrocyte, the fluidity of membrane and the fluorescence of membrane protein were investigated by fluorescence analysis technique. Ber-C8-n with mediate length alkyl (4 < n < 10) exhibited obvious hemolysis effect on rabbit erythrocyte when their concentration exceed 1.25 x10(-4) mol/L, and Ber-C8-8 displayed the highest hemolysis effect among all tested homologues. All of Ber-C8-n influenced the fluidity of erythrocyte membrane to different extents, which exhibited an obvious dose-effect relationship. The effect of Ber-C8-n on fluidity increased as the length of alkyl chain was elongated and decreased gradually when the alkyl carbon atoms exceeded 8. The fluorescence of erythrocyte membrane protein was quenched by Ber-C8-n, which showed a similar changing tendency on membrane fluidity. Experiments in vitro suggested that disturbing effects of Ber-C8-n on the conformation and function of membrane protein leaded to the changes of membrane fluidity and stability, and then the membrane was broken down.

Aim: To study the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and surgical treatment of congenital bronchoesophageal fistulae in adults., Methods: Eleven adult cases of congenital bronchoesophageal fistula diagnosed and treated in our hospital between May 1990 and August 2010 were reviewed. Its clinical presentations, diagnostic methods, anatomic type, treatment, and follow-up were recorded., Results: Of the chief clinical presentations, nonspecific cough and sputum were found in 10 (90.9%), recurrent bouts of cough after drinking liquid food in 6 (54.6%), hemoptysis in 6 (54.6%), low fever in 4 (36.4%), and chest pain in 3 (27.3%) of the 11 cases, respectively. The duration of symptoms before diagnosis ranged 5-36.5 years. The diagnosis of congenital bronchoesophageal fistulae was established in 9 patients by barium esophagography, in 1 patient by esophagoscopy and in 1 patient by bronchoscopy, respectively. The congenital bronchoesophageal fistulae communicated with a segmental bronchus, a main bronchus, and an intermediate bronchus in 8, 2 and 1 patients, respectively. The treatment of congenital bronchoesophageal fistulae involved excision of the fistula in 10 patients or division and suturing in 1 patient. The associated lung lesion was removed in all patients. No long-term sequelae were found during the postoperative follow-up except in 1 patient with bronchial fistula who accepted reoperation before recovery., Conclusion: Congenital bronchoesophageal fistula is rare in adults. Its most useful diagnostic method is esophagography. It must be treated surgically as soon as the diagnosis is established.

Three schistosomiasis patients pathologically diagnosed were detected in Luxi City, Yunnan Province, a non-endemic area of schistosomiasis. All the cases were hospitalized for serious intestinal diseases, and Schistosoma japonicum eggs were detected under their colonic mucosa. The 3 patients all denied they had contacted with infested water outside their resident place, and it was suggested that they might be infected in the local area.

Objective: To study the prognosis of fibroid after ultrasound-guidance percutaneous microwave ablation (PMAUF)., Methods: From Mar. 2007 to Jul.2010 forty uterine fibroids in forty patients with symptoms which were diagnosed in our hospital accepted PMAUF. One day after treatment blood supply within the fibroid was evaluated, by enhanced MRI. The size of fibroid was measured by ultrasonography in one year with 3 months interval, the monthly menstrual of patient was followed and the mass discharge through vagina were collected for pathological examination., Results: Among the 40 fibroid nodules, 22 are intramural fibroids, 15 subserosal fibroids and 3 submucosal fibroids. The baseline mean diameter of the fibroids ranged from (3.7 to 9.0) cm, with an average of (6.4 ± 1.5) cm. The mean volume ranged from (14.6 - 341.1) cm(3), with an average of (140.1 ± 87.4) cm(3). Three months after treatment, the anechoic zone was observed within the ablated nodules and disappeared in six to seven months. the echo of ablated zone keep higher than the surrounding tissue, whereas the size of fibroid shrank significantly. Meat tissue was discharged from vagina in 8 patients (2 cases of submucosal fibroids, 6 cases intramural fibroids) in the period of menstrual in 1 - 8 months after ablation. The largest dimension of the discharge was 2.1 cm. Pathological examination confirmed the discharges as necrotic fibroid. The patients with subserosal fibroid had no discharge of necrotic tissue. The fibroid shrink rate was higher in the patients with vaginal discharges than that without vaginal discharges (P < 0.01)., Conclusions: After PMAUF necrotic tissue of submucosal and intramural fibroids can be discharged through vagina, liquefaction in the center of subserosal and intramural fibroids may occur and be absorbed gradually, that may be the main reasons for fibroids reduced significantly or disappearance.

The title compound, [Mg(C(10)H(8)N(2))(H(2)O)(4)](C(7)H(4)FO(2))(2), consists of a bivalent [Mg(C(10)H(8)N(2))(H(2)O)(4)](2+) cation and two 4-fluorbenzoate anions. In the complex cation, the Mg(II) atom is coordinated by two N atoms from a 2,2'-bipyridine ligand and four water O atoms in a distorted MgN(2)O(4) octa-hedral geometry. The Mg(II) atom is located on a twofold rotation axis and thus a cation exhibits C(2) mol-ecular symmetry. The 2,2'-bipyridine ligands exhibit nearly perfect planarity (r.m.s. deviations = 0.0061 Å). In the crystal, O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the cations and anions into a three-dimensional supra-molecular network.

Objective: To explore the value of partial atrium or large blood vessel resection for the treatment of locally advanced lung cancer., Methods: Thirty-five patients with locally advanced lung cancer (T(4)N(0)-N(2)M(0)) underwent lobectomy or pneumonectomy combined with intrapericardial vascular management or partial resection of the atrium. Of the 35 patients , 15 underwent left pneumonectomy combined with partial resection of the left atrium, 3 had pneumonectomy and partial resection of pulmonary artery trunk, 11 received right pneumonectomy and partial resection of the left atrium, 3 had middle and lower lobectomies and partial resection of the left atrium, and 3 underwent right upper lobectomy, partial resection of the superior vena cava and replacement of artificial blood vessel., Results: No death occurred in the 35 patients. Postoperative arrhythmia occurred in 4 cases and respiratory failure in 2 cases. The 1, 2, 3 and 4 year survival rates of the patients were 79.2% (19/24), 53.3% (8/15), 46.2% (6/13) and 36.4% (4/11), respectively. Pathologically, 27 patients had squamous carcinoma, 3 had adenocarcinoma, 3 had adenosquamous carcinoma and 2 had large cell carcinoma. In TNM staging, 6 were in T(4)N(0)M(0), 11 in T(4)N(1)M(0) and 18 in T(4)N(2)M(0)., Conclusion: Pneumonectomy or lobectomy combined with intrapericardial vascular management or partial resection of the atrium can enhance the possibility of radical resection of locally advanced lung cancer and increase the long term survival rate.

In the complex cation of the title compound, [Mg(C(10)H(8)N(2))(H(2)O)(4)](C(7)H(4)BrO(2))(2), the Mg(II) atom is coordinated by two N atoms from a 2,2'-bipyridine ligand and four water O atoms in a distorted MgN(2)O(4) octa-hedral geometry. The cation is located on a special position on a twofold rotation axis which passes through the Mg(II) atom and the centroid of the 2,2'-bipyridine ligand. The 2,2'-bipyridine ligands exhibit nearly perfect coplanarity (r.m.s. deviation = 0.0035 Å) . In the crystal, O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O, C-H⋯Br hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking inter-actions [mean inter-planar distance of 3.475 (6) Å between adjacent 2,2'-bipyridine ligands] link the cations and anions into a three-dimensional supra-molecular network. One Br atom is disordered over two sites with occupancy factors of 0.55 and 0.45.

In the title compound, [Zn(C(7)H(4)BrO(2))(C(12)H(8)N(2))(2)(H(2)O)](C(7)H(4)BrO(2))·1.5H(2)O, the Zn(II) atom is coordinated by four N atoms from two chelating 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) ligands, one O atom from a 4-bromo-benzoate ligand and one water mol-ecule, completing a distorted ZnN(4)O(2) octa-hedral geometry. The two phen ligands exhibit nearly perfect coplanarity (r.m.s. deviations = 0.027 and 0.031 Å), making a dihedral angle of 85.7 (1)°. The mean inter-planar distances of 3.36 (2) and 3.41 (3) Å between adjacent phen ligands indicate π-π stacking inter-actions. The uncoordinated water mol-ecules are partly occupied. One carboxyl-ate O atom and two Br atoms are each disordered over two sites, with occupancy factors of 0.60 and 0.40. In the crystal structure, O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking inter-actions link the complex cations, uncoordinated 4-bromo-benzoate anions and water mol-ecules into a three-dimensional supra-molecular network. An intra-molecular O-H⋯·O hydrogen bond is observed in the cation.

Objective: Several recent studies that have investigated the genetic association between the manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) gene Ala-9Val single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and tardive dyskinesia (TD) have produced conflicting results. This study was to investigate whether this SNP was associated with clinical phenotypes and antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia (TD) in schizophrenia in a genetically homogeneous Han Chinese inpatient population., Methods: Genotyping was performed for the MnSOD gene Ala-9Val SNP in Chinese schizophrenia patients with (n=176) and without TD (n=346). The severity of TD was assessed using the abnormal involuntary movement scale (AIMS), and psychopathology using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)., Results: The frequencies of genotypes and alleles did not differ significantly between schizophrenic patients with and without TD (both p>0.05). Also, there was no significant difference in the AIMS total score between the Val/Val and Ala allele carrier groups (p>0.05). However, the PANSS negative symptom subscore was significantly higher in patients with Val/Val genotype (21.8+/-7.3) than those with Ala alleles (20.1+/-7.7) (t=2.32, p=0.03)., Conclusion: While the MnSOD gene Ala-9Val polymorphism did not play a major role in the susceptibility to TD in schizophrenic patients, it might be associated with negative symptoms of schizophrenia., (Copyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To investigate the method of early surgical treatment of bronchopleural fistula after pneumonectomy., Methods: Twelve patients (9 males and 3 females with a mean age of 58.6-/+5.7 years) with bronchopleural fistula after pneumonectomy received a reoperation within 72 h after a definite diagnosis. Empyema was found in none of the 12 cases. Fistula occurred within 4 to 17 days (8 days in average) after the operation. The fistula of the residual main bronchus was resected, and the thoracic cavity was asepticized by flushing., Results: Ten patients were discharged with complete healing. One patient was discharged following open drainage with daily change of the wound dress. One patient died due to multiple organ failure. The hospital stay of the patients ranged from 18 to 49 days (31 days in average) after the reoperation., Conclusion: Bronchopleural fistula after pneumonectomy, in case that empyema and multiple organ failure do not occur, can be healed by closing the fistula with the stapling device in early stage. Flushing the thoracic cavity is also necessary after the reoperation.

In the title compound, [Zn(C(12)H(8)N(2))(3)](C(7)H(4)BrO(2))(2)·6.5H(2)O, the Zn(II) atom is coordinated by six N atoms from three 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) mol-ecules in a distorted octa-hedral geometry. The chelating phen ligands exhibit nearly perfect coplanarity (r.m.s. deviations of 0.048, 0.039 and 0.061 Å). The mean inter-planar distances of 3.51 (2) and 3.54 (4) Å between adjacent phen ligands indicate π-π stacking inter-actions, which connect the complex cations into chains along [101]. The 4-bromo-benzoate anions and the uncoordinated water mol-ecules, parts of which are not fully occupied, are linked by O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Two carboxyl-ate O atoms and one Br atom in the 4-bromo-benzoate anions are each disordered over two sites with occupancy factors of 0.60 and 0.40.

The hydro-thermal reaction of SrCO(3) and 2-bromo-benzoic acid in CH(3)OH-H(2)O afforded the Sr(II) title polymeric complex, [Sr(C(7)H(4)BrO(2))(2)(H(2)O)(2)](n). Within the coordination sphere, the Sr(II) ion is located on a crystallographic twofold axis, and is coordinated by eight O atoms from two water mol-ecules and four carboxyl-ate groups of 2-bromo-benzoate ligands in an irregular coordination geometry. Two μ(3)-carboxyl-ate groups of the 2-bromo-benzoate anions bridge two symmetry-related Sr(II) atoms, giving rise to a chain structure extending along [001]. The polymeric chains are connected via O-H⋯O and O-H⋯Br hydrogen bonds inter-actions into a three-dimensional supra-molecular network.

In the title complex mol-ecule, [CdBr(2)(C(10)H(8)N(2))(2)], the Cd(II) ion is six-coordinated by two cis-arranged bromide anions and four N atoms of two bidentate 2,2'-bipyridine ligands in a distorted octa-hedral geometry. The dihedral angle formed by the mean planes through the bipyridine ligands is 87.01 (11)°. In the crystal packing, π-π stacking inter-actions [centroid-centroid distances = 3.837 (6) and 3.867 (11) Å] link adjacent complex mol-ecules into chains running parallel to the b axis. The chains are further connected by inter-molecular C-H⋯Br hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network.

In the title compound, [Pb(C(7)H(4)FO(2))(2)(C(12)H(8)N(2))(2)]·2H(2)O, the Pb(II) atom is coordinated by four N atoms from two bidentate chelating 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) ligands and four O atoms from two 2-fluoro-benzoate ligands in an irregular polyhedral coordination geometry. Two carboxyl-ate O atoms and one F atom are each disordered over two sites with occupancy factors of 0.60 and 0.40. The dihedral angle between the two phen ligands is 89.9 (1)°. The mean inter-planar distances are alternatively of 3.44 (3) and 3.45 (3) Å, indicating π-π stacking inter-actions between the neighboring phen ligands. In the crystal, O-H⋯O, O-H⋯F and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the complex mol-ecules and uncoordinated water mol-ecules into a supra-molecular network.

Targeted drug delivery system of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) refers to those using different carriers to make the effective parts or monomer extracted from TCM or natural medicine into agents which can directly concentrate on the target site. This system is an ideal delivery approach and has became a hot spot in the field of TCM pharmaceutical research since it can improve the pharmacological effects and reduce the adverse reactions. This paper reviews literatures on TCM targeted agents which were published in the past 10 years. In accordance with the different carriers, four types of agents, liposome, nanoparticle, microsphere, and emulsion are analyzed. Liposomes were studied most profoundly and a variety of new types of liposomes was developed on the basis of the traditional liposomes. Using natural or synthetic polymer materials to carry drugs, nanoparticles and microspheres can promote the drug through the blood-brain barrier and enhance its bioavailability. Emulsion has lymphatic affinity and the drug is coated in the internal phase, which can protect the drugs from hydrolysis. All these delivery agents are proved to be effective ways to improve the clinical efficacy of drugs, and each is discussed in detail with examples. At present, TCM targeted agents are still in the exploratory stage and many problems need to be solved. Especially, it is a huge challenge to research the targeted delivery systems for the effective parts of Chinese medicines and compound prescriptions, and the paper gives a particular discussion on this point. In the future, more attention should be paid to the research on the particle agents of TCM effective parts, and the development of new carrier materials in order to enhance the overall quality of TCM targeted agents.

Objective: To evaluate the principle and treatment of rotational unstable nonunion of the femoral shaft fracture after interlocking nailing., Methods: From April 2003 to June 2007, 18 cases of rotational unstable nonunion of femoral shaft fractures after interlocking nailing were treated with exchanged reamed nailing and/or LCP fixation and iliac bone graft. The average age was 40 years old (from 22 to 52)., Results: All patients were followed up for an average time of 28 months (from 12 to 58). All the fractures were united in an average time of 7 months (from 6 to 8). There were no perioperative complications occurred and no wound infection were observed. No loosening was found around the implant till the last follow-up., Conclusions: Rotational instability is one of the reasons of nonunion of femoral shaft fracture after interlocking nailing. Reaming and nail exchanging or LCP fixation with iliac bone graft are the appropriate methods which can achieve a great clinic results.