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Effect of UV irradiation $( \lambda _{Peak} \quad =365$ nm) on the electrical performance of the OFETs with CuPc as active layer is demonstrated. The devices have shown stable electrical performance under dark with avg. and max. field effect mobility of $( 1.0 \pm 0.3 ) \times 10 ^{-2}$ and $1.4 \times 10 ^{-2}$ cm $^{2}\, \mathrm {V}^{-1}\, \mathrm {s}^{-1}$ respectively. Under UV illumination there found a shift in threshold voltage and change in ON current along with fast response and recovery time of 0.4 s and 2 s respectively with periodic UV ON-OFF pulses.

High-performance operationally stable organic field-effect transistors were successfully fabricated on a PowerCoat HD 230 paper substrate with a TIPS-pentacene:polystyrene blend as the active layer and poly(4-vinylphenol)/HfO2 as the hybrid gate dielectric. The fabricated devices exhibited excellent p-channel characteristics with a maximum and av field effect mobility of 0.44 and 0.22(±0.11) cm2 V–1 s–1, respectively, av threshold voltage of 0.021(±0.63) V, and current on–off ratio of ∼105 while operating at −10 V. These devices exhibited remarkable stability under effects of gate bias stress and large number of repeated transfer scans with negligible performance spread. In addition, these devices displayed very stable electrical characteristics after long exposure periods to humidity and an excellent shelf life of more than 6 months in ambient environment. Thermal stress at high temperatures however deteriorates the device characteristics because of the generation and propagation of cracks in the active ...

This paper shows that the theories of fuzzy rough sets, F-transforms and fuzzy automata can be unified in the framework of fuzzy relational structures. Specifically, the key concepts in such theories are represented as lattice-based aggregations in the form of compositions with suitable fuzzy relations. Furthermore, it is shown that the principal parts of morphisms between all considered fuzzy relational structures coincide.

A PMMA based Ag/PMMA/Ti/Glass RRAM devices are reported for their resistive switching behavior. Switching performance was tested on three samples fabricated at different PMMA annealing temperatures. The switching voltages have shown a down trend with increasing annealing temperature. The Current on/off ratio and retention time also degrades with annealing temperature. The devices exhibited significantly low switching voltages (

We report the effect of varying the semiconductor:polymer blend ratio on the electrical performance and bias-stress stability of the organic field effect transistors (OFETs) with TIPS-Pentacene and polystyrene as semiconductor and polymer combination. Device performance was found to improve with increasing polymer content in the solution. Devices with 1:3 TIPS-Pentacene:polystyrene blend outperformed the other counterparts with high performance, and demonstrated least performance variation with regular 100 transfer measurement cycles. In addition, 1:3 blend devices have shown the least normalized drain current decay of $\sim$ 8.5 % with the bias stress condition of V DS = V GS = -30 V for 2 h, as compared to the 1:1, 3:1 and neat devices with the decay of 15 %, 37 % and 71 % respectively. Additionally, a better recovery of electrical characteristics was observed in blend devices with larger polymer fractions from the deteriorating effects of gate bias stress.

Protein molecules sample different conformations in solution and characterizing these conformations is crucial to understanding protein function.

Even though the contribution of the aviation sector to the global economy is very notable, it also has an adverse impact on climate change. Improvements have been made in different areas (i.e., technology, sustainable aviation fuel, and design) to mitigate these adverse effects. However, the rate of improvement is small compared to the increase in the demand for air transportation. Hence, greenhouse gas emissions in the aviation sector are steadily increasing and this trend is expected to continue unless adequately addressed. In this context, this study examined the following: (i) the factors that affect the growth of aviation, (ii) trends in greenhouse gas emissions in the sector, (iii) trends in energy demand, (iv) mitigation pathways of emissions, (v) mitigation challenges for the International Civil Aviation Organization, (vi) achievements in mitigating emissions, (vii) barriers against mitigating emissions, and (viii) approaches of overcoming barriers against emissions mitigation. This study finds that continued research and development efforts targeting aircraft fuel burn efficiency are crucial in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Although biofuels are promising for the reduction of aviation emissions, techniques to reduce NOx emissions could enhance large-scale deployment. Pragmatic market-based mechanisms, such as the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) and/or carbon tax must be enforced on a global scale to capitalize on a collective stakeholder effort to curb CO2 emissions. The findings of this study will help in understanding the emissions and energy consumption scenarios, which will provide a comprehensive package of mitigation pathways to overcome future emissions reduction challenges in the aviation sector.

Primary neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) of kidneys are extremely rare tumours. We report a case of a young female patient, who presented with complaints of hematuria and was diagnosed as a case of the right renal space-occupying lesion (SOL) on radiological imaging. She was advised for surgery, however, was lost to follow up. She remained asymptomatic and presented two years later again, pain abdomen, hematuria and abdominal mass. Imaging revealed a large space-occupying lesion in the right kidney pelvicalyceal system. In suspicion of urothelial malignancy of pelvis, she underwent a ureteroscopic biopsy which revealed malignancy of urothelial origin. The patient later underwent definitive surgery with radical nephroureterectomy, and immunohistochemistry of her nephrectomy specimen revealed poorly differentiated NET, which was positive for chromogranin A, synaptophysin and CD56 with a KI index of 25%. This case report highlights the importance of the indolent nature of disease along with diagnostic challenges requiring meticulous pathological examination and immunohistochemistry studies.

Serology remains the mainstay for diagnosis of scrub typhus. In central India, diagnosis of this neglected emerging zoonotic disease suffers due to lack of standardized region-specific cutoff value and diagnostic test. Henceforth, standardized region-specific cutoff value for diagnostic ELISA play a significant role in initial treatment of patients and to differentiate other febrile diseases in endemic setup. A total of 144 patients of all age groups with acute undifferentiated febrile illness patients, forty healthy controls, dengue and chikungunya positive thirty-five samples in each category, respectively were enrolled in the study and subjected to IgM ELISA (InBioS, International, Inc.). Samples showing OD value more than 0.5 in IgM ELISA, were subjected to nested PCR. Both, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and healthy volunteer samples mean with +3 SD were considered to generate region specific cutoff OD value. A total of 48 patients were diagnosed as cases of scrub typhus through IgM ELISA. Out of 48 samples, 30 were positive by nested PCR. The ROC curve analysis revealed a diagnostic ELISA cutoff value of 0.73 with sensitivity and specificity of 95% and 100%, respectively. The cut off arrived from healthy volunteer is mean OD + 3 SD is 0.72. Considering the significance of scrub typhus diagnosis for treatment and to understand disease dynamics in region wise, the cutoff value of >0.72 for diagnostic ELISA for Madhya Pradesh in central India can be used.

As we look ahead into the future, we see an abundance of young professionals entering into the labour market. Literature suggests that different generations at the workplace differ in their values, attitudes, behaviours and ways of working. Managers find it difficult to set equilibrium among the generations at the workplace and the reason is the lack of understanding of the Millennial behaviour and expectations they have from the workplace. This paper looks deeper into the various attributes and features that Millennials expect from the workplace. Focus group interviews were initially conducted to identify the attributes that Millennials expect from the workplace. A questionnaire was then formulated and circulated to collect the responses. The results have shown that the millennial generation finds it extremely important that the workplace where they are employed must provide them with opportunities for growth and development also comprise occasions to develop their leadership skills.

The application of hydro geochemical exploration for sub-surface uranium mineralization is becoming significant due to the geochemical properties of uranium. The oxygen in natural water enhances the mobility of uranium by the complexing action of carbonates and bicarbonates with oxidized uranyl ions. The uranium and its decay products (i.e., radium group) can be used as good tracers for pinpointing uranium mineralization. The basement complex in the south of Cuddapah basin comprises granite, gneiss-migmatites and patches of greenstone belts. There are different generation of fractures and mafic dykes trending E–W, N S, NW-SE and NE–SW directions. The NNE–SSW to NE–SW trending fractures are youngest and often show higher uranium values in water along the same trend indicating possible mineralization. The fractures are often intruded by younger basic intrusive rocks and quartz reefs which often show high uranium content. Several NE–SW to NNE–SSW trending fracture zones with uranium mineralization are observed in the areas around Shivaramapuram-Nutankalva, Kamaguttapalle and T. Sundupalle villages. These sympathetic fracture zones are important for further sub-surface exploration. The present focus is given on a NE-SW fracture zone along Sivaramapuram–Nutanakalva tract extends over a strike length of ~15 km with a plan width of ~1 to 1.5 km. The tract is mostly soil covered and rock outcrops are scanty. Radioactive anomalies are located at small outcrops in fractured basic dyke, fractured and altered granite, deformed quartz vein, sludge samples collected from private village drilling sites, Pincha river channel sands and soils (U3O8 values up to 0.19% (β/γ); n = 44;). Hydrogeochemical exploration along this fracture zone has indicated anomalous concentration of uranium in water samples ranging from 100 to 19,434 ppb U (n = 110). Selective borewells have been monitored for 8 months to check the seasonal variation. The data remain persistent and indicated encouraging outcome. This NE–SW fracture zone has affected the Nagari quartzite of Cuddapah Supergroup, thus indicate Post Nallamalai Mesoproterozoic Grenville orogeny, which is metallogenically favourable epoch for fracture controlled uranium mineralization. The surface anomalies vis-a-vis the hydro uranium anomalies and suitable geochemical condition along the NE-SW trending fracture make this zone a potential target for further sub-surface exploration.

The purpose of this paper is to introduce and study the concepts of homomorphism, fuzzy multiset transformation semigroup and coverings of fuzzy multiset finite automata. We establish their basic properties for the algebraic study of fuzzy multiset automata theory.

High-performance solution processed flexible organic field-effect transistors with 6,13(bis-triisopropylsily-lethynyl) pentacene and polystyrene blend are demonstrated with high electro-mechanical stability. For −5 V operation, field-effect mobility up to 1.1 cm $^{2}~\text{V}^{\mathrm {-1}}~\text{s}^{\mathrm {-1}}$ and threshold voltage as low as −0.1 V were obtained with high current on–off ratios of $\sim 10^{5}$ due to high quality dielectric–semiconductor interface developed during solvent evaporation. Stable electrical characteristics were achieved with increasing duration of mechanical strain, and after multiple cycles of tensile and compressive strain. Drain current decay of 10%, very large trapping time of $\sim 10^{8}$ s, and a very small threshold voltage shift of 0.3 V were observed during bias stress of 1 h, signifying low charge carrier trapping and a high quality of dielectric–semiconductor interface, which was retained largely after two days of continuous tensile strain. Moreover, after 100 cycles of tensile and compressive strain, the corresponding shift in threshold voltage due to bias stress was still $\sim 0.5$ V. Overall, a high performance and stability were demonstrated under collective effects of mechanical and electrical stress.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between multiset topology (M-topology) and generalized rough multiset induced by multiset relation. The notion of transitive closure of a relation is proposed in multiset context. The notable results we establish here are (1) any serial multiset relation induce an M-topology (2) any reflexive multiset relation R and its transitive closure t(R) induce the same M-topology, i.e., \(\tau (R)=\tau (t(R))\). The interior and closure operators of the M-topology \(\tau (R)\) is obtained and discuss their relationship with multiset relation R, when R is a reflexive multiset relation. On the other part, we consider the case when R is a tolerance multiset relation.

A computationally efficient analytical model to accurately predict the electrical characteristics of wrap-gate carbon nanotube FETs (CNTFETs) is proposed and described in this paper. A wrap-gate structure offers an ideal geometry with minimum body thickness and maximum control over the channel as well as improved device scalability. The parasitic effects present in a real device are incorporated into an ideal wrap-gate device model, and the Poisson–Schrodinger equations are solved self-consistently to obtain the potential and carrier density at the top of the barrier. Exact analytical expressions, such as CNTFET density-of-states are used for approximately evaluating the integral expressions. Finally, the drain current is obtained for near-ballistic transport in the device. The electrical characteristics from our model are validated with recently reported experimental results from the literature, demonstrating good accuracy when the device is on. The subthreshold characteristics are underestimated and offer scope for improvement. Various performance metrics, including threshold voltage and subthreshold swing, and on-current are within 2–11% error. The proposed model can thus be used to study the performance of wrap-gate CNTFETs under various parametric conditions, and extended to circuit simulation models, such as SPICE.

Flexible organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) with TIPS-pentacene: polystyrene (PS) blend are demonstrated to exhibit enhanced mobility and significantly improved electrical stability compared to neat TIPS-pentacene on poly(4-vinylphenol) (PVP) dielectric (bi-layer OFETs), along with high mechanical stability. Due to merit of high quality dielectric-semiconductor interface, pristine TIPS-pentacene: PS blend OFETs exhibited maximum mobility of 0.93 cm2 V−1 s−1 with average of 0.44(±0.25) cm2 V−1 s−1 compared to 0.14(±0.10) cm2 V−1 s−1 for bi-layer OFETs with high current on-off ratios on the order 105 for both. Both types of devices exhibited high electrical stability upon bending with increasing magnitude of strain or its duration up to 5 days. However, significant differences in electrical stability of devices were observed upon applying constant bias-stress for 40 min to 1 h. Pristine blend devices exhibited outstanding electrical stability with very low drain current decay of

Species association and composition on ridge top forests (RTFs) in Himalayan ranges depend on climatic factors mainly, which are not well studied. To appraise climatic response on vegetation association and composition in different RTFs along altitudinal gradients, we selected four study sites with different altitudinal ranges viz. (i) Hindolakhal-Narendranagar range (< 2000 m asl.), (ii) Mussoorie-Dhanolti range (1900–2900 m asl.), (iii) Chaurangikhal-Harunta range (2400–3300 m asl) and (iv) Dayara-Gidara range (2500–3750 m asl) in Garhwal Himalaya. We found that in these ranges 67 woody tree species, represented by 55 genera and 39 families were present. The most abundant families were Pinaceae and Fabaceae, represented by 6 tree species in each. Mean stand (stem) density in the forests was recorded as 597 ± 29 trees ha-1, which ranged between 546–616 trees ha-1 with a mean basal area of 77.25 ± 17.90 m2 ha-1 (ranging from 54.43-102.83 m2 ha-1). Cluster analysis used to show the vegetation distribution and association on the ridge top forests of various mountain ranges. Canonical Correspondence Analysis revealed that elevation and climatic factors were the dominant factors for regional differences in species composition among ridge tops.

This article adopts the customer experience framework to find out how customer experience shapes customer satisfaction in the retail banking services. An empirical model using Total Interpretive Structural Modelling (TISM) technology is developed to summarize the factors of customer experience and to find the relationships and interrelationships of these factors which further leads to customer satisfaction. The results suggest that customer experience is driven by 14 factors: convenience, customer interaction, servicescape, employee’s attitude, online functional elements, presence of other customers, online hedonic elements, customization, core service, value addition, speed, marketing mix, service process and online aesthetics. In addition, the findings suggest that these factors directly or indirectly lead to customer satisfaction which further helps in building customer trust and customer loyalty. The article ends with a discussion of the managerial implications and future research directions.

The effect of structural dissimilarity of the additive solvent from the main solvent on the properties of the solution and resulting crystals for solution processed organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) is comprehensively studied. Organic semiconductor TIPS-Pentacene was explored with toluene as the main solvent and benzene, cyclohexane, and hexane as additives for making semiconductor solutions. The solution formation with various solvents is explained by Hansen’s solubility theory, according to which the binary solvent with higher structural dissimilarity between constituent solvents is a weaker solvent of the organic semiconductor; which eventually supports better molecular aggregation and crystallinity in the resulting crystallites. As investigated by XRD, the degree of crystalline order systematically increased with rising dissimilarity in component solvents; integrated intensity ratio rising from 0.52 for toluene to 0.54, 0.69 and 0.72 respectively for toluene/benzene, toluene/cyclohexane, and toluene/hexane. The variation in degree of crystallinity is also reflected in electrical properties of OFETs, where the field-effect mobility improved from 0.05 cm2/(V.s) for toluene solvent to higher than 0.1 cm2/(V.s) for toluene/hexane.

The purpose of present work is to introduce a new category of fuzzy automata with morphisms as relations. We introduce and study the categorical concepts such as biproducts, monomorphisms, epimorphisms, injectives and projectives in this category. Finally, two functorial relationships are introduced between this new category of fuzzy automata and the category of fuzzy automata introduced and studied in (1).

Flexible organic field-effect transistors with high electrical stability upon bending are demonstrated on indium tin oxide coated polyethylene terephthalate substrates with TIPS-Pentacene semiconductor crystals formed by drop casting on a hybrid gate dielectric consisting hafnium dioxide grown by atomic layer deposition and spin coated poly(4-vinylphenol). Fabricated devices exhibited excellent p-channel characteristics with field-effect mobility up to 0.12 cm2/Vs with high current on/off ratio >104 and low threshold voltage of −0.2 V. Device performance was slightly affected by mechanical strain applied by bending for 5 min with radius varying from 12.5 mm to as low as 5.0 mm; and a high stability in performance was demonstrated upon applying constant tensile strain for more than 48 h at bending radius of 5.0 mm. It was found that strain induced changes in the device performance primarily occur due to increase in dielectric surface roughness; and the semiconductor-dielectric interface uniformity is influenced more with magnitude of strain rather than its duration.

The purpose of present work is to introduce and study two minimal realizations for a given fuzzy behaviour in bicategory- theoretic setup. One such realization is based on Myhill Nerode's theory, while the other realization is based on derivative of the given fuzzy behaviour. It is shown here that there exists a unique 2-cell in bicategory of crisp deterministic fuzzy machines between both the realizations.

An efficient strategy for nucleophilic ring opening of donor-acceptor (DA)-cyclopropanes with electron rich arenes to provide 2-(2,2-diarylethyl)malonates in excellent yields is described. The reaction was found to be successful with heteroarenes as the nucleophile as well. Reaction of enantiopure DA-cyclopropane with arene/heteroarene as the nucleophiles afforded the corresponding 2-(2,2-diarylethyl)malonates with high yield and enantioselectivity (ee 95%). The synthetic utility of the products was demonstrated by converting them easily into other important synthetic scaffolds like functionalized cyclohexene and malonic acid derivatives.

Skin cancer is among the most common cancers worldwide and identifiable molecular changes for early and late stage of skin tumorigenesis can suggest the better targets for its control. In this study, we investigated the status of K-Ras-PI3K-AKTpathway followed by NF-κB, cyclin D1, MMP-9 and regulatory micro RNA during 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) induced mouse skin tumorigenesis and its prevention by butyric acid (BA), nicotinamide (NA) and calcium glucarate (CAG), individually or in combination with respect to time. DMBA upregulated the K-Ras, PI3K, Akt, NF-κB, cyclin D1 and MMP-9, but downregulated the PTEN in a time dependent manner. DMBA also reduced the levels of micoRNA let-7a but induced the levels of miR-21 and miR-20a as a function of time. BA, NA and CAG were found to prevent DMBA induced changes, but they were most effective when used together in a combination. Reduced let-7a and miR-211 were correlated with the overexpression of K-Ras and MMP-9. Overexpression of miR-21 and miR-20a was correlated with the down regulation of PTEN and overexpression of Cyclin D1. Collectively, the enhanced chemopreventive potential of natural compound in combination via regulation of K-Ras-PI3K-AKTpathway along with regulatory micro RNAs provide a newer and effective mean for cancer management.

Objective Ayurvedic formulations are preferred over other formulations as well as commercialized on broad level to treat various ailments. The World Health Organization has established certain guidelines for quality control of heavy metals and pesticide residues. Bacopa monnieri, a popular herb with immunomodulator and memory-enhancing properties is the chief constituent of several Ayurvedic formulations, which include Brahmi Vati (BV), Brahmi Ghrita (BG) and Saraswat Churna (SC), etc. In view of the World Health Organization guidelines, two products of each formulation from six different manufacturers were purchased from Ayurvedic Pharmacy, Bulanala-Varanasi, India for testing heavy metal and pesticide residue. Methods In the present study, all the formulations—BV, BG and SC—were selected for estimation of four heavy metals namely lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) by a plasma emission spectrophotometer. Organochlorine pesticidal residues were estimated for dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane, isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and α-endosulfan, etc. in total 12 samples of test formulations containing Bacopa monnieri L. using gas chromatography technique. Results Out of 12 samples, Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni were present in all samples but below the permissible limit. Although atrazine, aldrin, dialdrin were in below detection limit, but other pesticides were detected in some samples as oxamyl, hexachlorocyclohexanes (α-HCH, β-HCH and γ-HCH), dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene. Conclusion The presence of heavy metals in the formulations was low to cause toxicity. However evaluation of heavy metals and pesticide residue in every batch is necessary.

The aim of this research work is to introduce and study the lattice $F-$transform for functions in two variables. The study of such $F-$transform is based on generalized fuzzy partition (not necessarily finite) of the universe.

The present study was aimed to anticipate how forest composition, regeneration, biomass production, and carbon storage vary in the ridge top forests of the high mountains of Garhwal Himalaya. For this purpose five major forest types—(a) Pinus wallichiana, (b) Quercus semecarpifolia, (c) Cedrus deodara, (d) Abies spectabilis, and (e) Betula utilis mixed forests—were selected on different ridge tops in the Bhagirathi Catchment Area of the Uttarkashi District of Garhwal Himalaya. The highest species richness (10 species) and stand density (804 ± 184.5 stems ha−1) were recorded in Abies spectabilis forests, whereas lowest species richness (4 species) and species density (428 ± 144.7 stems ha−1) were found in Quercus semecarpifolia forests. The total basal cover (TBC) values were maximum (91.1 ± 24.4 m2 ha−1) in Cedrus deodara forests and minimum (26.5 ± 11.7 m2 ha−1) in Pinus wallichiana forests. The highest total biomass density (TBD) (464.2 ± 152.5 Mg ha−1) and total carbon density (TCD; 208.9 ± 68....

BiFeO3 based resistive random access memory (RRAM) devices are fabricated using a low-cost solution process to study the effect of an Al top electrode on switching behavior and reliability. Fabricated devices demonstrated bipolar switching characteristics with a moderate Ion/Ioff ratio, set and reset voltages of ∼−1.3 V and ∼0.8 V, DC and AC endurance of more than 250 cycles and 7100 cycles, respectively, and a retention time of over 104 s, confirming the non-volatile resistive switching behavior. The ohmic and trap filled space charge limited conduction dominates the conduction mechanism in the devices at lower and higher voltages, respectively. Moreover, impedance spectroscopy measurements substantiate the presence of an AlOx layer at the Al/BiFeO3 interface resulting from the Al–O interaction at the junction, which is the possible rationale of reliable complementary switching in these RRAM devices. The switching mechanism is elucidated using the formation and rupture of the oxygen vacancy mediated filament, assisted by the participation of a thin AlOx layer at the Al/BFO interface. The role of the thin AlOx layer is explained by modeling of impedances.

The objective of this paper is to establish the relationship between L-valued approximation spaces and L-valued transformation systems. We show that for each L-valued upper/lower fuzzy transformation system there exist an L-valued reflexive approximation space and vice versa. In between, we study the concept of L-valued natural transformations.

In the present work, we have introduced the concept of layers of IF-automaton, provide the characterization of algebraic concepts of an IF-automaton from its layer point of view, and investigate relationship between IF-automata and upper semilattices. We also confer a decomposition of an IF-automaton and investigate a method of formation of an IF-automaton for a given finite poset. Interestingly, we have demonstrated that there exists an isomorphism between an upper semilattice and the poset of class of subautomata of an IF-automaton.

The concepts from quantale theory is applied in this work to bring forward and study an abstract idea of quantale-semimodule (Q-semimodule) and Q-sets. We have introduced the category \(\varvec{Q}\)-Mod of Q-semimodule and confer an adjunction between the category \(\varvec{Q}\)-Mod and the well-known category Set, and another between the category \(\varvec{L}\)-Set of L-sets and the category \(\varvec{Q}\)-Set of Q-sets. Finally, we have shown that the category \(\varvec{Q}\)-Mod forms a monoidal category.

This paper entitled The fiction of Arvind Adiga. A critical study.” portrays subaltern issues in the Indian society such as caste, prostitution, culture conflict, dowry practice, economical status, zamindari system, poverty and corrupted educational system. This paper proves that how Aravind Adiga increases the voice against those corrupted people for oppressed people in India through the mouthpiece of the narrator Balram Halwai. It highlights how Balram tackles those social obstacles and become a successful entrepreneur. He is considering as the man of action and change. His deeds changed his life from darkness into light. He is depicted as the white tiger in this novel because a normal man cannot come out of the coop but a white tiger can.

English Language is actively playing a dominating role in today's world as a global village. English is educated from fifth standard to twelfth standard. Due to the fact Hindi language is the medium of teaching for all government schools; English actually is among the subjects to be taught. The present study aims to approach the growth and development of Indian English literature. The method is to begin with from the purpose of examine teachers who will be teaching English and also the method is secondly from the purpose of examine students who are learning English as being a subject at Upper Secondary School level. The main task of the study is to obtain data related to independent variables such as the aims of ELT for teaching English which is functioning to satisfy the desired goals of English language teaching The intention of the existing research is to examine, critically, the actual situation of English language teaching. It's an attempt for evaluation of English language teaching programs in general, its effectiveness, its weak points and how it can attain the aspirations of English language teaching course.

John Oliver Killens’s politically charged novels And Then We Heard the Thunder and The Cotillion; or One Good Bull Is Half the Herd, were nominated for the Pulitzer Prize. His works of fiction and nonfiction, the most famous of which is his novel Youngblood, have been translated into more than a dozen languages. An influential novelist, essayist, screenwriter, and teacher, he was the founding chair of the Harlem Writers Guild and mentored a generation of black writers at Fisk, Howard, Columbia, and elsewhere. Killens is recognized as the spiritual father of the Black Arts Movement. In this first major biography of Killens, Keith Gilyard examines the life and career of the man who was perhaps the premier African American writer-activist from the 1950s to the 1980s. Gilyard extends his focus to the broad boundaries of Killens’s times and literary achievement—from the Old Left to the Black Arts Movement and beyond. Figuring prominently in these pages are the many important African American artists and political figures connected to the author from the 1930s to the 1980s—W. E. B. Du Bois, Paul Robeson, Alphaeus Hunton, Langston Hughes, James Baldwin, Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, Harry Belafonte, and Maya Angelou, among others.

The Partition of India was the process of dividing the sub-continent along sectarian lines, which took place in 1947 as India gained its independence from British Empire. The northern part predominantly Muslim, became nation of Pakistan and the southern predominantly Hindu became the Republic of India, the partition however devastated both India and Pakistan as the process claimed many lives in riots, rapes, murders and looting. The two countries began their independence with ruined economies and lands without an established, experienced system of government, not only this, but also about 15 million people were displaced from their homes. The Partition of India was an important event not only in the history of the Indian subcontinent but in world history. Its chief reason was the communal thinking of both Hindus and Muslins; but the circumstances under which it occurred made it one of the saddest events of the history of India. No doubt, the Hindus and the Muslims were living together since long but they failed to inculcate the feelings of harmony and unity among themselves. The fanatic leaders of both communities played a prominent role in stoking the fire of communalism. The partition was exceptionally brutal and large in scale and unleashed misery and loss of lives and property as millions of refugees fled either Pakistan or India.

The theme of this paper is “A light to Hinduism “which means influence of Indian culture, literature and philosophy in the poetry of the Irish poet William Butler Yeats, and the influence of his poetry on Twentieth Century Indian Literature. The paper takes into account literary, cultural, philosophical as well as religious influence, their reception and responses of a culture to literature. Yeats asserts that a “Poet writes always of his personal life, it is always finest work of his tragedy, whatever it be, remorse, lost love, or mere loneliness.” But he never writes of it directly, for he creates with the transformative power of his imagination, even when the poet seems most himself he has been reborn as an Idea. The study seeks to examine the nature of Indian philosophical influence throughout his prolific life on the poetic works of William Butler Yeats, a literary giant of the twentieth century. Yeats mature verse prompted me to engage in his poetic works; which has earned him conflicting names from being Orientalist, Colonialist, Anti-Colonialist, Modernist, Nationalist, Revivalist and even Traditionalist in his attitude and writings. Such multi-labeling is in itself evidence enough to prove how complex Yeats life is, defining easy classification. Many texts have been written about Indian influence on the poet, and I wish to build on them and expand the field as there is still uncovered ground, without strictly categorizing (and thereby limiting) Yeats and his output. In this paper I will be analyzing some of his below mentioned poems to explore the light of Hinduism as a dominant theme in the selected poems of W.B. Yeats. The poems are “The wandering of Oisin”; “sailing to Byzantium”; “Lake Isle of Innisfree”; “An Irish Airman Forsees his Death”’; “Aedh wishes for the Cloths of Heaven”; Leda and the Swan”; “Death”; “Long Legged Fly”; “Among School Children”; “A Prayer for my Daughter”; “The Stolen Child”; “When you are Old”; “Down by the Salley Gardens”; “an Image from a past Life”; Before the World was Made”; “ Broken Dreams” etc.

Ruskin Bond is a well- known Indian writer in English, who wrote in the light of his own experiences and fond impressions about things and people which had a lasting effect on him and is reflected in his works. He is sober by temperament that affected his life- style. He is polite and a highly adjustable personality. Biodiversity impacts human health in a number of ways, both positively and negatively. It is the concern of every country to replenish the diminishing factors of „ecology" which is defined as the way in which plants, animals and people are related to each other and their environment, which threatens human beings the most. At the dawn of the new millennium, the whole globe is facing serious ecological crisis. The most urgent issues like global warming, chronic resource shortage, rainforest destruction, and species extinction indicate the “end of nature”. Myriads of physical as well as mental problems are emerging due to the environmental crisis. If we wish to pass on a safe and healthy world to children then protection of environment will be the issue of immediate concern.

This paper entitled The fiction of Arvind Adiga. A critical study.” portrays subaltern issues in the Indian society such as caste, prostitution, culture conflict, dowry practice, economical status, zamindari system, poverty and corrupted educational system. This paper proves that how Aravind Adiga increases the voice against those corrupted people for oppressed people in India through the mouthpiece of the narrator Balram Halwai. It highlights how Balram tackles those social obstacles and become a successful entrepreneur. He is considering as the man of action and change. His deeds changed his life from darkness into light. He is depicted as the white tiger in this novel because a normal man cannot come out of the coop but a white tiger can.

John Oliver Killens’s politically charged novels And Then We Heard the Thunder and The Cotillion; or One Good Bull Is Half the Herd, were nominated for the Pulitzer Prize. His works of fiction and nonfiction, the most famous of which is his novel Youngblood, have been translated into more than a dozen languages. An influential novelist, essayist, screenwriter, and teacher, he was the founding chair of the Harlem Writers Guild and mentored a generation of black writers at Fisk, Howard, Columbia, and elsewhere. Killens is recognized as the spiritual father of the Black Arts Movement. In this first major biography of Killens, Keith Gilyard examines the life and career of the man who was perhaps the premier African American writer-activist from the 1950s to the 1980s. Gilyard extends his focus to the broad boundaries of Killens’s times and literary achievement—from the Old Left to the Black Arts Movement and beyond. Figuring prominently in these pages are the many important African American artists and political figures connected to the author from the 1930s to the 1980s—W. E. B. Du Bois, Paul Robeson, Alphaeus Hunton, Langston Hughes, James Baldwin, Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, Harry Belafonte, and Maya Angelou, among others.

Every human being acquires knowledge through various experiences of „nature". Even just a passive observation of nature gives knowledge. The sea, sand, mountains, rivers, plants, animals, climate, temperature and seasons influence the character and thinking of a person. Environment influences persons and inspires them to live ecologically. The emotional attachment and commitment to a place influences a person"s experience and shapes his personality. Eco-criticism is concerned with nature writing and ecological themes in all literature. The preservation of nature has always been a prime concern since the Vedic Times in India and the early Greek thought. Ruskin Bond"s works portray one of the aspects of eco-criticism – the role of diversity and its connection with the environment"s network structure. Diversity means many different relationships in a community which is aware of the interdependence of all its members. The entire amount of Bond"s works is a magnificent document of his deep association with environment. He finds delight in running with the winds, smiling with the flowers and converses with the trees.

Actinyl ions (AnO2n+), the form in which actinides are commonly found in aqueous solution, are important species in the nuclear fuel cycle. These ions can form stable complexes with ionic ligands such as OH-, NO3-, Cl-, and even other actinyl ions in the aqueous phase. Knowledge of the relative stabilities of these complexes is important for the efficient design of separation processes used in recycling. These complexes also play a major role in the formation of actinide nanoclusters. A quantitative treatment of the stability of these actinyl ion complexes is therefore warranted. In the present work, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been performed to calculate the potential of mean force (PMF) between two actinyl ions (UO22+ and NpO2+) and various ligands (F-, Cl-, OH-, NO3-, SO42-, CO32-, Na+, and H2O) in explicitly-modeled aqueous solution. Equilibrium constants were calculated from the PMFs, and are consistent with experimental trends. Dication actinyls show stronger affinity for anions compared to monocation actinyls, whereas the opposite is true for cation-cation interactions between actinyls. Finally, the dynamics of actinyl-ligand contact ion pair (CIP) dissociation were characterized by calculating rate constants from transition state theory. The transmission coefficient, a dynamical correction factor used to correct for reaction barrier recrossing, was calculated for each actinyl-ligand CIP dissociation event.

The growing demand for energy-efficient materials needs advancement in existing approaches. Photon upconversion is an effective way to overcome this issue. Novel upconverting materials show their potential in the advancement of energy conservation and lighting technology. In this contest, lanthanide-activated inorganic luminescent materials play a key role. The unique features of these materials like non-toxic nature, narrow multicolour emissions, long luminescence lifetime, high signal/noise ratio, and good chemical durability make them more promising. In this chapter, an overview of photon upconversion process in various lanthanide doped/codoped materials is given. Introductory idea about upconversion mechanism, criteria of material selection, novel synthesis roots, reports on upconversion-emitting materials, and emergent applications of these materials are presented.

In this paper, an attempt is being made to solve the problem of “Back-Ache Problem, Spinal Cord Bends, Muscle Strain etc” arising because of carrying heavy luggage on back. For this using motion sensors, IR sensors, GSM module a luggage which could move automatically just by sensing the owner‘s legs movement, alerting him/her in case of obstacles encountered, sending the exact location in case of luggage is lost (buzzer sound and notification on application developed for luggage). It targets all sections of society from school going students to old age persons, serving and providing the convenience to all.

The focus is on two spaces with a weaker structure than that of a fuzzy topology. The first one is a fuzzy pretopological space, and the second one is a space with an L-fuzzy partition. For a fuzzy pretopological space, we prove that it can be determined by a Cech interior operator and that the latter can be represented by a reflexive fuzzy relation. For a space with an L-fuzzy partition, we show that a lattice-valued \(F^{\downarrow }\)-transform is a strong Cech-Alexandrov fuzzy interior operator. Conversely, we found conditions that guarantee that a given L-fuzzy pretopology determines the L-fuzzy partition and the corresponding \(F^{\downarrow }\)-transform operator.