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Since the first detection of Meloidogyne graminicola in Piedmont, North Italy, in 2016, further inspections for the presence of the rice root‐knot nematode were carried out in rice fields of neighboring regions, in accordance with the Italian NPPO (National Plant Protection Organization) to support the official phytosanitary measures, to enable the early detection of the rice pest, and to prevent its spread within the national territory. In 2018, surveys of rice fields in Lombardy region revealed a new occurrence of M. graminicola. In the present study, we confirmed the identification of the rice nematode in Lombardy using the ribosomal ITS region and the mitochondrial COI and COII genes. The sequences and phylogenetic analyses revealed that Lombardy M. graminicola population grouped in all trees in the main cluster containing Meloidogyne species belonging to graminis group, but always in a different subgroup compared to the Piedmont population of M. graminicola. These results clearly suggest that the two Italian populations have been recently and independently introduced and confirm that the geographic origin is not the main factor leading to M. graminicola population variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed a correlative model at high resolution for predicting the distribution of one of the main vectors of Crimean‐Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), Hyalomma marginatum, in a recently colonised area, namely southern France. About 931 H. marginatum adult ticks were sampled on horses from 2016 to 2019 and 2021 in 14 southern French departments, which resulted in the first H. marginatum detection map on a large portion of the national territory. Such updated presence/absence data, as well as the mean number of H. marginatum per examined animal (mean parasitic load) as a proxy of tick abundance, were correlated to multiple parameters describing the climate and habitats characterising each collection site, as well as movements of horses as possible factors influencing tick exposure. In southern France, H. marginatum was likely detected in areas characterised by year‐long warm temperatures and low precipitation, especially in summer and mostly concentrated in autumn, as well as moderate annual humidity, compared to other sampled areas. It confirms that even in newly invaded areas this tick remains exclusively Mediterranean and cannot expand outside this climatic range. Regarding the environment, a predominance of open natural habitats, such as sclerophyllous vegetated and sparsely vegetated areas, were also identified as a favourable factor, in opposition to urban or peri‐urban and humid habitats, such as continuous urban areas and inland marshes, respectively, which were revealed to be unsuitable. Based on this model, we predicted the areas currently suitable for the establishment of the tick H. marginatum in the South of France, with relatively good accuracy using internal (AUC = 0.66) and external validation methods (AUC = 0.76 and 0.83). Concerning tick abundance, some correlative relationships were similar to the occurrence model, as well as the type of horse movements being highlighted as an important factor explaining mean parasitic load. However, the limitations of estimating and modelling H. marginatum abundance in a correlative model are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the midst of changes related to Industry 4.0, the preparation of engineers is essential. Thus, this paper aims to point out the effectiveness of evaluation instruments of Brazilian universities or courses to portray the adequacy of production engineers' training to the needs of production methods for Industry 4.0. This paper analyzes two systems: the ENADE, an official evaluation of higher education, and the RUF, a university ranking applied by a large Brazilian newspaper. ENADE intends to evaluate the absorption of specific program content in accordance with national guidelines, in addition to the assessment of general knowledge related to contemporary issues of social and economic impact; it is mandatory and applied throughout the National territory. The RUF is an annual assessment of Brazilian higher education and is subdivided by institutions and courses. As a result, it was identified that the joint application of these two systems promotes a reading of the adequacy of the courses to industry 4.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reflects on the production and mobilization of certain types of knowledge as alternatives to hegemonic knowledge, and/or to formal and institutionalized procedures. We employ the concept of socially productive knowledge and use this lens to reflect on the searches carried out by groups of relatives of the disappeared. How should family members use new knowledge to carry out their searches? These ways of knowing are at times through formal channels, and at other times not. Family members and collectives generate their own geographies of pain and terror, they place themselves in the territories to look for human remains, and they learn to decipher signs of context. In the deployment of this knowledge, the management of space, territory and local context is important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing the impact of urban expansion on habitat quality is critical for advancing urban sustainability. Based on the land use data of Nanjing in 2009, 2014, and 2018, we used the CA-Markov and FLUS coupling model to predict the land use of Nanjing in 2025 and 2035 under multiple scenarios, and then used the InVEST model to evaluate the habitat quality. The results showed that the urban land area in Nanjing increased by 223.65 km² from 2009 to 2018, which was mainly from cultivated land and rural residential land. The average habitat quality of Nanjing showed downward trends of 0.448 1, 0.441 1, and 0.433 4 in 2009, 2014, and 2018, respectively. Among the four simulated prediction scenarios, the average habitat quality was ranked as follows：ecological priority scenario > coordinated development scenario > natural growth scenario > economic development scenario. In addition, the areas with large differences in the distribution of habitat quality grades were mainly in the northern, southern, and central urban areas of Nanjing. Specifically, under the natural growth scenario, the habitat quality of Nanjing was forecast to maintain the current downward trend in 2025 and 2035. Compared with 2018, the area proportion of low value was predicted to increase by 1.40 percent points and 2.87 percent points in 2025 and 2035, respectively. Under the economic development scenario, the habitat quality of the central, southern, and northern areas was forecast to further decline compared with the natural development scenario, with the low value area proportion predicted to increase by 2.67 percent points and 4.76 percent points in 2025 and 2035, respectively. Under the ecological priority scenario, the high value area proportion of Nanjing ′s habitat quality was forecast to further increase by 0.40 percent points and 1.04 percent points in 2025 and 2035, respectively, compared with that in 2018. Under the coordinated development scenario, the scale of urban land was found to be controlled in an orderly manner, and the spatial distribution of woodland was predicted to extend outward from the original layout, which would gradually improve the urban habitat quality. Therefore, the high value area proportion of Nanjing ′ s habitat quality was forecast to increase by 0.17 percent points and 0.80 percent points in 2025 and 2035, respectively. To decrease the trend of habitat degradation, improve regional habitat quality and ecological environment conditions, it is necessary to control the scale of urban land use, adopt appropriate ecological protection policies, and carry out spatial renovations and ecological restoration work across the national territory in an orderly manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the statistical parameters that give a comprehensive overview of the socio-demographic state of the border areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and it represents a novel attempt to examine the disparity and relationships between central and peripheral parts of national territory. The methodology is based on examining the differences between border and non-border municipalities/cities according to four groups of indicators, to obtain four indices: depopulation, natural change, ageing and education. Statistically significant differences were found primarily in the context of population age structure, and it can be concluded that the ageing process has affected bordering regions more than the rest of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turismo: Visão e Ação is the property of Turismo-Visao E Acao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Currently in Algeria, the epidemiological situation of the COVID-19 pandemic expresses a very strong spread of the virus on the national territory, with a certain disparity between the wilayas. Currently, 34 wilayas are in sanitary confinement. Additional provisions have been implemented as part of the national policy to combat the spread of the virus. Stakeholders in this area are always looking for appropriate solutions for the strategic management of the pandemic. However, the traditional method of managing the different operations of intervention and coordination between the representatives of all the modules constitutes an obstacle to the proper management of the plan of Organization of the response of Civil Security. This paper attempts to combine several scientific tools for the fight against the coronavirus in Algeria. The Geomatization of the Covid-19 Care Offering ensures the transition from a classic to a localizable digital state that facilitates decision-making before, during and after the crisis. To achieve our goal we used Esri's ArcGIS solutions to acquire, abstract, archive, analyze and display COVID-care offering data19 to handle the medical care and hygiene module and the various modules of the ORSEC plan in a dashboard and coordination between the different strategic actors. Glaring inequities left the majority of wilayas unprepared for the COVID-19 pandemic according to a new COVID-19 Care Supply Index (C19-CSI). we recorded a rate of 2.08% represented by Algiers as the most prepared wilaya that demonstrates the strong centralization of the Algerian health system, and a rate of 18.75% for the 9 wilayas moderately prepared while a rate of 79, 16% making 38 wilayas the least prepared in the face of covid-19. The new version of the proposed ORSEC plan could be a real coordination tool between the different strategic actors in Algeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A very poor, landlocked country, the Central African Republic has experienced unprecedented politico-military crises since the last coup attempt of october 25, 2002, which led to the political change of March 15, 2003. For years now, the RCA has experienced repeated mutinies and recurring coup attempts, which have only tragically worsened the conditions for survival of most of its population. The consequences were not limited to the capital as in the past; they affected the hinterland, with the withdrawal of the former rebellion which occupied part of the national territory. The country was divided into different zones: an area under government control, an area under the direct control of the insurgents and a third area cut off from the main roads, and therefore isolated from communications with the capital. Such a partition has led to a serious deterioration in the lives of at least 2.2 million people directly or indirectly affected by the consequences of the conflict. Our article proposes to question the socio-political trajectory of the CAR, analyzes the viability of the various military operations and their impact on development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses the issue of food waste through the study of the Too Good To Go (TGTG) movement and the contribution that the app has made to raising user awareness in the fight against food waste. After highlighting the phenomenon at European and national level, the article focuses on the awareness and motivation of the users of the TGTG app through the analysis of the discussions in two Facebook groups, among the most numerous in Italy, supported by some data from a qualitative survey conducted on a sample of Italian consumers. The analysis highlights a large presence of the TGTG initiative on the national territory in different Italian regions. The growing number of users of the app shows that the initiative is also successful in Italy. However, users seem to place more emphasis on saving money and the quality of food than on the joint project to combat food waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Debates is the property of Revista Debates and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The spatial concentration of production in cities attracts international and domestic labour in ways that change the character and scale of urban space. Drawing on two decades of research on migration and informal trading in Johannesburg, South Africa, this article argues that the global trade in Chinese lfast fashion' interacts with South Africa's immigration policy, transportation networks, informal trade and established migration infrastructures to transform the city's Park Station neighbourhood into an enclave entrepot. Operated and supported by a network of infoc mal logistics services that keep the enclave within but apart from the city, it is exquisitely tailored to cross-border shoppers. At the social and legal margins but at the city's geographic core, it enables fluidity in an otherwise hostile space; it is at once highly visible and invisibilising. Formed in the shadows of formal institutions and law enforcement, this entrepot is migrant-driven and serves the needs of people often seeking to remain invisible from the South African state and citizenry. As such, its services are adapted from the infrastructures that service legal and irregular migration in the subcontinent. Unlike ethnic enclaves or neighbourhoods that work as arrival zones, it provides the means to move 'through' rather than 'into' the city. The entrepot is a form of migrant space-claiming by vulnerable and mobile people wishing to be in but not of the city. It acts as portal into, through and beyond national territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Brazil, the interstate road passenger transport is considered a public service. It is organized by a public agency, the National Land Transport Agency ("ANTT"), and operated by private agents which manage a wide and combined set of people and cargo's displacements around the national territory. The interstate road passenger transport is a service with high capillarity, as it connects urban centers of different sizes and uses the road network to carry people and cargo's flows. Interstate transport reflects uneven development, and it shows a diversity of spatial interactions that take place all over the Brazilian territory. Therefore, this article analyzes the highways of the municipality of Goiânia/GO, its uneven development, and interstate road transport of passengers. The text is organized in three parts which are theoretically based on bibliographic research. The results were based on population data provided by national public institutions and information about the interstate lines were obtained on the ANTT website in order to support the main article debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study provides the first estimates of the frequency distribution of observational and future maximum daily precipitation considering nonstationarity for the entire Brazilian territory. We assess observational data from 1980 to 2015 and projected data from 2020 to 2099 for two climate change scenarios and four downscaled climate models. We modelled extreme precipitation according to the extreme values theory and calculated the precipitation intensity associated with the return periods of 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years in nonstationary conditions. The results indicate that nonstationarity is identified in 17.5% of the study area during 1980–2015. The analysis of future climate projections indicated an increase in the return levels of extreme precipitation compared to the historical period in at least 90% of the national territory. It shows that engineering design must urgently consider the nonstationarity of extreme precipitation under the risk of increasingly unsafe infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1935 the National Council of Education (CNE) collected information for a Geographic Dictionary of the National Governments via a circular addressed to school inspectors. The initiative was carried out with the contributions of teachers from the national territories. Among them were territorian intellectuals like Tomás Harrington and Juan Benigar, who determined the ethimos of toponymy in indigenous languages in the dictionary. Toponymy, a textual genre generally cultivated by amateurs, became an editorial initiative carried out by the CNE. Its objective was to make the various regions of the country known at a national level and to struggle for the consolidation of "national unity". The Dictionary was published in two volumes in 1941 and 1942. The second of them compiles the toponymy of the Territories of La Pampa, Río Negro, Neuquén, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego. In this article we will describe the dictionary and its configuration, analyze the role of the CNE and the networks of teachers who collaborated with it and, fundamentally, recover the contributions to the knowledge of indigenous languages in the Patagonian region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the study was to estimate centiles by using improved statistical smoothing procedure, the Box-Cox power-exponential (BCPE) method, in urban northern Indian adolescents aged 11-17 years. Materials and Methods: Data were collected cross-sectionally by measuring specific anthropometric features such as height, weight, and mid-upper arm circumference in school-based adolescents aged 11-17 years including both boys (n = 838) and girls (n = 788) enrolled in government educational institutions in urban Delhi. We used a state-of-the-art statistical methodology (BCPE method) to establish centile curves. Results: The model fitted before smoothing revealed that weight, height, and BMI did not follow a normal distribution; both skewness and kurtosis were observed in all three variables. After correcting both skewness and kurtosis, estimated empirical percentile values showed a gradual increase in weight, height, and BMI in both boys and girls. Girls had higher weight and height than boys in initial ages and observed a steep increase in boys in both weight and height in later ages. BMI was higher in girls than boys and visibly higher during 14-16 years of age. The 50th percentile value of BMI was smaller in all the ages in our study than that in other studies. Conclusions: Smoothened percentile values derived for BMI by using the state-of-the-art statistical methodology may help policymakers to promote better growth in urban adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artsakh or Karabagh is an integral part of historic Armenia. Felling under the rule of various conquerors throughout history, Artsakh remained Armenian, sometimes possessing also a semiindependent status. The legal history of the Artsakh dispute can be traced back to the 1813 Treaty of Gulistan, when Persia ceded sovereignty of Artsakh to the Russian Empire. After the collapse of the Russian Empire, during 1918-1920 Artsakh was disputed by the Republics of Armenia and Azerbaijan, because of the administrative policy of the former Russian Empire to unite the national territories into mixed administrative unites. After being incorporated into the Soviet Union, again because of the same administrative police, the Armenian populated Artsakh was incorporated into Soviet Azerbaijan as an autonomous district (marz). Utilizing Article 3 of the “Law on Procedure for Resolving Questions Connected with a Union Republic’s Secession from the USSR,” which provides right to the people of autonomous republics and autonomous formations to independently decide their future state-legal status, on 2 September, 1991, a joint session of the People’s Deputies of the Nagorno-Karabagh Autonomous Region and Shahumyan regional councils, declared the establishment of the Nagorno-Karabagh Republic (NKR). This move was followed by a referendum, where 99,9% voted for independence of NKR. After this vote until now, Azerbaijan tries to seize Artsakh by force, which is contrary to international law. This article aims to study the status of Artsakh in the context of the above historical-legal developments. It clearly demonstrates that the right of people of Artsakh to independence is undisputable. The article will also present the false dilemma of the concepts of territorial integrity and self-determination and will argue for the use of remedial secession in the case of Artsakh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering forced displacement as the historical event with the highest number of victims in the Colombian armed conflict, a spatial characterisation of this phenomenon was conducted for the period 1984 - 2016. Official data from the Registro Único de Víctimas and the Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica were analysed by applying spatial analysis methods namely spatial autocorrelation (Moran's I, Geary's c) and weighted mean centre (centre of gravity). The identified spatial patterns have shown that the phenomenon mainly responds to disputes amongst different armed actors because of territorial control of areas considered geostrategic within the framework of the Colombian armed conflict. In addition, the results of the correlation analysis suggest that forced displacement is motivated by victimising events as forced disappearance, threats, crimes against liberty and sexual integrity, homicide, and massacres. The spatial analysis results are linked to historical and social milestones as well as documented victimising events that contextualise the identified patterns. This article shows through spatial statistics that forced displacement is not a random phenomenon; in contrast it follows a cluster-like spatial pattern that reveals how such phenomenon has affected different areas of Colombia in a more localized way, depending on the period analysed. The analysis identifies as the primary nuclei of displacement the region of Magdalena Medio; the sub-regions of Urabá, Alto Sinú, San Jorge, and Montes de María; the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; the Pacific Coast (Litoral Pacífico); and the former zone of détente. Forced displacement is a permanent phenomenon in the Colombian national territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ukraine, Allium ursinum is a rare species of the state level of conservation, isolated locations of which occur very rarely on the territory of the left bank of the river Dnipro. A new location discovered on the territory of National Nature Park "Pyriatynskyi" is isolated and confined to the floodplain gallery forest of the association Alnion incanae Pawłowski et al. 1928. On the territory of the Nature Park "Pyriatynskyi", the species is represented by a small, incomplete population with a left-sided spectrum. Considering the chorology of the species in the region and the demographic characteristics of the population, this new locality was most likely formed as a result of the recent accidental introduction of the species from the northern enclaves of the Chernihiv oblast or purposeful planting of plants by the local citizens. Taking into account the proximity of A. ursinum growing locality to popular recreation areas, it is necessary to introduce monitoring research of the state and structure of the population and develop special protection measures to conserve this species on the territory of National Nature Park "Pyriatynskyi". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Russia's unprovoked attack on Ukraine may be seen as a blatant violation of the international law but also as a consequence of a double failure of deterrence: Moscow could not deter Kyiv from going ever closer to western integration and the West could not deter the Russians from using military force to change the political status quo and the borders. The incredible Ukrainian resilience and capacity to defend its national territory with foreign support in weapons and ammunitions could be a lesson for the government and population in Taiwan, as they live under the constant fear of mainland China's possible decision to use military power for a forced reunification of the nation. On the other side, if China woult attacks Taiwan, this may force the USA to divide the weapons supplies between Ukraine and Taiwan, which will be a positive outcome for both Moscow and Beijing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Transnationalism is largely understood as a cross-national or international phenomenon, but the globalising forces of imperialism, capitalism, and decolonisation also undermine national hegemony from within the nation itself. This underexamined concept of 'internal transnationalism' is vital to settler-colonial spaces like California in its early US statehood, where national sovereignty is decoupled from national territory. The transnational implications of western expansion prompted different spatial imaginaries of California under US rule, two of which this article focuses on. James Mason Hutchings in his touristic Hutchings' California Magazine (1856–1861) – most famous for promoting the Yosemite Valley in its debut issue but critically neglected thereafter – portrays an American California as a 'pointillist' geography, in which American sovereignty emanates from myriad colonial outposts rather than being a property of the land itself. After the Civil War, John Wesley Powell and Clarence King, two federal surveyors conventionally seen as scientific adversaries, each pointed towards a bioregional Californian America, where local environmental conditions supersede national sovereignty. Through these case studies, I contend that California as a settler-colonial space cannot be taken for granted as domestically 'American', and that California and America instead represent a transnational pairing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I extend the analytical framework of infrastructural citizenship with political ecology and reorientate analysis to rural geographies, extractive infrastructure and indigenous territorial movements. Drawing from recent fieldwork in Bolivia, I argue that an extended conceptual framework of 'infrastructural ecological citizenship' better acknowledges the multiple, changing and contested ways that people and rural places co-exist and how these relationships are being reworked as infrastructure and citizenship are co-constituted. I use this framework to analyse a conflict over road building in an indigenous territory and national park in lowland Bolivia – the Isiboro Sécure Indigenous Territory and National Park (Territorio Indígena y Parque Nacional Isiboro Sécure ; TIPNIS), revealing how the road building project weakened the pre-existing political and material infrastructures that underpinned modes of indigenous territorial citizenship within Bolivia's Plurinational State, as well as foregrounding how transnational extractive capital has shaped negotiations of territorial place-based citizenship in the TIPNIS. In doing so, I contribute to debates on infrastructural citizenship, resource extraction and sustainable development, revealing the ongoing potency of place-based claims on land and related claims for territorial citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted on the territory of the national park Paanayarvi, located in the taiga zone of the European north. The altitude zone common in the territory of the national park is up to 350 m above sea level. The purpose of this work is to study the microbiological and biochemical properties of soils formed under conditions of a gradient of altitude zonation. This work was performed for the first time in this territory. Based on the fatty acid composition of the cell walls of microorganisms, the composition and structure of the microbial community were determined by chemato-mass spectrometry. The dominant microbocenosis of soils of undisturbed territories was revealed. Changes in prokaryotes and microscopic fungi in the gradient of the altitude zone occur in different directions, which is consistent with the work of other researchers. The results suggest that the formation of microbocenosis of soils located in different conditions of the phytocenotic environment depends on the location of the site relative to the height. The latter determines the flow of solar energy into the ecosystem and the hydrothermal regime of soils. The data obtained can be used in monitoring global climate changes, will become the basis for the formation of a general conceptual basis for the functioning of microbial communities of soils of low-mountain landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The availability of adequate infrastructure is imperative for the overall socio-economic and regional development of any country. The present paper purposes to investigate the variations in the level of social infrastructural development in India from 1971 to 2011. The study is based on secondary data gathered from Directorate of Census Operations, Planning Department, Directorate of Economics and Statistics of each state/UT of India for two reference periods, i.e., 1971 and 2011. The level of social infrastructural development has been examined with reference to three dimensions, namely, education, health and finance infrastructure covering 27 indicators. The spatial variations in social infrastructural development have been portrayed and discussed with the help of standardised index computed by using principal-components analysis. The study reveals the remarkable regional or inter-district variations in development of social infrastructural facilities. The study also finds out that these facilities are required more in densely populated northern plains and peninsular region of the country. The southern part and west coastal plain of country covering Maharashtra, southwest Karnataka and central Gujarat and areas around National Capital Territory of Delhi. The Himalayan region is well endowed with social infrastructural facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A treatment that used the topical route as an alternative to treatment for tegumentary leishmaniasis. • 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQN) was tolerable by the animals, showing no skin irritation or toxicity. • 8-HQN demonstrated potential in a topical formulation, for the treatment using murine models infected with L. amazonensis. In the context of neglected diseases, tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) presents an emerging and re-emerging character in the national territory and in the world. The treatment of TL has limitations, such as intravenous administration route, high toxicity, and high treatment costs. Thus, several researchers work on new therapeutic strategies to improve the effectiveness of the treatment of leishmaniasis. In this light, the present study used a topical formulation, containing 8-hydroquinoline (8-HQN), for the treatment of Balb/c mice infected with L. amazonensis. After the treatment, the mean diameter of the lesion was measured, as well as the parasite load in organs and immunological parameters associated with the treatment. The results showed that the animals treated with 8-HQN 5%, when compared to controls, showed a reduction in the mean diameter of the lesion and in the parasite load. The animals treated with the ointment showed a type 1 cellular immune response profile associated with the production of cytokines such as INF-γ and TNF-α. In addition, the treatment did not demonstrate toxicity to mice. Therefore, the topical formulation containing 8-HQN 5% is a promising candidate in the topical treatment and could be considered, in the future, as an alternative for the treatment of TL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article historicizes the educational system in northern Patagonia, starting from a periodization that encompasses the 19th century from the first schools of first letters and charitable societies, to analyze the transition from communal and religious schools to Law 1420 schools. For this reason, we go through the creation of educational institutions, territories and functions that were configured between the mid-19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. We incorporate sources from school inspections, reports from governors of National Territories and the National Education Council. The building of a modern educational system in northern Patagonia was the product of the links between the national State, local governments and the actions of the Church, initially from the Lazarist congregation and after the military conquest, the arrival of Salesian congregations, Salesians and Daughters of Mary Help of Christians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social relationships and the bonds of belonging built by the military, in the light of the family category, have been an object of reflection in contemporary times. Based on research of an ethnographic socio-character and taking as reference the term "military family", this article analyzes the forging of bonds sedimented by the adverse circumstances experienced by these subjects from the movements throughout the national territory and by the distancing from living with their family of origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To be effective, territorial development policies must rely on information collected at a proper spatial scale. This commentary compares functional and administrative geographies. We go beyond metropolitan areas and map functional areas across the entire national territory of Spain. These functional areas are delineated using commuting flows based on mobile positioning data. The results obtained revealed the existence of a substantial number of functional areas that do not belong to one sole region. This indicates that there is a discrepancy between the socioeconomic reality and the administrative areas employed for territorial development policy purposes. Functional areas could be particularly useful to address policy challenges in issues like labor market functioning, transport planning, housing, or public service provision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Rural Water and Sanitation Project was implemented in Brazil in the 1980s. It did not succeed because it did not become an institutionalized public policy that reached the entire national territory, and it was discontinued a few years later. This article assesses the factors explaining this failure using the 5C Protocol. The results show that the flaws in the implementation impaired the sustainability of the established systems. Political reasons compromised the principles idealized during the conception of the project. Also, technical and institutional limitations constrained the implementation of the recommended innovations, such as social participation, and adaptive technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aimed to present some aspects of the evolution the development of spatial model of the national concept. Bulgaria has a convincing historical experience in centralized creation and management of spatial models for development at three levels - municipal, regional and national. With the abolition of centralism, Bulgaria moved to the other pole - complete deregulation of spatial development. Urban and rural areas are two main concepts affecting the balanced spatial development of the country. The choice of a model for spatial development is influenced by a number of factors - social, geopolitical, economic, climatic and others. As a conclusion, the National Concept Programme of Development (NCPD) adopts the approach to rural and cross-border areas of the Territorial Program of the European Union (TA 2020), which to the polycentric spatial and integrated urban development adds concern for the preservation of the vitality of small settlements. The comparative method with its concepts and categories is the main research method in the present work. The spatial model for the development of the national territory is multi-layered and synthesizes different layers with information, functions, processes and priority elements of different hierarchical ranks. In Bulgaria there are visible/intensive processes of spatial polarization and movement towards monocentric models of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]