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Devido a críticas ao sistema de fiança e ao enviesamento das instituições do sistema de justiça criminal, o uso de algoritmos de avaliação de risco tem se intensificado nos últimos anos em diversas jurisdições estadunidenses com a justificativa de serem mais neutros e mais justos. Porém, grupos da sociedade civil vêm denunciando o enviesamento dessas ferramentas. Assim, esse trabalho procura analisar a construção dos algoritmos de avaliação de risco atualmente em uso nos Estados Unidos da América, buscando responder a seguinte pergunta: esses algoritmos são, de fato, neutros e menos enviesados? Para tanto, a partir da abordagem de métodos mistos, pelo modelo de triangulação simultânea, a pesquisa se focou em três aspectos: 1) análise de questionários de 24 ferramentas utilizados para coletar informações de indivíduos sob supervisão do Sistema de Justiça Criminal e que definirão, por sua vez, os fatores de risco; 2) análise dos fatores de risco utilizados por 55 ferramentas pré-julgamento (pretrial) para definição do escore final de risco de não comparecimento no tribunal, fuga ou reincidência; 3) análise de regressão de três escalas (risco de não comparecimento ao tribunal, risco de reincidência e risco de reincidência de forma violenta) do software COMPAS, da empresa equivant, aferido no condado de Broward entre os anos de 2013 e 2014, de modo a verificar os marcadores sociais — raça, gênero, entre outros — presentes na definição de risco dos réus. Como base teórica, me aproprio de discussões da área de STS (Science and Technology Studies) que trazem contribuições para as discussões da Sociologia da Violência e da Conflitualidade. Sendo assim, essa pesquisa traz elementos de ambas as áreas para entender e analisar o problema proposto. A pesquisa apresentou como resultado que embora essas ferramentas busquem ser mais justas que o sistema de fiança (bail system) e menos enviesadas que a discricionariedade de juízes, de forma a serem mais objetivas e neutras, embutem, desde a sua concepção, as falhas do sistema criminal e mecanismos de penalização de pessoas que já estão à margem da sociedade, criminalizando assim a pobreza, o que nos EUA é também um proxy de raça. Conclui-se que as ferramentas além de não serem neutras e menos enviesadas reproduzem e complexificam os vieses do próprio sistema penal. Given the criticism of the bail system and of the bias of the criminal justice system institutions, the use of risk assessment algorithms has increased over the last few years in several jurisdictions in the United States, explained by the notion that they are more neutral and fairer. However, groups of the civil society have been denouncing the bias of these tools. For this reason, this work aims to analyze the development of risk assessment algorithms at use currently in the United States of America, seeking to answer the following question: are these algorithms indeed neutral and less biased? To do so, the research focused on three aspects, stemming from the mixed methods approach, through the simultaneous triangulation model: 1) analysis of forms of 24 tools used to collect information of individuals under the supervision of the Criminal Justice System and that will define, in turn, the risk factors; 2) analysis of the risk factors used by 55 pretrial tools for the definition of the final risk score of failure to appear (in court), flight or recidivism; 3) regression analysis of three scales — risk of failure to appear (in court), risk of recidivism, and risk of violence — of COMPAS software by equivant, measured in Broward county between 2013 and 2014 in order to verify the social markers - race, gender, among others - included in the definition of risk of the defendants. As the theoretical basis for the research I take up discussions in the field of STS (Science and Technology Studies) that contribute to debates on Sociology of Violence and Crime. That being so, this research brings elements from both fields to understand and analyze the proposed problem. The research presented as a result that although these tools seek to be fairer than the bail system and less biased than the judges discretion, with the goal of being more objective and neutral, they insert from their inception the flaws of the criminal system and the punishment mechanisms for people who are already at the margins of society, thereby criminalizing poverty, which in the USA is also a proxy for race. We conclude that the tools are not only not neutral and less biased but also reproduce and complexify the biases of the penal system itself.

The process of identifying a contaminated area involves a preliminary assessment consisting of chemical analysis and comparison with guideline values. In Brazil, these values are included in the CONAMA Resolution no. 420/2009, based on chemical analysis and phytotoxicity. The objective of this research was to evaluate the ecotoxicity of copper in two natural soils in the state of Rio de Janeiro, a Haplic Planosol (sandy) and a Red-Yellow Argisol (medium texture), to verify if the values established by the legislation offer protection to the soil fauna. Lethality and reproduction tests were performed with Eisenia andrei worms and Folsomia candida springtails. Results indicated copper values in Planosol as LC50 435 mg kg 1 and EC50 29 mg kg 1 for E. Andrei and LC10 137 mg kg 1 and EC50 117 mg kg 1 for F. candida. In Argisol, these results were LC50 690 mg kg 1 and EC50 61 mg kg 1 for E. andrei, and LC10 42 mg kg 1 and EC50 138 mg kg 1 for F. candida. Values reported are lower than the research value (200 mg kg-1) established by the CONAMA resolution 420/09, indicating that concentrations lower than the limit values may affect these organisms, depending on the type of soil. Worms were more sensitive than springtails to copper contamination, and sandy soil was more susceptible to ecotoxicity due to copper contamination, probably due to the greater bioavailability of the metal. Results of such ecotoxicity tests should be considered in the development of soil guideline values. RESUMO: O processo de identificação de uma área contaminada envolve uma avaliação preliminar que consiste em análise química e comparação com valores orientadores. No Brasil, esses valores constam na Resolução CONAMA no 420/2009, baseados em análises químicas e fitotoxicidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a ecotoxicidade do cobre em dois solos naturais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, um Planossolo Háplico (arenoso) e um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo (textura média), para verificar se os valores estabelecidos pela legislação oferecem proteção à fauna do solo. Foram realizados ensaios de letalidade e de reprodução com minhocas da espécie Eisenia andrei e com colêmbolos da espécie Folsomia candida. Os resultados indicaram no Planossolo valores de cobre para E. andrei de CL50 435 mg kg-1 e CE50 29 mg kg-1 e para F. candida CL10 137 mg kg-1 e EC50 117 mg kg-1. No Argissolo esse resultado foi para E. andrei CL50 690 mg kg-1 e CE50 61 mg kg-1, e para F. candida CL10 42 mg kg-1 e CE50 138 mg kg-1. Os valores encontrados são menores que o valor de investigação (200 mg kg-1) estabelecidos pela resolução 420/09 do CONAMA, indicando que concentrações menores do que os valores-limite podem afetar esses organismos, a depender do tipo de solo. As minhocas mostraram-se mais sensíveis que os colêmbolos à contaminação por cobre, e o solo arenoso mostrou-se mais suscetível a apresentar ecotoxicidade diante de uma contaminação por cobre, devida, provavelmente, à maior biodisponibilidade do metal. Os ensaios de ecotoxicidade devem ser considerados no desenvolvimento de valores orientadores para solos.

A fim de conhecer os níveis atuais da contaminação por biocidas anti-incrustantes de 2ª geração e preencher lacunas sobre o possível impacto dos biocidas de reforço de tintas anti-incrustantes, a presente Tese teve como objetivo geral avaliar a efetiva relevância ambiental dos principais biocidas anti-incrustantes nas zonas costeiras do Brasil. Análises de butilestânicos (tributilestanho, dibutilestanho, monobutilestanho), biocidas de reforço (diuron, Irgarol, clorotalonil, diclofluanida, DCOIT) e partículas de tintas anti-incrustantes (PTAs) foram analisadas em sedimentos coletados ao longo de todo Brasil. Embora, a contaminação tenha sido relacionada diretamente com as atividades marítimas locais em um estuário de São Paulo (butilestânicos próximos à areas de tráfego e estaleiros de barcos de pesca enquanto biocidas de reforço foram mais evidentes em áreas de barcos de lazer), o mesmo não foi observado no restante das áreas brasileiras. De forma geral, os butilestânicos apresentaram maiores concentrações em áreas de estaleiros do que áreas próximas à portos, marinas ou de zonas de tráfego. Adicionalmente, a contaminação desse grupo ocorreu preferencialmente pelos produtos de degradação. Dentre os biocidas de reforço, DCOIT foi amplamente detectado ao longo da costa do Brasil seguido pelo diuron sugerindo o uso atual de tintas antiincrustantes compostas por esses biocidas. Possivelmente, pelas baixas concentrações encontradas e fontes difusas dos biocidas de reforço, não foi possível observar diferenças de contaminação entre as principais atividades marítimas. Além disso, os resultados mostraram um aporte secundário dos biocidas anti-incrustantes provenientes das PTAs. Por fim, a Avaliação de Risco Ecológico para os biocidas de reforços nos sedimentos de toda costa do Brasil mostrou que DCOIT, diuron, clorotalonil e diclofluanida representam alto risco para biota em pelo menos um local estudado. Assim, algumas regiões de São Paulo, Pernambuco e Santa Catarina devem ser melhor investigadas quanto aos possíveis impactos ambientais. Portanto, o presente trabalho fornece os primeiros subsídios para atualização e implementação de medidas regulatórias para uso dos biocidas anti-incrustantes e consequentemente proteção dos ecossistemas aquáticos costeiros. In order to assess the current levels of butyltins and to fill data gaps about likely impacts of booster biocides, the present Thesis had as the main objective evaluate the environmental relevance of the main antifouling biocides in coastal areas of Brazil. Analysis of butyltins (tributyltin, dibutyltin, monobutyltin), booster biocides (diuron, Irgarol, chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid DCOIT), and antifouling paint particles (APPs) were performed in sediments collected along to Brazilian coast. Although a contamination profile has been related directly to local maritime activities in an estuary on São Paulo (butyltins close to trafficking areas and fishing boat yards while booster biocides were evident in recreational boat areas), a pattern similar was not observed in the remaining Brazilian coastal areas. In general, butyltins showed higher concentrations in shipyard areas than areas close to ports, marinas, or traffic areas. Additionally, the contamination of this group takes place preferentially by degradation products. Among the booster biocides, DCOIT was widely detected along the coast of Brazil, followed by diuron, suggesting the current use of antifouling paints composed of these biocides. Possibly, due to the low concentration and diffuse sources of booster biocides, it was not possible to observe differences in contamination among the marine activities. In addition, the results showed a secondary source of antifouling biocides from APPs. Finally, the Ecological Risk Assessment for booster biocides in sediments in the Brazil coastal area showed that DCOIT, diuron, chlorothalonil and diclofluanid pose a high risk for biota in at least one studied site. Thus, some areas of São Paulo, Pernambuco, and Santa Catarina must be better investigated for possible environmental impacts. Therefore, the present work provides the first subsidies for updating and implementing regulatory measures for the use of antifouling biocides and, consequently, the protection of aquatic ecosystems.

Atualmente, o Brasil é líder na exportação mundial de frango e alcançou uma produção recorde de frango e ovos, nos últimos anos. Salmonella spp. é um dos principais patógenos de alimentos em nível mundial, sendo frequentemente transmitida por carne de frango e ovos. No presente estudo, foram realizadas avaliações quantitativas de risco de salmonelose, devido ao consumo de frango e ovos produzidos sob inspeção oficial no Brasil. Para tanto, informações provenientes de uma revisão sistemática de bibliografias científicas, dados obtidos do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), informações vindas de indústrias e outros setores da cadeia produtiva e da população brasileira foram considerados. Modelos de microbiologia preditiva foram elaborados, considerando a multiplicação de alguns dos princiapais sorovares de Salmonella spp. na carne de frango brasileira. A multiplicação de Salmonella em ovos foi modelada através de software de microbiologia preditiva. As informações foram utilizadas para construir um modelo matemático para calcular o risco de salmonelose através de carne de frango, o qual considerou 21 módulos, desde o abate até o consumo nas residências e 20 módulos, desde o abate até o consumo em serviços de alimentação brasileiros. Na avaliação de risco para ovos, foram identificados 13 módulos, desde a produção até o consumo em residências, e 10 módulos desde a produção até o consumo em serviços de alimentação. As modelagens matemáticas foram realizadas no programa @RISK, utilizando o modelo de Monte Carlo, com 100.000 iterações para cada modelagem. A revisão sistemática demostrou que a prevalência de Salmonella spp. em carne de frango no Brasil foi de 14,96% e em ovos foi de 2,10%. Foram coletados 60.166 dados de tempo e temperatura na cadeia de carne de frango brasileira, os quais demonstraram adequação das temperaturas refrigeradas e congeladas. Também foram coletados 14.159 dados de tempo e temperatura na cadeia de ovos, demonstrando que a produção e distribuição ocorreram em temperatura ambiente. Esses dados foram utilizados para modelar os 15 cenários da cadeia produtiva de frangos e 10 cenários da cadeia de ovos, objetivando identificar estratégias de mitigação de risco de salmonelose. Um trabalho foi publicado, abordando as boas práticas e hábitos de consumo na população brasileira e demonstrou que 96,79% dos respondentes consumiam carne de frango e 97,54% consumiam ovos, pelo menos, 2 vezes na semana, em uma refeição diária. Considerando a dose infectante de apenas 1 UFC de Salmonella, o risco de infecção devido ao consumo de carne de frango nas residências foi de 8,092 em 1.000 exposições e, nos serviços de alimentação, foi de 7,95 casos em 1.000 exposições. O risco inicial de infecção devido ao consumo de ovos em casa ou em serviços de alimentação foi de 6 casos em 100 exposições. Os cenários modelados demonstraram que a redução de contaminação cruzada dentro das cozinhas de residências e serviços de alimentação, após cocção adequada da carne de frango e a redução na prevalência inicial de Salmonella spp. foram as estratégias mais eficazes para redução do risco, sendo que a redução das concentrações desse microrganismo não afetaram o risco. Métodos de redução da contaminação dentro da indústria, como lavagem de carcaças, ausência de contaminação cruzada na depenagem e evisceração, não reduziram o risco de salmoneloses na população, porém foram considerados importantes para reduzir a concentração e possivelmente a prevalência de Salmonella spp. das carcaças de frango e ovos liberadas para o comércio interno e exportação. As avaliações de risco desenvolvidas nessa Tese podem auxiliar no desenvolvimento de estratégias de intervenção e gestão para mitigar os riscos de salmonelose pelo consumo de frangos e ovos no Brasil. Currently, Brazil is the world leader in chicken exports and, in recent years, has achieved the record production of chicken and eggs. Salmonella spp. is one of the main food pathogens in the world, being frequently transmitted by chicken meat and eggs. In the present study, quantitative risk assessments of salmonellosis were performed, due to the consumption of chicken meat and eggs produced under official inspection in Brazil. For this, information from a systematic review of scientific literature, data obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA), information from industries and other sectors of the production chain and the Brazilian population were considered. Predictive microbiology models were developed, considering the multiplication of some of the main serovars of Salmonella spp. in Brazilian chicken meat. The multiplication of Salmonella in eggs was modeled using predictive microbiology software. The information was used to build a mathematical model to calculate the risk of salmonellosis through chicken meat, which considered 21 modules, from slaughter to consumption in homes and 20 modules, from slaughter to consumption in Brazilian food services. In the risk assessment for eggs, 13 modules were identified, from production to consumption in homes, and 10 modules from production to consumption in food services. The mathematical models were performed using the @RISK program, by the Monte Carlo model, with 100,000 iterations for each model. The systematic review showed that the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in chicken meat in Brazil it was 14.96% and in eggs it was 2.10%. 60,166 time and temperature data were collected in the Brazilian chicken meat chain, which demonstrated the adequacy of chilled and frozen temperatures. 14,159 time and temperature data were also collected in the egg chain, demonstrating that production and distribution occurred at room temperature. These data were used to model the 15 scenarios of the chicken production chain and 10 scenarios of the egg chain, aiming to identify risk mitigation strategies for salmonellosis. A study was published, addressing good practices and consumption habits in the Brazilian population and showed that 96.79% of respondents consumed chicken meat and 97.54% consumed eggs at least twice a week, in a daily meal. Considering the infective dose of only 1 CFU of Salmonella, the risk of infection due to the consumption of chicken meat in homes was 8.092 in 1,000 exposures and, in food services, it was 7.95 cases in 1,000 exposures. The initial risk of infection due to the consumption of eggs at home or in food services was 6 cases per 100 exposures. The modeled scenarios demonstrated that the reduction in crosscontamination inside home kichen and food services, after adequate chicken meat cooking, and reduction in the initial prevalence of Salmonella spp. it was the most effective strategy for reducing risk, and reducing the concentrations of this microorganism did not affect the risk. Methods for reducing contamination within the industry, such as carcass washing, absence of cross contamination in plucking and evisceration, did not reduce the risk of salmonellosis in the population, but were considered important to reduce the concentration and possibly the prevalence of Salmonella spp. of chicken and egg carcasses released for domestic and export trade. The risk assessments developed in this Thesis can assist in the development of intervention and management strategies to mitigate the risks of salmonellosis due to the consumption of chickens and eggs in Brazil.

The Human Biomonitoring Initiative HBM4EU (https://www.hbm4eu.eu/the-project/) is a joint effort of 30 countries and the European Environment Agency under the Horizon 2020 funding programme of the European Commission. The project started in 2017 and has a duration of five years. The goal of HBM4EU is to generate evidence on the current exposure of European citizens to chemicals and on their possible health effects in order to assess the associated risks. Further, this project should provide policy makers scientifically founded advice on chemical safety and human health protection. Following a systematic prioritization exercise, which brought together national and EU level policy needs for knowledge on chemical exposure and health outcomes, mycotoxins (Deoxynivalenol and Fumonisin B1) were in the 2nd prioritisation round considered as priority substances around which the HBM4EU research programme will be developed. Within the three pillars of the HBM4EU, namely, 1. Science to Policy, 2. European HBM (Human Biomonitoring) Platform and 3. Exposure and Health, answers to several identified policy questions related to mycotoxins exposure and effects will be debated, namely the current levels of human exposure (including exposure to mixtures) and time trends in Europe, geographical differences and highly exposed subgroups (including workers), the availability of toxicokinetics data, methods for analyzing mycotoxins and their metabolites in human samples, the potential for using effect biomarkers and their link to adverse outcomes, the use of biomonitoring data under a risk assessment framework and derivation of HBM guidance values. All these topics will be considered and explored, providing new evidences that will constitute important contributes for the mycotoxins risk assessment in the EU and abroad. Activities related to translation of exposure to policy (WP5), laboratory analysis and quality assurance (WP9), data management and analysis (WP10), from HBM to exposure (WP12), establishing exposure-health relationships (WP13), effect biomarkers (WP14) and mixtures and human health risk (WP15) will be developed within a joint effort of chemical group leaders for mycotoxins, members of the mycotoxin group at HBM4EU and different Work Package leaders . One of the most relevant planned activities is the possibility for providing new exposure data through the development of an aligned study enrolling several European countries. This will guarantee an update on the exposure assessment to the prioritized mycotoxins in the European population allowing a more accurate risk assessment. Work co-funded by the HBM4EU project, Grant Agreement No: 733032 and by Portuguese national funds: FCT/MEC - FEDER, within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020 through CESAM (UID/AMB/50017/2019) and ToxOmics (UID/BIM/00009/2013). N/A

Objective: To evaluate the risks involved in the process of internationalization of the NBA in Brazil in its initial period, 2012-2015, and a projection on your future 5 years ahead, 2020. Method: The methodology included six stages, involving bibliographical research, consultation of experts for the survey of drawing, evaluation and refinement of relevant variables, allowing the formatting of the index of Risk Assessment of the NBA (IARnba) and its application in the light of the model of Figueira de Lemos, Johanson and Vahlne (2011) in the analysis of the internationalization of the NBA, having the variables of (C) commitment and (I) Uncertainty interpreted Main Results: The study showed that during the two periods studied the risk of internationalization of the NBA in Brazil tends to decrease, despite the levels of uncertainty remain in a small fall. The increasing level of knowledge of the brazilian market followed by investments that indicate a greater commitment corroborates this view. Relevance/originality: Its relevance is due to its originality in portraying the focus on internationalization of sports leagues in emerging countries and unstable economy like Brazil.Theoretical/methodological contributions: its contribution to the literature addressing the topic of sports business in the light of the theory of the internationalization of the firm, portraying the search for international markets for sports leagues in the world and to demonstrate and evaluate the risks of these movements by means of an index., Objetivo: Avaliar os riscos envolvidos no processo de internacionalização da NBA no Brasil no seu período inicial, 2012-2015 e uma projeção sobre o seu futuro 5 anos à frente, 2020.Método: A metodologia compreendeu seis fases, envolvendo pesquisa bibliográfica, consulta a peritos para levantamento de dimensões, avaliação e refinamento de variáveis relevantes, permitindo a formatação do Índice de Avaliação de Risco da NBA (IARnba) e sua aplicação à luz do modelo de Figueira de Lemos, Johanson e Vahlne (2011) na análise sobre a internacionalização da NBA, tendo as variáveis de (C) comprometimento e (I) Incerteza interpretados.Principais resultados: O estudo demonstrou que durante os dois períodos estudados o risco de internacionalização da NBA no Brasil tende a diminuir, apesar dos níveis de incerteza se manter em pequena queda. O crescente nível de conhecimento do mercado brasileiro seguido de investimentos que apontam um maior comprometimento corrobora com essa visão.Relevância/originalidade: Sua relevância se dá em razão de seu ineditismo em retratar o foco na internacionalização de ligas esportivas em países emergentes e de economia instáveis como o Brasil.Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: Sua contribuição com a literatura ao abordar a temática do sports business à luz da teoria da internacionalização da firma, retratando a busca de mercados internacionais de ligas esportivas mundiais e por demonstrar e avaliar os riscos destes movimentos por meio de um índice.

Tese de doutoramento em Saúde Pública, na especialidade de Epidemiologia, apresentada à Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2020 Orientação: Professora Doutora Carla Nunes e Doutora Paula Alvito, INSA. Following the 1 st year of multidisciplinary lectures, the research work was conducted at the NOVA National School of Public Health (Lisbon, Portugal) and at the Food and Nutrition Department of the National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge (Lisbon, Portugal) from October 2016 to December 2019. This PhD thesis was supported by the Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health of Ghent University where a training on LC-MS/MS analysis of biological samples was accomplished during the PhD period. The National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey of the Portuguese general population supported this thesis through access to biological samples and food consumption databases. Introduction: Mycotoxins are food contaminants with several health outcomes such as carcinogenic, estrogenic, immunotoxic, nephrotoxic and teratogenic effects. The present Thesis aimed to assess the exposure of the Portuguese population to mycotoxins through a human biomonitoring approach. Materials and Methods: Under the scope of the National Food, Nutrition, and Physical Activity Survey of the Portuguese General Population (2015-2016), 94 participants provided urine samples for the determination of 42 mycotoxins’ urinary biomarkers. Probable daily intake, hazard quotient and the associated burden of disease were estimated. Through a modelling approach, the exposure to zearalenone, alternariol and deoxynivalenol was estimated for a representative sample of the Portuguese population (n=5811). Results and Discussion: Results revealed the exposure of Portuguese population to aflatoxins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A, alternariol, citrinin and fumonisin B1. Risk characterization showed a potential concern since the reference intake values were exceeded by some of the participants. The exposure to aflatoxins was estimated to correspond to 172.8 Disability-Adjusted Life Years for the Portuguese population. Conclusions: The obtained data confirmed mycotoxins as part of the human exposome of the Portuguese population. Through the application of modelling tools, evidence based data was generated and it can be concluded that exposure may represent a concern for some population groups. These data are crucial to perform a more realistic risk assessment, contributing to more effective preventive measures for health protection of the Portuguese population. Introdução: As micotoxinas constituem um grupo relevante de contaminantes presentes nos alimentos cujos efeitos na saúde humana estão bem caracterizados, entre os quais, efeitos carcinogénicos, estrogénicos, imunotóxicos, nefrotóxicos e teratogénicos. A presente Tese teve como objetivo avaliar a exposição da população portuguesa a micotoxinas através de um estudo de biomonitorização humana. Materiais e Métodos: No âmbito do Inquérito Alimentar Nacional e de Atividade Física da População Portuguesa (2015-2016), foram efetuadas colheitas de amostras de urina para determinaçao de 42 biomarcadores urinários de micotoxinas, envolvendo 94 participantes. A ingestão diária provável, o quociente de risco e a carga de doença associada foram estimados. Através de modelação estatística, foi estimada a exposição a zearalenona, alternariol e desoxinivalenol de uma amostra representativa da população portuguesa (n=5811). Resultados e Discussão: Os resultados obtidos revelaram a exposição da população portuguesa a aflatoxinas, zearalenona, desoxinivalenol, ocratoxina A, alternariol, citrinina e fumonisina B1. A caracterização de risco evidenciou um potencial risco para alguns participantes que excederam os valores de referência de ingestão. A estimativa da exposição a aflatoxinas correspondeu a 172,8 anos de vida ajustados por incapacidade para a população Portuguesa. Conclusões: Os resultados obtidos confirmam as micotoxinas como parte do exposoma humano na população Portuguesa. Através de modelação estatística concluiu-se que a exposição a micotoxinas pode representar uma preocupação para a Saúde Pública em alguns grupos populacionais. Estes dados são fundamentais para uma avaliação de risco mais precisa, contribuindo para o estabelecimento de medidas preventivas eficazes na proteção da saúde da população Portuguesa. The present thesis was developed under the Doctoral Programme of Public Health of Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (2015-2020). N/A

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Objective: To evaluate the risks involved in the process of internationalization of the NBA in Brazil in its initial period, 2012-2015, and a projection on your future 5 years ahead, 2020. Method: The methodology included six stages, involving bibliographical research, consultation of experts for the survey of drawing, evaluation and refinement of relevant variables, allowing the formatting of the index of Risk Assessment of the NBA (IARnba) and its application in the light of the model of Figueira de Lemos, Johanson and Vahlne (2011) in the analysis of the internationalization of the NBA, having the variables of (C) commitment and (I) Uncertainty interpreted Main Results: The study showed that during the two periods studied the risk of internationalization of the NBA in Brazil tends to decrease, despite the levels of uncertainty remain in a small fall. The increasing level of knowledge of the brazilian market followed by investments that indicate a greater commitment corroborates this view. Relevance/originality: Its relevance is due to its originality in portraying the focus on internationalization of sports leagues in emerging countries and unstable economy like Brazil.Theoretical/methodological contributions: its contribution to the literature addressing the topic of sports business in the light of the theory of the internationalization of the firm, portraying the search for international markets for sports leagues in the world and to demonstrate and evaluate the risks of these movements by means of an index., Objetivo: Avaliar os riscos envolvidos no processo de internacionalização da NBA no Brasil no seu período inicial, 2012-2015 e uma projeção sobre o seu futuro 5 anos à frente, 2020.Método: A metodologia compreendeu seis fases, envolvendo pesquisa bibliográfica, consulta a peritos para levantamento de dimensões, avaliação e refinamento de variáveis relevantes, permitindo a formatação do Índice de Avaliação de Risco da NBA (IARnba) e sua aplicação à luz do modelo de Figueira de Lemos, Johanson e Vahlne (2011) na análise sobre a internacionalização da NBA, tendo as variáveis de (C) comprometimento e (I) Incerteza interpretados.Principais resultados: O estudo demonstrou que durante os dois períodos estudados o risco de internacionalização da NBA no Brasil tende a diminuir, apesar dos níveis de incerteza se manter em pequena queda. O crescente nível de conhecimento do mercado brasileiro seguido de investimentos que apontam um maior comprometimento corrobora com essa visão.Relevância/originalidade: Sua relevância se dá em razão de seu ineditismo em retratar o foco na internacionalização de ligas esportivas em países emergentes e de economia instáveis como o Brasil.Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: Sua contribuição com a literatura ao abordar a temática do sports business à luz da teoria da internacionalização da firma, retratando a busca de mercados internacionais de ligas esportivas mundiais e por demonstrar e avaliar os riscos destes movimentos por meio de um índice.

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Biológica (especialização em Tecnologia Química e Alimentar), Segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde, o Plano de Segurança da Água é o instrumento mais eficaz para garantir consistentemente a segurança do abastecimento de água potável, através de uma abordagem abrangente de gestão de riscos, englobando todas as etapas, desde a fonte até ao consumidor. A abordagem do Plano de Segurança baseia-se na identificação de todos os riscos significativos para a saúde pública, assegurando a implementação de controlos e barreiras eficazes, que minimizem esses riscos para níveis aceitáveis, e monitorizando a operação dos mesmos controlos para garantir que a segurança seja mantida. Dada a complexidade dos pontos de utilização de água numa indústria de bebidas e a tendência crescente para uma abordagem assente numa gestão de risco (Decreto-Lei n.º 152/2017; Lei n.º 52/2018), é expectável que a implementação de um Plano de Segurança seja a forma mais eficiente de dar resposta às necessidades neste domínio. Posto isto, a presente dissertação tem como objetivo implementar um Plano de Segurança da Água na empresa Etanor/Penha. Para atingir este propósito, procedeu-se às seguintes atividades: identificação de todos os perigos (biológicos, químicos, físicos e radiológicos) que podem ocorrer ou ser introduzidos em todo o sistema de água; caracterização e avaliação dos riscos associados através de uma metodologia de priorização de riscos; definição de medidas de controlo e limites de controlo para os perigos identificados; criação de um plano de monitorização aplicável a todo o sistema de água. Através deste estudo foi possível identificar oito pontos críticos de controlo., According to the World Health Organization, the Water Safety Plan is the most effective instrument to consistently ensure the safety of drinking water supplies through a comprehensive risk management approach, including all stages from source to consumer. The Safety Plan approach is based on identifying all significant public health risks, ensuring the implementation of effective controls and barriers, minimizing those risks to acceptable levels, and monitoring the operation of the same controls to ensure safety maintenance. Given the complexity of water use points in a beverage industry and the increasing trend towards a risk management approach (Decreto-Lei n.º 152/2017; Lei n.º 52/2018), it is expected that implementation of Water Safety Plan arise as the most efficient tool to fulfill all requirements.. In this way, this dissertation aims to implement a Water Safety Plan in Etanor/Penha. In order to achieve this purpose, the following activities were undertaken: identification of all hazards (biological, chemical, physical and radiological) that may occur or be introduced into the entire water system; characterization and assessment of associated risks through a risk prioritization methodology; definition of control measures and control limits for identified hazards; creation of a monitoring programme throughout the water system. Through this study it was possible to identify eight critical control points.

O atual mercado globalizado e competitivo pressiona cada vez mais as organizações a encontrarem novas formas de progredir e de se manterem no topo. Como consequência do processo de otimização de espaços físicos como um armazém são, por vezes, deixados de parte os aspetos relativos à saúde e segurança durante a sua utilização. O caso de estudo da presente dissertação é o armazém da fábrica no Seixal da Delphi Technologies, tendo como objetivo geral analisar as condições de saúde e segurança nas atividades de armazenagem, encontrando formas de mitigar o risco. Após a caracterização do armazém, foi realizada a identificação de perigos e avaliação de riscos através da metodologia MARAT, com recurso à observação direta das tarefas realizadas e à análise de alertas de segurança comunicados durante o ano de 2018. Esta avaliação teve como objetivo verificar se existem riscos não contemplados ou indevidamente valorizados, na metodologia FMEA utilizada internamente. Como resultado, os riscos mais significativos identificados são aqueles referentes a atividades de movimentação manual e mecânica de cargas. Surge então a necessidade de serem apresentadas linhas diretrizes de prevenção do risco, através da listagem de medidas preventivas e de controlo, com vista a melhorar a gestão da segurança inerente às atividades de armazenagem. Today's globalized and competitive market is increasingly pushing organizations to find new ways to make progress and to stay on top. As a consequence of the process of optimizing physical spaces such as a warehouse, health and safety aspects during the use of the space are overlooked many times. The case study of this dissertation is Delphi Technologies' Seixal factory Warehouse and the main objective is analyzing the health and safety conditions in storage ativities, finding ways to mitigate the risk. After the warehouse characterization, the MARAT methodology was performed for the hazard identification and risk assessment, using direct observation of the tasks performed and the analysis of safety alerts communicated during 2018. This evaluation aimed to verify whether there were risks not contemplated or not correctly valued in the FMEA methodology used internally. As a result, the significant risks identified are those related to manual and mechanical handling of loads. To address these risks, there is a need to present risk prevention guidelines through a listing of preventive and control measures, that are meant to improve safety management inherent in storage activities.

Assegurar a validade das condições de armazenamento e manuseamento das matérias primas constitui uma boa prática de fabrico por parte das empresas e permite comtemplar as exigências legais europeias em vigor. A melhor forma de validar estas condições é a realização de avaliações de risco, que permitam estudar a probabilidade de ocorrência e a gravidade de situações adversas á qualidade dos produtos e á segurança dos trabalhadores. Este trabalho tem como objetivo a validação das condições de armazenamento e manipulação das matérias primas farmacêuticas utilizadas pela empresa, mediante a realização de duas avaliações qualitativas de risco, tendo por base as informações presentes nas fichas de dados de segurança das matérias primas. No que diz respeito ao armazenamento das matérias primas, os principais fatores de risco identificados foram: - A temperatura de armazenamento das matérias primas - A humidade relativa de armazenamento das matérias primas No que diz respeito ao manuseamento das matérias primas, os principais fatores de risco identificados foram: - A toxicidade das matérias primas - O tempo de exposição às matérias primas As avaliações de risco, baseadas na modificação da metodologia FMEA, identificaram condições de armazenamento e manuseamento de matérias primas com risco insignificante e pouco significante. Os levantamentos de dados necessários á realização das análises permitiram a atualização das bases de dados da empresa e a realização de estudos estatísticos elucidativos da possibilidade de ocorrência de eventos adversos. Recorreram-se a métodos auxiliares para a constituição dos parâmetros das análises, entre os quais é de destacar a classificação de perigosidade OEB, que permitirá aos colaboradores da empresa classificar uma matéria prima em pouco tempo com recurso aos dados disponíveis na empresa. Conclui-se, pelos resultados das avaliações, que as condições de armazenamento e manuseamento das matérias primas na Sofarimex, são válidas. Ainda assim, não se pode afirmar que, futuramente, estas condições garantem a Qualidade das matérias primas e a Segurança dos trabalhadores. Foram por isso tida em conta, e avaliada em termos de custo-benefício, a implementação das seguintes medidas de redução de risco: - Reforço do isolamento do Armazém. - Instalação de sistemas de climatização no Armazém. - Restrição nas localizações de armazenamento das matérias primas com maior risco, através do sistema SAP. - Uso de equipamentos de proteção respiratória de respiração autónoma no manuseamento das matérias primas, em alternativa ao uso de máscaras descartáveis.

Human biomonitoring (HBM) is recognized as an important tool to assess the Human exposure to chemicals, contributing to describe trends and patterns of exposure over time and to identify population groups that could be under risk. Natural chemicals as mycotoxins, fungi metabolites that produce toxic effects in humans, are important compounds that could be found in foods usually consumed worldwide in a daily basis. Mycotoxins as aflatoxins (AFTs) are genotoxic, carcinogenic and immunosuppressive compounds. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of their main health toxic effects and is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. In Portugal, scarce data are available regarding exposure to AFTs and none previous study used HBM data to characterize comprehensively the burden associated to this exposure. In the scope of the National Food, Nutrition, and Physical Activity Survey of the Portuguese General Population (2015-2016), 24h-urine samples from 94 participants were analyzed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous determination of AFTs (B1, B2, G1, G2, M1). A model was developed to estimate the health impact of the exposure of Portuguese population to aflatoxins, estimating the number of cases of HCC and DALYs attributed to AFTs exposure. AFTs were detected in 12.8% (AFB1), 16.0% (AFB2) and 19.1% (AFM1) of the 24h-urine samples. The estimated number of extra cases of HCC attributed to this exposure ranged from 17 to 65 cases/year; the associated DALYs for the Portuguese population ranged from 284 to 1802 years. The present study generated, for the first time and within a HBM study, reliable data regarding the exposure of the Portuguese population to AFTs. These data were crucial to characterize the health impact associated to AFTs exposure and to support risk managers to establish preventive policy measures that contribute to ensure the public health protection. Main messages: Portuguese population is exposed to aflatoxins, chemical food contaminants that may be harmful (carcinogenic, immunotoxic, mutagenic, teratogenic, hepatotoxic) to humans. Human biomonitoring studies provide realistic data on internal exposure at individual level, contributing to a more accurate estimation of the burden derived from this exposure. N/A

The use of nanoparticles (e.g. titanium dioxide) in commercial food products to modify some properties, such as brightness and whiteness, increased in the last years and is nowadays widespread. Despite the inhalation of nanoparticles is already a topic of concern, the potential adverse health effects due to ingestion still presents gaps of knowledge. In fact, gastrointestinal tract is the first interface between the body and the external environment and consequently could represent a target organ for compounds present in food that could exert toxic effects. The in vitro digestion models used to simulate the human digestion may contribute to fill these gaps. A standardized in vitro digestion model (IVD) was developed within the INFOGEST COST Action. This method considers a three-compartment model, simulating the digestion in the mouth, stomach and small intestine, applying standardized parameters such as pH, enzymatic activity and incubation periods. Within the scope of INGESTnano project (PTDC/SAU-PUB/29841/2017), and under physiological conditions, three TiO2 nanomaterials (NMs) were selected to setup a workflow to address the nanosafety regarding ingested NMs. The IVD was used to simulate the human gastrointestinal digestion of the NMs and the final product was used to test and ascertain NMs toxicity, using cell lines as intestinal models. The use of this standardized IVD model presented some challenges such as the high level of toxicity of the final digestion product for the bioassays. Several modifications to the initial protocol were investigated to overcome this issue. The results suggested that the addition of bile salts accounted for the majority of the observed toxicity. The applicability of the harmonized in vitro digestion method will be discussed in view of its potential use as a tool for addressing the toxicity of ingested NMs or other food contaminants, mimicking the physiological processes. Project funded by FCT/MCTES through national funds (PTDC/SAU PUB/29481/2017), co-funded by UID/BIM/00009/2013 (Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health – ToxOmics, FCT), iMed.ULisboa (Pest-UID/DTP/04138/2018) and CESAM (UID/AMB/50017/2019). N/A

FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais O Pb é um metal amplamente disseminado no ambiente e por isso pode se fazer presente nas diferentes fontes de alimentos. Responsável por alterações nos sistemas biológicos, gerando, aumento da pressão sistólica, doenças renais crônicas, alterações comportamentais e perda de quociente de inteligência (QI), não possui dose de segurança estabelecido. O presente estudo teve como objetivos: i) Estimar os níveis de contaminação do Pb nos alimentos pela abordagem da Revisão Sistemática com meta-análise (RS) e a partir do banco de dados do GEMS/Food; ii) Avaliar a exposição ao Pb ingerido pela dieta, considerando o consumo da população estabelecido na POF 2008/2009 e os níveis de ocorrência estimados; iii) Avaliar o impacto da qualidade analítica na ingestão do Pb pela dieta; iv) Avaliar o efeito do marco regulatório RDC 42/2013 na ingestão do Pb pela dieta; v) Caracterizar o risco pela exposição ao Pb pela dieta pela Margem de exposição (MOE - Margin exposure) e Quociente de risco (THQ - Target hazard quotient). Os níveis de ocorrência estimados para o Pb pela RS com meta-análise foram obtidos a partir de 77 estudos incluídos e 8466 dados e também a partir de 13566 resultados aportados ao GEMS/Food. Consumo de alimentos foi obtido a partir da POF 2008/2009. Os resultados indicaram alta prevalência de Pb (mg/kg) nas 12 categorias de alimentos investigadas. A média da contaminação global por Pb nos alimentos foi de 0,0541 mg/kg (IC95% 0,0529 - 0,0554, I2 = 100%) na RS com meta-análise, e variou de 0,0180 mg/kg (limite inferior) a 0,0317 mg/kg (limite superior) para o GEMS/Food. A ingestão crônica total de Pb pela população geral variou de 1,53 a 2,01g/kg p.c por dia. Maior impacto na ingestão foi para as categorias Vegetais e produtos e Bedidas, cuja contribuição foi maior que 58% da ingestão total de Pb pela dieta. Retirada as amostras insatisfatórias pela RDC 42/2013, houve uma redução aproximada de 50% na ingestão do Pb, indicando o caráter protetivo do regulamento sanitário. A caracterização do risco foi realizada pela margem de exposição (MOE) e quociente de risco (THQ). A partir dos resultados obtidos há risco de aumento da pressão sistólica de 1 mmHg (0,1333 kPa), nefrotoxicidade e redução de 1 ponto no QI, sendo observada maior magnitude para homens, na área rural e nas regiões Sudeste e Sul. Os resultados deste estudo indicam a necessidade de constante monitoramento de Pb em alimentos, pois considerando a alta prevalência nas mais distintas fontes e a 7 diversidade de comportamento alimentar, qualquer nível de contaminação pode impactar na exposição. Além disto, trouxe a RS com meta-análise como potencial ferramenta para uso nas ações de planejamento na vigilância sanitária de alimentos e complementar a Avaliação de Risco. Pb is a metal widely spread, for this reason, became present in different kind of food. Responsible for changes in several biological systems, generating, increased systolic pressure, chronic renal diseases, cognitive and behavioral deficits leading to IQ loss, had his provisional weekly dose revoked. The objetives of present study were: i) Estimate the Pb levels on food by Systematic Reviews with meta-analyses (SR) and by GEMS/Food database; ii) To evaluated the Pb intake considering the consumption stablished by POF 2008/2009 and the contaminantion levels; iii) To evaluated the analytical quality impacto of Pb intake; iv) To evaluated the RDC 42/2013 impact of Pb and v) To estimate the risk characterization of Pb intake by MOE – Margin exposure and THQ – Target hazard quotient. In a total of 8566 data obtained for 77 studies was considered to estimate de Pb levels by SR. The average occurrence levels estimated by the Systematic Review with meta-analysis was 0.0541 mg / kg (IC95%, 0.0529 - 0.0554, I2 = 100%). The Pb levels obtained by GEMS/Food database ranged for 0.0180 mg/kg (lower bound) at 0.0317 mg/kg (upper bound). Total chronic Pb intake by the general population ranged from 1.53 to 2.01. The greatest impact on intake was for the vegetable and products and beverage categories, whose contribution was more than 58% of the total dietary intake of Pb. Removing unsatisfactory samples by RDC 42/2013, was observed an approximate reduction of 50% in Pb intake, indicating the protective character of the sanitary regulation. Risk characterization was performed by exposure margin (MOE) and risk quotient (THQ). From the results obtained there is a risk of increased systolic pressure of 1 mmHg (0.1333 kPa), nephrotoxicity and a reduction of 1 point in IQ, with greater magnitude observed for men in the countryside area and in the Midwest, Southeast and South regions. The results of this study indicate the need for constant Pb monitoring in foods, because considering the high prevalence in the most different sources and the diversity of eating behavior, any level of contamination can impact exposure. In addition, it brought SR with meta-analysis as a potential tool for use in planning actions in food sanitary surveillance and complementary the Risk Assessment

Submitted by Sheila MONTEIRO (sheila.monteiro@ufma.br) on 2022-02-07T15:52:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PATRICIA_VERAS.pdf: 763675 bytes, checksum: 560253001e58ca1a43ddb7f712e7740c (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2022-02-07T15:52:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PATRICIA_VERAS.pdf: 763675 bytes, checksum: 560253001e58ca1a43ddb7f712e7740c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-10-21 The User Embracement and Risk Classification was idealized to be an effective tool and efficient in the searching for the quality improvement of the attendance in the urgency and emergency services and in the entrance door of maternity hospitals being essential to receive women in a respectful and qualified way, where the impersonal and bureaucratic attendance, by the order of arrival, will may impede serious cases of being properly identified and prioritized. The study tried to assess the reception with risk classification in maternity hospitals on the context of a Brazilian maternal and child health care network (Rede Cegonha) in Northeast region. It is an evaluative normative research, with quantitative delineation and use of primary data of the research entitled "Avaliação das Boas práticas na atenção ao parto e Nascimento em Maternidades da Rede Cegonha" (Evaluation of the good practices in the care to the childbirth and Birth in Maternity Hospitals of the "Rede Cegonha"). The sample of the study was composed by 175 maternity hospitals that performed 500 childbirth or more in 2015 with resourse from Rede cegonha, distributed in nine states. The data collection took place from December 2016 to September 2017 period. The level of implementation of the reception in obstetrics was considered implemented on maternity hospitals of Sergipe (75,01 to 100%) and partially implemented in other states of Northeast (50,1 to 75,00%). It was noted that the states of Bahia, Maranhão, Paraíba, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte e Sergipe (75,01 a 100%) have an appropriate ambience to the execution of obstetrics reception, the states of Alagoas and Pernambuco (50,1 to 75,00%) have partially appropriate services and the state of Ceará has incipient ambience. It was identified that most part of maternity hospitals are of low complexity (80,6%), (80%) have at least 50 obstetric delivery bed and (77,7%) don't have Public-Private Sector Partnerships (PPP) rooms. Although the maternity hospitals have some good results as receptive and human ambience, privacy, safety and comfort to the companion reception. Also identified, that it has problems, especially in relation to the classification of obstetric risk of all the users and reference and counter-reference system. That way the success of The User Embracement and Risk Classification, as a proposal change of the templates of attention and management of the health practices, it exists the urgent need of reflection on the part of the protagonists of this procedure (managers, professionals and users). O Acolhimento com Classificação de Risco (ACCR) foi idealizado para ser uma ferramenta efetiva e eficaz na busca pela melhoria da qualidade do atendimento em serviços de urgência e emergência e na porta de entrada de maternidades sendo essencial para acolher as mulheres de forma respeitosa e qualificada, onde o atendimento impessoal e burocrático, por ordem de chegada, pode não permitir que casos graves sejam devidamente identificados e priorizados. O estudo buscou avaliar o ACCR em maternidades no âmbito da Rede Cegonha na região Nordeste. Trata-se uma pesquisa avaliativa normativa, com delineamento quantitativo e utilização de dados primários da pesquisa intitulada “Avaliação das Boas práticas na atenção ao parto e Nascimento em Maternidades da Rede Cegonha”. A amostra do estudo foi composta por 175 maternidades que realizaram 500 ou mais partos em 2015 com recursos da Rede Cegonha, distribuídas em nove estados. A coleta de dados ocorreu no período de dezembro de 2016 a setembro de 2017. O grau de implantação do acolhimento em obstetrícia foi considerado implantado nas maternidades de Sergipe (75,01 a 100%) e parcialmente implantado nos demais estados do Nordeste (50,01 a 75,00). Observou-se que os estados da Bahia, Maranhão, Paraíba, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte e Sergipe (75,01 a 100) possuem ambiência adequada para realização do acolhimento em obstetrícia, os estados do Alagoas e Pernambuco (50,01 a 75,00) possuem serviços parcialmente adequados e o estado do Ceará possui ambiência incipiente. Identificouse que a maioria das maternidades são de baixa complexidade (80,6%), possuem até 50 leitos obstétricos (80%) e não possuem quarto pré e pós parto (PPP) (77,7%). Apesar de as maternidades avaliadas apresentarem alguns resultados favoráveis como: ambiente acolhedor e humano, privacidade, segurança e conforto ao usuário e acolhimento do acompanhante. Constatou-se, também, que há problemas, principalmente no que se refere a classificação de risco obstétrico de todos as usuárias e sistema de referência e contrarrefêrencia. Nesse sentido para o sucesso do ACCR, como uma proposta de mudança dos modelos de atenção e de gestão das práticas de saúde, existe a necessidade urgente de reflexão por parte dos protagonistas desse processo (gestores, profissionais e usuários).

Mycotoxins constitute a relevant group of food contaminants with associated health outcomes such as estrogenic, immunotoxic, nephrotoxic and teratogenic effects. Although scarce data are available in Portugal, human biomonitoring (HBM) studies have been globally developed to assess the exposure to mycotoxins at individual level. This study aimed to present data for mycotoxins’ urinary biomarkers within a human biomonitoring study developed to assess the exposure of the Portuguese population, and to characterize the risk associated to the exposure. In the scope of the National Food, Nutrition, and Physical Activity Survey of the Portuguese General Population (2015-2016), 24h-urine samples from 94 participants were analyzed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous determination of 37 mycotoxins’ urinary biomarkers. Data obtained were used to estimate the probable daily intake as well as the risk characterization applying multiple imputation, reverse dosimetry and hazard quotient approaches. Results revealed the exposure of Portuguese population to zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A, alternariol, citrinin and fumonisin B1. Risk characterization data revealed a potential concern to some reported mycotoxins since the reference intake values were exceeded by some of the considered participants. The use of data at individual level, the collection of 24h urine samples, the performance of analytical method and the use of multiple imputation approach were identified as the main strengths of this study. The limitations identified were related with the use of excretion data obtained within animal studies and the absence of health based guidance values for urinary biomarkers that would allow a direct comparison. The present study generated, for the first time and within a HBM study, reliable data on internal exposure to multiple mycotoxins at individual level for the Portuguese population. These data contributes for supporting risk managers in the establishment of preventive policy measures to ensure public health protection. N/A

As escolhas alimentares influenciam diretamente a dieta bem como o aporte diário de nutrientes. A sensibilização e a capacitação dos cidadãos para escolhas alimentares mais saudáveis é também determinante para uma estratégia para a promoção da alimentação saudável. Os alimentos pelos quais optamos apresentam compostos com efeitos benéficos, no entanto, alguns podem apresentar potencial efeito negativo para a saúde, como por exemplo, os contaminantes alimentares. A avaliação de risco-benefício (RBA) de alimentos estima os benefícios e riscos para os seres humanos decorrentes da ingestão de um alimento, um componente alimentar ou uma dieta específica, e integra-os utilizando ferramentas que permitam essa comparação. O projeto internacional RiskBenefit4EU, financiado pela EFSA (https://riskbenefit4eu.wordpress.com/), pretende, ao integrar as perspetivas microbiológicas, toxicológicas e nutricionais, contribuir para o desenvolvimento, na Europa e em Portugal, de uma nova cultura no âmbito da segurança alimentar e nutrição, sugerindo linhas de orientação para a realização de uma alimentação mais segura e saudável. A exposição a contaminantes químicos nos primeiros 1000 dias de vida tem sido associada a alterações de saúde, constituindo também um domínio emergente de investigação. A exposição precoce a contaminantes ocorre durante a gestação pela transferência de substâncias tóxicas da dieta materna para o feto através da placenta e, posteriormente, durante a lactação, através do leite materno. As micotoxinas, contaminantes químicos presentes nos alimentos, são compostos tóxicos com efeitos carcinogénicos, nefrotóxicos, hepatotóxicos e imunossupressores. Estudos recentes evidenciaram que as crianças portuguesas até aos 3 anos estão expostas a múltiplas micotoxinas através da alimentação, o que constitui um risco potencial para a sua saúde (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CsKaz3mt2J4). Neste contexto, é pertinente questionar qual o impacto de uma exposição precoce a micotoxinas na saúde da criança e do futuro adulto. O projeto nacional earlyMYCO, financiado pela FCT, pretende assim responder a questões como: estarão as grávidas e lactentes até aos 6 meses de idade expostos a micotoxinas? Esta exposição representa um risco para a sua saúde? Nesta comunicação pretende-se apresentar e discutir dois projetos complementares a decorrer no Departamento de Alimentação e Nutrição, do INSA, e que constituem dois desafios atuais relacionados com as escolhas alimentares. Agradecimentos: FCT/MCTES através de fundos nacionais (PTDC/MED-TOX/28762/2017) e cofinanciamento através do CESAM (UID/AMB/50017/2019) e projeto MYTOX-SOUTH, Universidade de Gent, Bélgica. N/A

As alterações demográficas das últimas décadas têm conduzido a uma crescente necessidade social de cuidados continuados de saúde. Com o objetivo de suprir esta necessidade, as sociedades modernas implementaram novas políticas de saúde e de segurança social, em particular a formação de equipas de Cuidados Continuados ao Domicílio. No entanto, o desenvolvimento de Lesões Músculo-esqueléticas Relacionadas com o Trabalho (LMERT) neste setor profissional é uma realidade comum, que se reflete em consequências económicas, sociais e individuais. É proposta uma metodologia de avaliação do risco físico, individual, organizacional e psicossocial de LMERT, bem como um modelo matemático de afetação cuidador-utente, aplicados no planeamento de dois serviços de apoio domiciliário. A solução determinada pelo modelo constitui o plano de afetação que minimiza o risco máximo de um qualquer recurso humano avaliado desenvolver lesões músculo-esqueléticas relacionadas com os cuidados que presta diariamente. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que o risco de LMERT associado a cada afetação cuidador-utente está mais fortemente relacionado com o utente do que com o cuidador, e que o modelo matemático formulado é eficiente a equilibrar o risco quantificado entre os recursos humanos afetos, comparando com a configuração organizacional em vigor nos serviços avaliados.

The authors are grateful to the participants of the study, the study team in Nicaragua for sample collection and preparation and all those who contributed with ideas and the analyses of samples, Kate Jones, Elizabeth Leese, James Staff, Howard Mason and Shahwaiz Iqbal from HSE, Buxton, UK, Moosa Faniband from Lund University, Sweden, and Kristina Jakobsson from University of Gothenburg, Sweden. Objectives: There is an epidemic of Mesoamerican nephropathy (MeN) in Central America, where sugarcane production is prominent. Numerous causes are proposed, but to date limited evidence supports any one hypothesis. A nested case-control study using biosamples from a rural, community-based follow-up study of 350 young adults from Northwest Nicaragua at risk of MeN was conducted with the aim of characterising the associations between urinary concentrations of metals, pesticides and mycotoxins from samples collected in the first 6 months and decline in kidney function over 2 years. Methods: Urine samples collected at baseline (pre-sugarcane harvest) and the first 6 month follow-up (post-sugarcane harvest) visit were tested. Twelve metals and metalloids (aluminium, total arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese, mercury, selenium, silicon and strontium) were analysed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Twelve pesticides or their metabolites (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid, chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propen-1-yl-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid, cis/trans 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid, ethylenethiourea, glyphosate, 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy acetic acid, 3-hydroxy-pyrimetanil, 5-hydroxytiabendazole, hydroxy-tebuconazole and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol) and two mycotoxins (ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CIT)) were analysed by liquid chromatography coupled-mass spectrometry. Differences in the creatinine-corrected urinary concentrations of the measured exposures between outcome groups (participants with stable vs declining kidney function) were examined. Results: Elevated levels of aluminium and total arsenic as well as metabolites of several pesticides were detected across the population. No differences were identified between the declining and stable groups in the levels of metals or pesticides tested. OTA and CIT were below the limit of detection. Conclusions: The tested metals, metalloids, pesticides and mycotoxins were not associated with loss of kidney function in participants at-risk of MeN. This study was supported by the Colt Foundation (Grant number CF/03/14 and through a PhD fellowship awarded to ETS). Additional support was received from the Dutch National Postcode Lottery providing additional funding through Solidaridad. Thanks are due for the financial support to CESAM (UID/AMB/50017/2019), to FCT/MEC through national funds, and the co-funding by the FEDER, within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Risk-Benefit Assessment (RBA) of food, food ingredients and diets, has recently emerged to address multidisciplinary public health issues. RBA aims to assess in a global perspective potential risks and benefits related to microbiology, toxicology and nutrition; in order to evaluate different options and to support decision-making process. At this time, significant methodological progress have been made but only few research groups have experience in RBA. To promote knowledge transfer, the RiskBenefit4EU project was funded by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The objective of the presentation will be to introduce the strategy developed to capacitate a new team in RBA and to give an overview on lessons learned from this experience. The new team was comprised of experts in risk assessment in toxicology, microbiology or nutrition, epidemiology, dietary assessment or data analysis to answer to a specific multidisciplinary public health issue on cereal-based foods consumed by young children considering breakfast and infant cereals. Activities of the capacity building experience were designed by experienced researchers in RBA to transfer a harmonized methodology. Two weeks of face-to-face training were organized, one on theoretical concepts used in RBA and one on their application to the cereal case study. This experience has highlighted the necessity to build a common language within the team by harmonizing important concepts including hazard, health effect, adverse health effect, beneficial health effect, risk, benefit, health and health impact. It was also important that all participant learn basis of all area of expertise used in RBA. A harmonized RBA stepwise approach was introduced with key steps illustrated with examples of previous RBA performed. Finally, the RBA case study was initiated to design a shared protocol. The learning by doing process experienced under the RB4EU project enabled to create the first training in RBA. The strategy developed, with materials and method used, can now be re-used to capacitate other new teams in RBA and can be considered as a robust basis to build on. “RiskBenefit4EU – Partnering to strengthen the risk-benefit assessment within EU using a holistic approach” funded by EFSA (GA/EFSA/AFSCO/2017/01 – GA02). The authors declare that this study reflects only the authors’ view and EFSA is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. N/A

Foodstuffs, as cereal-based products, may present both potential risks and benefits to consumers. Cereal-based foods including breakfast and infant cereals, represent important components of human diets and are also among the first solid foods that young children usually eat. From the risk components, cereals are one of the most frequent foodstuffs contaminated by mycotoxins. Aflatoxins, a frequent mycotoxin found in cereals, are undoubtedly the most toxic and are associated to genotoxic, carcinogenic and immunosuppressive toxic effects. Besides chemical hazards, cereal-based foods also potentially contain microbiological hazards, as e.g. Bacillus cereus. Despite the fact that organisms cannot easily grow in low moisture foods as e.g. breakfast and infant cereals, B. cereus can persist for long periods of time and can cause illness due to possible subsequent temperature abuse that allows the organism to grow. Cereal-based products are also a source of several nutrients, including sodium, fibre and free sugars. High sodium intake is linked to increased blood pressure and also represents a risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. Regarding free sugars, WHO strongly recommends a reduced intake, up to 10% of total energy. Dietary fibre intake contributes to significant immediate and future health benefits, as e.g. promotion of normal gastrointestinal function, prevention of childhood obesity and risk reduction for future chronic diseases. The present case study, developed under RiskBenefit4EU project and funded by EFSA, aimed to assess the risks and the benefits associated to the consumption of cereal-based products by the Portuguese young children. The risks posed by breakfast and infant cereals, due to aflatoxins, B. cereus, sodium and free sugars, were evaluated against the benefits of the intake of fibre. Obtained results showed that moving from the current consumption to the considered alternative scenarios could result in a gain of healthy-life years. “RiskBenefit4EU – Partnering to strengthen the risk-benefit assessment within EU using a holistic approach” funded by EFSA (GA/EFSA/AFSCO/2017/01 – GA02). The authors declare that this study reflects only the authors’ view and EFSA is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. N/A

Titanium dioxide nanomaterials (TiO2 NMs) have a high potential for ingestion by human populations, due to their increasing use as food additives, inclusion in dietary supplements and food packaging materials. Whether this oral exposure may lead to adverse local or systemic outcomes, has been the subject of research. In vitro studies have generated contradictory results, possibly due to differences in the physicochemical properties of the TiO2 NMs studied, which can be additionally affected by the surrounding matrix and interactions during digestion. INGESTnano is a national project aimed at investigating the nano-bio interactions of nanomaterials on intestinal cells, at the cellular and molecular levels, after the digestion process, to better understand their potential impacts on human health. Three TiO2 NMs were selected as case-studies to setup a workflow for addressing nanosafety concerns of ingested NMs, while considering the nano-bio interactions under physiological conditions. As an alternative to in vivo testing, this project is focused on the use of the harmonized in vitro digestion method for simulating the human digestion of NMs. This digestion comprises three compartments: a) mouth (pH 7.0, alpha-amylase, salts); b) stomach (pH 3, HCl, pepsin, salts) and c) small intestine (pH 7.5, bile salts, pancreatin, salts). The final product of digestion is tested in bioassays using intestinal cells, to ascertain its toxicity. A high level of toxicity of the final digestion product challenged the applicability of the digestion product in the biological assays. The results revealed that digestion products without the NM showed cytotoxic effects above the concentration of 10% in cell culture medium. Several modifications to the initial protocol were thus performed to overcome this issue. The results suggested that the addition of bile salts accounted for most of the toxicity observed. The applicability of the harmonized in vitro digestion method is discussed in view of its potential use as a tool for addressing the toxicity of ingested NMs or other food contaminants, mimicking the physiological processes, in alternative to animal models. Project funded by FCT/MCTES through national funds (PTDC/SAU PUB/29481/2017), co-funded by UID/BIM/00009/2013 (Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health – ToxOmics, FCT), iMed.ULisboa (Pest-UID/DTP/04138/2018) and CESAM (UID/AMB/50017/2019). N/A

Human biomonitoring (HBM) is recognized as an important tool to assess the Human exposure to chemicals, contributing to describe trends and patterns of exposure over time and to identify population groups that could be under risk. Natural chemicals as mycotoxins, fungi metabolites that produce toxic effects in humans, are important compounds that could be found in foods usually consumed worldwide in a daily basis. Mycotoxins as aflatoxins (AFTs) are genotoxic, carcinogenic and immunosuppressive compounds. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of their main health toxic effects and is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. In Portugal, scarce data are available regarding exposure to AFTs and none previous study used HBM data to characterize comprehensively the burden associated to this exposure. In the scope of the National Food, Nutrition, and Physical Activity Survey of the Portuguese General Population (2015-2016), 24h-urine samples from 94 participants were analyzed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous determination of AFTs (B1, B2, G1, G2, M1). A model was developed to estimate the health impact of the exposure of Portuguese population to aflatoxins, estimating the number of cases of HCC and DALYs attributed to AFTs exposure. AFTs were detected in 12.8% (AFB1), 16.0% (AFB2) and 19.1% (AFM1) of the 24h-urine samples. The estimated number of extra cases of HCC attributed to this exposure ranged from 17 to 65 cases/year; the associated DALYs for the Portuguese population ranged from 284 to 1802 years. The present study generated, for the first time and within a HBM study, reliable data on internal exposure to AFTs at individual level for the Portuguese population. These data were crucial to characterize the burden derived from this exposure and to support risk managers to establish preventive policy measures that contribute to ensure the public health protection. This research was performed with the financial support to CESAM (UID/AMB/50017/2019), to FCT/MEC through national funds, and the co-funding by the FEDER, within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020. This research was also supported by the project MYTOX-SOUTH, Ghent University Global Minds programme. IAN-AF national survey was funded by the EEA Grants Program, Public Health Initiatives (PT06 - 000088SI3) N/A

Human biomonitoring (HBM) is recognized as an important tool to assess the Human exposure to chemicals, contributing to describe trends and patterns of exposure over time and to identify population groups that could be under risk. Mycotoxins, fungi secondary metabolites that produce toxic effects in humans, are important compounds found in foods usually consumed worldwide in a daily basis. In Portugal, scarce data are available regarding exposure to mycotoxins and the determinants of this exposure. In the scope of the National Food, Nutrition, and Physical Activity Survey of the Portuguese General Population (2015-2016), 24h-urine samples from 94 participants were analyzed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous determination of 37 urinary mycotoxins’ biomarkers and data obtained used to estimate the probable daily intake as well as the risk characterization applying the Hazard Quotient approach. Participants performed two face-to-face interviews and dietary intake was obtained by two non-consecutive 24-hours recalls with a time interval between 8 and 15 days, complemented with a Food Propensity Questionnaire. Results revealed the exposure of Portuguese population to zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A, alternariol, citrinin and fumonisin B1 through the quantification in 24h urine and first-morning urine paired samples. Risk characterization data revealed a potential concern to some reported mycotoxins since the reference intake values were exceeded by some of the considered participants. The present study generated, for the first time and within a HBM study, reliable data on internal exposure to mycotoxins at individual level for the Portuguese population. These data were crucial to characterize the determinants of exposure and to support risk managers to establish preventive policy measures that contribute to ensure the public health protection. This research was performed with the financial support to CESAM (UID/AMB/50017/2019), to FCT/MEC through national funds, and the co-funding by the FEDER, within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020. This research was also supported by the project MYTOX-SOUTH, Ghent University Global Minds programme. IAN-AF national survey was funded by the EEA Grants Program, Public Health Initiatives (PT06 - 000088SI3). N/A

Recent studies under MYCOMIX project reported that Portuguese children until 3 years old are exposed to multiple mycotoxins through food consumption, constituting a potential health threat. Aflatoxins (carcinogenic toxins) represented the main risk contributors and deoxynivalenol (a non-carcinogenic toxin associated with immunological and gastrointestinal toxic effects) showed the highest daily intake of the studied mycotoxins. These results opened new research perspectives and emphasized the need to accurately assess the prenatal and lactational exposure to mycotoxins in a critical and vulnerable period of life. Early-life exposure of children occurs during gestation through transfer of toxic substances present in the maternal diet to the fetus and later on, during lactation, through the breast milk. Considering this, the national project earlyMYCO – Early-life exposure to MYCOtoxins and its impact on health aims at assessing the risk of early-life exposure to mycotoxins. earlyMYCO proposes to answer several key questions including what extent are pregnant women and infants until six months exposed to mycotoxins in Portugal? Is this exposure a health threat? With this purpose, earlyMYCO gathered a multidisciplinar team with expertise on medical sciences, public health and toxicology to perform i) an epidemiological study, including the recruitment of pregnant women and infants, food survey and biological sample collection and ii) mycotoxin exposure assessment in pregnant women and infants using biomarkers of exposure. The epidemiological study was approved by INSA’s Ethical Committee and will be conducted in the Primary Health Care of Central Lisboa. The biomonitoring study will use advanced analytical methodologies and will provide data to perform the exposure assessment. Due to the increasing prevalence in food commodities, mycotoxins appear to be important, but often neglected contaminants in terms of health impact on human population especially in vulnerable groups as children. It is expected that results obtained within earlyMYCO will contribute to understand the impact of mycotoxin early-life exposure. FCT/MCTES through national funds (PTDC/MED-TOX/28762/2017) and co-funded by iMed.ULisboa (Pest-UID/DTP/04138/2018), CESAM (UID/AMB/50017/2019) and MYTOX-SOUTH, Ghent University, BE N/A

Background: Breast milk is considered an essential food segment for children up to 6 months; however, it can be contaminated with some mycotoxins, such as aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) as a consequence of ingestion of dietary mycotoxins by lactating mothers. Moreover, the health of infants can be threatened due to simultaneous exposure to a mixture of mycotoxins mainly due to their potential synergistic effects. Scope and approach: An overview of the prevalence of mycotoxins in breast milk and infant formula, fruit- and cereal-based products as routine diets of infants during the last 10 years, besides the associated health risks, were presented. In this regard, the relevant citations published in international databases such as PubMed, Science direct from 2008 to 2019 were screened by the aid of a systematic review approach. Key findings and conclusions: The high prevalence of AFM1 and OTA in breast milk reported in several countries highlighted the extent of mycotoxin occurrence in the diet of lactating mothers. Furthermore, the exposure rates of infants to mycotoxins in breast milk and infant formula while generated a margin of exposure values lower than 10,000, indicating a huge public health concern. Thus, reducing the dietary exposure of mycotoxins for lactating mothers and approaching the required controlling steps during the processing and distribution of infant formulas are crucial. Further studies are recommended to evaluate the health risks to infants due to dietary exposure to multiple mycotoxins in infant foods. Highlights: Assessment of 73 studies on mycotoxin occurrence in breast milk and infant foods during 2008–2019; AFM1 and OTA were the main occurring mycotoxins in breast milk and infant foods; High health risks associated with the exposure of children to dietary aflatoxins; Co-occurrence of mycotoxins in fruit products and cereal-based infant formula should be a concern. The authors would like to thank Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) for the fellowship (Grant #2017/12956-2). A.S. Sant'Ana acknowledges the financial support from CNPq (Grant #302763/2014-7, #305804/2017-0) and CAPES (Financial code 01). This work was also supported by the National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Projeto Incentivo de Estudos de Biomonitorização Humana de Âmbito Nacional | BioMAN [BioMAN/DAN/01] and CESAM, through the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia [UID/AMB/50017/2013], national funds, and the co-funding by the FEDER [POCI-01-0145-FEDER-00763], within the PT2020 Partnership. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Introduction: Falls are an important adverse event among older adults. The St. Thomas’s Falls Risk Assessment Tool in Older Adults (STRATIFY) is a tool to assess the risk of falls; however, it is not translated and adapted to Portuguese. Objective: To translate and perform a cross-cultural adaptation of STRATIFY in Brazilian Portuguese, as well as to test the reliability and validity of the instrument. Method: The cross-cultural adaptation process was carried out in six stages: A) T1 and T2 translations; B) synthesis of translations (T12); C) T12 back translations (RT1 and RT2); D) expert committee review; E) pretesting of the version approved by the committee; F) adapted version of STRATIFY for Brazilian Portuguese. Inter-rater and test-retest reliability were performed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Validity was assessed by the Spearman’s correlation coefficient of the STRATIFY with the Morse Fall Scale (MFS). Data analysis was performed by the Microsoft Office Excel 2016 (translation and adaptation) and by the IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0 (reliability and validity). We used a level of significance of p

Background: Human diet may present both risks and benefits to consumers’ health. Risk-benefit assessment of foods (RBA) intends to estimate the overall health impact associated with exposure (or lack of exposure) to a particular food or food component. Scope and approach: “RiskBenefit4EU – Partnering to strengthen the risk-benefit assessment within EU using a holistic approach” (RB4EU) is a project funded by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) that integrates a multidisciplinary team from Portugal, Denmark and France. This project aims to strengthen the EU capacity to assess and integrate food risks and benefits regarding toxicology, microbiology and nutrition. One of the specific objectives of RB4EU was to build capacity in RBA among the recipient partners from Portugal. In order to achieve this objective, a capacity building strategy including theoretical and hands-on training and the development of a case-study were established. This paper aims to present the strategy used in the RB4EU project to build capacity within RBA, including the main training approaches and the lessons learned. Key findings and conclusions: The capacity-building program included three main activities: theoretical training, focusing on RBA concepts; hands-on training, applying the acquired concepts to a concrete case-study, using the methods and tools displayed; and scientific missions, intending to provide advanced training in specific domains of RBA. The developed strategy can be used in the future to build capacity within RBA. Highlights: Risk-benefit assessment (RBA) aims to estimate health benefits and risks of foods; Capacity building actions contribute to acquire scientific foundation on RBA; RiskBenefit4EU project aims to strengthen the EU capacity to perform RBA; A capacity building strategy was developed and implemented under RiskBenefit4EU; Lessons learned through this capacity building process were reviewed and discussed. This work was supported by the “RiskBenefit4EU – Partnering to strengthen the risk-benefit assessment within EU using a holistic approach” funded by EFSA Partnering Grants (Grant Agreement Number – GA/EFSA/AFSCO/2017/01 – GA02). 1 Ricardo Assunção, Paula Alvito and Carla Martins are grateful to the support of CESAM funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (UID/AMB/50017/2013), through national funds, and the co-funding by the FEDER (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-00763), within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Objetivos: a prevalência da osteoporose continua a aumentar, aumentando a morbimortalidade associada às fraturas osteoporóticas, na maioria resultantes de queda, sendo a fratura do fémur proximal a de maior impacto socioeconómico. O nosso objetivo foi caracterizar uma amostra da população hospitalar com fratura do fémur proximal quanto a medidas preventivas e terapêuticas da osteoporose e quedas. Material e métodos: realizámos um estudo transversal retrospetivo em mulheres com idade mínima de 65 anos e fratura recente do fémur proximal internadas num serviço de Ortopedia, durante um ano, através de questionário desenvolvido para o efeito e consulta do processo clínico. Resultados: avaliámos 100 doentes, a maioria com fratura decorrente de queda, no domicílio, durante o dia e em piso regular; 76% das doentes tinha antecedentes de queda e 42% história prévia de fratura osteoporótica. Considerando os critérios para instituição terapêutica apenas 5,3% da amostra se encontrava medicada. Estabeleceu-se uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre a ocorrência de quedas e as fraturas osteoporóticas bem como com a implementação de medidas de prevenção do risco de queda. Conclusões: os resultados corroboram a importância das quedas e das fraturas osteoporóticas na saúde. Tendo por base a literatura, os custos diretos estimados com esta amostra serão de 1,34M€ no primeiro ano pós-fratura. Considerando a taxa mínima de cobertura terapêutica e o potencial de redução de risco fraturário estabelecido, conclui-se que um tratamento adequado poderia reduzir estes valores em, no mínimo, 40-45%., Revista da Sociedade Portuguesa de Medicina Física e de Reabilitação, v. 31, n. 2 (2019): Ano 27

Cardiovascular complications are one of the main causes of perioperative mortality and morbidity. Preoperative cardiac evaluation is, therefore, paramount. The purpose of this article is to determine which patients scheduled for non-cardiac surgery should have a preoperative transthoracic echocardiographic evaluation as well as those who benefit from monitoring with transesophageal echocardiography, taking into consideration their cardiac disease and the type of surgery they will undergo.We searched PubMed for articles of interest dated from January 1990 until September 2018. We selected mostly national and international guidelines, systematic reviews and randomized trials.In addition to medical history, physical examination, risk scores, laboratory evaluation and electrocardiography, echocardiography, both at rest and after stress, can be useful in the stratification ofcardiac risk in selected situations, taking into account the impact on optimization of the patient.Various guidelines have been published regarding the use of echocardiography in patients scheduled for non-cardiac surgery and they mostly recommend it in patients undergoing high cardiac risk surgery or patients with severe cardiac disease (heart failure, ischemic heart disease, heart valve disease) undergoing high or intermediate cardiac risk surgery. Transesophageal echocardiography during the intraoperative period on non-cardiac surgery is not recommended routinely, being mostly used during major vascular surgery and in patients with serious and persistent hemodynamic instability., As complicações cardiovasculares são responsáveis por grande parte da morbi-mortalidade peri-operatória. A avaliação cardíaca préoperatória é, por isso, fundamental. Este trabalho pretende determinar quais os doentes propostos para cirurgia não cardíaca que beneficiam da realização pré-operatória de ecocardiograma transtorácico para estratificação de risco e eventual otimização e quais os doentes que,tendo em conta a sua patologia cardiovascular e o tipo de intervenção a que vão ser submetidos, devem ser monitorizados durante o período peri-operatório com ecocardiograma transesofágico.Foi realizada uma pesquisa do PubMed de artigos datados de Janeiro de 1990 até Setembro de 2018 e com interesse para o tema deste trabalho. Os trabalhos selecionados incluem maioritariamente guidelines nacionais e internacionais, revisões sistemáticas e estudos randomizados com data de publicação posterior à das guidelines e que apresentam informação relevante.Para além da história clínica, exame objetivo, scores de risco, avaliação laboratorial e electrocardiografia, o ecocardiograma, tanto em repouso como de stress, pode ser útil na estratificação do risco cardíaco em situações selecionadas, tendo em conta o impacto sobre a optimização do doente. Têm sido publicadas guidelines para a sua utilização em doentes propostos para cirurgia não cardíaca, sendo recomendado sobretudo em doentes propostos para cirurgia de elevado risco cardíaco ou doentes com patologiacardíaca significativa (insuficiência cardíaca, cardiopatia isquémica,valvulopatias) propostos para cirurgia de risco cardíaco intermédioou elevado. O recurso ao ecocardiograma transesofágico intraoperatórioem cirurgia não cardíaca não é recomendado por rotina,estando reservado para a cirurgia vascular major ou nos doentes comalterações hemodinâmicas graves e persistentes.

O estudo estima a Ingestão Diária Máxima Teórica (IDMT) dos agrotóxicos potencialmente contidos na dieta habitual dos escolares (n = 341) matriculados no ensino público do município de Guariba (São Paulo) e compara os resultados com a Ingestão Diária Aceitável (IDA) estabelecida por órgãos reguladores. O cálculo da Ingestão Diária Máxima Teórica (IDMT) utiliza dados de consumo de alimentos dos escolares (Recordatórios de 24 horas), parâmetros de Limite Máximo de Resíduos (LMR) definidos pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) e Codex Alimentarius e a Ingestão Diária Aceitável (IDA) adotada por quatro órgãos (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária – ANVISA, Codex Alimentarius, Environmental Protection Agency - EPA e governo da Austrália). Os valores medianos de ingestão (estimada) de nove, do total de 272 agrotóxicos potencialmente presentes na dieta dos escolares, superaram a IDA estabelecida pela ANVISA. A ingestão máxima de 58 agrotóxicos excedeu os limites estabelecidos pela ANVISA, revelando a necessidade da redução imediata dos níveis dessas substâncias em alimentos tradicionais da dieta da população brasileira, tendo em vista a sua implicação em risco à saúde, notadamente de crianças.

Iodine is an essential trace element in the human and animal diets. The major role of thyroid hormones is related to the growth and development of the body. Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of preventable mental impairment. There are, in Portugal, a widespread deficiency of iodine of pregnant women and school-age children [1 - 3]. The aim of this study was monitored the real content of iodine in school meals. Collection of foods from schools was designed to represent school meal program based on three hundred samples organized into three groups. Group I contained one hundred and forty-four samples cooked with iodized salt from primary schools across the Lisbon metropolitan area. Group II had twelve samples from a pilot school. This school was used as a reference for real iodine content. Group III was constituted by one hundred and forty-four samples used as a standard for minimum iodine value. These samples were collected based on consumption patterns from national food consumption surveys. Based on ISO/EN 17025:2005 and EN 15111:2007, the determination of iodine content was performed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after alkaline extraction with TMAH (tetramethylammonium hydroxide) in a graphite block system during 3 hours at 90 °C. The concentration of iodine in samples showed a wide range of levels, e.g., Group I from 5.3 µg/100 g in pasta to 52 µg/100 g in cod and Group II the highest value (32 µg/100 g) in soup. The lowest value (< 1.9) was found in the meat of Group III. The ratio between Group I and Group III was used to estimate the effectiveness of the program, and the biggest difference was found in fish and lowest was determined in soup. The difference between iodine content in Group I and Group II was used to monitoring the use of iodized salt in the other schools from Lisbon metropolitan area. The cooking procedure, iodization salt absorption, and operator performance were identified as the main factors contributing to the differences between real and prescribed content. This study demonstrates that the determination of iodine content in foods cooked with and without iodized salt is an appropriate approach to evaluate fortification program and risks of both inadequate and excess iodine intake. The scientific work was funded by the Project WHO Collaborating Centre funded by the Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, I.P. Lisbon, Portugal (2013DAN850) and by the PRO-METROFOOD project, funded by European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 739568 N/A

Alternariol (AOH) and zearalenone (ZEN) are mycotoxins that occur widely in food commodities, with particular incidence in cereals [1,2]. Both mycotoxins present estrogenic effects, therefore, it is crucial to assess the human exposure and the associated risk [2,3]. To date, there is a lack of human studies to assess exposure to ZEN and AOH through biomarkers analysis in Portugal. In the scope of the National Food, Nutrition, and Physical Activity Survey of the Portuguese General Population (IAN-AF, 2015-2016), 94 participants collected 24h-urine samples [4]. Following a salt-assisted matrix extraction, urine samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous determination of ZEN, α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), β -zearalenol (β-ZEL), α-zearalanol (α-ZAL), β-zearalanol (β-ZAL), zearalanone (ZAN), zearalenone-14-glucoside (ZEN-14-GlcA), α-zearalenol-glucoside (α-ZEL-GlcA), β-zearalenol-glucoside (β-ZEL-GlcA), zearalenone-14-sulfate (ZEN-14-Sulf), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) and AOH. Risk characterization was performed using the Hazard Quotient (HQ) approach. ZEN, ZEN-14-GlcA and AOH were detected in 48%, 16% and 29% of analyzed samples, respectively, and median levels were 0.17 µg/L for ZEN and ZEN-14-GlcA and 0.28 µg/L for AOH. Participants were exposed to ZEN (n=35), AOH (n=15) and some volunteers showed co-exposure to both mycotoxins (n=12). Risk characterization of exposure to ZEN was performed and 24% of participants presented a HQ > 1, thus exceeding the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) of 0.250 µg/kg bw/day. There is no toxicological data available to support the establishment of a TDI for AOH, thus the risk associated with this toxin was not characterized [2,5]. The present study generated, for the first time and within a human biomonitoring study, reliable data regarding the exposure of the Portuguese population to ZEN and AOH. These data are crucial to perform a more realistic risk assessment, contributing to more effective preventive measures for health protection of the Portuguese population. Thanks are due for the financial support to CESAM (UID/AMB/50017/2019), to FCT/MEC through national funds, and the co-funding by the FEDER, within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020. The authors also acknowledge the support of MYTOX-SOUTH project. N/A

A queda é o terceiro evento adverso mais notificado pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária no ambiente hospitalar, causando incapacidades e dependência em pessoas acima de 60 anos. Este estudo teve por objetivo propor modificações do protocolo de prevenção de quedas do HUOL a partir de uma abordagem multiprofissional. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, do tipo descritiva-exploratória, sendo a população constituída pelos residentes do 1º ano (R1) da Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde, dos programas de cardiologia e terapia intensiva do adulto, desenvolvida no período de agosto a dezembro de 2018. Para a coleta de informações, optou-se pela técnica de grupo focal, com 12 participantes das áreas de enfermagem, fisioterapia, farmácia e nutrição, utilizando um roteiro elaborado com cinco questões abertas para a discussão, sendo mediado por um coordenador, um moderador e um observador. As conversas foram gravadas e transcritas na íntegra, após isso, os dados foram organizados pelo software NVIVO12® e a análise do conteúdo pela abordagem de BARDIN. O percurso metodológico foi constituído por três etapas: a primeira, o grupo focal; a segunda, uma atividade à distância cadastrada no SIGAA para a elaboração de modificações do protocolo de prevenção de quedas do HUOL com abordagem multiprofissional; e por fim, um formulário de avaliação geral do estudo construído no Google forms e enviado via e-mail para os participantes. Quanto aos resultados e discussão, evidenciou-se a importância da abordagem multiprofissional no protocolo de identificação de risco de quedas em pacientes internados; a necessidade de educação permanente em saúde, de forma contínua; a integração dos profissionais do serviço com comunicação interprofissional; e a revisão periódica de protocolos para promover a redução de quedas no HUOL. No final do estudo, foi realizada a avaliação com os participantes, que se sentiram na sua maioria satisfeitos; moderadamente motivados e que a pesquisa contribuiu para sua formação profissional. Espera-se, que a divulgação deste trabalho possa estimular pesquisas futuras, com o uso de estratégias semelhantes em outros serviços, para confrontar o problema de identificação de risco de quedas em pacientes internados. Fall is the third most adverse event notified by the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA) in the hospital environment, causing disability and dependence in people over 60 years. The purpose of this study was to propose modifications to the Onofre Lopes University Hospital (HUOL) fall prevention protocol from a multiprofessional approach. This is a descriptive exploratory qualitative research, being the population formed by residents of first year residents (R1) of the Multiprofessional Health Residency (RMPS), of the cardiology and intensive care programs for adults, developed in the period from August to December, 2018. For the collection of information, was based on the focal group technique, with 12 participants from the areas of nursing, physiotherapy, pharmacy and nutrition, using a script prepared with five questions open to the discussion, being mediated by a coordinator, a moderator and an observer. The conversations were recorded and transcribed in full; after that, the data were organized by the NVIVO12® software and content analysis based on BARDIN's approach. The methodological pathway was consisted of three stages: the first, the focal group; the second, a distance activity registered in a Virtual Platform for Academic Activities (SIGAA) for the elaboration of modifications of the fall prevention protocol of the HUOL, with a multiprofessional approach; and finally, a general study evaluation form built on Google forms and sent via email to the participants. Regarding the results and discussion it was evidenced the importance of a multiprofessional approach identifying the risk of falls in hospitalized patients; the need for education in health, on an ongoing basis; the integration of services professionals with interprofessional communication; and the periodic review of protocols to promote reduction of falls in HUOL. At the end of the study, the evaluation was conducted with participants, most of the participants reported that they felt satisfied and moderately motivated, and that the research contributed to their professional training. It is hoped that this work may stimulate future research, with the use of similar strategies among other services, to confront the problem of identifying the risk of falls in hospitalized patients.

The European Human Biomonitoring Initiative HBM4EU (https://www.hbm4eu.eu/the project/) is a joint effort of 28 countries and the European Environment Agency under the Horizon 2020 funding programme of the European Commission. Since 2017, and with a project duration of 5 years, HBM4EU is generating evidence of the current exposure of European citizens to chemicals and the possible health effects in order to assess the associated risks and provide policy makers with scientifically founded advice on chemical safety and human health protection. Following a systematic prioritization exercise, which brought together national and EU level policy needs for knowledge on chemical exposure and health outcomes, mycotoxins (Deoxynivalenol and Fumonisin B1) were in the 2nd prioritisation round considered as priority substances around which the HBM4EU research programme will be developed. Within the three pillars of the HBM4EU, namely, 1. Science to Policy, 2. European HBM Platform and 3. Exposure and Health, answers to several policy questions identified related to mycotoxins exposure and effects will be debated, including the current levels of human exposure and time trends in Europe, geographical differences and highly exposed subgroups (including workers), the availability of toxicokinetics data, methods for analyzing mycotoxins and their metabolites in human samples, the potential for using effect biomarkers, the use of biomonitoring data under a risk assessment framework, derivation of HBM guidance values, exposure to mixtures of mycotoxins and potential interactive effects. During this presentation, challenges related to those questions and human biomonitoring of mycotoxins will be presented and discussed in the light of the available data. Work co-funded by the HBM4EU project, Grant Agreement No: 733032 and by national funds: FCT/MEC - FEDER, within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020 through CESAM (UID/AMB/50017/2019) and ToxOmics (UID/BIM/00009/2013). N/A

One of the most relevant problems in stored grain is the contamination by insects and mycotoxin-producing fungi. The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae), one of the major key-pests of milled grain, is resistant to Beauveria bassiana infection, producing benzoquinone-containing defensive secretions, that reduce fungal germination and growth. It can be affirmed that the tenebrionid cuticular secretions have antifungal properties. For T. castaneum, p-benzoquinones such as methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (MBQ) and ethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (EBQ) are major components of defensive secretions used as repellents and irritants. SafeGrains project (PTDC/ASP‐PLA/28350/2017) intends to contribute to clarify the interaction among pest infestation and associated benzoquinones and fungus and produced mycotoxins. The present study aims to implement and validate two HPLC methodologies to determine benzoquinones and mycotoxins in cereal flour samples. In a first attempt, HPLC methods will be optimized and validated for cereal flour samples (linearity and working range, limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) as well as recovery). Once attained the satisfactory analytical conditions for these determinations, the presence of both chemicals will be quantified in 5 flour samples from Portugal, contaminated with insects (T. castaneum) or fungi (mycotoxin producer as Aspergillus sp) or both. Results will be presented and discussed concerning its contents in benzoquinones and mycotoxins and possible interactive effects. Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), through the research unit ID/AGR/04129/2013-LEAF and by project PTDC/ASP-PLA/28350/2017 (SafeGrains) and FCT/MEC-FEDER, within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020 through CESAM (UID/AMB/50017/2019). N/A

The occurrence of mycotoxins in nuts, including the most potent carcinogenic aflatoxins (AFTs), has been reported by several authors worldwide. Notwithstanding, nut consumption plays an important role in the Mediterranean diet due to their nutrient contents and the consequent potential to produce beneficial health effects, as the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Any measure that could contribute to improve this indicator should be accurately evaluated. According to the National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (IAN-AF 2015-16), the current adults’ mean nut consumption in Portugal is 2.7 g/day. Some recent epidemiological studies (e.g. PREDIMED) suggested that a daily nuts consumption of 30 g could reduce the incidence of CVD. The present study aimed to quantify the health impact in terms of Disability-adjusted life years (DALY) of increasing nut consumption to 30 g/day by adult Portuguese population, when compared to the current intake. Regarding nut consumption, two scenarios were established: current consumption (CS) – 2.7 g/day; alternative scenario (AS) – 30 g/day. AFTs occurrence in nuts available in Portuguese market and nut consumption data were used to estimate AFTs intake. Epidemiological and National population data were used to estimate the DALYs, considering two different endpoints: the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma due to exposure to AFTs (IPSC/WHO) and the prevention of acute myocardial infarction due to nuts’ consumption (PREDIMED). A mean daily intake of AFTs of 0.035 (CS) and 0.393 (AS) ng/kg bw/day was predicted. This intake is estimated to cause 0.04 (CS) and 0.40 (AS) extra cases of Hepatocellular Carcinoma, corresponding to 0.7 (CS) and 7.5 (AS) annual DALYs. In contrast, the estimated number of preventable cases of myocardial infarction due to the increasing of nut consumption to 30 g/day was 3361 and the DALYs gained was 4188. Integrating risks and benefits, 4181 annual DALYs could be potentially saved. These results suggest an overall beneficial health effect of increased nut consumption in Portugal. Therefore, it seems not advisable to reduce exposure to AFTs by recommending a reduced intake of nuts. The authors are acknowledged to EFSA Partnering Grant (RiskBenefit4EU, GP/EFSA/AFSCO/2017/01 - GA02), EU-FORA Fellowship Programme, CESAM (UID/AMB/50017/2019) and the IAN-AF national survey, funded from the EEA Grants Program, Public Health Initiatives (PT06 - 000088SI3). N/A

Alternariol (AOH) and zearalenone (ZEN) are mycotoxins that occur widely in food commodities, with particular incidence in cereals [1,2]. Both mycotoxins present estrogenic effects, therefore, it is crucial to assess the human exposure and the associated risk [2,3]. To date, there is a lack of human studies to assess exposure to ZEN and AOH through biomarkers analysis in Portugal. In the scope of the National Food, Nutrition, and Physical Activity Survey of the Portuguese General Population (IAN-AF, 2015-2016), 94 participants collected 24h-urine samples [4]. Following a salt-assisted matrix extraction, urine samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous determination of ZEN, α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), β -zearalenol (β-ZEL), α-zearalanol (α-ZAL), β-zearalanol (β-ZAL), zearalanone (ZAN), zearalenone-14-glucoside (ZEN-14-GlcA), α-zearalenol-glucoside (α-ZEL-GlcA), β-zearalenolglucoside (β-ZEL-GlcA), zearalenone-14-sulfate (ZEN-14-Sulf), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) and AOH. Risk characterization was performed using the Hazard Quotient (HQ) approach. ZEN, ZEN-14-GlcA and AOH were detected in 48%, 16% and 29% of analyzed samples, respectively, and median levels were 0.17 μg/L for ZEN and ZEN-14-GlcA and 0.28 μg/L for AOH. Participants were exposed to ZEN (n=35), AOH (n=15) and some volunteers showed co-exposure to both mycotoxins (n=12). Risk characterization of exposure to ZEN was performed and 24% of participants presented a HQ > 1, thus exceeding the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) of 0.250 μg/kg bw/day. There is no toxicological data available to support the establishment of a TDI for AOH, thus the risk associated with this toxin was not characterized [2,5]. The present study generated, for the first time and within a human biomonitoring study, reliable data regarding the exposure of the Portuguese population to ZEN and AOH. These data are crucial to perform a more realistic risk assessment, contributing to more effective preventive measures for health protection of the Portuguese population. Thanks are due for the financial support to CESAM (UID/AMB/50017/2019), to FCT/MEC through national funds, and the co-funding by the FEDER, within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement and Compete 2020. The authors also acknowledge the support of MYTOX-SOUTH project. N/A

Introduction: Risk-benefit assessment of foods (RBA) has emerged recently to estimate the overall impact of food, food ingredients and diets on human health. Significant methodological progress has been made and its value is now recognized to support the decision-making process in public health to prevent food-associated diseases and promote wellbeing in populations. Purpose: At this time, few research groups have experience in RBA. RiskBenefit4EU project (RB4EU) was funded by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) to promote and disseminate the use of RBA by developing a harmonized RBA framework. The presentation will introduce the strategy developed to capacitate a new team to perform an RBA of foods and lessons learned from this experience. Methods: Activities of the capacity building experience were designed by experienced researchers in RBA to transfer methodologies to a new multidisciplinary team comprised of experts in risk assessment in toxicology, microbiology or nutrition, epidemiology, dietary assessment or data analysis. Results: Short courses were organized in two weeks of training, using a learning-by-doing process, to: i) build a common language within the team by harmonizing important concepts: hazard, health effect, adverse health effect, beneficial health effect, risk, benefit, health and health impact; ii) learn basics used in RBA, including risk assessment in toxicology, microbiology, and nutrition, epidemiology, data analysis, modeling, statistics and uncertainty analysis; iii) become familiar with the stepwise RBA approach with the explanation of key steps that were illustrated with RBA examples previously performed; iv) initiate an RBA case study, performed by the new RBA team, to practice and answer a specific public health question. Significance: The RB4EU project organized the first training in RBA. The strategy developed, with the materials and method used, can now be re-used to capacitate other new teams in RBA and can be considered as a robust basis to build on. “RiskBenefit4EU – Partnering to strengthen the risk-benefit assessment within EU using a holistic approach” funded by EFSA (GA/EFSA/AFSCO/2017/01 – GA02). The authors declare that this study reflects only the authors’ view and EFSA is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. N/A

The goals of this study were to verify the occurrence of furfuryl alcohol (FA) and carbonyl compounds (acetaldehyde, acrolein, ethyl carbamate (EC), formaldehyde and furfural) in sparkling wines and to evaluate, for the first time, whether the consumption of the samples under study could represent risk to consumers health. These compounds are electrophilic; and therefore, may covalently bind to DNA, which may result in mutagenicity. EC and formaldehyde were present at low levels (

O setor de incorporação imobiliária no Brasil possui 17 empresas de capital aberto. Essas empresas possuem modelos de negócios distintos, o que as leva a ter maiores ou menores riscos. O objetivo desse trabalho é analisar 16 das 17 incorporadoras citadas para avaliar o perfil de risco sob três comparações: (1) controle familiar ou corporativo; (2) foco em alta e baixa renda; e (3) nível de verticalização. Para avaliar o risco de cada incorporadora, foi utilizado o Z-score de Altman, que inclui componentes de estrutura de capital, de liquidez e de insolvência da empresa. Com base nos demonstrativos financeiros de 2007 a 2017, os Z-score de Altman foram calculados para cada empresa e comparados, para grupos distintos, dois a dois. Testes paramétricos e não paramétricos confirmaram que incorporadoras familiares apresentam menor perfil de risco do que não familiares, e que incorporadoras com foco em clientes de baixa renda têm menor perfil de risco do que as com foco em clientes de alta e média rendas. Não há evidência empírica que diferencie empresas com ou sem construtora (maior verticalização) quanto ao perfil de risco. The real estate industry in Brazil has 17 listed companies. These companies have different business models, which leads them to have higher or lower risk. The objective of this study is to analyze 16 of the 17 listed companies to assess the risk profile under three comparisons: (1) family or corporate control; (2) focus on high-middle and low income; and (3) verticalization level. To evaluate the risk of each real estate developer, the Altman Z-score was used. It includes components of the company's capital structure, liquidity and insolvency. Based on the financial statements from 2007 to 2017, Altman Z-scores were calculated for each group and compared to each pair of classifications. Parametric and non-parametric tests confirm that family developers have a lower risk profile than non-familiar and that developers with a focus on low income clients have a lower risk profile than those with a focus on mid-high income clients. There is no empirical evidence that distinguishes companies with or without an own construction team (greater verticalization) regarding the risk profile.

Objectives: There is an epidemic of Mesoamerican Nephropathy (MeN) in Central America, where sugarcane production is prominent. Numerous causes have been proposed, but to date limited evidence supports any one hypothesis. A nested case-control study using biosamples from a rural, community-based follow-up study of 350 young adults from Northwest Nicaragua at risk of MeN, was conducted with the aim of characterizing the associations between urinary concentrations of metals, pesticides and mycotoxins, and decline in kidney function. Methods: Urine samples collected at baseline (pre-sugarcane harvest) and at the first 6-month follow-up (post-sugarcane harvest) visit were tested. Twelve metals and metalloids (Al, total As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb, Se, Si and Sr) were analysed by inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Twelve pesticides or their metabolites (2,4-D, 3-PBA, 4F3PBA, CFCA, DCCA, ETU, glyphosate, MCPA, OH-PYM, 5-OH-TBZ, TEB-OH and TCP), and two mycotoxins (OTA and CIT), were analysed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Differences in the creatinine-corrected urinary concentrations of the measured exposures between outcome groups (participants with stable versus declining kidney function over a 2-year follow-up period) were examined. Results: Elevated levels of aluminium and total arsenic as well as metabolites of several pesticides were detected across the population. No differences were identified between the declining and stable groups in the levels of metals or pesticides tested. OTA and CIT were below the limit of detection. Conclusions: These findings provide evidence against the tested metals, metalloids, pesticides and mycotoxins as the primary cause(s) of MeN in Nicaragua. N/A

29th International Conference of the European-Federation-of-Food-Science-and-Technology (EFFoST) -- NOV 10-12, 2015 -- Athens, GREECE, WOS: 000395217000007, Background: In vitro digestion models show great promise in facilitating the rationale design of foods. This paper provides a look into the current state of the art and outlines possible future paths for developments of digestion models recreating the diverse physiological conditions of specific groups of the human population. Scope and approach: Based on a collective effort of experts, this paper outlines considerations and parameters needed for development of new in vitro digestion models, e.g. gastric pH, enzymatic activities, gastric emptying rate and more. These and other parameters are detrimental to the adequate development of in vitro models that enable deeper insight into matters of food luminal breakdown as well as nutrient and nutraceutical bioaccessibility. Subsequently, we present an overview of some new and emerging in vitro digestion models mirroring the gastro-intestinal conditions of infants, the elderly and patients of cystic fibrosis or gastric bypass surgery. Key findings and conclusions: This paper calls for synchronization, harmonization and validation of potential developments in in vitro digestion models that would greatly facilitate manufacturing of foods tailored or even personalized, to a certain extent, to various strata of the human population. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved., European Federat Food Sci & Technol

Review article Most fungi are able to produce several mycotoxins simultaneously and, consequently, to contaminate a wide variety of foodstuffs. Therefore, the risk of human co-exposure to multiple mycotoxins is real, raising a growing concern about their potential impact on human health. Besides, government and industry regulations are usually based on individual toxicities, and do not take into account the complex dynamics associated with interactions between co-occurring groups of mycotoxins. The present work assembles, for the first time, the challenges posed by the likelihood of human co-exposure to these toxins and the possibility of interactive effects occurring after absorption, towards knowledge generation to support a more accurate human risk assessment. Regarding hazard assessment, a physiologically-based framework is proposed in order to infer the health effects from exposure to multiple mycotoxins in food, including knowledge on the bioaccessibility, toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of single and combined toxins. The prioritisation of the most relevant mixtures to be tested under experimental conditions that attempt to mimic human exposure and the use of adequate mathematical approaches to evaluate interactions, particularly concerning the combined genotoxicity, were identified as the main challenges for hazard assessment. Regarding exposure assessment, the need of harmonised food consumption data, availability of multianalyte methods for mycotoxin quantification, management of left-censored data, use of probabilistic models and multibiomarker approaches are highlighted, in order to develop a more precise and realistic exposure assessment. To conclude, further studies on hazard and exposure assessment of multiple mycotoxins, using harmonised methodologies, are crucial towards an improvement of data quality and a more reliable and robust risk characterisation, which is central for risk management and, consequently, to prevent mycotoxins-associated adverse effects. A deep understanding of the nature of interactions between multiple mycotoxins will contribute to draw real conclusions on the health impact of human exposure to mycotoxin mixtures. This research was performed under the MycoMix project ‘Exploring the toxic effects of mixtures of mycotoxins in infant food and potential health impact’ (PTDC/DTP-FTO/0417/2012), through CESAM: UID/AMB/50017/2013 and ToxOmics: UID/BIM/00009/2013, all funded by the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Submitted by Licínia Santos (biblioteca@fba.ul.pt) on 2019-03-26T11:15:29Z No. of bitstreams: 2 ULFBA_TES_TamarRodriguesLopes_capa.jpg: 382816 bytes, checksum: 793d44f4b960472e06d9221ee86656c4 (MD5) ULFBA_TES_DissertacaoTamarLopes Final.pdf: 4452482 bytes, checksum: 831999c65ae58edaa0748842ab6a4eee (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-26T11:15:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 ULFBA_TES_TamarRodriguesLopes_capa.jpg: 382816 bytes, checksum: 793d44f4b960472e06d9221ee86656c4 (MD5) ULFBA_TES_DissertacaoTamarLopes Final.pdf: 4452482 bytes, checksum: 831999c65ae58edaa0748842ab6a4eee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-02-25

CAPES Oil refineries process hazardous substances at extreme operational conditions to produce valuable products. The necessary and required risk assessment is generally rather time-consuming and involves a multidisciplinary group of experts to identify potential accidental hypotheses, and compute their frequency and severity. With respect to this context, in this work, we present a machine learning method to mine out useful knowledge and information from available data of past risk assessments. The aim is at automatically classifying possible accident scenarios that may occur in oil refinery processing units by using SVM (support vector machines). Data from a previous qualitative risk assessment of an ADU (atmospheric distillation unit) of a real oil refinery is used to demonstrate the applicability of the SVM-based approach. The test classification was made with an F1 score of 89.95%. In this way, the results obtained showed that the proposed method is promising for efficiently performing automated risk assessment of oil refineries. Refinarias de petróleo processam substâncias perigosas em condições operacionais extremas para produzir produtos valiosos. A execução da necessária e exigida avaliação de riscos é geralmente bastante demorada e envolve um grupo multidisciplinar de especialistas para identificar possíveis hipóteses acidentais e calcular suas frequências e a severidade de suas consequências. Com relação a este contexto, neste trabalho, apresenta-se um método de aprendizagem de máquina para extrair conhecimento e informações úteis a partir de avaliações anteriores de riscos. O objetivo é classificar automaticamente os possíveis cenários acidentais que possam ocorrer em unidades de processamento de refinaria de petróleo usando máquina de vetores de suporte. Os dados de uma avaliação de risco qualitativa previamente elaborada de uma ADU (unidade de destilação atmosférica) de uma refinaria de petróleo real são usados para demonstrar a aplicabilidade da abordagem baseada em SVM. A classificação dos dados de teste foi feita com um escore F1 de 89,95%. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o método proposto é promissor para realizar eficientemente avaliações automáticas de risco de refinarias de petróleo.

Submitted by Lucienne Costa (lucienneferreira@ufcg.edu.br) on 2019-04-11T17:21:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 IANA CHAIENE DE ARAUJO VIDAL – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGECA) 2019.pdf: 4968078 bytes, checksum: 6c968f99bee77cd0db218883bc03b883 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-04-11T17:21:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IANA CHAIENE DE ARAUJO VIDAL – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGECA) 2019.pdf: 4968078 bytes, checksum: 6c968f99bee77cd0db218883bc03b883 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-02-12 CNPq O crescimento das cidades aliado a falta de investimento em infraestrutura urbana tem ocasionado à deterioração do meio ambiente e dos recursos naturais. Nesse contexto é usual encontrar-se em várias cidades brasileiras ligações clandestinas de esgotos sanitários nos sistemas de drenagem pluvial comprometendo-o assim a qualidade das águas do mesmo. Campina Grande (PB), situa-se nesse grupo de cidades que vem sendo acometida por esse problema. Deste modo, o trabalho objetiva avaliar a poluição difusa em seu sistema de macrodrenagem, representado pelo canal do Prado. Para tanto, foram determinados indicadores físico-químicos (temperatura, condutividade elétrica, pH, turbidez, oxigênio dissolvido, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio, demanda química de oxigênio, nitrogênio kjeldahl, nitrogênio amoniacal, fósforo total, dureza total, cálcio e sódio) e microbiológico (coliformes termotolerantes) de amostras de águas coletadas em oito pontos distribuídos ao longo do canal. Além disso, executou-se um estudo referente a capacidade de autodepuração do canal frente a todo o lançamento de águas residuárias. Posteriormente, analisou-se a viabilidade de utilizar às águas de drenagem na agricultura, na piscicultura, na indústria e na irrigação de áreas verdes. Ao final, foi empregada a metodologia de avaliação de risco Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) com a finalidade de estimar os riscos à saúde e à segurança às quais a população ribeirinha ao canal estão expostas. Mediante as análises laboratoriais verificou-se que as águas de drenagem do canal do Prado apresentam concentrações típicas de esgotos sanitários variando entre fraca, média e forte a depender da localização do ponto. Constatou-se que 68% do canal encontra-se sob condições de anaerobiose. De modo geral, as águas de drenagem do canal do Prado podem ser utilizadas para irrigação apenas de espécies tolerantes à salinidade. Para piscicultura e irrigação de áreas verdes esta é recomendada apenas se for utilizada de forma conjugada com uma água de melhor qualidade, ou ainda, para este último, caso ocorra tratamento por desinfecção devido aos altos teores de coliformes termotolerantes. Já para indústria, apenas a água proveniente de pontos específicos, ao longo do canal, limitada também à restrições. A partir da avaliação de risco constatou-se que o risco da poluição por lançamento de efluentes é responsável por quase 50% do risco total do sistema, seguido pelos riscos referentes a inundações, construções irregulares, proliferação de artrópodes e roedores, reuso não planejado e refluxo de esgoto. Foi verificado que os pontos seis e sete obtiveram os maiores somatórios dos riscos individuais, o que sugere adoção de medidas preventivas e corretivas em curto prazo nos referidos pontos. The growth of cities together with lack of investment in urban infrastructure has caused the deterioration of the environment and natural resources. In this context it is usual to find in several Brazilian cities illegal connections of sewage of rainwater drainage systems, thus compromising the water quality of the same. Campina Grande (PB), is located in this group of cities that has been affected by this problem. In this way, the work aims to evaluate the diffuse pollution in your drainage system, represented by the Prado canal. For both, were determined physical and chemical indicators (temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, ammoniacal nitrogen, kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus, total hardness, calcium and sodium) and microbiological (thermotolerant coliforms) water samples collected in eight points distributed along the canal. In addition, a study performed for the self-depuration capacity of the canal in front of the whole release of wastewater. Subsequently, it was examined whether the feasibility of using drainage waters in agriculture, fish farming, industry and irrigation of green areas. In the end, been employed the methodology of risk assessment Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) in order to estimate the risk to health and safety to which the riverside population to the canal are exposed. Through laboratory testing it was found that the drainage waters of the canal of the Prado show typical concentrations of sewage ranging from weak, medium and strong depending on the location of point. It was found that 68% of the canal is under conditions of anaerobiosis. In general, the drainage waters of the Prado canal can be used for irrigation only species tolerant to salinity. For fish farming and irrigation of green areas this is recommended only if it is used together with a better water quality, or, for the latter, in case by disinfection treatment due to high levels of thermotolerant coliforms. To industry, only the water from specific points along the canal, also limited the restrictions. From the risk assessment found that the risk of pollution from wastewater release is responsible for almost 50% of the total system risk, followed by flood related risks, irregular buildings, proliferation of arthropods and rodents, unplanned reuse and sewage reflux. It was verified that the points six and seven have obtained the greatest individual risks sum, which suggests adoption of preventive and corrective measures in the short term in the above points.