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This paper will make an analysis of decision tree at first, and then offer a further analysis of CLS based on it. As CLS contains the most substantial and most primitive decision-making idea, it can provide the basis of decision tree establishment. Due to certain limitation in details, the ID3 decision tree algorithm is introduced to offer more details. It applies information gain as attribute selection metrics to provide reference for seeking the optimal segmentation point. At last, the ID3 algorithm is applied in football training. Verification is made on this algorithm and it has been proved effectively and reasonably.

We investigated the independent effect of commonly postulated risk factors on injury incidence in amateur football (soccer), using a prospective cohort design with follow-up over two seasons. A total of 1702 male and female players aged 13 years or older contributed information on 21,797 player-matches. Confirmed, were the effect of male vs. female sex (injury rate ratios (IRR) = 0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.67–0.97), older age (increasing IRR gradient), New Zealand European ethnicity (IRR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.74–1.01), being taller (180–189 cm: IRR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.06–1.63), previous injury (IRR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.12–1.57), playing against medical advice (IRR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.03–1.49), playing while recovering from injury (IRR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.20–1.49), history of cigarette smoking (IRR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.00–1.61) and time of season (IRR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.96–0.98). Female, adult, non-European and taller players could be paid particular attention in injury prevention programmes. The need for effective injury management is reinforced. Adding physical conditioning to pre-season training may be required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on research which was conducted to compare the effects small-sided games and interval training with amateur soccer players had on the aerobic capacity of players and their ability to perform intermittent exercises with changes of direction. Researchers evaluated 22 players. They found that both small-sided games and interval training led to improvements in physical performance in the players

Copyright of Homo Sporticus is the property of University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Sport & Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research aims at developing and applying a new effective evaluation technology for football sports and technical skills assessment of 5-th grade students (boys and girls) during their football training and physical education classes. 4 tests were applied to measure knowledge in football. Based on the results of the tests norms for practical knowledge of football are designed. The evaluation scale according to the ECTS has been used in the research as a basic criterion and tool for the assessment. It anticipates five degrees for successfully motor tasks. From the results obtained, among the other things, it is noted that formation of the final evaluation process could be summarized by three football tests. Each of these tests brings 5 points to a student or maximum of 15 points total. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. The aim of this study was to analyze the body posture of young football players and their untrained peers. Methods. A group of 73 football players and 78 untrained boys, all aged between 11 and 14 years, were studied by measuring body posture indices with computer posturography (the MORIE technique). Spinal angles and curvatures in the sagittal plane and body posture asymmetry in the frontal and transversal plane were measured. Body height and mass and BMI were also determined. Results. Compared to the untrained boys, the group of football players had lower BMI. The position of pelvis in the frontal plane was more symmetrical (p < 0.001) in football players, but the alignment of the remaining measured parameters was similar between the two groups except for the horizontal symmetry of the waist triangles (a higher incidence of symmetry in some ages groups of football players) and the horizontal symmetry of the shoulder blades (a higher incidence of asymmetry in some ages groups of football players). A postural symmetry index that was created for this study did not find any differentiation among the studied groups. The spinal alignment of the football players featured a more flattened lumbar lordosis. Conclusion. Previously conducted studies on the body posture of young athletes are still not ample and complete, while the results do not clearly indicate the development of posture when subjected to sports training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research was executed on the example of 35 young football players, age 13 and 14. Nine (9) motor tests were applied on this example of research entities. Five of them were characterized as basic andfour as a situational. Basic tests cre-ated predictor and situation tests created criteria system of motor tests. For estab-lishment of the level of influence of the system predictor variable on the system of criteria variable, applied was classic regressive analyze in the manifest area. Obtained results from the research represent situation where the basic motor capa-bilities have significant influence on the situation-motor capabilities, beside the fact that it is about small example of research entities (young football players). Still, in the training process with young football players, special attention should be addressed to the selection of the future (more successful) football players, in the frames of the application of the basic motor tests and where all applied basic tests in this research can be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals of the University Dunarea de Jos of Galati: Fascicle XV: Physical Education & Sport Management is the property of Dunarea de Jos University of Galati and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents a review of sports science literature regarding the use of strength training techniques for increasing football kicking velocity. Topics addressed include the biomechanics of kicking, the relationships between strength measurements and indicators of kicking performance, and the effects of resistance training on kicking performance.

The article presents the results of a study which compares the effects of autoregulatory progressive resistance exercise (APRE) and linear periodization (LP) on the strength training of college football players. Exercises used to assess muscle strength include bench presses and squats. Results indicate that APRE is more effective than LP when increasing the bench press and squat over a period of 6 weeks.

Copyright of Homo Sporticus is the property of University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Sport & Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents the results of a study which investigated the relationship between muscle strength, body weight and sprinting speed in college football players. It focused on the 40-yard sprint, and the generation of acceleration and velocity. Details of the experimental protocol are provided. It was found that the ratio of strength to body mass was a significant factor in sprint performance.

The purpose was to describe practice conditions influencing the risk of heat stress to athletes in summer football training in South Texas high schools, and to compare these conditions to ACSM recommendations for heat stress/injury risk reduction in this population. Thirty (N=30) high school summer football practices were observed. Wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) was measured before/after practices and practices were observed for: duration/ structure; athlete clothing; and rest break frequency/duration/content. Practices averaged 125±31 min and WBGT (pre- to post-practice) was 29.7±2.1°C to 31.2±2.2°C for morning, and 31.2±1.6°C to 28.9±1.2°C for evening practices. Most practices included contact (93%), and a majority were full-contact (53%). Most athletes wore full pads (83%) and medium/dark colored clothing (73%). Outside of scheduled breaks athletes removed helmets (63%), sat/knelt (63%), and had access to fluid (90%). Athletic trainers were present at 93% of the practices. A typical practice had 3 rest breaks, each lasting approximately 5 min. During breaks, athletes were provided fluid (93%), removed helmets (89%), and sat/knelt (76%), but were rarely provided shade (2%). While none of the practice sessions were conducted in conditions warranting the cancellation of outside activity (WBGT>33.1°C), the environmental data confirms that this region presents athletes with a very high risk of heat stress/injury. While a majority of the schools were taking many of the precautionary measures recommended by ACSM, many of the guidelines were not being followed. Governing bodies of high school athletics need to encourage compliance with recommendations for the reduction of heat stress/injury in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of the research was to identify a level of quantitative changes of the repetitive strength with fifteen years old football players under the influence of the programmed football training of a six weeks preparation period. The training programme covered forty-four training units. The research was made on a sample of 120 cadet level football players. To estimate the repetitive strength three tests have been used: Lying-sed for 30 seconds, Push-ups and Lifting upper body while lying on stomach. In the area of comparative statistics, we used discriminant parametric procedure t-test for big paired samples. It can be concluded that there are statistically significant differences in all three variables to estimate the repetitive strength. This confirmed the hypothesis that the expected significant positive quantitative changes of basic-motor abilities influenced by the proposed model of training in preparation period with fifteen years old football players. The authors were guided by the fact that this kind of training program in preparation period is very effective in terms of raising the repetitive strength level with fifteen years old. The obtained results can be directed towards innovation plans and programs in the preparation period, and the adaptation of the same needs of the respective population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the profile of nutrition intake of the menu used during the summer season training camp for an American football team (Kantoh Collegiate American Football League, Division 1). This team participated in the training camp twice in 2005 : first was at the beginning of August, and second was at the end of August. In the three days of each training camp, all food menus were analyzed for nutrition intake and the sufficiency rate (%) per day was calculated by using the standard of necessary values for American football players. Although the intake of carbohydrates was sufficient (109% in the first camp, and 104% in the second camp), that of both Vitamin B1 and B2 was insufficient in these training camps (B1 : 99% and B2 : 77% in the first camp, and B1 : 72% and B2 : 59% in the second camp). These findings suggest that careful organization of these food menus for American football players is necessary during the camps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Homo Sporticus is the property of University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Sport & Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Homo Sporticus is the property of University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Sport & Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose. One of the aims of football training is to enhance the musculo-ligamentous apparatus and increase mobility of the lower limbs' joints. Proper football footwear is compulsory as games are being played on different surfaces. This has direct impact on the placement of one's feet and distribution of forces within feet arcs. The purpose of this study was to compare the placement of feet and toes of boys training football with their peers who did not practise football. Basic procedures. This study was carried out on 72 junior football players, aged 10-14 years, who were divided into 4 groups according to age and training level. The control group included 80 boys of similar age. The examination was performed using Moiré technique. Alignment of the knees was assessed visually. Computer analysis of the results covered the following parameters: Clarke's angle, α, β and γ angles, length-to-width index and KY index. Main findings. Feet anomalies were more frequent in footballers. In the older players these were mainly varus knees (around 40%), while the younger one's had valgus knees more often than the non-players. Hallux valgus (over 20%), especially of the left foot, and varus toes (over 90%) were also more frequent in the non-training boys. Besides there was a decrease of curvature of the longitudinal and transverse feet arcs that was more frequent in the right feet. However, longitudinal and transverse characteristics of the left feet arcs did not differ between the exercising and non-exercising groups. Conclusions. The examination of the feet confirmed the impact of football training on the placement of feet and toes and curvature of the feet arcs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Many National Football League (NFL) teams practice 2 times per day over consecutive days in a hot and humid environment. Large body surface area (BSA) and use of protective equipment result in high sweat rates and total sweat loss in these football players. Objective: To compare sweat rate, sweat loss, fluid consumption, and weight loss between NFL linemen and backs during preseason practices. Design: Between-groups design. Setting: Preseason training camp with wet bulb globe temperature between 19°C and 25°C. Patients or Other Participants: Eight linemen and 4 backs and receivers participated. Main Outcome Measure(s): Data were collected during both practice sessions on 2 separate days during the first week of August. Sweat rate was calculated as change in mass adjusted for all fluids consumed between prepractice and postpractice body mass measurements and the urine produced during practice divided by the length of the practice session. Gross daily sweat losses also were calculated. Results: Height, mass, and BSA were higher in linemen than in backs. Sweat rate was also higher in linemen (2385 ± 520 mL/h) than in backs (1410 ± 660 mL/h, P < .001), as was the total volume of sweat lost during both practices in 1 day (6870 ± 1034 mL/d versus 4110 ± 2287 mL/d, P = .014). Compared with backs, linemen consumed more fluids during practice (2030 ± 849 mL versus 1179 ± 753 mL, P = .025) but produced less urine (53 ± 73 mL versus 163 ± 141 mL, P = .018). There was no difference in postpractice weight loss (linemen = - 1.15 ± 0.83%, backs = - 1.06 ± 0.76%). Conclusions: Linemen sweated at higher rates, lost larger volumes of sweat, consumed more fluids, and produced less urine during practice compared with the physically smaller backs, but they did not lose a greater percentage of body weight. Sodium losses could be considerable in NFL players during the preseason because of high daily sweat losses in backs and in linemen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This bibliography comprises academic books and articles on international football history. However, the borders between academic and popular studies are muddy in this area. Studies of individual clubs, cities, players and organisers have only been taken into account in exceptional circumstances when the authors have dealt with questions relating to international football history. The list comprises titles in English, German, French, Spanish and Portuguese; titles in Hebrew are noted in their English translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]