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59 Civil Responsibility on Skiing Slopes Abstract This diploma thesis deals with civil liability on skiing slopes. Besides gathering valid standards in the Czech Republic, it also provides insight into foreign legal systems with the greatest emphasis on the French regulation and legal system. A part of the thesis is devoted to the rules of the International Ski Federation, which are widely respected important source of rules in skiing. Examples of their application are illustrated with the case law that inferred their validity, while in other countries the rules were reflected directly in legislation. In the first chapter there is a general anchoring of responsibility in Czech civil law, followed by a brief excursion into the sports law of individual sports, in the third chapter we find a summary of legal and non-legal regulations that apply to activities on domestic skiing slopes, including a bill that in the end did not pass in the Chamber of Deputies. The FIS rules of conduct are introduced by the story of their genesis and international cooperation on their final wording, followed by an official commentary issued by the International Ski Federation for the reason of clarification and interpretation. In the fourth chapter follows the analysis of the application of FIS rules by judicial authorities using...

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies, 11, 4, 11A04C: 1-10

одним из крупнейших достижений научно-технического прогресса, имевших место в ХХ в., безусловно, можно назвать расщепление атома и изобретение путей его мирного использования. Гражданское использование ядерной энергии и сегодня остается не только важным показателем развития научно-технического потенциала большинства индустриально развитых стран мира, но и, прежде всего, одним из базовых компонентов топливно-энергетического комплекса, мощным фактором обеспечения энергетической безопасности этих стран. Вместе с тем, развитие ядерной энергетики поставило перед человечеством множество вопросов, связанных с обеспечением надлежащего уровня радиационной безопасности. В статье показано, что необходимо рассматривать не только вопросы правового регулирования использования ядерной энергии и радиационной безопасности, в частности, в контексте преодоления последствий серьезных катастроф, а также разработки правовых и организационно-управленческих механизмов противодействия их возникновению и устранению последствий, включая меры юридической, в частности, административной ответственности., one of the greatest achievements of scientific and technological progress that took place in the twentieth century, of course, can be called the splitting of the atom and the invention of ways to use it peacefully. The civil use of nuclear energy remains today not only an important indicator of the development of the scientific and technical potential of most industrialized countries, but also, above all, one of the basic components of the fuel and energy complex, a powerful factor in ensuring the energy security of these countries. At the same time, the development of nuclear power has raised many issues related to ensuring an appropriate level of radiation safety. The article shows that it is necessary to consider not only the issues of legal regulation of nuclear energy use and radiation safety, in particular, in the context of overcoming the consequences of serious disasters, and the development of legal and managerial mechanisms to prevent their occurrence and elimination of consequences, including legal action, in particular, administrative responsibility., Вопросы устойчивого развития общества, Выпуск 8 2020

В данной статье рассматриваются такие понятия, как «административная ответственность», «гражданская ответственность» за нарушение законодательства о рекламе, даны их определения и разобраны проблемы правоприменения. В работе изучена роль и значение административной ответственности в системе мер ответственности за нарушение российского рекламного законодательства. Автором анализируются нормативно-правовые акты, приводятся позиции ученых-правоведов и практикующих юристов.

Статья раскрывает сущность проблемы патриотичности молодежи в современном российском обществе. Актуальность данной проблемы обусловлена прямой зависимостью между уровнем патриотизма среди подрастающего поколения и обороноспособность страны в ближайшем будущем. К тому же проблема усугубляется отсутствием заинтересованности общества в культурно-идеологическом состоянии молодежи.The article reveals the essence of the problem of youth patriotism in modern Russian society. The relevance of this problem is due to the direct relationship between the level of patriotism among the younger generation and the country's defense capability in the near future. In addition, the problem is aggravated by the lack of public interest in the cultural and ideological state of young people.

Dissertação de mestrado em Ciências Jurídicas (área de especialização em Direito dos Contratos e da Empresa), A temática do cumprimento defeituoso do contrato de empreitada e a consequente responsabilização do empreiteiro possui um papel bastante relevante no âmbito do comércio jurídico, desde logo, em face do seu peso económico e da sua consequente relevância económica e social. Nesta perspectiva, no âmbito da presente dissertação, com vista a uma perceção plena e cabal da temática em apreço, é feito um enquadramento geral ao concreto empreitada, seus fundamentos históricos, conceitos e intervenientes. Ato contínuo, é abordada em concreto a temática dos defeitos da obra, distinguindo-se os vários tipos, forma de denúncia e consequente responsabilização ou ir desresponsabilização do empreiteiro. Por último, aborda-se em concreto os mecanismos de defesa de que o cliente dispõe para fazer face aos defeitos existentes., The theme of defective performance of the contract and the consequent liability of the contractor has a truly relevant role in the scope of legal trade, in view of its economic weight and its consequent economic and social relevance. In this perspective, within the scope of this dissertation, with a view to a full and thorough perception of the subject under consideration, a general framework is made to the concrete endeavor, its historical foundations, concepts, and actors. In a continuous act, the theme of the defects of the work is addressed in concrete, distinguishing the various types, form of denunciation and consequent liability or non-liability of the client. Finally, the defense mechanisms that the contractor has to deal with existing defects are specifically addressed.

The article deals with the issue of formation of the student’s civil responsibility by means of modern innovative pedagogical technologies relevant for the modern primary school. In order to substantiate the system of innovative pedagogical technologies for the formation of social responsibility of primary school students, a complex of research methods was used: analysis, classification, generalization of theoretical approaches to substantiation of innovative pedagogical technologies for the formation of civil liability of students; systematization of theoretical and empirical data to substantiate the psychological and pedagogical bases of its formation. The leading strategy of research of innovative pedagogical technologies was their conformity to conceptual approaches to personality maturity: in the humanistic (A. Maslow) and phenomenological (K. Rogers) directions of the theory of personality and adaptation of students to the normative requirements of civil society. The methodological basis of innovative pedagogical technologies, grouped according to the leading features of the stage of adaptation of pupils to the normative requirements of civil society, were: technologies of traditional school education, which provide continuous emotional influence of the teacher’s personality on the pupils by means of pedagogy of requirements; a technology of pedagogy of cooperation, in which the subjects and objects of the educational process are united in the mutual educational activity in the pedagogy of relations of mutual understanding and mutual assistance; technology of teaching subjects that forms a person, for which each student learns under two programs: the educational space of the general educational institution and the external educational space of the local social environment. Developing the capacity for unbiased perception of reality, tolerance, tolerance, the ability to adapt, accepting oneself, others as they are, focusing on transpersonal problems that stand above the immediate problems of the individual, expressing public interests and aspirations to help others, Humanity (A. Maslow) and phenomenological (K. Rogers) directions of the theory of personality was carried out by: a technology of pedagogy of cooperation whereby the fundamental civil rights and responsibilities of all participants in educational activities are determined by the values that each of them must preserve and convey to others; the concept of civic education in the technology of its integration, the task of which is to teach the recognition of public structures of different types, to think of political alternatives, to cultivate tolerance of other political opinions and the readiness for responsible civic actions. The prospect of further explorations in this area is a pilot test of the effectiveness of the system of innovative pedagogical technologies of formation of civil responsibility of students of primary school., У статті розглядається актуальне для сучасної основної школи питання формування громадянської відповідальності учня засобами сучасних інноваційних педагогічних технологій. З метою обґрунтування системи інноваційних педагогічних технологій формування громадської відповідальності учнів основної школи використано комплекс методів дослідження: аналіз, класифікація, узагальнення теоретичних підходів до обґрунтування інноваційних педагогічних технологій формування громадянської відповідальності школярів; систематизація теоретичних та емпіричних даних для обґрунтування психолого-педагогічних основ її формування. Провідною стратегією дослідження інноваційних педагогічних технологій стала їхня відповідність концептуальним підходам до зрілості особистості: за гуманістичним (А. Маслоу) і феноменологічним (К. Роджерс) напрямами теорії особистості та адаптацією учнів до нормативних вимог громадянського суспільства. Методичною основою інноваційних педагогічних технологій, згрупованих за провідними ознаками етапу адаптації школярів до нормативних вимог громадянського суспільства, стали: технології традиційної шкільної освіти, що передбачають постійний емоційний вплив особистості вчителя на учнів за допомогою педагогіки вимог; технологія педагогіки співробітництва, за якою суб’єкти й об’єкти освітнього процесу об’єднані у спільній освітній діяльності педагогікою відносин взаєморозуміння і взаємодопомоги; технологія викладання навчальних дисциплін, яка формує людину, за якою кожен школяр навчається за двома програмами: освітнього простору загальноосвітнього навчального закладу та зовнішнього освітнього простору місцевого соціального середовища. Розвиток здатності до неупередженого сприйняття реальності, толерантності, терпимості, уміння адаптуватися, прийняття себе, інших такими, якими вони є, зосередженості на надособистісних проблемах, які стоять вище за безпосередні проблеми особистості, вияву просуспільних інтересів і прагнень допомоги іншим, почуттів братської любові до всього людства, за гуманістичним (А. Маслоу) і феноменологічним (К. Роджерс) напрями теорії особистості здійснювався за: технологією педагогіки співробітництва, за якою основоположні громадянські права й обов’язки всіх учасників освітньої діяльності визначаються цінностями, які кожен із них повинен зберегти у собі та передати іншим; концепцією громадянської освіти у технології її інтеграції, завданням якої є навчання розпізнанню громадських структур різних типів, мисленню політичними альтернативами, виховувати терпимість відносно інших політичних думок і готовності до відповідальних громадянських дій. Перспективою подальших розвідок за даним напрямом є дослідно-експериментальна перевірка ефективності системи інноваційних педагогічних технологій формування громадянської відповідальності учнів основної школи.

Resumen: El establecimiento y la dominación de ciertas empresas transnacionales en el mundo virtual, los gigantes de internet, ha provocado una complejidad sin precedentes en el campo de la responsabilidad civil. La búsqueda de elementos de conexión existentes en los conflictos generados en la web, ha permitido identificar varios caminos para la determinación de la jurisdicción aplicable, con el fin de dar solución a los daños provocados en internet y que terminan teniendo impacto en la vida off-line. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo general determinar los principales desafíos que enfrenta la responsabilidad civil individual en internet, desde la perspectiva del derecho brasileño, a fin de solucionar los litigios transnacionales generados en este espacio, tanto por violaciones provenientes de terceros como de parte de los gigantes de internet. Abstract: The establishment and domination of certain transnational corporations in the virtual world, the giants of the Internet, has led to unprecedented complexity in the field of civil responsibility. The search for connection elements existing in the conflicts generated on the web, has made it possible to identify several paths for the determination of the applicable jurisdiction, in order to solve the damages caused on the internet and that end up having an impact on the off-line world. The objective of this article is to determine the main challenges faced by individual civil responsibility on the Internet, from the perspective of Brazilian law, in order to solve the transnational legal issues generated in this space, both for violations by third parties and from the internet giants.

The present dissertation is a project that emerged from the perspective of a global phenomenon that begins to replicate itself in Brazil: a deep, intense and a perspective of social and social panoramas, promoted by the emergence of new technologies, provided by a new way to undertake, which is the startups companies. The global climate, present in this niche market, is increasing, investors, the state and society. Recognizing the importance of the new panorama and its impact on legal relations, economy and society, the present work had an analysis on the global context, the revolution, its impacts and the development of startups systems in Brazil, discussed the ways in which angel investment is contracted, which is an outstanding financing modality in the segment, due to the intelligent money that accompanies it and the ability to mitigate the risks and uncertainties, inherent and more pronounced characteristics of the companies and later risks and limits of civil liability were legally established. Thus, initially, an analysis of entrepreneurship in Brazil is made and how transformations are taking place. Following on, narrowing the discussions, the leading startups, are the most widely used forms of financing and ways to contract investments. And in the end the central focus point on the risks that can be faced by the angels investing in startups, where through analysis of the applicable legislation for the selected operational model and judged select of the country courts on how a matter of disregard of is subject to be faced, due to legal, consumer, labor and tax relations. Thus, a social contribution is a study about the ability to collaborate with the development of the Brazilian startups ecosystem, insofar as a legal analysis of important formal aspects of an instrument that it occupies is given to an academic, economic and collective community. a space of expression in this peculiar market, which is that of investments, capable of materializing as disruptive of ideas. Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq A presente dissertação foi um projeto que surgiu a partir da observação de um fenômeno global que começa a se replicar também no Brasil: uma profunda, intensa e rápida mudança dos panoramas econômicos e sociais, promovidos pelo surgimento de novas tecnologias, proporcionadas por uma nova maneira de empreender, que é o das empresas startups. O ecossistema brasileiro, presente nesse nicho de mercado, já é gigante e cresce exponencialmente a cada ano, bem como o número dessas companhias, que tem chamado cada vez mais a atenção do mercado, de investidores, do estado e da sociedade. Reconhecendo a relevância desse novo cenário e o seu impacto para as relações jurídicas, para economia e para a sociedade, o presente trabalho fez uma análise sobre o contexto global dessa revolução, os seus reflexos e o desenvolvimento do ecossistema de startups no Brasil, discutiu sobre as formas de contratação do investimento-anjo, que é a modalidade de financiamento de destaque nesse segmento, em função do smart money que o acompanha e a sua capacidade de atenuar os riscos e incertezas, características inerentes e mais acentuadas dessas empresas e posteriormente verificou-se juridicamente os riscos e limites da responsabilidade civil desses agentes. Assim, inicialmente, é feita uma análise do empreendedorismo no Brasil e as transformações que estão ocorrendo. Na sequência, afunilando as discussões, conceitua-se startups, apresenta-se as modalidades de financiamento mais utilizadas e as formas de se contratar esses investimentos. E, ao fim, o ponto central focou sobre os riscos que podem ser enfrentados pelos angels que investem em startups, onde através de exame da legislação temática aplicável para o modelo operacional escolhido e de julgados seletos dos tribunais pátrios sobre como a questão da desconsideração da personalidade jurídica vem sendo enfrentada, em função das relações jurídicas cível, consumerista, trabalhista e tributária. Dessa forma, a contribuição social desse estudo é marcada pela capacidade de colaborar com o desenvolvimento do ecossistema de startups brasileira, na medida em que em que se entrega para a comunidade acadêmica, econômica e coletiva geral uma análise jurídica de importantes aspectos formais de um instrumento que ocupa um espaço de elevada expressão nesse mercado peculiar, que é o de investimentos, capaz de materializar as ideias disruptivas.

Publicity in Brazil is governed by state and private laws to inhibit illicit propaganda that may be abusive and/or tricky. Consequently, consumers´ rights are guaranteed. Due to technology and the means that the Internet provides, we live in an exposed society in which people share interests and opinions. The influence maker is thus born, or rather, persons who inform digital opinion may modify the behavior of their followers. Current paper, based on the logical and deductive method, evaluates the civil responsibility of digital influence makers with regard to the indications of products and services within the context of consumers´ vulnerability. Publicity and its regulations in Brazil are discussed within the context of accountability of influence makers. Results show that influence makers have an objective accountability due to their advantage when compared to consumers. They affect the sale of goods and services to impact their followers´ life, fabricate behavior and motivate choices. La publicidad en Brasil está reglada en el ámbito estatal y en el ámbito privado, con la finalidad de inhibir la publicidad ilícita, que puede presentarse de forma abusiva y/o engañosa, garantizando, así, los derechos de los consumidores. Con el avance de la tecnología y de las facilidades que la Internet puede ofrecer, se vive, actualmente, en una sociedad de exposición, en que cada vez más los individuos comparten sus intereses y opiniones. Surge entonces la figura del influenciador digital, individuo formador de opinión digital, capaz de modificar comportamientos de sus seguidores. En el artículo se evalúa la responsabilidad civil de los influenciadores digitales en razón de indicación de productos y servicios, justificándose el estudio frente a las vulnerabilidades de los consumidores. El método lógico-deductivo fue la base metodológica del estudio, partiendo del entendimiento de la publicidad y su reglamentación en Brasil para alcanzar los influenciadores digitales y discutir su responsabilidad civil. Se concluye por la responsabilidad objetiva de los influenciadores, porque ellos están en ventaja cuando comparados a los consumidores y actúan efectivamente por intermedio de la indicación de productos y servicios, de modo a impactar la vida de sus seguidores, moldar comportamientos y motivar escojas de consumo. A publicidade no Brasil é regulada tanto no âmbito estatal quanto no âmbito privado, com a finalidade de inibir a publicidade ilícita, que pode se apresentar de forma abusiva e/ou enganosa, garantindo, assim, os direitos dos consumidores. A publicidade, além de informar, utiliza-se de armas para alterar o comportamento de compra, atraindo os consumidores à aquisição de produtos e serviços. Com o avanço da tecnologia e das facilidades que a Internet pode oferecer, vive-se, atualmente, em uma sociedade de exposição, onde cada vez mais os indivíduos compartilham seus interesses e opiniões, sendo que, a partir daí surge a figura do influenciador digital, um indivíduo formador de opinião digital, capaz de modificar comportamentos, e até mesmo, a mentalidade de seus seguidores. Assim, as empresas de olho nessa nova forma de interação entre as pessoas recorrem aos influenciadores digitais, a fim de angariar clientes e obter lucro, ampliando, assim, as partes integrantes da cadeia de consumo. Nesse contexto, inquire-se, aqui, sobre a possibilidade de responsabilização civil dos influenciadores digitais em razão de indicação de produtos e serviços.

The publication is dedicated to reflect problems concerning civil responsibility for personal liabilities and honor, their analysis and expression of proposals for their prevention. The author analyzes the judicial decisions of personal liabilities and honor, to conclude, that currently there is a problem of separation two different in meaning notions- personal liabilities and honor and defamation. The nominated hypothesis is that paragraph 157 of the Criminal Law is often mistaken for paragraph 2352.1 of the Civil Law, which leads to mis accountability selection. Also there are performed conclusions.

The article is devoted to the history of anti-corruption and bribery as one of its kinds in the Russian Empire. Corruption as a complex social phenomenon that occurs in the process of socio-economic, political and social relations has become one of the most pressing political, social and economic problems of modern Russia. The corruption in the state apparatus not only cause serious, sometimes unsolvable problems for the citizens, but also hinder the normal functioning of the administrative bodies and authorities. The legal component, the development and adoption of relevant laws perform a special role in combating corruption. For many centuries government has repeatedly attempted if not to eliminate or at least to curb corruption in numerous managerial and administrative apparatus. The greatest interest in this regard is the imperial period of Russian history. The authors study the history of the development of criminal and civil law in the Code of the Russian Empire Publishing Laws 1832 of the penal Code and criminal Corrections 1845 judicial statutes in 1864 and subsequent legislation late XIX – the beginning of the XX century, the history of the development of appropriate laws, trace the change in order to prosecute and the degree of responsibility of the officials on the basis of unpublished material of the State Council, the State Duma and the Ministry of Justice, are stored in the Russian State Historical Archive, as well as the published acts of the Russian legislation, the verbatim records of the State Duma and the Council of State. During the XIX and early XX centuries Russian legislation has been streamlined and systematized: work was carried out on the codification of laws, created new codes of substantive and procedural law, a significant development has been and anti-corruption legislation. The appeal to the legislative materials, to the works of pre-revolutionary Russian lawyers and statesmen and the Ministry of Justice, are stored in the Russian State Historical Archive is of great interest to the modern lawyer and historian.

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[ES] El trabajo se centrará, en primer lugar, en el estudio de la teoría general en materia de responsabilidad por incumplimiento de contratos privados, analizando las diversas modalidades de retraso o incumplimiento de obligaciones por parte del deudor. Seguidamente, se aportará el análisis particular de casos prácticos que recojan cada uno de los supuestos de incumplimiento previamente estudiados, con el objetivo de exponer el modo en que los tribunales aplican e interpretan la legislación sobre la materia., [EN] The work will focus, firstly, on the study of the general theory in terms of liability for breach of private contracts, analysing the various forms of delay or breach of obligations by the debtor. Next, we will provide a particular analysis of practical cases that include each of the cases of non-compliance previously studied, with the objective of explaining how the courts apply and interpret the legislation on the matter.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de Direito A dicotomia propriedade/controlo das sociedades comerciais ditou, mormente no último quartel do século passado, o colapso de várias empresas sociais. O presente estudo terá em vista analisar a nova, ou renascida, forma de governo societário. Mais do que nunca, é imperioso admitir e legitimar que a gestão societária deve passar, também, pelo órgão deliberativo-interno, enquanto derradeiro proprietário social. E partindo desta ideia, indagaremos por uma concretização, o mais minuciosa possível, das competências que estão ao alcance dos sócios, sejam eles quotistas ou acionistas. Determinado o campo de atuação lícita e legítima dos sócios, tornar-se-á, de igual modo, premente determinar quando e em que termos tal atuação se revela ilegítima – porque exercida por via ou canal não admitido para o efeito – ou ilícita – porque determinadora de dano social ou infligidora de dano aos sócios que não detêm o controlo societário, os sócios minoritários. Isto é, este reconhecimento e legitimação trarão inevitavelmente consigo, uma necessidade acrescida de repensar o modelo de responsabilidade civil que encontramos hoje vertido no CSC. Se é verdade que o regime societário dedica especial atenção ao regime da responsabilidade civil dos gerentes e administradores, menos verdade não é que, parece ter esquecido os sócios nesta problemática. Prova disso é que as respostas dadas neste campo traduzem-se, maioritariamente, por construções doutrinárias, como veremos infra. Assim, se à conduta gestionária legítima, empreendida pelos sócios, mas geradora de dano caberá a responsabilização por via do art.80.º do CSC; o mesmo não sucederá quando tal atuação se revele efetivada por via ilegítima. Aqui, as respostas dependerão se encontramos cumulativamente verificados os pressupostos de aplicação do regime do administrador de facto, ou, caso contrário, há que apelar à aplicação do art.83.º, n.º 4 do CSC enquanto meio de responsabilização, pela influência, lícita ou ilicitamente exercida sobre a administração, mas em todo o caso geradora de dano.É neste conspecto, que nos propomos a embarcar numa viagem, que num primeiro momento passará pelo desenvolvimento e análise desta renovada administração societária e num segundo patamar, pelo estudo e crítica ao regime da responsabilidade civil que com ela vem associada. The dichotomy of ownership/control of commercial companies dictated, especially in the last quarter of the last century, the collapse of several social enterprises. The present study aims to analyze the new, or reborn, form of corporate governance. More than ever, it is imperative to admit and legitimize that corporate management must also pass through the intern deliberative organ, as the ultimate social owners. Starting from this idea, we will seek to materialize, as close as possible, the competences that are available to the partners, whether they are partners of limited companies or shareholders.Having determined the licit and legitimate field of action of the partners, it will be urgent to determine when and under which terms such action proves to be illegitimate - when exercised by a not admissible way - or illicit - causing social damage or inflicting damage to the partners who do not hold corporate control, the minority partners.This recognition and legitimation will inevitably bring an increased need to rethink the model of civil liability that we find today in the CSC. If it is true that the corporate regime pays special attention to the regime of civil responsibility of managers and administrators, it isn’t less true that it also seems to have forgotten the partners in this problematic. Proof of this is that the answers given in this field mainly translate in doctrinal constructions, as we shall see below. As so, if to the legitimate management, undertaken by the partners, but damage generator, will corresponded the responsibility of article 80.º of the CSC; the same will not happen when such action is proven to be illegitimate. Here, the answers will depend on whether we have cumulatively verified the assumptions for applying the De Facto Director’s regime, or, if not, we must call for the application of article 83, no. 4 of the CSC as a means of accountability, for the influence, legitimate or illegitimately, exercised over the administration, but in any case, damage causing.Having this in mind, we propose to embark on a journey, which in the first moment will go through the development and analysis of this renewed corporate administration and in a second moment, by studying and criticizing the regime of civil liability associated with it.

A presente dissertação analisa a responsabilidade Civil e Penal do empregador advindo dos infortúnios laborais realizando um estudo comparativo da legislação, doutrina e jurisprudência brasileira e portuguesa. Para tanto, apresentamos a evolução histórica da legislação aplicável ao assunto em tela, observando a sua evolução e aprimoramento no que tange à responsabilização da entidade patronal. Depois desta contextualização temporal, o conceito legal do gênero acidente do trabalho será aprofundado, bem como as suas espécies, no Brasil e em Portugal, também com base nas legislações vigentes em cada país. Após esta fundamentação conceitual e histórica, o trabalho examina de maneira comparada a responsabilidade civil (subjetiva e objetiva) no Brasil e em Portugal decorrentes dos acidentes do trabalho, novamente, por meio da investigação do arcabouço legal existente. Além disto, o trabalho busca demonstrar que também é possível haver a responsabilização do empregador ou de seus dirigentes e gestores no âmbito penal tanto no Brasil quanto em Portugal, por meio da literatura existente sobre o tema, o ordenamento jurídico vigente e decisões judiciais. Em que pese haver farta legislação disciplinado a responsabilização nos casos de infortúnios laborais no Brasil e em Portugal, a efetiva responsabilização das consequências lesivas sofridas pelos trabalhadores nos acidentes fica praticamente restrita ao âmbito civil, havendo poucas condenações na esfera penal. Assim, a contribuição do presente trabalho é identificar a legislação dos dois países concernentes ao acidente laboral e jurisprudências, abordando a repercussão que haverá para a entidade empresarial em caso de infortúnio laboral na esfera civil e penal, traçando um comparativo. The present dissertation analyzes the civil and criminal liability of the employer arising from the workplace accident, conducting a comparative study of Brazilian and Portuguese legislation, doctrine and jurisprudence. Also, we present the historical evolution of the legislation applicable to the subject on the screen, observing its evolution and improvement regarding the responsibility of the employer. Then this temporal contextualization, the legal concept of the workplace accident gender will be deepened, as well as its species, in Brazil and Portugal, also based on the legislation in force in each country. After this conceptual and historical foundation, the treatise examines in a comparative manner the civil liability (subjective and objective) in Brazil and Portugal due from workplace accidents, again, through the investigation of the existing legal framework. In addition, the dissertation has the potential to show that the employer or its leaders and managers may be liable in the criminal sphere in Brazil as well as in Portugal, through existing literature on the subject, the current legal system and judicial decisions. Even though there is an extensive legislation regarding workplace accidents in Brazil and Portugal, the effective accountability of the injuries consequences suffered by workers in accidents is practically restricted to the civil ambit, with few condemnations in the criminal sphere. Thus, the contribution of the present dissertation is to identify the legislation of the two countries concerning the labor accident and jurisprudence, showing the repercussion that will exist for the employer in case of workplace accidents in the civil and criminal sphere, performing a comparative.

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo estudar a reparação de danos sofridos no mercado de valores mobiliários causados por divulgação de informações falsas ou enganosas. Partindo do papel da informação na formação dos preços de valores mobiliários, e dos danos que pode causar a divulgação de informação falsa ou enganosa, analisamos o tema sob a ótica da responsabilidade civil. O tema tem sido pouco explorado em nosso país até então, e apenas recentemente tem despertado maior atenção em virtude de ações privadas propostas por investidores no exterior em face de importantes companhias aberta brasileiras, com algum desdobramento em nosso país. Para expandir o nosso conhecimento, realizamos pesquisa de direito comparado examinando o tratamento dado nos Estados Unidos e na França aos casos de informação falsa ou enganosa no mercado de valores mobiliários. Verificamos as diferenças existentes e as barreiras à efetiva reparação de danos no mercado de valores mobiliários, concluindo que, embora os tribunais desses países demonstrem disposição de tutelar os interesses lesados, a reparação tem sido ficta. Identificamos como questão problemática a responsabilização da companhia emissora, pois nesse caso não há de fato reparação de danos, mas, sim, a socialização de prejuízos, embora isso possa ser contornado ou mitigado por meio de seguro de responsabilidade e/ou criação de fundo de reparação de danos no mercado de valores mobiliários. The present dissertation aims to study the repair of damages suffered in the securities market caused by the disclosure of false or misleading information by public companies. Based on the role of information in the formation of securities prices, and the damages that may be caused by the dissemination of false or misleading information, we analyze the issue from a civil liability perspective. The issue has received little attention so far in our country, and only recently has it attracted more attention due to private actions filed by investors abroad in the face of important Brazilian public companies, with some development in our country. To further our knowledge, we conduct comparative law research by examining the treatment given in the United States and France to cases of false or misleading information in the securities market. We have verified the existing differences and barriers to the effective compensation of damages in the securities market, concluding that, although the courts of these countries have shown willingness in protecting the injured interests, reparation has been elusive. We identified the liability of the issuing company as a problematic issue, because in this case there is in fact no compensation of damages, but, rather, the socialization of losses, although this may be overcome or mitigated by means of civil liability insurance and/or creation of a compensation fund for damages in the securities market.

Objective: the present study aimed at evaluating the risks and vulnerability of orthodontists to legal compensation actions and verifying the hypothesis of these health care professionals having little knowledge concerning their rights and obligations as service providers. Methods: Three groups were formed to participate in a semi-structured interview. The first group had thirteen law professionals, the second group was composed of eleven orthodontists and the third group was made up of nine randomly selected orthodontic patients. Results: Relevant aspects related to the exercise of the professional activity of orthodontists that influence on the vulnerability of orthodontists in lawsuits were identified. After transcription, reading, and comparing the answers of the interviews, items capable of influencing judicial decisions, from the standpoint of Brazilian Justice Courts, were evaluated. Conclusion: It was verified that Brazilian orthodontists do not have adequate formation concerning the legal consequences of the exercise of their professional activity. Orthodontists also failed to establish proper contractual relationship, organize orthodontic records, and, most importantly, failed in communicating the risks and the therapeutic processes to patients during all phases of treatment.

The article considers the reasons of increasing the role and social responsibilities of public organizations under the conditions of transformation of economic and political relationships in Ukraine, discusses the tendencies of changing the functional characteristics, objectives and tasks of primary public associations, recently appearing in great number at educational institutions. The analysis made gives grounds for the conclusion about the inevitability of reversion from the individualized society to collective, team principles of communication and about the role of public organizations in the process. The legislative and regulatory activity is characterized; the necessity of its improvement as soon as possible is underlined.

The article considers the reasons of increasing the role and social responsibilities of public organizations under the conditions of transformation of economic and political relationships in Ukraine, discusses the tendencies of changing the functional characteristics, objectives and tasks of primary public associations, recently appearing in great number at educational institutions. The analysis made gives grounds for the conclusion about the inevitability of reversion from the individualized society to collective, team principles of communication and about the role of public organizations in the process. The legislative and regulatory activity is characterized; the necessity of its improvement as soon as possible is underlined.

В продолжение рубрики «Интервью с известными учеными» на широкий спектр вопросов журнала «Новые исторические перспективы» увлекательно отвечает Джабраил Тайсаев — доцент кафедры культурологии Северо-Кавказского института искусств, кандидат философских наук, заслуженный работник образования Республики Северная Осетия-Алания., Here is a traditional interview of the magazine «New historical perspective». Gabriel Taysaev, associate professor of cultural studies of the North-Caucasian Institute of arts, candidate of philosophical sciences, honored worker of education of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, answers on a wide range of issues applied to history and politics., №1(10) (2018)

O presente artigo analisa o surgimento e o desenvolvimento da proteção da imagem e da vida privada na França. Destaca que inicialmente a defesa desses direitos foi obra da jurisprudência, que foi criando regras aplicáveis aos casos concretos. Os tribunais usavam a cláusula geral de responsabilidade civil, pois não havia doutrina desenvolvida sobre direitos da personalidade. Posteriormente a matéria também passou a ser objeto de estudo dos doutrinadores franceses. Diferentemente da Alemanha, que positivou a proteção muito cedo, a França somente regulou esses direitos com a promulgação da Lei 70-643, de 17 de julho de 1970, a qual introduziu o direito à intimidade e à vida privada no art. 9.° do Código Civil francês. Tal norma reforçou a tutela da personalidade, mas resta saber se também houve uma melhoria na proteção da imagem na França, o que vamos estudar no presente artigo. This article analyzes the emergence and development of the protection of the image and privacy in France. It emphasizes that initially the defense of these rights was only work of the courts, that created rules applicable to the concrete cases. The courts used the general clause of civil liability, because there was no developed doctrine on personality rights. Subsequently the matter also began to be object of study of the French doctrinators. Unlike Germany, which granted protection very early, France only regulated these rights with the promulgation of the Law 70-643, of 17th July 1970, which introduced the right to privacy in the article 9 of the French Civil Code. This norm reinforced the protection of the personality, but it remains to be seen whether there has also been an improvement in the protection of the image in France, which we will study in this article.

Civil responsibility is the greatest dignity of a person. Its development is a complicated issue for everybody participating in its solution. Only the consolidated efforts of the whole community can make it possible. Life worth living is feasible in such a state that is loved by its citizens, on such land that is taken care of, where cultural relationships are being formed, where its history is known and taken pride of, where family archives keep memory of ancestors, where people are ready to take responsibility and care. The productive application of modern pedagogical technologies providing the activity approach to upbringing has a great impact on students’ civil responsibility development. The demands for students’ civil responsibility development make teachers transfer their work from passive methods and technologies to active and interactive ones. The most interesting of the pedagogical technologies aimed at civil responsibility development is social projecting performed both in class and within the frames of extracurricular activities. The positive feature of social projecting is its universal character: this student's activity may be realized both within the frames of teaching and educational process (at lessons, optional classes, group hours) and extracurricular activities such as public, students’ and young people's associations, establishments of additional education.

A presente dissertação examina as funções da responsabilidade civil no Brasil, ponderando sobre sua efetiva utilidade prática e sobre o alcance dos objetivos a que se propõe. Analisa as principais contribuições que a corrente da Análise Econômica do Direito pode apresentar à disciplina, encontrando em medidas de general e de specific deterrence, já existentes ou ao menos compatíveis com nosso sistema jurídico, alternativas viáveis à redução dos custos sociais. O tema é analisado, inicialmente, a partir da doutrina jurídica tradicional, ponderando sobre os objetivos traçados para a responsabilidade civil no Brasil, objetivos que muitas vezes não são materializados na prática jurisprudencial. Em seguida, a abordagem é feita sob o viés da Análise Econômica do Direito, escancarando as diferenças de pensamento entre as correntes de estudo, assim como as contribuições que esta visão pode dar àquela, sem que seja estritamente necessária qualquer alteração legislação nacional. The present Master Thesis analyzes the functions of Civil Responsibility in Brazil, considering its efective practical utility and the achievement of its main goals. This thesis evaluates the main contributions that Law and Economics can bring to Civil Responsibility, finding viable alternatives to reduce social costs through measures of general and specif deterrence that are compatible with Brazilian’s Legal System. The object of this Master Thesis is developed departing from the exam of traditional juridical doctrine’s set of goals for Civil Responsibility in Brazil, which many times are not accomplished in jurisprudence. Sequently, the approach is made under the light of Law and Economics, presenting the core differences beetween both study lines, as well as the contributions that Law and Economics is able to bring to the traditional juridical doctrine without the necessity of modifying the current legislation.

El objetivo de este trabajo no es otro que analizar desde un punto de vista conceptual el régimen de responsabilidad civil al que están sujetos los Graduados Sociales. Para ello se estudiará el código de conducta al que está sometido el profesional, la diligencia con la que debe actuar conforme a la lex artis y las diferentes responsabilidades -que puede ser contractual o extracontractual- según la naturaleza de la relación, así como los elementos de necesaria concurrencia que dan lugar a la responsabilidad. En último lugar se estudiará la determinación del daño causado por la negligencia del Graduado Social, con especial atención a la pérdida de oportunidad. This project's main goal is to analyse, from a conceptual point of view, the regime of civil responsibility to which the Social Graduates are subject. For that purpose, the code of conduct to which the professional is subject will be studied, as well as the diligence with which he must act in accordance with the lex artis. In addition, an analysis will be conducted on the different responsibilities -which may be contractual or extracontractual- depending on the nature of the relationship, as well as the elements of necessary concurrence that give rise to liability. Lastly, the determination of the damage caused by the negligence of the Social Graduate will be studied, with special attention to the loss of opportunity. Graduado o Graduada en Relaciones Laborales y Recursos Humanos por la Universidad Pública de Navarra Lan Harremanetan eta Giza Baliabideetan Graduatua Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoan

In Venezuela, we live together in a time of thirst for peace, commitment and social coexistence, social equality, every day we hear that there is a social crisis, a crisis of values. At this juncture, the education imparted is the central factor in reflecting, inculcating, strengthening and consolidating in the citizens, values, personal formation, ethical training and other binding issues, in short, citizen culture. It is the purpose of this essay to generate reflections around the citizen's culture, for it mentions some roles, that as managerial actions of social co-responsibility, can realize the private business organizations, to strengthen the social action of the individual in order to promote the necessary stimuli to reach the status of a good citizen, for whom the idea of ​​living in a prosperous and participatory community is represented in a space where education, good treatment, equality in opportunities and respect for their fellow human beings, habitat and life in any of its expressions are the norm., En Venezuela convivimos en una época sedienta de paz, de compromiso y convivencia social, de igualdad social, a diario escuchamos decir que hay crisis social, crisis de valores. En esta coyuntura, la educación corresponsablemente impartida es el factor central para reflexionar, inculcar, fortalecer y consolidar en los ciudadanos, valores, formación personal, formación ética y otros temas vinculantes, en suma, cultura ciudadana. Es propósito de este ensayo generar reflexiones en torno a la cultura ciudadana, para ello se mencionan algunos roles, que como acciones gerenciales de corresponsabilidad social, pueden realizar las organizaciones empresariales privadas, para fortalecer el accionar social del individuo en aras de promover los estímulos necesarios para que alcance la condición de buen ciudadano, para quien la idea de vivir en una comunidad próspera y participativa, sea representada en un espacio donde la educación, el buen trato, la igualdad en oportunidades y el respeto a sus semejantes, al hábitat y a la vida en cualquiera de sus expresiones sean la norma.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de Direito As atividades do homem, sobretudo, estão ligadas à ideia do livre arbítrio e da livreiniciativa, tomando decisões de acordo com sua vontade e satisfação. Podia se pensar dessaforma em tempos longínquos, sem um Direito para regular esse propósito tomado, onde oindividualismo reinava e o interesse coletivo deixado às escuras, tendo em vista o podereconômico que os latifúndios possuíam. Esta dissertação busca ressaltar o debate sobre as espécies de responsabilidade civil que existem em uma relação de consumo, entre os seus principais interessados, sobretudo a responsabilidade do fornecedor, que é a parte suficiente da relação, em função dos vícios ou defeitos que surgem em seus produtos ou serviços que são postos à disposição da parte hipossuficiente, que é o consumidor. Seguindo os ordenamentos jurídicos de Brasil e Portugal, neste aspecto, relaciona os danos que estes prejuízos podem causar ao consumidor final. Portanto, este estudo expõe, ainda, os princípios e direitos relacionados ao Direito do Consumo, bem como de que maneira são aplicados. Para alcançar tais objetivos, o presente trabalho recorre ao direito comparado, apresentando situações práticas sobre o tema. Portanto, antes de tudo, buscará a utilização de todos os princípios que regem a relação de consumo, princípios da Vulnerabilidade do Consumidor, do princípio da Transparência e do princípio da Dignidade da Pessoa Humana, dentre outros, segundo os ordenamentos de Portugal e Brasil, para que qualquer tipo de atrito seja dirimido de forma simples e eficaz, trazendo segurança jurídica e satisfação para as partes interessadas, evitando que os números de situações cresçam e o consumidor sinta que de alguma forma, algo construtivo foi feito, que as mudanças ocorreram e o respeito entre as partes mudaram. Man's activities, above all, are linked to the idea of ​​free will and free initiative, making decisions according to his will and satisfaction. In the past, it could be possible to think like this, since there were no rights to regulate this situation, where the individualism reigned and the collective interest was left in the dark, considering the economic power that large properties used to have. The present dissertation aims to highlight the debate regarding the species of civilresponsibilities that exist within the relation of consumption between its parts, mainly in regards of the supplier of goods and services, due to the defective qualities of the goods or services put on sale to the consumer. In consonance with the legal systems of Brazil and Portugal, we link the damages caused by such flawed good and services with the final consumer. Therefore, this publication exposes the principles and rights connected with Consumer Law, as well as howthey are applied. In order to achieve this goal, this dissertation reports to Comparative Law,bringing forth practical cases of the subject. Therefore, it will be analysed all the principles that govern the relationship of consumption, such as the principle of Consumer Vulnerability, the principle of Transparency, the principle of Human Dignity, among others. All this will be presented according to the Portuguese and Brazilian laws, in order to solve any kind of friction, bringing legal certainty and satisfaction to the parties. Hence, we expect to suggest measures to avoid the increase of litigations and create a proper environment that makes consumer satisfied to see the changes and the respect between the parties changed.

94 p., En la actualidad el avance de la infraestructura, aumenta proporcionalmente a la economía de los países, a la par se constituyen cada día nuevas empresas que se especializan en todo tipo de construcciones, y de igual forma a diario se presentan afectaciones a predios y estructuras colindantes, generando responsabilidad a quienes ejecutan dichos proyectos; por ende se hace necesario el peritaje de construcciones colindantes a todo proyecto que se quiera ejecutar. El presente proyecto viene a llenar el vacío que se ha observado en el ámbito del peritaje de estructuras en lo concerniente a la estandarización de parámetros que se requiere sean evaluados de la manera más idónea y profesional; tomando en cuenta lo dispendioso y los tiempos de colección que conlleva dejar constancia del estado estructural de los predios aledaños a un proyecto. Se desarrolló la herramienta tecnológica llamada Peritaje App, que permite agilizar los procesos de compilación de la información, omitiendo errores en el diligenciamiento de formatos físicos, errores de ortografía, perdida de información por deserción de profesionales facilitara la realización del peritaje y permitirá obtener conocimiento pleno del estado actual del predio evaluado, así como una disminución en horas de trabajo, costos y retrasos en los proyectos, brindara mayor claridad en el momento que se requiera de determinar la responsabilidad civil, que debe asumir el propietario de la obra, pues según lo previsto en el Código Civil, todo el que cause daño a la propiedad de otro debe repararlo y, además, indemnizar al afectado por los perjuicios ocasionados por la misma; peritaje App otorga al usuario una herramienta confiable, fácil de manejar y con optimización de procesos que permitirán rendimiento en el tiempo dedicado al peritaje, y calidad en la información recogida., At the present time the advance of the infrastructure, increases proportionally to the economy of the countries, at the same time every day new companies that specialize in all types of constructions are constituted, and in the same way every day there are affectations to properties and adjacent structures, generating responsibility to those who execute said projects; therefore, it is necessary to make the appraisal of buildings adjacent to any project that you want to execute. The present project comes to fill the gap that has been observed in the field of the expertise of structures as regards the standardization of parameters that are required to be evaluated in the most appropriate and professional manner; taking into account the wasteful and times of collection that implies to leave evidence of the structural state of the surrounding estates to a project. Developed the technological tool called expertise APP, that allows to expedite the processes of compilation of the information, omitting errors in the diligence of physical formats, errors of spelling, loss of information by defection of professionals facilitate the realization of the expertise and will allow to obtain Full knowledge of the current state of the site evaluated, as well as a decrease in working hours, costs and delays in the projects It will give greater clarity when it is necessary to determine the civil liability, which the owner of the work must assume, because as envisaged in the Civil Code, anyone who causes damage to the property of another must repair it and also Compensate the affected by the damages caused by it; Expertise APP gives the user a reliable, easy-to-use and process optimized tool that will allow performance over time spent on expertise, and quality in the information collected., Pregrado, Ingeniero(a) Civil, 1. OBJETIVOS .................................................................................................... 17 1.1. OBJETIVO GENERAL .............................................................................. 17 1.2. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS ..................................................................... 17 2. MARCO TEORICO ......................................................................................... 18 2.1. REFERENTE HISTORICO. ...................................................................... 18 2.2. REFERENTE LEGAL................................................................................ 18 2.3. PERITAJE DE VIVIENDAS ....................................................................... 19 2.3.1. Planificación ....................................................................................... 20 2.3.2. Por qué es importante la realización de estos peritajes ..................... 20 2.3.3. Como realizarlo. ................................................................................. 21 2.3.4. Intervinientes y contenidos de un acta de vecindad o peritaje de estructuras. ..................................................................................................... 21 2.3.5. Ampliación, exclusiones y actas de cierre. ......................................... 22 2.4. PROGRAMACIÓN .................................................................................... 24 2.5. CICLO DE DESARROLLO DEL SOFTWARE .......................................... 24 2.6. APLICACIONES INFORMÁTICAS. .......................................................... 25 2.6.1. APLICACIÓN CLIENTE-SERVIDOR ..................................................... 26 2.6.2. ¿Qué es un proceso distribuido? ....................................................... 28 2.6.3. Ventajas del esquema Cliente/Servidor ............................................. 29 2.6.4. Desventajas del esquema Cliente/Servidor ........................................ 30 2.7. GESTOR DE BASE DE DATOS MYSQL ................................................. 31 2.7.1. Las ventajas de la base de datos MySQL .......................................... 31 2.8. PLATAFORMA DE DESARROLLO FIREBASE ....................................... 32 2.8.1. Principales características de Firebase .............................................. 32 2.9. IONIC MARCO DE APLICACIONES MOVILES. ...................................... 33 2.9.1. Algunas de sus características más importantes: .............................. 34 2.10. APLICACIÓN WEB YII .......................................................................... 35 2.10.1. Requerimientos ............................................................................... 35 2.10.2. ¿Para qué es bueno utilizar Yii? ..................................................... 35 2.10.3. ¿Cómo se compara Yii con otros frameworks? .............................. 36 3. PROCEDIMIENTO METODOLÓGICO ........................................................... 37 3.1. ANÁLISIS DE MÉTODOS. ........................................................................ 38 3.1.1. Selección de la información a colectar ............................................... 38 3.1.2. Selección de la plataforma base ........................................................ 38 3.1.3. Optimización de procesos .................................................................. 39 3.2. ELABORACIÓN DEL SOFTWARE ........................................................... 40 3.3. DISEÑO .................................................................................................... 41 3.3.1. El Diseño Del Software ...................................................................... 41 3.3.2. Lenguajes De Programación. ............................................................. 42 3.4. PROGRAMACIÓN .................................................................................... 42 3.4.1. Diseño Gráfico Del Software .............................................................. 42 3.4.3. Selección de evento de librerías ........................................................ 43 3.4.4. Muestra De Resultados Y Gráficas .................................................... 43 3.5. VALIDACIÓN ............................................................................................ 43 3.6. IMPLEMENTACIÓN DEL SOFTWARE EN LA WEB ................................ 44 4. RESULTADOS Y PRODUCTO FINAL ........................................................... 45 4.1. Funcionamiento Interface Gráfica Aplicación Cliente ............................... 45 4.2. Funcionamiento de y Acceso al Administrador Web. ................................ 61 5. CONCLUSIONES ........................................................................................... 70, Ej. 1

Submitted by João Augusto Cardoso (jcardoso@adv.oabsp.org.br) on 2019-01-18T13:07:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_joao_augusto_cardoso_versao_final.pdf: 3185161 bytes, checksum: e9720bb161eb97ac15475764da8f0b7a (MD5) Rejected by Adriana Aparecida Puerta null (dripuerta@rc.unesp.br), reason: Prezado João Augusto, O documento enviado para a coleção Campus Unesp Rio Claro foi recusado pelo(s) seguinte(s) motivo(s): - O arquivo pdf NÃO pode ser enviado Protegido, com senha ou bloqueado. Tem que ser enviado à biblioteca com todas as permissões. - Folha de aprovação está incompleta (Norma ABNT NBR 14724). Faltam os dados obrigatórios de: data da defesa e constar o resultado "APROVADO". - Se houve Bolsa de financiamento, deve constar nos Agradecimentos. Agradecemos a compreensão e aguardamos o envio do novo arquivo. Atenciosamente, Biblioteca Campus Rio Claro Repositório Institucional UNESP https://repositorio.unesp.br on 2019-01-24T11:09:16Z (GMT) Submitted by João Augusto Cardoso (jcardoso@adv.oabsp.org.br) on 2019-02-04T03:56:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_joao_augusto_cardoso_versao_final-2.pdf: 3695613 bytes, checksum: 9ebf6aecc55e9926d2af379123f7d465 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Santulo Custódio de Medeiros null (asantulo@rc.unesp.br) on 2019-02-04T12:50:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cardoso_ja_dr_rcla.pdf: 3695480 bytes, checksum: 10c35625c73b2327b7b84268874c6e1c (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-02-04T12:50:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cardoso_ja_dr_rcla.pdf: 3695480 bytes, checksum: 10c35625c73b2327b7b84268874c6e1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-17 Cette thèse étudie le problème du dopage dans le sport de haute performance contemporaine, ce qui constitue une violation du principe de l'égalité formelle entre les concurrents, blessant l'usage du fair-play, pour obtenir un avantage concurrentiel a l'athlète utilisateur cette pratique déloyale qui est à la fois contraire à l'éthique et illégale, ainsi que d'être extrêmement dangereux pour la santé et peut conduire à la mort, l'intention logique d'obtenir la victoire à tout prix, est un véritable non-sens de l'idéal sportif. Compte tenu de la présence inévitable du dopage dans le sport et sa confrontation avec les dispositifs réglementaires et technologiques sont insuffisants pour les retenir, sa justifie la recherche qui est d'une grande importance aujourd'hui. L'étude vise à identifier et analyser le phénomène de dopage dans le Sport contemporain, á partir de la réalisation historique de sa présence depuis l'ancien Sport, ses répercussions dans le monde et dans la société d'aujourd'hui, ainsi que de comprendre les formes ou méthodes de contrôle de dopage et des contributions juridiques et normatives possibles d'arrêté cette pratique, du point de vue du droit du sport. Cette thèse, sur le plan méthodologique, se caractérise par une recherche bibliographique (doctrinale, législatif, judiciaire et documentaire), du sens exploratoire, descriptif et qualitatif. l'étude met en évidence l'utilité des documents fournis par des organismes gouvernementaux et non gouvernementaux, judiciaires et législatives, brésiliens et étrangers, dans les trois niveaux de régulation: internationaux, nationaux et privés. La recherche et l'étude ont abouti à la conclusion, comme prévu, que la législation actuelle est incapable de lutter contre le dopage, en concluant donc en propose une modification législative à la criminalisation du dopage dans le sport et ses conséquences dans la responsabilité civile et pénale afin de chercher à retenir cette pratique qui dégrade le sport et l'idéal sportif est de protéger l'athlète honnête. Diese Arbeit untersucht das Problem des Dopings, das in großem Maße im modernen Sport vorhanden ist. Doping ermöglicht den Wettbewerbern, durch Missachtung der "Fair-play-Regeln", einen Wettbewerbsvorteil durch unlautere Praktiken, die eine Verletzung des Grundsatzes der formalen Gleichheit und des Materials nach sich zieht. Es ist somit unethisch und illegal, aber auch äußerst schädlich für die Gesundheit und kann in logischer Abfolge zum Tode führen. Nur damit der Sieg um jeden Preis erreicht werde und damit das falsche Sportideal als wahr erscheint. Das unvermeidbare Vorhandensein von Doping im Sport und seine Konfrontation mit den normativen und technischen Geräten, die nicht ausreichend sind, dies zurückzuhalten, rechtfertigt die Forschung, die heute von großer Bedeutung ist. Ziel der Studie ist die Dotierung des Phänomens im zeitgenössischen Sport, von der historischen Erkenntnis seiner Gegenwart aus dem Alten Sport und ihre Auswirkungen in der Sportwelt in der heutigen Gesellschaft, sowie die Formen der Dopingkontrollverfahren zu verstehen und mögliche Beiträge zu analysieren, wie gesetzlich und normativ dieser Praxis Einhalt geboten werden kann, insbesondere aus der Sicht des Sportrechts. Diese These, wird auf methodischer Ebene durch explorative und beschreibende Literatur (Lehr, Legislative, Judikative und Dokumentarfilm), einem dialektische Ansatz mit der Geschichte und vergleichenden, qualitativen Methoden charakterisiert. Die Studie unterstreicht die Nützlichkeit von Dokumenten, die von staatlichen und nicht-staatlichen Institutionen, Justiz und Legislative, brasilianischen und ausländischen, in den drei Ebenen der Regulierung: international, national und privat, vorgesehen sind. Forschung und Studie führten wie erwartet zu der Erkenntnis, dass die aktuelle gesetzliche Regelung nicht in der Lage ist, Doping zu bekämpfen. Durch die Schlussfolgerung zeigt sich daher, dass eine Gesetzesänderung zur Kriminalisierung von Doping im Sport und ihre Folgen als Vorschlag zur zivil- und strafrechtliche Haftung zu suchen ist, um diese Praxis zu zügeln, die den Sport und die Sportideale und den treuen Sportler missachtet. Esta tese estuda o problema do doping no Esporte Contemporâneo de alto rendimento, que se configura na violação do princípio da igualdade formal entre os competidores, ferindo o fair play, para obter vantagens competitivas indevidas pelo atleta usuário dessa prática desleal, que é ao mesmo tempo antiética e ilícita, além de ser extremamente prejudicial à saúde e poder levar à morte, com o intuito lógico de se alcançar a vitória a qualquer custo, sendo verdadeiro contrassenso ao ideal esportivo. Considerando a presença incontornável do doping no esporte e que seu confronto com os dispositivos normativos e tecnológicos para coibi-lo são insuficientes, justifica-se a pesquisa que se revela de grave importância na atualidade. O estudo objetiva identificar e analisar o fenômeno do doping no Esporte Contemporâneo, a partir da constatação histórica de sua presença desde o Esporte Antigo e suas repercussões no mundo esportivo e na sociedade atual, bem como compreender as formas ou métodos de controle de dopagem e as possíveis contribuições jurídico-normativas para coibir essa prática, pela ótica do Direito Desportivo. A presente tese, no plano metodológico, caracteriza-se por ser uma pesquisa bibliográfica (doutrinária, legislativa, jurisprudencial e documental), de abordagem exploratória, descritiva e de caráter qualitativo. Para o estudo, destaca-se a utilidade de documentos disponibilizados por órgãos governamentais e não governamentais, judiciários e legislativos, brasileiros e estrangeiros, nos três níveis de regulação: internacional, nacional e privado. A pesquisa e o estudo resultaram na constatação, já esperada, de que a regulação jurídica atual é incapaz de combater o doping, concluindo-se, portanto, pela proposição de uma mudança legislativa com a criminalização do doping no esporte e suas consequências no âmbito da responsabilidade civil e penal, a fim de se procurar coibir essa prática que degrada o esporte e o ideal esportivo e proteger o atleta leal. This thesis studies the problem of doping in high performance Contemporary Sport, which constitutes infringement of the principle of formal equality of competitors, injuring fair play, to gain competitive advantage undue user athlete this unfair practice that is both unethical and illegal, as well as being extremely harmful to health and can lead to death, with the logical order to achieve victory at any cost, and true to the sport ideal nonsense. Considering the unavoidable presence of doping in sport and its confrontation with the regulatory and technological devices to restrain it are insufficient, justifies the research which is of major importance today. The study aims to identify and analyze the doping phenomenon in Contemporary Sport, from the historical realization of his presence from the Old Sport and its repercussions in the sports world and in today's society as well as understand the forms or doping control methods and possible legal and normative contributions to curb this practice, from the perspective of Sports Law. This thesis, on the methodological level, is characterized by being a literature search (doctrinal, legislative, judicial and documentary), exploratory approach, descriptive and qualitative. For the study, highlights the usefulness of documents provided by governmental and non-governmental, judicial and legislative bodies, Brazilian and foreign, in the three levels of regulation: international, national and private. Research and study resulted in the finding, as expected, that the current legal regulation is unable to combat doping, concluding therefore by proposing a legislative change to the criminalization of doping in sport and its consequences within the civil and criminal liability in order to seek to curb this practice that degrades the sport and the sporting ideal and protect the loyal athlete. En esta tesis se estudia el problema del dopaje en el deporte contemporáneo de alto rendimiento, lo que constituye una violación del principio de igualdad formal entre los competidores, hiriendo el “fair play”, para obtener una ventaja competitiva indebida atleta usuario esta práctica desleal que es a la vez poco ético e ilegal, además de ser extremadamente perjudiciales para la salud y puede llevar a la muerte, con el orden lógico para lograr la victoria a cualquier precio, y fiel a este deporte sin sentido ideal. Teniendo en cuenta la presencia inevitable de dopaje en el deporte y su confrontación con los dispositivos de regulación y tecnológicos para frenarlo son insuficientes, justifica la investigación que es de gran importancia en la actualidad. El estudio tiene como objetivo identificar y analizar el fenómeno del dopaje en el deporte contemporáneo, de la realización histórica de su presencia en el Antiguo Deporte y sus repercusiones en el mundo del deporte y de la sociedad actual, así como entender las formas o métodos de dopaje y de control posibles contribuciones legales y normativos para frenar esta práctica, desde la perspectiva del derecho deportivo. Esta tesis, en el nivel metodológico, se caracteriza por ser una búsqueda bibliográfica (doctrinal, legislativa, judicial y documental), enfoque exploratorio, descriptivo y cualitativo. Para el estudio, pone de relieve la utilidad de los documentos proporcionados por los organismos gubernamentales y no gubernamentales, judiciales y legislativos, nacionales y extranjeros, en los tres niveles de regulación: internacionales, nacionales y privados. La investigación y el estudio dieron como resultado el hallazgo, como se esperaba, que la regulación legal actual no es capaz de luchar contra el dopaje, para concluir, por tanto, mediante la propuesta de un cambio legislativo a la penalización del dopaje en el deporte y sus consecuencias dentro de la responsabilidad civil y penal con el fin de tratar de frenar esta práctica que degrada el deporte y el ideal deportivo y proteger el atleta leal.

126-130 В статье рассматриваются методы и средства воспитания гражданско-патриотических качеств личности школьников. Описаны возможности организации волонтерской работы для выработки поведения, которое регулируется нравственными нормами. Показана актуальность решаемой проблемы через решение определенных целей, обусловленных определенными политическими, экономическими, культурными и социальными условиями общества. The article considers the methods and means of education of civil and Patriotic qualities of the personality of students. Described the possibility of organizing a volunteer work to generate behavior, which is governed by moral norms. The urgency of a solved problem via the solution of certain goals, due to certain political, economic, cultural and social conditions of society.

La qüestió de la responsabilitat civil a Espanya, en conductes executades per menors, al quals se`ls sotmetia a processos especials, mai ha sigut objecte del seu enjudiciament en aquesta jurisdicció. Sempre s´ha resolt aquesta qüestió davant le jurisdicció d´adults. Aquesta idea va canviar amb la llei orgànica que regula la responsabilitat penal del menor de l´any 2000, llei 5/2000 de dotze de gener i es confirmà amb la reforma, que es va dur a terme l´any 2006, llei orgánica 8/2006 del quatre de desembre. Es a dir, s`ha creat un procés específic per solucionar la responsabilitat civil, en el procés especial de menors. Aquest nou procés, per on i com s´exigeix, així com, a qui i què se li exigeix planteja problemes, des d´una prespectiva de la unitat de l´ordenament jurídic, ja que hi ha tres normes que convergeixen, la llei de responsabilitat penal del menor, el 4 codi penal i el codi civil i les tres donen solucions diferents al mateix objecte: la responsabilitat civil. De l´estudi d´aquest nou procés i normativa es determinen els problemes que sorgeixen a l´hora d´exigir aquesta responsabilitat civil i s´intenta trobar solucions des d´una perspectiva de la unitat de l´ordenament jurídic espaynol, analitzant el codi penal y el codi civil., La cuestión de la responsabilidad civil en España, en conductas realizadas por menores, a los cuales, se les sometía a procesos especiales, nunca ha sido objeto de su enjuiciamiento en esa jurisdicción. Siempre se ha solventado esta cuestión, ante la jurisdicción de adultos. Esta idea quebró con la ley orgánica reguladora de responsabilidad penal del menor del año 2000, ley 5/2000 de doce de enero y se confirmó con la reforma, que sufrió en el año 2006, ley orgánica 8/2006 de cuatro de diciembre. Es decir, se ha creado un proceso específico para solucionar la responsabilidad civil, en el proceso especial de menores. Este nuevo proceso, por dónde y cómo se exige, así como, a quién y qué se le exige, plantea problemas, desde una perspectiva de la unidad del ordenamiento jurídico, pues hay tres normas que convergen, la ley de responsabilidad penal del menor, el código penal y el código civil y todas ellas dan soluciones diferentes al mismo objeto: la responsabilidad civil. Del estudio de este nuevo proceso y normativa se determinan los problemas que surgen a la hora de exigir esa responsabilidad civil y se intenta alcanzar soluciones desde una perspectiva de la unidad del ordenamiento jurídico español, es decir, analizando el código penal y el código civil., The issue of civil responsibility in Spain concerning the conduct carried out by minors, who were subject to special legal procedures, has never been subject of prosecution in that jurisdiction. This issue has always been solved before the jurisdiction of adults. This idea lasted until the entry into force of the Organic Law 5/2000 of 12 of January regulating the Criminal Responsibility of Minors and was confirmed with the reform which took place in 2006 by the Organic Law 8/2006 of 4 of December. That is, a specific process has been created to solve the issue of the civil responsibility in the special process of minors. This new process, where and how it is demanded, as well as to whom and what is demanded, poses problems from a perspective of the unity of the legal system, since there are three norms that converge and all of them give different solutions to the responsibility of minors issue: the law of criminal responsibility of minors, the criminal code and the civil code The study of this new process and regulation determine the problems that arise when demanding such civil responsibility of minors and trying to reach solutions from a perspective of the unity of the Spanish legal system, that is, analyzing the criminal code and the civil code.

Виконання грошових зобов’язань має суттєве значення не лише для забезпечення належного товарно-грошового обігу міжучасниками цивільних правовідносин. Належне виконання грошових зобов’язань створює умови для дієвого функціонування кредитно-фінансової системи України. Саме тому теоретичні питання забезпечення ефективності правовогорегулювання цивільних зобов’язань у цілому і грошових зокрема протягом тривалого часу не втрачаютьактуальності. Варто зазначити, що характерною рисою досліджень цього напряму, їх головною ідеєю єзабезпечення в грошовому зобов’язанні суб’єктивних цивільних прав і законних інтересів кредитора. Теоретичні питаннязабезпечення законних інтересів боржника залишаються на задньому плані. Такий підхід є невипадковим, отже,належне виконання зобов’язання є принципом зобов’язального права України У той же час, здається, таке бачення розвитку сучасної цивілістичної думки в Україні навряд чи є виправданим. У зв’язку зі збройною агресією Російської Федерації на території Донецької і Луганської областей України органами державної влади України було видано низку нормативно-правових актів, спрямованих на підтримку суб’єктівгосподарювання, що здійснюють діяльність на території проведення антитерористичної операції, серед яких Закон України «Про тимчасові заходи на період проведення антитерористичної операції». Подальшим нормативним втіленням йогоприписів стало прийняття правлінням Національного банку України постанови № 466 від 6 серпня 2014 року «Пропризупинення здійснення фінансових операцій», відповідно до пункту 1 якої державним регулятором у сферібанківської діяльності в Україні заборонено здійснення всіх видів фінансових операцій банками і небанківськими установами України, національним оператором поштового зв’язку, які є платіжними організаціями внутрішньодержавних і міжнародних платіжних систем, у населених пунктах, які не контролюються українською владою до відновлення status quo на території сходу України. Враховуючи природу банківських правочинів, призупинення їх реалізації за відсутності відповідних дієвих механізмів компенсації таких юридичних дій з боку держави створює системні перешкоди в досягненні результативності правовогорегулювання цивільних відносин.Тобто з огляду на характер банківських послуг, що надаються кредитними установами в Україні, з 7 серпня 2014 рокустворені нормативні перешкоди для належного виконання грошових зобов’язаньшляхом призупинення надання банківських і фінансових послуг учасникам цивільних правовідносин, один з якихзнаходиться у межах території проведення антитерористичної операції на сході України. На сьогодні відновлення надання банківських та фінансових послуг учасникам цивільних правовідносин, один з якихзнаходиться на території, що не контролюється органами державної влади України, вимагає зміни йогомісцезнаходження і внесення відповідних відомостей до Єдиного державного реєстру юридичних осіб та фізичних осіб — підприємців. Необхідність таких змін перебуває у прямій залежності належного виконання боржником грошовогозобов’язання, що передбачено статтею 526 Цивільного кодексу України. Але в будь-якому разі порушення строкувиконання грошового зобов’язання боржником у зв’язку з необхідністю вчинення дій, пов’язаних із зміною йогомісцезнаходження або місцезнаходження кредитора, не змінює умови настання цивільно-правової відповідальності. Незалежно від часу зміни місцезнаходження кредитора або боржника за межі території проведення антитерористичної операції на сході України, останній несе цивільно-правову відповідальність відповідно до статті 625 ЦК України за несвоєчасне виконання грошових зобов’язань. Треба зазначити, що така логіка статті 625 ЦК України виправдовує себе,оскільки належне виконання грошового зобов’язання в переважній більшості випадків залежить від комплексу активних дій саме боржника. Чинне цивільне законодавство України не містить особливих умов ad hoc. Тому відповідно до статті 611ЦК України цивільно-правова відповідальність боржника за порушення грошового зобов’язання наступає також у тому разі, коли неможливість його виконання обумовлена, наприклад, знаходженням кредитора в зоні проведенняантитерористичної операції. Отже, прямого припису про «евакуацію бізнесу» з території проведення АТО чинним законодавством України не встановлено. Таким чином, призупинення здійснення банківських операцій безпосередньо пов’язане також з правомірною бездіяльністю кредитора. Інакше кажучи, порушення грошового зобов’язання боржникомобумовлене діями кредитора. При цьому законні інтереси боржника не враховуються.&nbsp

Começa por contestar-se o uso abusivo do termo desenvolvimento quando se está pensando em crescimento, apenas; e enunciam-se falácias, dilemas e heresias associadas ao conceito e à prática (política) do desenvolvimento. Contesta-se que os níveis de desenvolvimento continuem a ser aferidos fundamentalmente pelos níveis de rendimento; e, em todas as circunstâncias, até porque as perspectivas de crescimento são bastante pobres, advoga-se que o modelo de desenvolvimento passe a assentar mais na repartição, isto é, na distribuição da riqueza, como objectivo que promova a dignificação das pessoas: não é legítimo continuar a fazer esperar os mais pobres até que sejamos todos mais ricos. This article starts by pointing to the misuse of the word development when one is thinking merely of growth, and then discusses the fallacies, dilemmas and heresies associated with the concept and the (political) practice of development. The author contests the fact that the levels of development continue to be fundamentally measured by levels of income, and defends that, in all cases, given that growth prospects are quite weak, the model of development should be more based on sharing, that is, on wealth distribution, taking this as an objective that promotes the dignification of people – it’s unfair to continue to make the poor wait until we are all richer. L’auteur conteste l’emploi abusif du terme du développement, quand il s’agit plutôt de la croissance; des verbiages, des dilemmes et de des hérésies sont associés au concept et à la pratique (politique) du développement. Il est contestable que les niveaux de développement continuent à être fondamentalement mesurés par les niveaux de rendement; et, en toutes circonstances; surtout, dans la mesure où les perspectives de croissance sont suffisamment pauvres, l’auteur soutient que le modèle du développement soit plutôt fondé sur la répartition; autrement dit, dans la distribution de la richesse, ayant pour objectif de chercher à promouvoir la dignité des Hommes: il n’est pas légitime de continuer à faire attendre les plus pauvres jusqu’à ce que nous soyons tous plus riches.

The capitalist model and free enterprise, prevailing in Brazil, have brought some sequels to the workers, what is worrisome, because there is a risk that, in the near future, according to an army of invalids from our jobs. This, the objective of this research is to analyze the responsability civil the employer, by virtue of adquired diseases in the working environment; because in the face of this worrying reality is possible, through the integral risk theory (responsability objective), keep the discussion on fault; Since the obligation to indemnify will depend only of proving the event harmful and the causal relationship. Thus, pulled away the exclusionary of the responsibility. The working environment involves the lives of workers, so it is essential that ensure balance and decent working conditions. The methodology used in this research is inductive and qualitative about the purposes and, with regard to the means is bibliographic references. O modelo capitalista e a livre iniciativa, vigentes no Brasil, têm trazido algumas sequelas aos trabalhadores, o que é preocupante, pois corremos o risco de, em um futuro próximo, termos um exército de inválidos, oriundos de nossos postos de trabalho. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar a responsabilidade civil do empregador, em virtude das doenças adquiridas no meio ambiente de trabalho; pois diante desta realidade preocupante, é possível, através da teoria do risco integral (responsabilidade objetiva), afastar a discussão sobre a culpa; porquanto a obrigação de indenizar dependerá somente da comprovação do evento danoso e do nexo causal. Assim, afasta-se as excludentes da responsabilidade, uma vez que o meio ambiente do trabalho envolve a vida do trabalhador, por isso é fundamental que seja equilibrado e que se assegurem condições dignas de trabalho. A metodologia utilizada nesta pesquisa é indutiva e qualitativa quanto aos fins e, quanto aos meios é bibliográfica.

© 2016 Yarullin, Nasibullov and Nasibullova.The urgency of the paper considering issues of future teachers’ civil responsibility development is substantiated by transformations occurring nowadays in the spiritual sphere of Russian society that demand intellectual, active citizens as strengthening of state foundations and public life depends in many respects on higher school students’ participation in political life, on political and legal culture of future voters. The paper aims to reflect the problem of future teachers’ civil responsibility development as today the objective of higher school students’ education has to be the formation of a citizen of a free democratic state who is provided with all rights and conferred all commitments allowing them to develop freely within civil society space. The leading research methods to this problem are theoretical (comparative and logical analysis, synthesis, generalization, modeling) and empirical (study of archival and normative documents on the problem, study and synthesis of innovative experiment of higher education institutions aimed to form a civil responsibility in students, conversations, questioning, polls and purposeful observation over student’s youth activity, methods of mathematical statistics, pedagogical experiment on future teachers’ civil responsibility development). In general, results of experimental work suggest confirmation of the hypotheses about future teachers’ civil responsibility development. Materials from the paper can be useful to higher school teachers, school teachers and students trained in the pedagogical direction.

The urgency of the paper considering issues of future teachers' civil responsibility development is substantiated by transformations occurring nowadays in the spiritual sphere of Russian society that demand intellectual, active citizens as strengthening of state foundations and public life depends in many respects on higher school students' participation in political life, on political and legal culture of future voters. The paper aims to reflect the problem of future teachers' civil responsibility development as today the objective of higher school students' education has to be the formation of a citizen of a free democratic state who is provided with all rights and conferred all commitments allowing them to develop freely within civil society space. The leading research methods to this problem are theoretical (comparative and logical analysis, synthesis, generalization, modeling) and empirical (study of archival and normative documents on the problem, study and synthesis of innovativ

OBJETIVO: investigar a opinião do ortodontista brasileiro sobre a problemática paciente x profissional em relação: 1) à importância da relação comercial estabelecida pelo CDC (Código de Defesa do Consumidor); 2) à natureza obrigacional dos seus serviços ortodônticos; 3) às explicações, ao paciente, dos riscos inerentes ao tratamento ortodôntico. METODOLOGIA: para tal, foi realizado um censo estatístico através de questionário enviado a todos os ortodontistas do Brasil, devidamente inscritos no Conselho Federal de Odontologia. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: participaram da pesquisa 1.469 ortodontistas (27,43% do universo pesquisado). Dessa forma, verificou-se que 86,93% dos ortodontistas brasileiros reconhecem a importância da relação comercial com seu paciente, de acordo com o CDC; 35,33% dos profissionais consideram a Ortodontia como uma atividade de meio, isto é, execução do tratamento ortodôntico sem promessa profissional de um resultado final; e 63,31% orientam, de forma oral e escrita, os seus pacientes sobre os riscos do tratamento ortodôntico. Concluiu-se que o ortodontista brasileiro está consciente da importância do CDC na relação comercial estabelecida com o seu paciente, o consumidor final. No entanto, apenas uma minoria dos ortodontistas do Brasil (20,97%), além de considerar importante essa relação comercial, entende a atividade ortodôntica como obrigação de meio e mantém o paciente informado, de forma oral e com os devidos registros, dos riscos de um tratamento ortodôntico.AIM: the objective of this study was to investigate the opinion of the Brazilian orthodontist about the patient x professional problematic in relation to: 1) the importance of the commercial relation established by the CDC (Consumer's Defense Code); 2) the obligatory nature of its orthodontic services; 3) the explanations to the patient of the inherent risks to the orthodontic treatment. METHODS: for such, a statistical census through a questionnaire was carried through the orthodontists of Brazil duly enrolled in the Federal Council of Dentistry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: 1.469 orthodontists participated of the research (27.43% in relation to the searched universe). It was verified that 86.93% of the Brazilian orthodontists recognize the importance of the commercial relation with the patient, in accordance with the CDC; 35.33% of the professionals consider the Orthodontics as an way activity, this is, the orthodontic treatment procedure without professional promisse about the final results and 63.31% guides the patients on the risks of the orthodontic treatment, in verbal and writing form. It was concluded that the Brazilian orthodontist is conscientious of the importance of the CDC in the established commercial relation with the patient, the final consumer. However, only one minority of the orthodontists of Brazil (20.97%), besides considering important this commercial relation, understands the orthodontic activity as a way obligation and keeps the patient informed, in verbal form and with the proper registers, of the risks of a orthodontic treatment.

El tema que se tratará es la corrupción que se presenta en la contratación de las obras civiles para la ciudad de Bogotá. Se pretende dar a conocer el manejo que se hace de la contratación desde lo público y el concurso del sector privado en el negocio, especialmente en la obra civil e infraestructura de la ciudad de Bogotá con el objeto de presentar algunas diferencias que mitiguen el problema citado, favoreciendo un mejor control en la contratación para prevenir problemas de corrupción. The topic that will treat itself is the corruption that one presents in the contracting of the civil works for the city of Bogota. One tries to announce the managing that is done of the contracting from the public thing and the contest of the sector deprived in the business, specially in the civil work and infrastructure of the city of Bogota in order to present some differences that mitigate the mentioned problem, favoring a better control in the contracting to anticipate problems of corruption.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito na especialização de Ciências Jurídico-processuais Nascida em França, em 17/7/1889, a figura da perda de chance expandiu-se pelo mundo inteiro, sobretudo na segunda metade do século passado, sendo, hoje, aceite na maioria dos países e algumas organizações internacionais. Apesar de continuar a ser controversa, sendo negada por alguns, ela revela-se um instrumento privilegiado para a realização do Direito justo, no domínio da responsabilidade civil, tanto contratual como extracontratual. Como tal, penetrou no nosso ordenamento jurídico, muito embora ainda não permita a elaboração de uma teoria geral. De qualquer modo, não obstante os vários critérios utilizados para a sua classificação e os campos de aplicação, entendemos que a perda de chance deve ser tratada como uma nova espécie de dano e não como uma questão de causalidade. Tal dano, consistindo na perda da possibilidade de obter um resultado favorável ou de evitar um resultado desfavorável, é autónomo, diferente do dano final, e é passível de indemnização no quadro da actual legislação. Assim o tem entendido, recentemente, a maioria da jurisprudência que se vem adiantando ao labor científico da doutrina nacional, sendo que uma reduzida parte dela também já aceita a perda de chance como um dano autónomo. Born in France, on 17/7/1889, the figure of loss of chance has expanded all over the world, especially on the second half of the last century, being accepted today in most countries and some international organizations. Despite continuing to be controversial, being denied by some, it proves to be a privileged instrument for the accomplishment of fair Law, in the civil liability domain, both contractual and extracontractual. Therefore, it entered in our legal system, although still not allow the elaboration of a general theory. Anyway, despite the several criteria used for its classification and its fields of application, we perceive that the loss of chance should be treated as a new kind of damage and not as a matter of causality. Such damage, defined as the loss of the possibility of getting a favorable outcome or avoiding an unfavorable one, is autonomous, different from the final damage, and subject to compensation according to existing legislation. So has been understood, recently, by most of the jurisprudence that has been advancing to the scientific work of the national doctrine, and a reduced part of it has also accepted the loss of chance as a standalone damage. Orientação: Prof. Doutora Mónica Martinez de Campos

A presente dissertação tem por escopo analisar a pertinência e a existência jurídica – ou não – de danos extrapatrimoniais transindividuais, bem como a consequente responsabilização civil em caso de sua ocorrência. Essa análise será regida à sombra dos principais pressupostos teóricos da doutrina do direito civil na legalidade constitucional. A razão da escolha desta temática está assentada na atual necessidade de se aumentar o debate sobre a existência desta modalidade de dano, bem como as repercussões jurídicas e sociais em caso de sua ocorrência. A doutrina e a jurisprudência brasileiras ainda não consolidaram um entendimento a respeito desse novo enfoque jurídico. Trata-se de um tema controverso, germinado em meio aos avanços tecnológicos, aos meios de comunicação em massa e ao acelerado processo de globalização, que impuseram profundas mudanças sociais, ampliando a conceituação jurídica do dano extrapatrimonial. Serão debatidos os argumentos favoráveis e contrários à aceitação desta modalidade de danos. Por fim, será realizada uma análise crítica dos dois últimos recursos especiais, julgados pelo STJ, que tratam da temática estudada; apontando o atual entendimento da Corte Superior sobre o assunto. This dissertation is to analyze the relevance and scope of the legal existence - or not - of trans-balance-sheet damage, and the consequent civil liability in the event of their occurrence. This analysis will be governed in the shadow of the main theoretical assumptions of the doctrine of civil law in constitutional legality. The reason for choosing this subject is seated on the current need to increase the debate about the existence of this type of damage, as well as the legal and social consequences in the event of their occurrence. The doctrine and Brazilian courts have not consolidated an understanding about this new legal approach. This is a controversial topic, sprouted amid the technological advances, the media en masse and the accelerated process of globalization, which imposed deep social changes, expanding the legal concept of off-balance sheet damage. The arguments for and against the acceptance of this type of damage will be discussed. Finally, a critical analysis of the last two special features will be held, judged by the Supreme Court, dealing with the studied subject; pointing the current understanding of the Superior Court on the matter.

El presente trabajo indaga sobre la situación actual del derecho chileno en materia de responsabilidad civil de la sociedad controladora de un grupo empresarial, por la insolvencia de una sociedad dominada. Se analizan para ello los principales sistemas implementados en el derecho comparado; la nueva regulación que trae sobre este punto la Ley N. 20.720, sobre "Reorganización y Liquidación de Empresas y Personas"; y se plantea la conveniencia de incluir en sus disposiciones la figura del administrador de hecho y una acción directa en su contra, como eventual responsable del déficit concursal The present survey deals with the current situation of Chilean law on civil liability of the controller of a corporate group, by the insolvency of a dominated society. They are analyzed for the main systems deployed in the comparative law; the new regulation of the Law No. 20.720, about "Reorganization and liquidation of companies and persons"; and it is proposed to include in its provisions the figure of the de facto administrator and a direct action against this figure as an eventual responsible for the bankruptcy situation