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The study examines address terms (ATs) used by the Russian ethnic minority of Lithuania (RuL) focusing primarily on the vocative use of anthroponyms and on the zero vocative, including in combination with T/V forms of address. Our aim is to explore how ethnic and social characteristics of offline and online communities can influence address strategies in a multicultural environment and assess possible communicative risks. The article draws on the findings from two studies. We first present data from a survey conducted among RuL speakers examining their prevalent ATs, used alongside T/V forms, in offline communication. We then analyse ATs in the publications and comments sections in popular Facebook social network groups used by the RuL community. The study examines the speech behaviour of the RuL community in light of the geopolitical and sociolinguistic situation and seeks to determine factors influencing the choice of a particular form of address. The findings suggest that the RuL speakers present an emerging new identity of Russian speakers and have implications for future research on the enregisterment practices of ATs among Russian speakers of the post-Soviet space., Studies of Transition States and Societies, Vol 12, No 2 (2020)

Diplomski je rad koncipiran objedinjavanjem tradicionalnoga formalnog gramatičkog pristupa i suvremene funkcionalne semantičko-pragmatičke koncepcije padežne paradigme. Cilj je rada analizom sadržaja odabranoga korpusa gramatika, metodom eksplikativne analize za tumačenje uočenih zapisa i metodom deskriptivne analize vokativa u hrvatskoj gramatikologiji s kontrastivnim pristupom rekonstruirati položaj vokativa u hrvatskoj gramatikologiji od 17. do početka 21. stoljeća. Istraživački je problem formuliran trima pitanjima: kakav je položaj i opis vokativa u hrvatskim gramatikama tijekom pet stoljeća, u kojoj su mjeri zabilježeni vokativni oblici i njegova obilježja usklađeni s današnjom gramatičkom normom te postoje li naznake kolebanja između vokativnoga i nominativnoga oblika. Rezultati će pokazati kakva je bila gramatičarska praksa evidentiranja vokativa na korpusu gramatika različitih povijesnih razdoblja, što će iznjedriti zaključke o njegovu razvoju i razini afirmacije u hrvatskoj gramatikologiji, čime će se oblikovati holistička dijakronijska slika o položaju, opisu, ulogama i razvoju vokativa u hrvatskoj gramatikologiji tijekom pet stoljeća., This master's thesis combines the traditional formal grammatical approach, and the contemporary functional semantic-pragmatic conception of the case paradigm. The aim of this thesis is to reconstruct the position of the vocative case in the Croatian grammaticology from the 17th to the beginning of the 21st century by analyzing the content of selected grammar books, using the explicative analysis method for the interpretation of the recorded notes, and the descriptive analysis method, together with the contrastive approach. The research problem is formulated around three areas of concern: what was the status and description of the vocative in Croatian grammar books during the last five centuries, to what extent are recorded vocative forms and their characteristics aligned with the contemporary grammatical norm, and whether there are signs of fluctuation between the vocative and the nominative case form. Results will show what were the grammatical practices of recording the vocative in the grammar books of different historical periods, upon which conclusions will be formed concerning its development and the level of affirmation in Croatian grammaticology, something which, in turn, should form a holistic diachronic image of the status, description, functions, and development of vocative in Croatian grammaticology during the last five centuries.

Face aux formes régulières des vocatifs en -ĕ des noms de la 2e déclinaison latine, comme dominus, domine, on trouve, d’une façon surprenante, une terminaison en -ī dans les noms de la même déclinaison qui font le nominatif en -ius, comme Antonius, Antonī. La tradition de nos études n’a pas encore réussi à en donner une interprétation convaincante et susceptible de rendre compte aussi d’autres raretés constatées historiquement, comme le fait que le vocatif et le génitif de quelques-uns de ces noms, apparemment identiques, se prononçaient d’une manière différente : Váleri / Valéri. Dans ce texte on essaie d’éclaircir tout le problème en proposant une nouvelle hypothèse bien plus simple que les précédentes. Together with the regular vocative forms in -ĕ of the Latin second declension like domine, we find the ending -ī in nouns that make their nominative in -ius, like Antonius, Antonī. Research so far has not found a convincing explanation in order to account for other historical oddities, such as the fact that the vocative and genitive of some of those nouns, apparently identical, are pronounced differently : voc. Váleri, gen. Valéri. Our contribution tries to clarify the whole problem by proposing a new hypothesis, which is much simpler than previous ones.

Les définitions de la phrase proposées par Hermann Paul et Wilhelm Wundt ignorent le fait que nous savons tous faire la différence entre un mot, un groupe de mots et une phrase. Après avoir rappelé que les quatre constituants obligés de tout acte de langage dans un contexte social sont : (i) le locuteur, (ii) l’auditeur, (iii) ce dont il est parlé, (iv) les signes verbaux utilisés, alias les « mots », le mot est défini comme « un signe-son articulé dont la fonction est de dénoter quelque chose dont il est parlé », et la phrase « un signe-son articulé dont la fonction est de représenter l’intentionnalité du locuteur face à l’auditeur », et le sens de la phrase, « ce que le locuteur a l’intention de faire comprendre à l’auditeur ». Le compte rendu d’un article de Karl Bühler (1918) offre la première présentation en anglais de l’organon. The definitions of the sentence proposed by Hermann Paul and William Wundt fail to take into account that we all know instinctively the difference between a word and a sentence. It must not be forgotten that the 4 obligatory constituents of all speech acts in a social context are (i) the speaker, (ii) the hearer , (iii) the thing spoken of (iv) the verbal symbols or words used. The word is then defined as “an articulate sound-symbol in its aspect of denoting something which is spoken about” and a sentence “an articulate sound-symbol in its aspect of embodying some volitional attitude of the speaker towards the listener”. In a postscript Karl Bühler’s organon is presented as a viable model.

Cet article oppose deux façons d’approcher la grammaire, celle de la « micro-grammaire » et celle de la « macro-grammaire ». La micro-grammaire renvoie à des principes combinatoires fondés sur la hiérarchisation, l’insertion et les relations de dépendance morphosyntaxiques. La macro-grammaire renvoie à des principes combinatoires fondés sur des activités cognitives de prévoyance (par ex. l’économie du temps opératif) et renvoie à des fonctions qui ont trait au système de communication en général, comme la structuration discursive et l’interaction entre locuteur et allocutaire. La macrosyntaxe est au service de la structuration du langage, c’est-à-dire qu’elle rend compte de la structure au-delà d’une unité morphosyntaxique cohérente This article discusses a dualistic approach to grammar, distinguishing two domains labelled “microgrammar” and “macrogrammar”. Microgrammar refers to combinatory principles based on hierarchization, embedding and morphosyntactic dependency relations and thus to functions relevant for the construction of morphosyntactically integrated units expressing propositional content. Macrogrammar refers to combinatory principles based on cognitive speech planning activities (e.g. gaining planning time) and refers to functions relevant on the communicative system in general, such as discourse structure and speaker-listener interaction. Macrogrammar serves the macro-structuring of language, that is, it establishes structure beyond a single morphosyntactically coherent unit

Background. Analysis of Yuriy Shevel'ov’s approaches to the interpretation of the morphological tier of language, as well as his examination of particular phenomena of this level – substantiality, verbality, and others – reflects not only the author's understanding itself of all the grammatical system as a whole, and morphological one in particular, but also represents the features of modification of scientific approaches in the history of linguistic thought of mid-twentieth century, its strengthening in the studies of the XX – XXI century. The researcher’s definition of nominative and vocative cases as interrelated within the categorical substantiality is of particular importance. Purpose: to determine the main components of interpretation of the status dimension of the nominative and vocative cases within morpho-substantial categoriality of Yuriy Shevel'ov with the definition of theoretical foundations and practical principles, revealing the patterns of establishing internal sentence dimension of the nominative and vocative cases. Results: In the case theory with reliance on the sequence of forms of dependencies in the internal sentence space Yuriy Shevel'ov distinguishes five cases: genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, locative. In the statement about the nominative as grammatically independent case the scientist relies on sentence. Two-dimensionality of grammatically independent case opposes to the one-dimensional grammatically dependent nominative that is traceable in syntactic positions of predicate and apposition. Yuriy Shevel'ov did not consider addressing that is not grammatically linked to the sentence with a specific expression as an individual case. The forms of vocative case show functional three-componentity, because in its functional-semantic paradigm it covers the function of the addressee – potential subject of action (primary function) that is represented in formal grammar sentence structure by the main element of the sentence – subject, semantically emphasized addressee with neutralization of the value of the subject of action (secondary function) that is secondary element of sentence on the formal grammatical sentence level, and identification function with the second person pronoun that on the formal grammatical sentence level appears as mediated secondary element of the sentence. The theory of vocative of three functions is increased by the presence of coordinated forms of noun-vocative case (second person) and conjugated verb form (second person). Vocative is communicatively oriented case confirming its markedness regarding the nominative. Discussion: Nominative and vocative cases are united by their sentence-generative status, stay in the main (primary) functions in predicative connection with the predicate in its basic form – coordination, as well as potential possibility of sentence centrifugal potential creating independent isolated structures – expressions realizing situationally caused tasks in their manifestations.

International audience; L'arabe standard connaît différentes particules vocatives ou exclamatives servant à interpeller (yā, hayā, a-yā, ˀayyuhā) ou à mettre en garde (ˀiyyā-ka). Dans les dialectes, yā/ya est la particule la plus fréquemment employée pour le vocatif et sa présence devant les termes d'adresse a été relevée à maintes reprises. Mais on relève aussi des attestations de yā/ya comme particule interrogative ou pseudo-interrogative ‘n'est-ce pas ?’, comme particule d'insistance ‘c'est... que’ ou comme marqueur de focus.D'autres attestations de sens plus ou moins proches ont été relevées avec les formes yāk ou iyyāk, notamment au Maghreb.Si l'on excepte la conjonction alternative yā ‘ou’ et yā... yā... ‘ou bien... ou bien...’, bien attestée mais vraisemblablement d'origine persane, les autres particules en (iy)yā(k) pourraient avoir un étymon, sinon identique, du moins proche. Mon article consiste, une fois les données réunies, à analyser la nature de ces relations et à préciser les chaînes de grammaticalisation.

Source at https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.345.18jan. Please contact John Benjamins Publishing Company's Rights & Permissions department for permission to re-use or reprint the material in any form. Henning Andersen (2012) points out that the Russian “new Vocative” (e.g., мам! ‘mama!’, Саш! ‘Sasha!’) presents a series of unusual behaviors that set it apart from ordinary case marking. Andersen argues that the Vocative should not be considered a declensional word form of nouns. The Russian Vocative is certainly an uncommon linguistic category, but does this entail setting up a new transcategorial derivation? Similar restrictions are found in other markers that are generally recognized as case desinences. The pragmatic use of virile vs. deprecatory nominative plural markers in Polish and lexical and morphophonological restrictions on the “second Locative” in Russian. The restrictions found in the Vocative are certainly unusual, but no single one of them can be said to exclude a marker from being identified with a case, and one must ask what we gain by inaugurating new derivational types.

In a hymn to Zeus, the philosopher Cleanthes states that the hymn is a duty of nature for every man. He ascribes to this nature communion with the divine and a specific faculty, the ‘echou mimema’, a mysterious, untranslatable expression that, according to the philosopher, inspires the hymnic song. A few centuries later, the stoic Epictetus argues in his philosophical writings that it is because man is gifted with language that he cannot fail to praise the gods. Similarly, Plato was known in ancient times as the most ‘talented in the composition of hymns’ (Menander I), and he himself suggested that the hymn to Eros was the perfect example of philosophy. The hymn, he wrote in the Republic, is the only kind of poetry to be accepted in the polis. In recent times, modernity has been diagnosed with an irreparable ‘loss of the hymn’ (Bailly), despite a prophetic poet stated that praise is the deepest nature of human language (Rilke). What is a hymn, and why does it continue to dwell in latency through meditations on language to such an extent that it becomes a privileged moment in philosophy? Three sections, dedicated to the analysis of this question in the ancient world, explore the nature of the hymn, by revealing for the first time its philosophical exigence and by relieving it of the exegetical overdeterminations that crushed it under the weight of the encomium and the prayer. The hymn is rediscovered as a generic poetic composition that judges nothing and requires nothing; it just ‘speaks’. The search for its own elements leads the work into the field of the philosophy of language: the ‘hymnic’ dwells in the names of the gods, in the epithets, in the presentation of its own language. It lies in the invocation and in the nomination, and in the point of their confluence. The last reflections seek to extend the question to address a problem that has not ceased to challenge us: what is the form that philosophy, aware of its own debt to the hymnic language, has tried perpetually to reclaim?

Problematika ovoga završnog rada jest položaj vokativa u hrvatskim gramatikama tijekom sedamnaestoga i osamnaestoga stoljeća. Cilj je ovoga rada uočiti obradu vokativa unutar padežnoga sustava hrvatskoga jezika u hrvatskim gramatikama iz sedamnaestoga i osamnaestoga stoljeća te usporediti propisanu normu s realizacijama vokativa u književnim tekstovima dobivši na taj način uvid u položaj vokativa u prošlosti čime možemo otkriti potencijalno relevantne odgovore za njegovu destabilizaciju i postupno nestajanje iz okrilja hrvatskoga padežnog sustava što predstavlja tendenciju suvremenih jezičnih strujanja., The problem analyzed in this bachelor's thesis is the status of vocative in Croatian grammarbooks from the seventeenth and the eighteenth century. The aim of this thesis is to identify the ways of vocative analysis inside the Croatian case system in Croatian grammarbooks from the seventeenth and the eighteenth century and to compare the prescribed norm with vocative realization in literary texts, thus gaining the insight into the status of vocative in the past, in which way potentially relevant responses of its destabilization and gradually disappearing from the aegis of Croatian case system can be obtained, which is a tendency of contemporary language fluctuations.

The text analyzes the linguistics functioning of vocative from the point of view of the Theory of Enunciation. From this theoretical perspective, with regard to the concepts of subject and conversation, we analyze such notions through a historical and social perspective in order to show the uses of the vocative in speeches pronounced by the former president of Brazil, Dilma Rousseff, in the years of 2011 and 2016. O texto estuda o vocativo do ponto de vista da teoria da enunciação. Nessa linha teórica, abordam-se os conceitos de sujeito e interlocução na perspectiva social e histórica. Com base nesses conceitos, analisamos os usos de vocativos em discursos proferidos pela ex-presidente Dilma Rousseff, entre 2011 e 2016.

Background: Today grammatical status and domains of realization of subordinate to-word-correlative and subordinate determinative-correlative syntactic connections are clarified. Our observations are made to admit one more type of to-word-correlative syntactic connection, namely predicated-correlative syntactic connection.Purpose: The purpose of the analysis is to prove the realization of dual syntactic connection in sentences with a pronoun of the second person as a subject and a substantive in vocative as an allocution correlating with this subject, and to explain the grammatical features of this type of syntactic connection.Methods: The theoretical-methodological base of the research is the complex analysis of a sentence on the communicative, semantic-syntactic, and formal-syntactic levels and, according to this, the qualification of the syntactic connection as the formal reflection of real connections, mediated by the semantic-syntactic level, between real things in the environment. We also use some special method, namely constituent analysis, analysis by the terms of dependence and elements of derivational analysis.Results: The main linguistic results we report here are as follows: 1) a pronoun of the second person as a subject, a substantive in vocative as an allocution correlating with the subject both are in the valent frame of a verb in the predicative position; 2) a verb in the predicative position does not coordinate its category of gender with the same category of a pronoun in the position of subject, but does so with the same category of a vocative correlating with this pronoun; 3) a verb in the predicative position coordinates its category of number not only with the same category of a pronoun in the position of subject, but also with the same category of a vocative, true by mediation of this pronoun; 4) a pronoun in the position of subject and a vocative in the function of an allocution have the same categories of person (the second person always) and number, and in a context, the pronoun acquires the gender meaning according to vocative’s category of gender. Therefore, there is a predicative syntactic connection between a verb and a pronoun, and at the same time, between a verb and a substantive in vocative; and there is incomplete syntactic connection of correlation between a pronoun and a substantive in vocative.Discussions: Dual predicated-correlative syntactic connection realizes in syntactic triples, formed with a pronoun of the second person as a subject, a substantive in vocative as an allocution correlating with the subject, and a verb (synthetic or analytical verbal form) as a predicate. The prospective of our study is to research specific features of syntactic connections of vocative, which correlate with a pronoun as a subordinate part of the sentence., У статті висвітлено граматичні особливості й сферу реалізації одного з різновидів подвійного синтаксичного зв’язку, а саме предикативно-кореляційного. Доведено подвійну природу синтаксичного зв’язку в реченнях із займенниковими іменниками другої особи в позиції підмета та звертаннями, аргументовано його предикативно-кореляційний характер, описано механізми його встановлення. З’ясовано роль вокатива в семантико-синтаксичній і формально-граматичній організації таких речень.

Cet article part du principe que la plupart des modèles d'analyse linguistique s'intéressent, soit à la structure du mot, soit à celle de la phrase, autrement dit, à la micro-syntaxe. Elles mettent ainsi entre parenthèses tous les éléments qui ne sont pas directement régis par le noyau prédicatif. Cet article présente une vue synthétique des autres approches – celles qui sont plutôt préoccupées par les constituants extra-prédicatifs. Ce modèle « macro-syntaxique » met en valeur le rôle crucial joué par les constituants périphériques dans la structuration du discours. Deux domaines sont ainsi opposés, celui de la grammaire de la phrase et celui de la grammaire « thétique » ; la structure interne de chacun de ces domaines est régie par des règles syntactiques, prosodiques et sémantiques distinctes The author of this article asserts that most models of linguistic analysis tend to focus on sentence and word structure (a domain he identifies as microsyntax), to the detriment of other aspects that are generally regarded as external to syntactic structure (defined here as macrosyntax). This paper provides a brief overview of the different approaches to such extra-clausal elements and argues that they play an important role in the organization of linguistic discourse, which can be seen as operating in at least two different domains, viz. sentence grammar and “thetical” grammar. Each of the two domains have their own internal structure, and the two tend to be separated from one another by syntactic , prosodic, and semantic traits macro-syntax, microsyntax, kernal, prefix, postfix, extra-predicative constituents, functional grammar, discourse grammar, thetical grammar

Les principales articulations de l’organisation syntaxique de la phrase sont structurées par l’intonation. Un modèle français fondé sur les relations de dépendance existant entre les groupes accentuels s’avère être la méthode d’analyse la plus performante. Ces relations de dépendance sont indiquées par des marqueurs prosodiques instanciés par les contours mélodiques alignés sur les syllabes toniques des groupes accentuels, opérant selon le principe de l’inversion des pentes mélodiques. Une pente descendante indique une relation de dépendance à l’égard de la pente montante qui suit, et inversement, une pente montante signale une relation de dépendance à l’égard de la pente descendante qui fait suite. Ces relations de dépendance déterminent la disposition des groupes accentuels dans le but de former une structure prosodique selon la linéarité du discours en temps réel. Cet instrument d’analyse compense les déficiences de la macro-syntaxe. The main articulations of the syntactic organization of the sentence are structured by intonation. A French model based on dependency relations existing between stress groups (aka accent phrases), has proved to be the most efficient method of analysis. The relations of dependency are indicated by prosodic markers instantiated by melodic contours aligned on the accented syllables of stress groups, which operate according to a principle of inversion of melodic slope. A falling contour indicates a dependency relation to a following rising contour and a rising contour indicates a dependency relation to a following falling contour. These relations of dependency determine the successive groupings of the accent clusters so as to form progressively a prosodic structure as the utterance unfolds in real time. This analytical tool compensates for the shortcomings of macro-syntax.

L’année 1875 est une année clef dans l’histoire de la linguistique : c’est l’année de la parution dans la prestigieuse “International Scientific Series” de The Life and Growth of Language (La vie du langage) de William Dwight Whitney, l’année de l’élection de Michel Bréal à l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres et l’année où Henry Sweet présente l’embryon du structuralisme aux membres de la Philological Society de Londres. La version écrite de cet exposé “Word, Logic and Grammar” paraît dans les Transactions of the Philological Society de 1875-1876. L’année qui suit la publication de cette monographie paraissent deux publications également importantes : dans le Bulletin of Kazan University, le rapport sur les travaux de Jan Baudouin de Courtenay traitant des liens entre les sons et le sens et le Handbook of Phonetics de Sweet. L’objectif du présent article est, non seulement de montrer que les bases de la linguistique du xxe siècle étaient posées une quarantaine d’années avant la parution du Cours de linguistique générale de Saussure (1916), mais aussi de rendre hommage aux grands linguistes novateurs qu’ont été Michel Bréal, Karl Bühler, Alan Henderson Gardiner, Bronislaw Malinowski et Gustave Guillaume. The year 1875 was a key year in the history of linguistics – the year when the prestigious International Scientific Series published Whitney's Life and Growth of Language, the year when Michel Bréal entered the “Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres” and the year when, in a paper read at the London Philological Society, Henry Sweet presented the embryonic version of structuralism. The written version of this lecture can be consulted in the Transactions of the Philological Society of 1875-76. The year following the publication of this monograph, two equally important works were published : the report in the Bulletin of Kazan University of Jan Baudouin de Courtenay's research on the link between sound and sense and Sweet's Handbook of Phonetics. The aim of this article is not only to show that the foundation stones of modern linguistics were laid some forty years before the publication of Saussure's Cours de linguistique générale, but to render homage to some of the most remarkable pioneers of modern linguistics.

Alors que les approches macro-syntaxiques se multiplient, affirmant toujours plus de typologies distinctes et toujours plus de dissensions, les travaux qui se réclament de telle ou telle "macro-syntaxe" sont finalement peu nombreux. Cette étude présente un cas de macro-syntaxe appliquée à un corpus d'enregistrements personnels, et vise à résoudre un problème encore posé par la grammaire : la distinction de l'apostrophe référentielle (madame, monsieur, ma chérie, maman, mec, gros, [prénom de l'allocutaire], etc.) de l'apostrophe prédicative (menteur, traître, salaud, enfoiré, espèce de truc, machin de mes deux, etc.). Cette étude menée, elle permettra notamment de mettre en évidence les rapports entre prosodie et macro-syntaxe. Despite the growing interest in discourse analysis (macro-syntactics) and the proliferation of schools, terminologies and conflicts, the field work illustrating each separate school is surprisingly rare. Based on a personal recorded corpus of spontaneous speech, this study attempts to use the macro-syntactc model to solve a traditional grammatical problem: the difference between what is defined as the "referential apostrophy" (Sir, Madame, darling, Mummy, fatty, Sarah etc.) and the predicative apostrophy (liar, traitor, bastard, arsehole, wanker). The object of this study is to highlight the link between intonation and Macro-syntax.

У раду се излажу примери облика вокатива једнине именица које у генитиву једнине имају наставак -е (а у ном. најчешће кратко -а) и које се у граматикама сврставају у II врсту (при подели именица на три деклинационе врсте) или III (при подели именица на четири деклинационе врсте). Существительные II склонения появляются в вокативе единственного числа в различных формах: 1) с окончанием -о, напр. Дана – Дан-о, земља – земљ-о; госпођа – госпођ-о, јабука – јабук-о; 2) с окончанием -е, напр. Милица – Милиц-е; госпођица – госпођиц-е; 3) с окончанием -е или -о, напр. кукавица – кукавиц-е и кукавиц-о; 4) с формой, совпадающей с номинативом, напр. Олга, Радмила, Никола; млада (-а); 5) с окончанием -о или формой, совпадающей с номинативом, напр. судија – судиј-о и судиј-а; 6) с окончанием -е или формой, совпадающей с номинативом, напр. Новица – Новиц-е и Новиц-а. Форма вокатива ед. числа этих и подобных существительных зависит от нескольких факторов, в том числе принадлежность к личным именам или нарицательным существительным (ср. Миљк-а : биљк-о), количество слогов (напр. злиц-о – несрећниц-е), словообразовательная структура (ср. Драг-ињ-а : Љуб-иц-е), просодический образ (Сав-а, мам-а, ујн-а : Сав-о, сестр-о, снах-о), род и значение (ср. чаршиј-о : судиј-о / судиј-а). На обстоятельства в литературном языке оказывают влияние и обстоятельства в говоре родного края отдельного писателя или говорящего.

MAGALHÃES, José Olímpio de; MOREIRA, Juliana Costa. Mecanismos prosódicos do vocativo e indicação de foco na escrita. Revista Entrepalavras, Fortaleza, ano 7, v. 7, n. 4 esp., p. 30-45, jan./jun. 2017. According to the literature the focalization is a reinforcement of some elements in the linguistic production where this focalized constituent represent a new information (HELDNER & STRANGERT, 2001; MORAES, 2006; MAKINO & MEDEIROS, 2001; KENNEDY, 1999; GONÇALVES, 1997). This paper is a begining of our contribution to te project “Letters to Santa Claus: the writing in Minas Gerais”. As Cunha & Cintra (2000), among the various focus mechanisms used by letter writers, what stands out the most, as expected in the letter genre, is the use of “an element used to attract the attention of the listener to identify him/her and to keep in touch. In other words, it is an element that serves to invoke or call, with more or less emphasis, a person or a personified thing “- the vocative - which features a large prosodic load, and can cause syntactic focus depending on its position in the clause. The numerical results of the uses of the vocative in the corpus demonstrate that prosodic mechanisms are used not only to characterize different types of vocatives, but also to show how such mechanisms are often used to focus on syntactic constituents, pragmatic indication and others linguistic informations. É consenso na literatura que focalização diz respeito ao destaque que se dá a elementos durante a produção linguística, bem como que o constituinte focalizado constitui informação nova (HELDNER & STRANGERT, 2001; MORAES, 2006; MAKINO & MEDEIROS, 2001; KENNEDY, 1999; GONÇALVES, 1997). O trabalho que ora apresentamos constitui um início de nossa contribuição ao projeto “Cartas ao Papai Noel: a escrita em Minas Gerais”. Ora, dentre os diversos mecanismos de foco utilizados por missivistas, o que mais se destaca no gênero carta é o uso, segundo Cunha & Cintra (2000), de “um elemento utilizado para atrair a atenção do ouvinte, para identificá-lo e para manter contato, isto é, um elemento que serve para invocar ou chamar, com maior ou menor ênfase, uma pessoa ou coisa personificada” - o vocativo - que, apresenta uma grande carga prosódica e pode provocar focos sintáticos a depender da sua posição na oração. Os resultados numéricos dos usos do vocativo no corpus demonstram que são empregados mecanismos prosódicos não somente para caracterizar diferentes tipos de vocativos, mas também para mostrar como tais mecanismos são, muitas vezes, utilizados para focalizar constituintes sintáticos, apontar para indicações pragmáticas e para outras informações linguísticas importantes.

The research of a modern colloquial discourse is one of up to date’s steam. The article shows specific nominative features of addressee in a modern Ukrainian discourse. And it deals with the conception of the appellative through the ideas of the communicative linguistic, these specific features, which are basic for this school. The main purpose of the research is the study of appellative sphere and its content in the language. Appellative sphere could be understood as the group of speech units, the main communicative goal of which is to regulate the behavior of the addressee. The primary constructive element of these sphere is appellative (for Ukrainian language it is even more specific – vocative). The analysis is implemented on the basis of Ukrainian show. The author pays attention to the question of grammar standard and the reasons for deviation from it, and to such important feature as adequacy / inadequacy of it as well. It is concluded, that appellative is socio-depending phenomenon. These means take part in forming a wide range of communicative functions, making additional semantic characteristics of the whole expression, denoting regulative, index and emotive meaning. The important question about the reasons for deviation from the norm in expressing appellation is explained by next reasons: the process of simplification in expressing it$ influences of other languages; unpopularity of specific Ukrainian forms.

Данная дипломная работа содержит результаты сопоставительного анализа обращений в русском и английском языках. Объектом исследования является средства выражения адресата в коммуникационном процессе. Для исследования обращений были использованы лингвокультурный анализ, сопоставление условий использования обращений, наблюдение речевого процесса коммуникантов в бытовых ситуациях и синтез выявленных культурно-лингвистических особенностей. Работа содержит данные об особенностях использования различных форм обращений в зависимости от условий, в которых осуществляется коммуникация в англоязычной и русскоязычной культурах., This Bachelor's work contains the results of the linguaculturological analysis of vocatives in Russian and English. The work consists of introduction, two chapters, conclusion. The subject of the survey is devoted to the specificity of vocatives and conditions which influence on usage. Such methods as linguoculturological analysis, comparison have been used in this work. Theoretical part speculates on the main terminology of vocatives, their functions, syntactic position and criterions of their usage. Practical part consists of linguoculturological analysis of the vocatives. The objective of the work is to determine peculiarities of vocatives in Russian and English cultures.

В начале статьи рассматриваются формы предикатива после глаголов со значением "называться" в болгарском языке - со староболгарского периода (IX-XI вв.) до состояния в его современных диалектах. Например: что с® нарица¬ши "Как называешься?"; краM ... сť зовэше именемъ пришедъ ..."Король назывался именем Пришед …"; Как са ти звали татка ти? "Как звали твоего отца?"; Мене викат Кральевики Марко "Меня называют Марко Кралевич"; Ти ли си Дели Стуйàн, дет се именувъ? "Это ты человек, чье имя Дели Стоян?"; Кво да му съ думаше нему? "Как его звали?". Дальше, объектом внимания, кроме именительных форм предикатива, становятся творительный предикатив, родительный предикатив, предикатив, представленный членными и звательными формами: двЌдъ д№хомъ гЌа нарицаетъ "Давид называет Господа духом"; - Как се казваш? "Как тебя зовут?" - Ифката "(Меня зовут) Ивко"; йà го вùкам Пèтра "Я называю его Петр"; Мèне ме вùкạт Рàдо "Меня зовут Рада". Все они сравниваются с подобными формами в остальных славянских языках, когда это возможно: сербскохорватские Како се зовеш? "Как тебя зовут?", Они се никад нису звали именом ... "их никогда не звали именем …", и погибе српски цар Лазаре "и погиб сербский царь (который назывался) Лазар"; чешские Jak se jmenujete? "Как Вас зовут?", Řikejte mi proste Bobe "Зовите меня просто Боб"; польское Jak się pan nazywa? "Как Вас зовут?"; русские Как тебя зовут?, Сына моей подруги зовут Антоном. The article treats the forms of the predicative after verbs with the meaning "to be called" in Bulgarian language - from the Old Bulgarian period (IX-XI c.) to the state in present-day Bulgarian dialects. Например: что с® нарица¬ши "What is your name?"; краM ... сť зовэше именемъ пришедъ ... "The king's name was Prished …"; Как са ти звали татка ти? "What was your father's name?"; Мене викат Кральевики Марко "I am called Marco …"; Ти ли си Дели Стуйàн, дет се именувъ? "Are you the person that is called Deli Stoyan?"; Кво да му съ думаше нему? "What was your name?". Besides the nominative or general forms of the predicative, an object of research here is the predicative presented by instrumental, genitive, and vocative forms, as well as the predicative presented by definite nominal forms: двЌдъ д№хомъ гЌа нарицаетъ "David calls Jesus the Spirit"; - Как се казваш? "What is your name?" - Ифката "(My name is) Ivko"; йà го вùкам Пèтра "I call him Peter"; Мèне ме вùкạт Рàдо "I am called Rada". All mentioned forms are compared with similar forms in other Slavic languages, when possible: Serbian Како се зовеш? "What is your name?", Они се никад нису звали именом ... "they were never called by the name …", и погибе српски цар Лазаре "and the Serbian king (called Lazarus) was killed"; Czech Jak se jmenujete? "What is your name?", Řikejte mi proste Bobe "Call me plain Bob"; Polish Jak się pan nazywa? "What is your name?"; Russian Как тебя зовут? "What is your name?", Сына моей подруги зовут Антоном "My friend's son is called Anthony".

Cet article présente un état des lieux sur le problème que la macrosyntaxe pose à la description grammaticale. On y démontre notamment que les propriétés de syntaxe externe d’une catégorie grammaticale comme les conjonctions n’apparaissent pas dans certaines formes d’emploi. Les séquences ainsi introduites présentent alors les propriétés de constructions indépendantes, insérées dans les discours selon les modalités mises en évidence par la macrosyntaxe. Afin de mettre en évidence ces séquences, on peut alors avoir recours à des critères purement paradigmatiques, déjà utilisés dans l’Approche Pronominale pour manifester la combinatoire des unités macrosyntaxiques. This article attempts to make an assessment of the problems that macro-syntax encounters when it comes to grammatical description. It is shown that certain syntactic features, the omission of conjunctions, for example, cannot be accounted for in a satisfactory manner. The sequences inserted in the discourse are shown to function independently according to the conventions of macro-syntax. In order to highlight this, purely paradigmatic criteria, used previously in the Pronominal Approach, are applied to show how the macrosyntactic units combine in spontaneous discourse. macrosyntax, spoken langue, Pronominal Approach, relations of dependency, parce que, puisque

The thesis presents semantic and pragmatic characteristics that must be taken into account in vocabulary recording of the status vocatives. An ideographic dictionary entry should reflect the word vocative function as communicative-pragmatic props. Word ideographic implementation is a contributing factor that influences the realization of the vocative function. The use of the ideographic dictionaries’ data helps to implement those word classes the lexicalized syntactic function of vocativity. Appeal to corpus data allows to follow the dynamics in use of vocative forms, and also to elicit special grammar aspects of lexical items that are being used as vocatives. It is important to include illustrative examples of vocative function realization into the dictionary entries for the learners of Russian as a foreign language. This thesis deals with the characteristic of macro- and microstructures of the description of status vocatives in a dictionary and with the bases of the ideographic approach to the vocatives. The ways of semantisation of vocatives in a dictionary are presented in an example of a dictionary entry. В диссертации рассматриваются семантические и прагматические характеристики, которые необходимо учитывать при словарной фиксации статусных обращений. Способность слова употребляться в функции обращения рассматривается как коммуникативно-прагматическое свойство, которое должно получать отражение в словарной статье идеографического словаря. Принадлежность слова к определенной идеографической группе является одним из факторов, влияющих на реализацию словом вокативной функции. Использование данных идеографических словарей способствует выявлению тех классов слов, для которых синтаксическая функция обращения является лексикализованной. Обращение к данным корпуса позволяет отследить динамику в употреблении вокативных форм, а также установить некоторые грамматические особенности лексических единиц, используемых в качестве обращений. Включение в иллюстративный материал толкового словаря примеров реализации вокативной функции важно для изучающих русский язык как иностранный и неродной. В работе охарактеризована макро- и микроструктура словарного описания статусных обращений, обосновывается идеографический подход к обращениям, обсуждаются способы семантизации обращений в словаре и предлагается модель словарной статьи.

This article presents the results of typological research of speech acts on the material of the English dramas of the XIX-XX century: «The Dark Lady of the Sonnets» (1910) by Bernard Shaw, «The Importance of Being Earnest» (1895) by Oscar Wilde, «Dangerous Angels» (1993) by Scott Sickles, and «Dead Rats» (1994) by Paul Knag. The work is focused on the study of pragmatic peculiarities of dramatic texts, namely on the definition of speech acts, by which characters of the dramatic works inform the reader of their own thoughts, influence each other, and create the atmosphere of their messages. В данной статье представлены результаты исследования разных типов речевых актов на материале англоязычных драм ХІХ-ХХ века «The Dark Lady of the Sonnets» (1910) Бернарда Шоу, «The Importance of Being Earnest» (1895) Оскара Уайльда, «Dangerous Angels» (1993) Скотта Сиклза, «Dead Rats» (1994) Пола Нега. Работа ориентирована на исследование прагматического аспекта драматического текста, определение типов речевых актов, с помощью которых персонажи драматического произведения доносят до читателя свою мысль, влияют друг на друга, создают атмосферу своих сообщений.

This article discusses an early grammatical theory regarding the vocative in Arabic. According to the generally accepted indigenous theory of case assignment, accusative nouns, such as the one featuring in the vocative construction, require verbal operators ; yet positing such an underlying verb for the vocative construction – an otherwise ubiquitous practice in this tradition in such situations – would turn the vocative construction into a statement, whereas some grammarians regard it as a “ speech act”. A detailed analysis of the solution to this problem by a tenth century grammarian is followed by a comparison with the modern speech act theory ; highlighting the important differences between the two can help us grasp early Arabic grammatical thought regarding the vocative. on the other hand, a striking similarity is shown to exist between this early analysis of the vocative and modern analyses of sentences such as “ Frankly, you’re drunk”., Cet article traite d’une ancienne théorie grammaticale sur le vocatif en arabe. D’après la théorie indigène généralement admise, les noms à l’accusatif, tels ceux figurant dans la construction vocative, exigent des opérateurs verbaux ; or, placer un verbe à ce point subordonné pour la construction vocative – pratique autrement ambiguë dans cette tradition dans de telles situations – transformerait la construction vocative en une affirmation, alors que certains grammairiens la considèrent comme un «acte de parole » . Une analyse détaillée de la solution à ce problème par un grammairien du xe siècle est suivie d’une comparaison avec la théorie moderne des actes de parole ; souligner les différences importantes entre les deux peut nous aider à saisir l’ancienne pensée grammaticale arabe sur le vocatif. D’autre part, une similitude frappante semble exister entre cette ancienne analyse du vocatif et les analyses modernes de phrases comme «Franchement, vous êtes ivre. », Kasher AlmogKasher Almog. The Vocative as a “Speech Act” in Early Arabic Grammatical Tradition. In: Histoire Épistémologie Langage, tome 35, fascicule 1, 2013. Dialectes décisifs, langues prototypiques. pp. 143-159.

En este artículo se analizan los valores discursivos que pueden desempeñar las expresiones vocativas en la prensa espectadora española del siglo XVIII. Se trata de periódicos de tipo ensayístico dedicados a la crítica moral y de costumbres. Los usos registrados en el corpus pueden ponerse en relación con el conjunto de elementos lingüísticos que intervienen en la interacción, en la transmisión de (des)cortesía, en la argumentación, en la expresión de la modalidad y en la construcción del discurso. Se observan diferencias de comportamiento en los distintos moldes textuales que incluyen estos periódicos (ensayo, diálogos y cartas), en los que el empleo del vocativo forma parte de una estrategia comunicativa propia del género. This paper analyses the role played by vocative expressions in the discourse of Spanish Spectator type press in the 18th century, essay newspapers dealing with moral and social criticism. The usages registered in our corpus can be related to the set of linguistic items participating in interaction, the transmission of (im)politeness, argumentation, the expression of modality and discourse construction. It shows a different performance in every textual form included in these newspapers (essay, dialogue and letters), where the use of vocative is part of a communicative strategy typical of this genre.

En este artículo se analizan los valores discursivos que pueden desempeñar las expresiones vocativas en la prensa espectadora española del siglo XVIII. Se trata de periódicos de tipo ensayístico dedicados a la crítica moral y de costumbres. Los usos registrados en el corpus pueden ponerse en relación con el conjunto de elementos lingüísticos que intervienen en la interacción, en la transmisión de (des)cortesía, en la argumentación, en la expresión de la modalidad y en la construcción del discurso. Se observan diferencias de comportamiento en los distintos moldes textuales que incluyen estos periódicos (ensayo, diálogos y cartas), en los que el empleo del vocativo forma parte de una estrategia comunicativa propia del género. This paper analyses the role played by vocative expressions in the discourse of Spanish Spectator type press in the 18th century, essay newspapers dealing with moral and social criticism. The usages registered in our corpus can be related to the set of linguistic items participating in interaction, the transmission of (im)politeness, argumentation, the expression of modality and discourse construction. It shows a different performance in every textual form included in these newspapers (essay, dialogue and letters), where the use of vocative is part of a communicative strategy typical of this genre.

Рассматривается вопрос о вариантах этикетных обращений и о возможности включения в них метафорической пары «голубчик»/«голубушка». Высокая час­тотность употребления данных анималистических имен как вокативов в чехов­ской прозе вполне мотивируется их языковыми особенностями в системе лек­сических единиц. The article studies the problem of etiquette forms of address and the possibility to include the metaphoric pair golubchik/golubushka (English: dove) into their range. These animalistic names being extensively used as vocatives in works by Chekhov are very well motivated by their linguistic peculiarities within the system of linguistic units.

Стверджується, що звертання до Бога та Матері Божої в українському художньому мовленні фіксує традицію «тикання» та добре розвинену експлікаційну теонімну сітку, а перехід їх до вигуків та перші соціально- регулятивні «викання» до однієї особи священика помічені у творах ХVІІІ ст. Дослідник характеризує формування негативної конотації лексеми піп.The researcher studied the influence of sociohistorical and cultural factors on addressing clerics in the literary texts of different times, and argues that references to God and Our Lady reveal consistent tradition of tutoyering, vocative flections and developed explicating grid of theonyms. Emerged in the eighteenth century, transition of vocatives into exclamations has been often accompanied by the creation of diminutives. Besides, the first instances of socialregulatory formal addressing an individual belonging to the Christian ministerial order are observed in eighteenth-century writings. There were occurrences of switching from respectful addressing to tutoyering, the use of unceremonious forms pope, batya, papasha, omission of vocative endings peculiar to the period of atheism propagation and russianization of the Soviet society. We assume that the formation of negative connotation and familiarity of lexeme піп commenced much long before the twentieth century, since earlier texts evidence limited vocative none alongside with active functioning of other case forms of this lexeme.

V stat'e issleduetsja ispol'zovanie grammatičeskih form (reprezentantov morfologičeskih kategorij) dlja vyraženija dopolnitel'nyh značenij - takih, kak simpatija, ironija, somnenie, nedoverie, voshiščenie, vozmuščenie i t.p. Vse oni sostavljajut sferu jazykovoj pragmatiki. V kačestve ob''ekta dlja nabljudenij vybrana grammatičeskaja sistema sovremennogo bolgarskogo jazyka. Privodjatsja primery pragmatičeski obuslovlennogo upotreblenija form vokativa, množestvennogo čisla, ostatkov padežej, različnyh glagol'nyh vremen i naklonenij. Delaetsja vyvod, čto vse, čto v grammatike variativno, ne nejtral'no, stilističeski okrašeno, imeet osobuju obuslovlennost' ličnostjami govorjaščego i slušajuščego, a takže vse, čto redko, - vse sostavljaet potencial'nuju sferu pragmatiki. Fleksibilna priroda jezičkog sistema pruža nosiocu jezika određenu mogućnost variranja, između ostalog, i pri izboru gramatičkih jedinica. Naravno, ovo variranje se ne može uporediti sa slobodom izbora reči, stoga je gramatika mnogo 'manje pragmatična' nego leksika. Ali ipak, morfološki oblici se mogu koristiti za iskazivanje 'spoljašnjih' značenja koja karakterišu odnos govornika i slušaoca, ili izražavaju stav govornika o činjenicama o kojima se govori. Skoro svaka gramatička kategorija na svojoj periferiji - u oblicima i značenjima koji su markirani kao inovativni ili arhaični, ili su u određenoj meri okazionalni, ili su veoma strogo ograničeni leksičkim faktorima itd. - sadrži elemente koji su u službi socijalne funkcije govora. Sve što u gramatici nije neutralno, ili stilski obojeno, uslovljeno je ličnošću govornika i slušaoca, dakle sve što predstavlja retku pojavu - sve je pragmatika. Za predmet razmatranja u ovom radu izabran je gramatički sistem savremenog bugarskog jezika. Naime, pokazuje se da na izbor određene forme obraćanja (pored tri mogućnosti: opšti oblik, vokativ, određeni oblik imenice) utiče niz faktora: muški ili ženski pol osobe (adresata) i, shodno tome, muški ili ženski rod imenice; obraćanje nepoznatom ili poznatom adresatu; zvanični ili 'intimniji' način obraćanja, status adresata i adresanta, opšti 'modalni okvir' situacije razgovora; 'domaće' ili strano poreklo imenice; opšti ili vlastiti tip semantike imenice; morfonološke osobenosti imenice (sufiks osnove). U radu se takođe analizira upotreba oblika množine imenica, ostataka padeških oblika, određenog oblika imenice, različitih glagolskih vremena (sadašnjeg i budućeg, aorista, perfekta), glagolskih načina (pogodbenog i pripovedačkog), kao i glagolskih priloga i dr. Navedeni primeri potvrđuju naš stav da različita pragmatička značenja mogu biti 'upakovana' u sadržaj gramatičke jedinice. Gramatička semantika odražava - u najopštijem obliku - modusne vrednosti koje je društvo formiralo, i sugeriše da se one primene u odnosu na određene situacije i određene učesnike tih događaja.

In any field of modern Russian linguistics which lacks explicit boundary, and is filled with a large number of the transition and miscibility, the appearance of this grammatical phenomena has its linguistics’ and super-linguistics’ reason. The classification of simple and compound sentence lies in single-predication and poly-predication, however blanket component, identity component, parenthesis and vocative confuses the classification of simple and compound sentence., В любой области современной русской лингвистики, которая испытывает недостаток во внеших разграничениях и заполнена большим количеством переходных и синкретических конструкций, появление данного грамматического феномена имеет лингвистические и экстралингвистические причины. В традиционных классификациях простое предложение рассматривается как монопредикативное, а сложное предложение как полипредикативное, однако общий компонент, компонент идентичности, вводная конструкция и обращение нарушают четкость классификаций типов предложений.

Ælfric was an Anglo-Saxon monk and a well-known writer of religious literature. The author is remembered not only for his Catholic Homilies (990-993) but also for his translations of the Holy Scriptures. His Catholic Homilies, based on the writings of the Church Fathers, are a series of extant preaching texts in Anglo-Saxon England. Deictic elements seem to be neglected in the monk’s sermons and only several articles are written about the phenomenon of deixis in Old English. Thus, Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies serve as a perfect means of investigating deictic expressions in Old English. The search for deictic pronouns, verbs and adverbs in the selection of Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies has been assisted by excessive use of Benjamin Thorpe’s English translation (1844). The context of sermons lets us determine and decipher the meaning of deictic expressions which change in distinct contexts with the speaker’s position either in time or space. The aim of the research is to analyze distinct types of deictic categories in Ælfric’s sermons. The tasks of the research are to introduce deixis and its elements as well as to analyze the deictic forms in Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies. The article uses the framework of deixis proposed by Stephen Levinson (1983) as well as a pragmatic approach for the analysis of distinct types of deictic expressions in Ælfric’s sermons. Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies contain the deictic expressions such as person, place, time, and discourse. These expressions implicate distinct meanings which depend solely on the context. Moreover, deictic expressions as well as the predication clearly show the proximity or distance of the speaker to the referred object. Person deixis is illustrated by the first person pronoun ic, the second person þu, and the third person he. Temporal deictic elements are expressed in time adverbial like now, whilst place deictic items unveil speaker’s distance from a place, which is achieved with the help of demonstratives such as these/those. Place adverbs are accomplished by the use of here (proximal) and there (distal). Place-deictic words ðisum (this) and þæt (that) refer to portions of the discourse. As far as tense is concerned, it is a temporal deictic device. In Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies, the present tense is the proximal form, whereas the past tense is the distal form.

En esta tesina trataremos el doblaje español de la película Green Street Hooligans y mediante una investigación cualitativa estudiamos cómo las elecciones generales, entratar el habla de los personajes, y las elecciones específicas, cómo se han manejado los saludos, han afectado la percepción de dos personajes escogidos y la película en sí. Los resultados que han sido revelados es que los rasgos tanto dialectales como idiolectales han sido normalizados a un español estándar y esto ha contribuido en crear un estilo, en la versión española, que es menos vívido, más formal, y menos conectado con los personajes que la versión original. Por eso, la vista que pueden tener los espectadores españoles al ver la película se diferencia mucho de la que pueden tener quienes que venla película en inglés. Esto ya que no van a poder sobreentender la pertenencia a una clase social, origen espacial y el estilo personal de los personajes solamente viendo la versión doblada de la película.

A typical argument for the independence of morphology is its asymmetric relation with syntax. In ancient Greek this is illustrated by nominal forms in the vocative or the exclamative nominative which, despite their clear morphological representation, express no relation to a syntactic head. Such a remark raises problems regarding the syntactic and morphological status of both forms and their relation to regular cases. In this paper, we re-examine both constructions and claim that their idiosyncratic character is explained by the different type of features involved in their syntactic definition. These are the Address Phrase and the feature of syntactic definiteness., Selected papers on theoretical and applied linguistics, Vol 19 (2011): Selected Papers from the 19th International Symposium on Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, Thessaloniki 3-5 April 2009

This study focuses on two productive constructions of insults in English: the vocative and the imperative. The corpus consists of the 261 episodes of an American sitcom, Married with Children (1987-1997), where innovative insults can be found in great quantity. Our main goal is to determine how readily the speaker comprehends an innovative insult. We assume that there are syntactic, semantic, morphological and phonological "hints" in the newly-formed insult which better enable the retrieval of the construction on which the new form is modelled, and which thereby facilitate comprehension. We asked informants to evaluate the degree of prototypicality of these innovative insults, outside of their context of origin, in order to determine which hints are more relevant than others and if comprehension is still possible below a quantitative threshold. Results indicate that some hints are more relevant than others and that the number of hints is not a necessary condition to decode the new insult. They also point to the insufficiency of the construction, which cannot alone convey meaning: full understanding requires recourse to context and suprasegmental factors.

in the present article we approach the study of the metaphorical vocatives, those which in plautine comedy do not refer to the real identity of the listener but they attribute a metaphorical identity to him. We try to answer three questions that, in fact, construct our analysis: what forms are used? (§2), which of the speakers really creates the metaphor of the identity? (§3) and, finally, when the speakers use a metaphorical vocative, which are the motivations, the goals and the effects of this issue? (§4) Pragmatics and Conversation Analysis provide us the theoretical framework in which we find the answers to the questions above. En el presente artículo nos planteamos el estudio de los vocativos metafóricos, aquellos que en las comedias plautinas no hacen una referencia a la identidad real del interlocutor sino que le atribuyen una identidad metafórica. Para ello intentamos responder a tres preguntas que, de hecho, estructuran nuestro ¿qué formas son usadas? (§2), ¿quién de entre los interlocutores crea realmente la metáfora de la identidad? (§3) y, por último, cuando los hablantes usan un vocativo metafórico, ¿cuáles son las motivaciones, las finalidades y los efectos de esta emisión? (§4). La pragmática y el análisis de la conversación son las disciplinas que nos sirven de marco teórico para hallar las respuestas.