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Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are the most common type of lung cancer and can be classified according to the presence of mutually exclusive oncogenic drivers. The majority of NSCLC patients present a non-actionable oncogenic driver, and treatment resistance through the amplification of the MET proto-oncogene (MET) or the expression of programmed cell death protein 1 ligand (PD-L1) is common. Herein, we investigated the relation between MET gene amplification and PD-L1 expression in patients with advanced NSCLC and no other actionable oncogenic driver (i.e., EGFR, ALK, ROS1). Our retrospective observational study analyzed data from 48 patients (78% men, median age 66 years) admitted to the Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, Spain, between July 2015 and February 2019. Patients presenting MET amplification showed a higher proportion of PD-L1 expression (93% vs. 39%; p < 0.001) and overexpression (64% vs. 27%; p = 0.020) than those with non-amplified MET. PD-L1 expression was not significantly different when analyzed by sex (p = 0.624), smoking history (p = 0.429), and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (p = 0.597) Overall survival rates were not significantly affected by MET amplification (high and intermediate amplification vs low amplification and non-amplificated) (p = 0.252) nor PD-L1 expression (> vs =< 50%) (p = 0.893). In conclusion, a positive correlation was found between MET gene amplification and PD-L1 expression and highly expressed (above 50%) in patients with NSCLC and no other actionable oncogenic driver. It could be translated as new guided-treatment oportunities for these patients.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the process on how smoker and nonsmoker responses to a Pictorial Health Warning (PHW) which is important for policy improvement. AIM: We aim to explore the nature of the reaction and the extent of impact of the PHW implementation on smoking habit in Indonesia. METHODS: We collected the data among adult aged 18+ years in Sleman District, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, involving 45 informants in in-depth interviews and 22 informants in four Focus Group Discussions, selected using the maximum variation sampling according to smoking status and area of residence. We discussed with respondents about the meaning of the PHWs, how they felt when seeing the PHWs, how those feelings emerged when seeing the PHWs, and the impact of seeing the PHWs. We analyzed the data using the content analysis. RESULTS: PHWs raised the intended negative emotional response, that wearing out over time. However, for smokers, the disease threat in the message was less obvious than to defeat smoking addiction. Smokers tried to manage their risk of illness themselves. Among non-smokers, they were more confident in being non-smokers. Both smokers and non-smokers thought that Government is half-hearted in controlling the smoking problem. Smokers were grateful, but non-smokers were sorry for this. CONCLUSIONS: The application of PHW threatens smokers but does not make them quit smoking because of the fear of defeating cigarette dependence. For non-smokers, they feel more confident to be a smoker-free. Respondents claim the government is not serious about controlling smoking.

Background and objective: Smoking is a risk factor for major non-communicable diseases and is an important cause of preventable death. Smoking cessation is a challenge for both the smoker and the health care provider. This study aimed to assess the role of obligatory banning of smoking in 2014 - 2016 on the smoking habits of a group of men in Mosul city. Methods: A convenience sample of 500 male smokers, aged 18 years and above who were living in Mosul on June 10, 2014 (the day of Mosul invasion by the Islamic State in Iraq and Sham, ISIS) and stayed living in the city for three years after that, were included in the study. The study design was cross-sectional, and data were collected by direct interview. Results: One fifth (100 persons) of the participants quit smoking (without medications) during banning. More than one third (36%) of them quit due to the high price of cigarettes. Unfortunately, the majority (75%) returned back to smoking after the liberation of Mosul. The factors found to be significantly associated with the high rate of quitting included short duration of smoking(

Street sweepers, traffic officers, roadside sellers and motorcyclists, including students are subjects who are vulnerable to exposure to vehicle fumes. One of the air pollution generated from motor vehicle fumes is lead (Pb) which is toxic to humans and is accumulative. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between characteristic factors and lead levels in hair using the Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) method. Respondents in this study were 32 male university students. The results showed a significance value of 0.274 (p> 0.05) on the parameter of PPE use, 0.049 (p 0.05) on the smoking habit parameter. So it can be concluded that there is no effect of the use of PPE and smoking habits on hair lead levels and there is an effect of mileage on hair lead levels in student respondents.

Cigarettes are processed tobacco using or without addictive substances. The increasing of hemoglobin in smokers due to the content of carbon monoxide causes hemolysis of erythrocytes that is stronger than oxygen, so that hemoglobin increases. In addition to smoking, the society's habit is about coffee consumption. Coffee is a beverage with high polyphenols. The decreasing of hemoglobin occurs when drinking too much coffee. It will reduce the absorption of iron and erythrocytes ability to deliver oxygen from the lungs to all tissues in the body, therefore the hemoglobin will decrease. One of the laboratory tests that is used to see hemoglobin levels in smokers and coffee consumers is the POCT method of hemoglobin examination. The purpose of this study was to analyze the comparison of the effect between smoking and coffee consumption on hemoglobin levels in adolescents on the streets of Mejenan Gang 3 Mojoroto Kediri. The method that is used in this research is comparative study and the sampling technique that is used purposive sampling with a sample size of 40 respondents. The results show that 10 adolescents (50%) had abnormal hemoglobin levels and 10 adolescents (50%) had normal hemoglobin levels. 5 teenagers (25%) had abnormal hemoglobin levels and 15 (75%) normal hemoglobin levels. Based on statistical tests, the results obtain p-value 0.423 and> 0.05. So it can be concluded that there is a moderate effect between cigarettes and coffee on hemoglobin levels in adolescents on Mejenan Street Gang 3 Mojoroto Kediri.

Tobacco smoking among youth is a global concern. Tobacco's dangers and the probability of addiction are often underestimated by young people. Preventing tobacco consumption among youth is critical since tobacco-related illnesses will take away the lives of 250 million young people who continue to smoke into adulthood. Youth are more vulnerable to nicotine and may become addicted to it quicker than adults. Even though they decide to stop in a few years, three out of four teen smokers continue to smoke into adulthood due to nicotine addiction. The main purpose of this study is to investigate tobacco consumption of adolescents in Kyrgyzstan. For this aim, a school-based survey of students aged 13-15 years was utilized. Global Youth Tobacco Survey was conducted in 2019. The questionnaire consists of 56 questions. This survey was conducted in order to get knowledge about adolescents’ attitudes about smoking. In the empirical analysis was employed Heckman selection model. In the light of obtained results it can be concluded that the main drivers of tobacco consumption among adolescents are age, gender, amount of spending money, parental smoking status, among others. The results indicate that tobacco consumption is higher among males. Parents smoking habit leads to a higher probability of an adolescents to become a smoker. The outcomes from this study may provide some insights into the policies implemented to lessen smoking among adolescents.

The aim of this descriptive and cross-sectional study was to evaluate smoking characteristics and smoking cessation behaviors among smoking coal miners according to the Health Belief Model (HBM). The population of this cross sectional study consisted of 582 coal miners, while the sample consisted of 473 miners who agreed to participate in the study. The miners working above ground obtained significantly higher scores compared to those who worked underground (p = 0.027). There was a significant positive correlation between smoking costs and perceived susceptibility (p

Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) are a serious threat during the Covid-19 pandemic because they are a vulnerable group. Most of the community’s behavior is a risk factor for NCD, smoking habits, eating less fruits and vegetables, and less physical activity. RT 1 RW 7 Mejing Wetan, Ambarktawang, Gamping, Sleman have community groups that hold regular meetings every month, but there is no forum for NCD risk factor detection activities. The purpose of community service activities is to form Posbindu NCD so that it can help NCD risk factors so that they control NCD in the era of the Covid-19 pandemic. The implementation method of compiling the NCD risk factor detection book, outreach to community leaders, ordering the management, cadre training, preparing infrastructure and implementing Posbindu and monitoring sustainability. Activities have been carried out from August-December 2020. The results of the activity are trained cadres, a pocket book of NCD risk factors, the formation of the Posbindu WARAS (Warga Sehat) management, and the implementation of Posbindu with the Covid-19 health protocol so that it can provide NCD risk factors. The conclusion is that Posbindu NCD can be formed and can carry out activities regularly every month has successfully detected NCD risk factors.Posbindu cadres are asked to continue Posbindu activities regularly every month and can increase activities to increase community participation.

Osteoporosis merupakan penyakit yang digolongkan sebagai silent killer karena tidak terdeteksi secara dini dan baru diketahui setelah terjadinya fraktur. Kebiasaan merokok menjadi faktor risiko terjadinya osteoporosis, karena pada perokok akan kehilangan massa tulang lebih cepat dibandingkan bukan perokok. Asupan kafein berlebih dikaitkan dengan efek kafein pada homeostasis tulang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan kebiasaan merokok dan mengkonsumsi kafein dengan kejadian osteoporosis pada usia lanjut. Desain penelitian ini adalah studi literatur atau literature review. Penelitian ini mengambil sumber dari Pubmed, Science Direct, dan Google Scholar dengan kata kunci: (smoking OR smoking habits) AND (caffeine OR caffeine consumption OR drink coffee) AND (osteoporosis) AND (elderly OR aged). Hasil pencarian didapatkan 1.136 artikel yang ditemukan, lalu setelah duplikat dihilangkan tersisa 1.104 artikel. Kemudian diidentifikasi berdasarkan judul, abstrak, dan kelayakan yang sesuai dengan kriteria restriksi, didapatkan 8 artikel yang direview. Hasil penelitian dari artikel menyatakan bahwa merokok dapat meningkatkan risiko osteoporosis. Konsumsi kafein tinggi dapat berisiko osteoporosis, sedangkan konsumsi kafein rendah hingga sedang dapat menurunkan risiko osteoporosis. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara kebiasaan merokok dan mengkonsusmsi tinggi kafein terhadap risiko osteoporosis pada usia lanjut.

Efforts to improve a healthy lifestyle are very important, one of them is to stop smoking. The way to stop smoking can be through acupressure complementary therapy training and counseling on smoking health risks. The purpose of this activity is to increase public awareness and knowledge regarding the smoking health risks and acupressure therapy in order to reduce the desire to smoke for residents in the Bandung Village, Mertoyudan District, Magelang Regency. This activity involves the participation of the local community so that they can realize the importance of reducing smoking habits and the impact of smoking. The method used was counseling on the smoking health risks and acupressure training. The results of the activity showed that the residents were enthusiastic in participating in the activity and were able to apply acupressure therapy in their daily lives to stop smoking.

Introduction: All works have the potential to cause work fatigue, one of which is in the dome installation work. Work fatigue leads to decreased work capacity and endurance to work. Factors causing work fatigue are age, sex, nutritional status, smoking habits, history of illness, work environment, workload, work hours, and rest periods. This study aims to find out the correlation between age, nutritional status, and smoking habits with work fatigue in dome installation workers at PT. A. Methods: This type of research was an observational analytic research using a cross-sectional approach. This study had a population of all employees of PT. A in the dome installation section. The samples used were 33 workers, taken using total sampling. This study was conducted in 2020. This study used variables of age, nutritional status, smoking habits, and work fatigue. Instrument for collecting data was a questionnaire. The Industrial Fatigue Research Committee (IFRC) questionnaire was specifically used to collect data on work fatigue. In addition, data on nutritional status were obtained from the calculation of Body Mass Index (BMI). The contingency coefficient was used to analyze the data. Results: The workers mostly (81.8%) experienced mild work fatigue and were aged ≤ 35 years, had normal nutritional status, and were mild smokers. Conclusion: There was a weak relationship between age and nutritional status with work fatigue and a very weak relationship between smoking habits with work fatigue. Keywords: age, nutritional status, smoking habits, work fatigue

Several studies showed the association between non-traditional risk factors [proteinuria and estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)] and cardiovascular (CV) and renal outcomes. Nevertheless, the etiologic role of traditional CV risk factors in referred CKD patients is less defined. Herein, we examined the association between smoking habit and CV events, mortality and CKD progression. We undertook an observational analysis of 1306 stage III–V CKD patients. Smoking habit was modeled as a categorical (never, current or former smokers) and continuous (number of cigarettes/day) variable. Mean eGFR was 35.8 ± 12.5 mL/min/1.73 m2. Never, current and former smokers were 61.1%, 10.8% and 28.1%. During a median follow-up of 2.87 years, current and former smokers were at significant risk for CV events (HRs of 1.93 [95% CI, 1.18–3.16] and 1.44 [95% CI, 1.01–2.05]) versus never smokers. Current smokers were at increased mortality risk (HR 2.13 [95% CI, 1.10–4.11]). Interactions were found between former smokers and proteinuria (p = 0.007) and diabetes (p = 0.041) for renal risk, and between current smokers and male gender (p = 0.044) and CKD stage V (p = 0.039) for renal and mortality risk. In referred CKD patients, smoking habit is independently associated with CV events and mortality. It acts as a risk “amplifier” for the association between other risk factors and renal outcomes.

Aim: To assess the health care workers practice perspectives barriers and need for the training related to tobacco cessation. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among all the health care workers of Birsa Munda Tribal University, Renton Village, Rajpipala, Gujarat, India, from May 2018 to April 2019. A pre-tested, pre-structured self-administered questionnaire was delivered in person to all health care workers. The study included all health care workers that had contact with smokers, as well as patients who were interviewed to assess their smoking status, willingness to quit, and counselling by health care workers using a pre-structured oral questionnaire. Results: Almost 86 percent of health care workers stated they inquire about patients' smoking habits, but just 50 percent claimed they assess their patients' readiness to quit smoking. 32 percent assisted patients in quitting smoking, and 28 percent scheduled follow-up appointments. All agreed that it is their responsibility to assist, inspire, discuss, communicate with, refer, and monitor patients who smoke in order for them to quit smoking. Conclusions: The majority of health care workers thought that they play a critical role in cigarette cessation efforts. The study revealed a need for smoke cessation recommendations to be followed and reinforced.

Acute respiratory infections (ARI) is a disease that attacks one or more parts of the respiratory tract from the nose to the alveoli or lung. This disease which is caused by various factors (multifactorial) is the top rank disease in Indonesia, and is the biggest cause (17%) of the death of children under five years (toddlers). This study aims to determine the environmental risk factors for the incidence of ARI in children under five in the working area of the Panambungan Health Center. This type of research uses an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design with a sample of 88 respondents obtained by simple random sampling technique. Data analysis was performed by using chi-square test and the magnitude of the risk with the odds ratio value. The results of statistical tests showed that the use of anti-mosquito coils (p = 0.021; OR = 3.573), kitchen ventilation (p = 0.000; OR = 0.112), and smoking habits of family members significantly affected ARI cases on toddlers in the working area of Panambungan Health Center, Makassar in 2020. Meanwhile, bedroom ventilation (p = 0.538; OR = 0.570) and the type of house floor (p = 0.269; OR = 1.889) did not significantly affect ARI cases on toddlers in the working area of Panambungan Health Center, Makassar in 2020.

Zusammenfassung Einleitung Der Einfluss des Rauchens auf das Überleben bei Patienten mit Kopf-Hals-Karzinomen ist in der Literatur gut belegt. Es gibt nur wenige Daten über Änderungen der Rauchgewohnheiten nach Diagnosestellung. Hier wird die Auswirkung der Reduktion der Rauchquantität im Vergleich zur vollen Entwöhnung auf das Überleben untersucht. Patienten und Methoden Patientenakten und Tumordokumentationen von 643 konsekutiven Kopf-Hals-Karzinom-Fällen des Kopf-Hals-Tumorzentrums der Universitätsklinik Kiel werden retrospektiv ausgewertet: Rauchgewohnheiten vor und nach der Behandlung sowie das Überleben werden dabei ausgewertet. Ergebnisse Eine Änderung des Rauchverhaltens bei der Erstdiagnose des Karzinoms führt zu signifikant positivem Effekt auf die Prognose im Vergleich zu fortgesetztem Rauchen. Es zeigt sich kein Unterschied zwischen Rauchreduktion und Entwöhnung. Dieser Effekt beruht alleinig auf solchen Patienten, die ausschließlich chirurgisch behandelt werden. Lebenslange Nichtraucher weisen einen signifikanten Überlebensvorteil gegenüber aktiven und ehemaligen Rauchern auf, ohne Unterschied zwischen den beiden letztgenannten Gruppen. Schlussfolgerung Der positive Einfluss veränderter Rauchgewohnheiten auf die Prognose verläuft parallel zum negativen direkten Effekt des aktiven Rauchens auf die Therapie, was auf peritumorale Hypoxie mit negativer Auswirkung auf die Wirksamkeit der R(C)T zurückgeführt wird. Der positive Effekt der Rauchverhaltensänderung bei ausschließlicher Chirurgie liegt am ehesten in verminderter perioperativer Komplikation begründet. Patienten sollen ermutigt werden, das Rauchen mit der Krebsdiagnose zumindest zu minimieren. Darüber hinaus sollten ehemalige Raucher für Überlebensschätzungen und Therapieplanung als aktive Raucher betrachtet werden.

This study was aimed at discussing survival analysis in Pulmonary Tuberculosis patients in Aloei Saboe using Weibull regression to find out the factors that influence the patient’s recovery rate. To analyze the survival time, the Kaplan-Meier curve is used then the process continues into Log-Rank Test to see the differences between groups in a curve. Weibull Regression is used to determine the significant factors based on a log-rank test in the rate of recovery of Pulmonary Tuberculosis patients. The results of the study concluded age, shortness of breath, fever, cough, history of illness and smoking habits are factors that significantly influence the rate of recovery of Pulmonary Tuberculosis patients.

Background: Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory disease caused by corona virus. Smokers are the most vulnerable group form Covid-1. Dirty hands can spread disease by providing entry to pathogens, bacteria, or viruses. Handwashing could be effective and efficient prevention to prevent covid-19 infection. Objective: To determine the relationship between gender and smoking habits, handwashing and nutritional behavior among respondents. Methods: A descriptive-analytic study with a cross-sectional design. Respondents were 966 people who lived in Bengkulu Province. Data collection was carried out by online questionnaire which were distributed through WhatsApp media. Data analysis used the chi-square test. Results: There were significant relationship between gender and smoking habits (p = 0.003), gender and handwashing (p = 0.000), gender and nutritional behavior related with fresh food consumptions (p = 0.026). There were no relationship between gender and nutritional behavior related to preserved/instant foods consumption (p = 0.463), nutritional behavior and fruit-vegetable consumption habits (p = 0.090). Conclusion: There is a relationship between gender and smoking and handwashing habits.

Latar Belakang: Jumlah remaja yang depresi dan merokok di Indonesia mengalami peningkatan yang cukup tajam. Literatur-literatur menunjukkan bahwa remaja yang merokok memiliki kemungkinan lebih tinggi untuk mengalami depresi dan remaja yang depresi memiliki kemungkinan lebih tinggi untuk merokok. Tujuan Penelitian: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara depresi dan merokok pada siswa SMPN 273. Metode: Penelitian analitik cross-sectional ini dilakukan di SMPN 273, Jakarta Pusat. Responden adalah 407 siswa SMPN 273 kelas 7, 8, dan 9 (47.9% siswa laki-laki dan 52.1% siswa perempuan) yang mengisi kuesioner depresi dan merokok. Depresi dinilai dengan menggunakan kuesioner BDI-II yang telah divalidasi ke dalam bahasa Indonesia, sedangkan merokok dinilai dengan satu pertanyaan yang membagi responden menjadi 4 kelompok yaitu perokok setiap hari, perokok kadang-kadang, mantan perokok, dan bukan perokok. Hasil: Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara depresi dan merokok pada siswa SMPN 273 (p = 0.000, OR = 2.502). Dari 30.2% siswa yang mengalami depresi, 2.5% siswa adalah perokok setiap hari, 5.4% siswa adalah perokok kadang-kadang, 10.8% siswa adalah mantan perokok, dan 11.5% siswa adalah bukan perokok. Kesimpulan: Depresi meningkatkan risiko remaja untuk merokok sebesar 2.5 kali. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa pencegahan merokok pada remaja perlu disertai dengan pencegahan dan tatalaksana terhadap depresi.

Objectives This study aimed to determine the effect of the use of a bipolar coagulator on postoperative pain and complications when used during connective tissue harvesting from the palate. Material and methods A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted with 57 sequential patients requiring a connective tissue graft for periodontal or implant surgery. All samples were harvested superficially and de‐epithelized outside the mouth. The patients were randomly allocated to two groups: in one group, the bipolar coagulator was used before suturing to control bleeding, and in the other group, the coagulator was not used. The surgeon was unaware of the randomization until the end of the harvesting phase. Self‐reported maximum pain, number of painkillers used, bleeding events, emergency visits at the clinic were recorded 7 days after surgery. Results Fifty patients were randomized and treated (seven were excluded for different reasons). The mean harvested area was 75.24 mm2 (SD, 33.96), and the mean thickness of the samples was 2.47 mm (SD, 0.75). The mean self‐reported pain value on the visual analog scale was 3.37 (SD, 2.30), and the mean number of pain medications used was 7.1 (SD, 6.60). Seven patients made an emergency visit each, and 17 delayed bleeding events were reported by 15 patients. No statistically significant differences were reported in postoperative pain, postoperative bleeding, and emergency visit to the clinic between the groups that did and did not use the bipolar coagulator. When smoking habits were taken into consideration, the number of pain medications was higher among male smokers and older smokers than among male non‐smokers and younger smokers. This study was not able to find a relationship between harvested sample dimension or thickness and postoperative discomfort. Conclusions The bipolar coagulator can be used during connective tissue harvesting from the palate to control bleeding without influencing postoperative pain.

Several countries insert statutory warnings about the adverse effects of smoking in movie and television (TV) content. This study tests the effectiveness of anti-smoking warnings as a prevention-based stimulus for non-smokers in TV programs. Study 1 (a qualitative study) finds that on-screen smoking can induce viewers to take up smoking. Study 2 tested anti-smoking warnings’ efficacy based on viewers’ smoking habits and finds that warnings are most effective in enabling viewers to resist persuasion when they are non-smokers. Study 3, using an eye-tracking device, examines the role of visual attention in the underlying processes. The proposed model compared four warning timings: no warning, warning prior to the content (PW), warning concurrent with the content (CW), and both warnings (both), which lead viewers to pay attention to the on-screen smoking, influencing critical processing (CP) and attitude toward smoking (ASM). Findings indicate that warning timing has a significant indirect effect on ASM, mediated by attention to the warning and on-screen smoking, and CP. There were no direct effects between warning timings and CP or ASM. Additionally, PW and both demonstrated a significantly higher indirect effect on CP and ASM than CW. As compared to CW, PW and both are more effective at countering the persuasion attempt of on-screen smoking. This study contributes to the literature on statutory warning timings, persuasion knowledge models, and healthcare policy.

LAY SUMMARY The purpose of this study was to learn more about the smoking habits of U.S. Veterans compared with the rest of the population and to find the best ways to help Veterans quit smoking. This study found that Veterans tend to smoke more than the general population and that some groups of Veterans smoke more than others. When helping Veterans to quit smoking, health care providers should use approaches that are based on evidence, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, cognitive processing therapy, mindfulness-based stress reduction, and biofeedback in addition to the traditional 3A cessation model (ask, advise, refer).

Central obesity is more predictive of measuring the risk of type 2 diabetes compared to anthropometric indicators of general obesity. The results of previous studies are still inconsistent and the causal relationship that had not been well explained between the determinant factors and the increasing incidence of diabetes mellitus. This study aims to determine the relationship between alcohol consumption and smoking habits in increasing the risk of diabetes mellitus in adult males and females who are central obesity in Indonesia. The analysis presented in this study was based on the data from a population-based, cross-sectional, nationally representative survey (Indonesian Basic Health Research 2018/RISKESDAS 2018). In total, 12726 men and 18637 women aged 18–65 years were enrolled. A validated questionnaire, smoking card, and alcohol card were used for the assessments. There was a significant difference (p

The prevalence of smoking habits among children and adolescents has increased quantitative and qualitative, which further elevates the risk of diseases. Furthermore, the 2014 Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) (data showed the intention to quit smoking by 88.2% of students, although only 24% received assistance in affiliated programs; hence support is required from the immediate environment. Therefore, the purpose of this research, was to determine the effect of counseling in the success of smoking cessation in junior high school students. The research design used was a prospective cohort. The subjects of this research include all junior high school students with the smoking habit, of which 40 participants were selected. These respondents were provided with smoking cessation counseling for six sessions (4 months). Survival analysis was used to evaluate the data collected. After the six counseling sessions, the cessation success and failure rates were 75% and 25%, respectively. Smoking cessation was related to nicotine addiction (p

Background: around 10,000,000 people is estimated to be death per year by 2020 because of smoking. Smokers emit smoke around 20,000 ppm of CO, when it is inhaled. It will become diluted with a concentration of around 400 until 5,000 ppm. This situation is dangerous because it will increase the COHb concentration in the human blood by up to 6.9%. It can prone to heart attacks. The purpose of this research is to analyze smoking habits and CO levels in the house with carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels in active smokers in 3 Districts of Kemaraya in Kendari City. Methods: The research was conducted using the Analytical Descriptive method. Data were collected by interview using a structured questionnaire and laboratory analysis. While the approach used is a cross-sectional study. The population in this study was 81 and the number of samples was 45. Results: The The results obtained were that there was no relationship between CO and COHb levels ( p value = 0.623> 0.05); there was a weak relationship between smoking and COHb levels (p value= 0.029

Background:From the results of a preliminary study conducted at the Kolakaasi Puskesmas and Latambaga Puskesmas, through direct interviews and direct observation that out of 10 (ten) health workers who were observed, 7 (seven) were active smokers and 3 (three) were non-smokers. Therefore, through this research, the researcher wants to conduct in-depth research related to the smoking habits of health workers in which a health worker should be able to provide a good example for the community. Methods:This research is an analytical survey using a cross-sectional approach. The population in this study were 106 all health workers in Latambaga District, with a sample size of 84 respondents using the sampling techniqueSimple random sampling. Result:Based onanalysis of the chi square test for the benefit variable having a significance level of 95% was obtained p-value = 0.000

While experimental and behavioral economics have extensively studied the role of both upward and downward comparisons of economic status, the latter have been largely neglected in secondary data studies. The scarce existing evidence shows mixed results and is essentially limited to analyses of subjective well-being in high-income countries. Using nationally representative data from Mexico with almost 45,000 personal records, we disentangle the role of absolute wealth, relative deprivation, and relative affluence as explanatory variables for smoking behavior. We find robust evidence of greater smoking at higher levels of absolute achievement and relative deprivation and lower smoking at higher levels of relative affluence. Results hold for a variety of indicators of smoking habits, reflecting both smoking prevalence and intensity. Compared to men, we find that women tend to have stronger associations between the three facets of economic status and smoking prevalence. Results are robust to the use of alternative functional forms and reference groups for the measurement of relative deprivation and relative affluence.

espanolEl objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las relaciones entre las formas de motivacion autodeterminadas, las necesidades psicologicas basicas y variables pertenecientes a estilos de vida saludables, asi como hallar las diferencias en funcion del genero, en estudiantes universitarios. Los cuestionarios validados se aplicaron a una muestra de 218 sujetos, 79 chicos y 139 chicas (M = 20,80 anos; DT = 2,12). Los resultados mostraron que las formas de motivacion mas autodeterminadas se relacionaron de forma positiva con las necesidades psicologicas basicas, y con variables de estilo de vida que realzan la salud, y de manera negativa con el consumo de tabaco. Ademas, los chicos presentaron niveles mas altos que las chicas en motivacion intrinseca y extrinseca, necesidades psicologicas basicas, habitos alimenticios, habitos de descanso y practica de actividad fisica. Se destaca la importancia de fomentar estrategias motivacionales para fomentar en los estudiantes un estilo de vida saludable. EnglishThe purpose of this study was to analyze the relationships between the types of motivation, basic psychological needs and factors related to a healthy lifestyle, as well as finding the differences based on gender, in university students. The data was collected from a questionnaire given to a sample of 218 individuals, 79 men and 139 women between the ages of 18 and 32 (M= 20,80 y DT= 2,12). The results show that the self-determined forms of motivation were significant, positively related with basic physiological needs, and with healthy lifestyles variables, but they were significant and negatively related with smoking habits. Additionally, men had a higher level in both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation compared to the women, as well as higher levels in basic psychological needs, eating habits, sleeping habits and physical activity. Encouraging motivational strategies to promote a healthy lifestyle in students is highlighted.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES To clarify the effects of intake of legumes and isoflavones on all-cause mortality in middle-aged and older Japanese. SUBJECT/METHODS The subjects were 2136 randomly chosen community-dwelling Japanese men and women aged 40-79 years who participated in a first-wave survey (1997-2000; baseline). The subjects were followed from baseline to December 31, 2017 (mean period of 16.6 ± 4.2 years). Intake of legumes, soybeans, and isoflavones at baseline was assessed using a 3-day dietary record with photographs. The relationships of intake amounts of legumes and isoflavones to mortality were assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression controlling for age, sex, education, employment, body mass index, smoking habits, medical histories, drinking, and energy intake. RESULTS There were 491 deaths during the follow-up period. We found inverse associations of the intake of total soy products and intake of each of the isoflavones with all-cause mortality (p for trend

Objetivos: Avaliar a associação entre hábitos de etilismo e tabagismo, e adesão à farmacoterapia antes da internação, em idosos hospitalizados e acompanhados por um serviço de Farmácia Clínica. Métodos: Estudo transversal, analisou prontuários de 218 pacientes do serviço de farmácia clínica em um hospital público, em Minas Gerais, entre 08/2014 e 01/2016. Os dados foram registrados em planilha do Microsoft Excel, seguido de análise Odds Ratio (OR), para avaliar associação entre a existência de problemas de adesão e hábitos de tabagismo, etilismo, ou ambos, em relação ao grupo sem esses hábitos. Resultados: Identificou-se OR 1,72 (P: 0,21) no grupo com hábitos de tabagismo, OR 2,38 (P: 0,05) em etilismo, OR 2,41 (P: 0,03) no grupo com ambos hábitos. Conclusão: Identificou-se que o grupo que relataram os dois hábitos, apresentou maior chance de problemas de adesão, quando comparado ao grupo controle. Contudo, recomenda-se realização de estudos mais amplos sobre esse tema.

Studies have shown that hair and nail samples can be used as a marker to assess occupational exposure to heavy metals. The objective of this study was to estimate the levels of heavy metals: Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Cadmium (Cd), and Manganese (Mn) in hair and nail samples of welders working in United Arab Emirates and to find an association between the heavy metal concentration with the parameters like smoking habits, exposure/day, years of experience and use of protective personal equipment (PPE). Hair and toes nail samples were collected from exposed and non-exposed subjects with respect to, social habits, exposure/day and years of welding experience. The levels of Pb, Cd, Mn, and Ni, in hair and toenails, assayed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. We observed that the metal concentration was higher in toenail as compared to hair samples in both the groups. Cd was significantly high in both the groups whereas, Mn in the hair was high in the exposed group. The Mn in hair was notably higher among smokers and the Cd in hair and Ni in the nail samples was significantly higher in the subjects with > 8 h/day exposure. The concentration of Cd and Ni in hair increased with increasing years of experience and was maximum in the subjects with welding experience of > 20 years. Our results signify that hair and nail samples can be used as an indicator to heavy metal exposure. Given that the present study shows high level of some metals in the hair and nail of welders, awareness of occupational hazards and annual assessment of welder’s health is necessary.

Altres ajuts: Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER); Italian League Against Cancer (LILT, Milan). Background: Population data on tobacco use and its determinants require continuous monitoring and careful inter-country comparison. We aimed to provide the most up-to-date estimates on tobacco smoking from a large cross-sectional survey, conducted in selected European countries. Methods: Within the TackSHS Project, a face-to-face survey on smoking was conducted in 2017-2018 in 12 countries: Bulgaria, England, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, and Spain, representing around 80% of the 432 million European Union (EU) adult population. In each country, a representative sample of around 1,000 subjects aged 15 years and older was interviewed, for a total of 11,902 participants. Results: Overall, 25.9% of participants were current smokers (31.0% of men and 21.2% of women, P < 0.001), while 16.5% were former smokers. Smoking prevalence ranged from 18.9% in Italy to 37.0% in Bulgaria. It decreased with increasing age (compared to