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Introduction: Leprosy is a chronic infection’s disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Program imposed by government is giving free treatment with MDT. However, it has not been successful in reducing the appearance of new cases. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyse the influence of interpersonal, situational factors, and commitment to action of family on preventive behaviour of leprosy transmission.Method: This study was descriptive analytic with the cross sectional approach, involve 14 respondents with the criteria were patients’ families of leprosy who were active treated in Kecamatan Semampir Surabaya. The independent variable were interpersonal, situational factors and commitment to action. The dependent variable was family behaviour on preventive of leprosy transmission. Data were collected by using questionnaires and observation, and then analysed by using multiple logistic regression test with a level of significance 𝛼

There is a growing stream of research on impulse buying behaviour, which is most likely conducted from retail purchasing context and was revealed that there are varieties of factors contributing to this behaviour. Generally, previous studies on impulse buying had focused on the factor that stimulates and influence the consumer to practice impulsive buying, which result in the variety of factors in the scope of the situational factor and individual factor. However, there is scarce conceptual and theoretical knowledge in marketing studies discussing the impulse buying behaviour from religious perspective. Therefore, the purpose of this conceptual paper is to review the perspective of Islamic religious towards the concept of impulse buying behaviour. It is essential to explore impulse buying behaviour from a different angle of view as this behaviour is normally conducted by all the consumers in this world. Therefore, a wide discussion of impulse buying behaviour from an Islamic perspective obviously will make some Muslim consumers understand how Islam treats this impulsive buying behaviour. In addition, this study surely contributes some additional knowledge towards a body of knowledge.

In this study, we examined the employee service dimensions which are associated with satisfaction and customers’ intention to revisit among Uzbekistani customers who visit halal restaurants in Korea. We also investigated the situational factor of the pandemic outbreak and the moderating role of the restaurant locations. A total of 264 respondents participated. The results revealed that behavior quality and appearance were important employee service quality dimensions for halal restaurants. However, interaction quality and expertise quality were not associated with satisfaction. The results may indicate that consumers did not prefer human interactions at the restaurants because of the risk of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). The results affirmed that customers who positively evaluated their restaurant experience showed a higher intention to visit again. Finally, the findings showed a moderating effect of the location (the capital city vs. others). The customers visiting restaurants in the capital city were likely to be satisfied with employees wearing masks and wearing clean uniforms. These findings could enrich the literature on the multidimensional aspects of service encounters at Uzbekistani halal restaurants considering the tangible and intangible service qualities of employees during COVID-19.

Flow theory postulates that flow experience is the most intense under high-challenge/high-skill conditions, whereas an excess of challenge is aversive. This study explores potential moderators that may offset the negative impact of overly high challenge on flow state. The literature suggests that a situational factor, teamwork, and a dispositional factor, flow proneness, may moderate the relationship between challenge and flow state. We tested these moderators with Hong Kong Chinese students whose optimal condition for experiencing flow was biased toward low-challenge/high-skill. A total of 128 participants played puzzles in three challenge levels both alone and in pairs. Although challenge level was negatively associated with flow state, dyadic (team) game (compared with solitary game) and flow proneness mitigated the negative relationship between challenge and flow state. These findings shed light on factors that promote enjoyment in challenging activities even among people in cultures that are ...

Guided by self- and functional-congruity theory, this experiment tested a model to determine (1) whether the effects of nutrient-claimed food advertisements are differentially predicted by self- and functional-congruities and (2) how identified predictive effects are moderated by health consciousness, an individual level factor, and perceived food healthiness (i.e., healthy and unhealthy foods), a situational factor. Self- and functional-congruities were predictive of four specific attitudes toward nutrient-claimed food advertisements; however, the predictive power of functional-congruity was stronger than that of self-congruity. Predictive relationships were moderated by health consciousness level, but not by the perceived healthiness of advertised foods. The results advance understanding of the information processing of food advertising in a nutrition-related messaging context, and indicate potentially significant theoretical, managerial, and policy implications.

Cheating is a common problem yet unresolved issue in the classroom. Some factors make the students cheat, and they do it continually. This article aims to find factors that influence student cheating behavior; the strategies used by the English teacher to overcome student cheating behavior; and the difference in student cheating towards gender. This research is a case study using a descriptive qualitative method. The subjects were UPT SDN 1 Rijang Panua, a sample of schools with 4-grade to 6-grade classes. The questionnaire and the interview were used to collect the data. Data analysis techniques were sequential-parts of the study by Starovoytova and Namango. The result shows that: 1) Three categories of factors that influence student cheating behavior namely a) the situational factor; b) the individual factor; and c) the teacher factor; 2) There are four strategies to overcome student cheating behavior in the EFL Classroom such as explaining the bad impact of cheating behavior, instill character education at an early age, give questions-answer or quiz exercises and give appreciation or praise; 3) there is no difference between cheating behavior based on gender

Since Pay-What-You-Want is a relatively new field of study, the influence factors during the pricing process are not sufficiently explored. It was hypothesized that in a hypothetical Pay-What-You-Want situation, increased social interaction and social norm compliance would lead to a higher willingness to pay for a travel mug. In a laboratory experiment, 79 German students were randomly assigned to three groups which varied in the degree of social interaction. Social norm compliance was assessed with a questionnaire. A 3 × 3 between-group factorial ANOVA showed a significant main effect for social interaction (p = 0.025, η2 = 0.08), whilst social norm compliance was slightly not significant (p = 0.067, η2 = 0.03). Follow-up comparisons were calculated and the results discussed. The findings implicate that especially the degree of social interaction should be regarded, both by researchers and practitioners, as an important situational factor influencing the price in a Pay-What-You-Want situation.

This study explores the flow experiences of collegiate athletes. NCAA Division I athletes and intramural athletes (N = 180) completed a series of measures on their flow experiences. Comparisons were made regarding the characteristics of flow, the perceived facilitators of flow, the frequency of flow experiences, and explored the role of perceived ability. Using a person by situation interaction framework, this study singles out perceived ability as a person factor and competitive level as a situational factor to more clearly examine flow experiences. Results indicated distinctions between the two groups. Mainly, the intramural athletes reported experiencing the merging of action and awareness, autotelic experience, transformation of time and having clear goals more frequently than the NCAA Division I athletes. No group differences were found for flow frequency or flow facilitators. Perceived ability was found to have a weak, but significant relationship with specific flow facilitators and characteristics.

Self-esteem is a positive evaluation of oneself that can facilitate optimal functioning. However, little research has focused on its antecedents in sport. Accordingly, we adopted an interactionism perspective and proposed that gratitude, a dispositional factor, will enhance an athlete's self-esteem and affective trust in coach, a situational factor, will strengthen such a positive effect. Athletes completed measures of gratitude, affective trust in coach, and self-esteem at Time 1 and self-esteem at Time 2 after 6 months. Results showed that athletes with higher levels of gratitude increased their self-esteem over time when they had higher affective trust in their coaches.

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether responses to sexual media content depend on personal and situational factors. Specifically, we studied the role of the personal factor impersonal sex orientation (IS) and the situational factor multitasking in the effect of sexual media content on involvement with the character, a concept that has received increasing attention as an explanation of sexual media effects. College-aged women who were low or high in IS watched a neutral scene or a sex scene. Half of the participants in the neutral and sex condition had to multitask (a tone detection task) while viewing the scene. In the sex condition, participants high in IS were more involved with the character than participants low in IS. Multitasking resulted in opposite patterns of involvement with the character in the sex condition: Participants high in IS became less involved with the character, whereas participants low in IS became more involved with the character.

Human behavior is affected not only by individuals' own psychological factors but also by the surrounding environment and the behaviors of others. Existing studies on tourists' responsible environmental behaviors tend to focus only on tourists' own psychological and environmental factors while ignoring the referential role of other people's behavior. The behavioral reference of others in tourist destinations is an important situational factor that affects tourists' responsible environmental behaviors and has important research value. Based on the theory of planned behavior and taking the Zhongshan Mausoleum Scenic Area as an example, this paper explores the influence of other people's behavioral reference on tourists' responsible environmental behaviors by using the multi-group analysis method of structural equation modelling. The results show the following: (1) Tourists' attitudes toward environmental behavior and subjective norms have a significant positive impact on their responsible environmental behavioral intention, perceived behavioral control has a significant positive impact on their responsible environmental behavioral intention and their responsible environmental behaviors, and responsible environmental behavioral intention has a significant positive impact on responsible environmental behaviors. (2) Tourist destination behavioral reference plays a positive regulatory role in the relationship between tourists' responsible environmental behavioral intention and responsible environmental behaviors. Accordingly, this paper proposes relevant countermeasures and suggestions for the high-quality management and development of tourist destinations.

This study examines social actor attribution to mobile phones in general settings and travel context. Informed by attribution theory and computing technology continuum of perspective model, the hypothesized relationships between social characteristics of mobile phones, users’ core self-evaluation, and social actor attribution to mobile phones were tested to determine the locus of causality of people’s social responses to mobile technology. Further, the influence of mobile phones use for travel-related purposes was investigated to examine the situation attribution explaining the perceived social roles of mobile phones in travel. The results demonstrate that perceived positive and negative social characters of mobile phones as well as self-efficacy, locus of control and self-esteem of users significantly influence social actor attribution to mobile phones. In a travel setting, the significant influence of situational factor on the social roles of mobile technology emphasizes the importance of anthropomorphism in the designing of mobile technology for travel. As a managerial implication, features of mobile technology should suggest the roles of mobile devices as personal travel companions and/or assistants to increase the persuasive power of mobile phones for tourists.

For decades, aggressive behavior among psychiatric inpatients has been identified as disruptive to the therapeutic environment and a workplace hazard. Most previous research has focused on individual patient risk factors with less attention paid to the situational, environmental, or therapeutic milieu factors that could influence violence rates. This review outlines the prominent areas discussed in situational factor research and presents recent theoretical models that integrate these factors. Based on the identified shortcomings in the available literature, suggestions for future research directions are offered.

This research explores the relationships among personal accomplish- ment, mentoring, affect, creative self-efficacy, and creative involvement. With a sample of working adults (N = 242), structural equation modeling results revealed that the data fit the theoretical model well in that creative self-efficacy fully mediated the relationships between personal accomplishment and creative work involvement and between mentoring and creative work involvement. Hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated that positive affect moderated the relationship between personal accomplishment and creative self-efficacy but negative affect did not, signifying that positive affect may be a necessary situational factor to optimize the personal accomplishment-creative self-efficacy link. In contrast, negative but not positive affect moderated the link between mentoring experiences and creative self-efficacy, suggesting that mentoring experiences associated with negative affect situationally may have been likely to have a significant consequence in weakening creative self-efficacy. The findings expand upon self-efficacy and mentoring theories by highlighting the importance of employing theoretically relevant moderating and mediating variables in research investigating the etiology of possible variables associated with vital workplace outcomes.

Метою дослідження є виявлення і аналіз ситуаційних факторів, що призводять до непорозумінь із клієнтами при наданні різних видів сервісу. Виокремлено фактори, що можуть зумовити такі непорозуміння з урахуванням минулого досвіду відносин між надавачами послуг та споживачами. Дослідження авторів здійснено на прикладі мереж роздрібної торгівлі в Ірані. Целью исследования является выявление и анализ ситуационных факторов, которые приводят к недоразумениям с клиентами при предоставлении различных видов сервиса. Выделены факторы, которые могут обусловить такие недоразумения с учетом прошлого опыта отношений между поставщиками услуг и потребителями. Исследования авторов осуществлено на примере сетей розничной торговли в Иране. The aim of this study is to identify and explore the situational factors, which lead customers to misbehave in service settings. This study is designed to develop a better understanding of different drivers of misbehaviours from situational factors’ perspective and examines the relationship of past misbehaviour and future misbehaviour intentions. The novelty point of this study is to illuminate the impact of situational factors on misbehaviour for the first time based on the background of Iranian culture. As the matter of fact that customer misbehaviour is prevalent in the Iranian chain stores, identifying the related antecedents especially from situation side is on the great center of attention.

How do consumers react when they believe that a transaction partner will view them through the lens of a stereotype? We predicted and found that being aware of a negative stereotype about a group to which one belongs (e.g., gender) made consumers sensitive to whether service providers were in-group versus out-group members and lowered purchase intentions when the provider was an out-group member. We observed stereotype threat effects across diverse marketplace settings: financial services (experiment 1), automobile repairs (experiment 2), and automobile purchases (experiment 3). Furthermore, we found that reluctance to purchase from out-group (vs. in-group) members was caused by heightened anxiety. The presence of a soothing scent, as a situational factor to alleviate anxiety, mitigated stereotype threat effects on marketplace decisions.

PurposePast research on brand extensions has been searching for conditions for successful brand extensions. Two contradictory response patterns between fit levels and extension evaluation have been observed in past studies. This study attempts to synthesize these seemingly contradicting past findings by considering a situational factor (i.e. situational involvement) and a consumer personality factor (i.e. consumer innovativeness) as moderating factors for the effect of extension similarity on evaluation of brand extensions.Design/methodology/approachAn experimental design with three factors (i.e. extension similarity, consumer innovativeness, and situational involvement) is used to test the hypotheses.FindingsIt was found that, under the high involvement condition, innovative subjects show a pattern suggested by the inverted U‐shaped hypothesis in their extension evaluations. Subjects in other conditions, on the other hand, show a pattern suggested by the fit hypothesis.Practical implicationsThe findings of the study provide useful implications to marketers who are considering brand extensions. Marketers may need different strategies depending on the degree of extension similarity and the characteristics of their target customers.Originality/valueBy identifying boundary conditions for successful brand extension, the findings of the study contribute to increase understanding in the brand extension literature.

According to classic psychological theories of motivation, success expectations induce high motivation and thus lead to high performance. However, recent researchers have found that people sometimes select subjectively worse performance goals, thus lowering their expectations so as to avoid future mistakes and regret. Therefore, our research was directed to answer the "when" and "how" questions?when are the classic relationships (i.e., the positive correlations between expectations and performance) most likely to occur and what self-regulatory principles underlie their occurrence. Applying regulatory focus theory, we hypothesized that regulatory focus moderated the relations between expectations and performance and that motivation served as a mediator and partially explained the mechanism. These hypotheses were tested through two studies, both of which used the game "Spot the Differences" as experimental materials and recruited undergraduate students as participants. Study 1 measured the level of expectations and manipulated temporary regulatory focus with task framing techniques. Study 2 measured individual chronic regulatory focus with Regulatory Focus Questionnaire (RFQ) to further test the moderating effects. In addition, considering that Study 1 didn’t support the main effects of expectations as presented in classic motivational theories, Study 2 applied within-subject experimental design and manipulated expectations through the difficulty of tasks. Motivations were manipulated as the time participants spent on the tasks in both studies, and their mediating effects were tested according to the procedures proposed by Muller, Judd, Yzerbyt (2005). The findings showed that: ①Regulatory focus moderated the relationship between expectations and performance. For promotion focus individuals, success expectations correlated positively with performance, which was consistent with classic motivational theories; For prevention focus individuals, the correlation was not significant. ②Motivation mediated the interactions—high success expectations raised the motivational strength of promotion focus individuals, thus resulting in enhanced performance; while it made no significant motivational impacts on prevention focus individuals. The present research deepens our understanding of the relationship between expectations and performance by considering regulatory focus as both a situational factor and s chronic individual difference. Furthermore, it extends the moderating effect of regulatory focus from realistic outcomes to outcome expectations. It also suggests that positive beliefs about further (e.g., high success expectations) do not always lead to positive outcomes, which may depend on their relationships with individual properties and situational requirement.

Смысловую установку можно рассматривать не просто как ситуативный фак­тор и не только как структуру, регулирующую актуальную деятельность, но как структуру, которая обладает возможностью выходить из контекста актуальной деятельности и оказывать влияние на целостное развитие личности, выступая одним из его факторов. Данный факт важен в подростковом возрасте, когда осуществляется активное становление смысловой сферы личности. Смысловые установки, будучи регуляторными структурами личности, являются одним из факторов успешного становления личности формирующегося человека.

Choosing the right counterpart can have a significant impact on negotiation success. Unfortunately, little research has studied such negotiation counterpart decisions. Three studies examined the influence of past negotiations on preferences to negotiate again with a counterpart. Study 1 found that the more favorable a past negotiated agreement the stronger the preference to negotiate with the counterpart in the future. Moreover, this relation was mediated through liking of the counterpart. Study 2 manipulated the difficulty of achieving a favorable agreement in the negotiation and found a significant effect of this situational factor such that subsequent counterpart preferences were less favorable when the negotiation was difficult. Similar to Study 1, this effect was mediated through liking of the counterpart. Study 3 examined the possibility of debiasing negotiator preferences from the biasing influence of situational characteristics by providing relevant information about the negotiation situation. Replicating the results of Study 2, negotiation difficulty affected counterpart preferences before additional information was given or when irrelevant information was given. However, once negotiators received relevant information on the negotiation situation, the effect of negotiation difficulty disappeared. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the moderating role of product involvement in predicting the effects of self‐concept and consumption situation on consumers' situational decision making.Design/methodology/approachAn experiment was conducted based on a two (self‐concept) × two (consumption situation) between group design. Participants' product involvement was treated as a covariate in repeated measures test to analyze the relationships between product involvement, self‐concept and consumption situation.FindingsResults suggested that, for consumers who were highly involved with the product, self‐concept and consumption situation were both determinant factors in a situational brand choice. For consumers who were not highly involved with the product, however, their situational brand choice was based solely on the situational factor, not their self‐concept.Research limitation/implicationsParticipants' pre‐existing attitude towards the brands might have influenced their answers. Only a single product category was used. The findings of this study can help us understand the underlying mechanism for the impact of self‐congruity and situational congruity. From a marketer's perspective, it seems logical to assume that both self‐concept and consumption situation are influential factors for those who find the product personally relevant, while only consumption situation is influential for those who are not.Originality/valueThe paper examines the interaction effect between self‐concept and consumption situation. It introduces a new variable, product involvement, to self‐concept research to extend our understanding of when self/situation congruity effects occur.

The dyadic interactions of industrial buyers and sales representatives is a topic of considerable interest in marketing but has received relatively little attention from academic researchers. In other disciplines; particularly organizational behavior, psychology and economics; there has been a large volume of research on negotiating and bargaining. This paper offers a conceptualization of negotiation in the industrial marketing context which should be helpful to researchers with interests in the interactions between buyers and sellers. This conceptualization focuses on the negotiation strategies of buyers and how these relate to situational factors and the strategies and tactics of the parties.

Nowadays, ineffectiveness of positive word-of-mouth is common, challenging companies' word of mouth marketing. Based on grounded theory, the paper conducted repeated studies by 55 respondents' information. This research proposed driving mechanism model of the ineffectiveness factors of positive word-of-mouth, then tested the saturation level of this mechanism. The results show that the relationship between senders and receivers, message factor, initial expectation, expectation gap, situational factor, psychological resistance have indirect impact on ineffectiveness of positive word-of-mouth. Moreover, message factor and consumer expectation have indirect impact on ineffectiveness of positive word-of-mouth that through psychological resistance, which formed the "message factor/expectation - psychological resistance -positive word of mouth ineffectiveness" driving relationship; the relationship between senders and receivers and situational factor play a regulatory role, which regulated the extent and intensity of "message factor - psychological resistance" and "psychological resistance -positive word of mouth ineffectiveness" relations.

Measuring support for, or opposition to, the international use of force is not an easy matter. As earlier research (Mueller, 1973; Larson, 1996a; Everts and Isernia 2001; Feaver and Gelpi, 2004) has shown, people are particularly sensitive to the circumstances under, and purposes for, which the use of force is either envisaged or actually taking place. Hypothetical cases as well as questions about the use of force before the decision to use this instrument has actually been taken may be especially misleading with respect to what can be expected in concrete and specific historical cases. Timing is also a relevant element in view of the ‘rally around the flag’ effect, or the tendency of people to support the use of military force, despite hesitations, once their government has taken a decision to do so (Mueller 1973; Brody, 1991; 2000).

Prosocial behaviour emerge based on some factors like situational factor and personal factor, including gender issues. Many researchers who have concern on prosocial behavior in different gender; among others is a study of meta-analyses of college student and senior high school conducted by Eagly and Crowley (1992), showing result that man are more helping than woman consistently. This research is conducted to study further the role of gender orientation in prosocial behavior. This research entangle 200 students in University of North Sumatra which consists of 100 man and 100 woman selected by using technique of incidental sampling. Scale of prosocial tendency relying on the forms of prosocial behavior by Amato (1990) and scale of role of gender orientation pursuant to Bem’s theory (1974) is used to measure the prosocial behavior. Reliability of prosocial tendency scale is equal to 0,962 and role of gender orientation scale is equal to 0,865. Data analyse by one-way ANOVA. Result of data analysis shows that there is difference role of gender orientation among groups of masculine, femininee, androgyny and unclassified in prosocial tendency; with F value = 3,279, probability of p = 0,022. And peculiarly visible difference is between group of androgyny and unclassified group, posed at with probability value equal to 0,018. Result of t-test indicate that there is difference in prosocial tendency between the subject group of man and woman, with F value = 1,888, probability of p equal to 0,014. Keywords: prosocial behavior, role of gender orientation, masculine, feminine, androgyny

Although the negative consequences and prevalence rates of sexual imposition are widely known through self-report surveys, currently there are few laboratory paradigms to examine the determinants of this type of behavior, especially peer sexual harassment. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of two types of peer interactions on peer sexual harassment among college students using a laboratory paradigm of sexually oriented joke telling as an analogue of sexual harassment. Results from two different experiments revealed an effect of type of peer interaction on sexually oriented joke telling. In Experiment 1, male college students, who were exposed to a male peer who modeled sexually harassing behavior, subsequently told significantly more sexually oriented jokes to an unknown female peer than did male students exposed to a male peer who modeled nonsexually harassing behavior. In Experiment 2, male college students, who were exposed to a male peer who was seemingly sexist in his interaction with them, subsequently told significantly more sexually oriented jokes to an unknown female peer than did male students exposed to a male peer who was seemingly nonsexist in his interactions with them. These results suggest that peer interactions may serve as a disinhibiting situational factor of sexually harassing behaviors perpetrated by male college students on female peers. The results also provide further validity for the use of a laboratory paradigm for the study of peer sexual harassment.

Research has demonstrated the importance of media context as a situational factor in advertising effectiveness. This preliminary study investigated the impact of a previously overlooked television context factor, the pre-commercial break announcement, during televised coverage of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games in the USA. Broadcast advertising is not part of the official Olympic sponsorship package and advertisers must negotiate television schedules in addition to sponsor fees. During the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games, the official US television network, NBC, included numerous pre-commercial break mentions spotlighting official sponsors as well as other advertisers who purchased commercial time during the event. This study investigated the impact of pre-break announcements on viewers' ability for distinguishing between official sponsors and regular programme advertisers. It was determined that these announcements do influence recall and increase the likelihood that any advertiser will be identified as a sponso...

One way organizations increase their competitive advantage is through innovative strategies that improve human performance. Human performance can be enhanced or constrained by situational factors that are introduced into the organization's work environment. One situational factor is the organization's workspace. This study examines the impact of a new workspace technology on individual privacy and on team interaction. The research found that the participants were generally satisfied with the visual privacy but not with the auditory privacy. The research also found that the participants were satisfied with the workspace's ability to facilitate team interaction. Implications of the findings are discussed.