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Meeting the global needs of consumers by applying a marketing concept is one of the key factors for competitive success and is a basis for positioning of enterprises, regardless of the nature of their activity or size. All enterprisess need a marketing concept, regardless of their size and business activity. Even though small enterprises, in terms of their size and flexibility have many specifics and differences, marketing is a universal concept in terms of fullfilling numberous factors of competitiveness. To achieve sustainable growth and competitive position, small enterprises should be oriented towards exploring the factors of the immediate and more wider environment and should identify approaches and strategies for market positioning accoding to the needs and demands of consumers. In this paper, a theoretical and emperical review has been made on the application of marketing research in small enterprises in Republic of Macedonia, in relation to several factors of their competitiveness. The analysis of the current situation of the use of marketing research, in terms of improving competitiveness, shows that small enterprises in the country do not sufficiently apply the marketing concept and marketing research for improving their competitiveness and their successfull positioning in the global market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper treats issues related to profitability of enterprises in tourism industry in the Republic of Macedonia. The aim is to calculate financial ratios for assessment of profitability level in tourism industry and to analyze them. Profitability is very important in determining the success or failure of a business for enterprises at whole, as well as for the enterprises in tourism industry. Higher values of profitability ratios indicates that operation of the enterprise is more efficient. It is obvious that profitability depends on many factors as: size of the enterprise, experience in the business, it's debts, leverage level, working capital utilization, inventory etc. The trend of these factors can serve as a guideline for planning of the increased workload or additional capital investment. Financial analyze from theoretical and practical aspect identifies many indicators for measurement of enterprise profitability. In that context, for the aim of this paper key ratios of profitability are estimated for enterprises in Macedonian tourism industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is generally accepted that the National Innovation Systems (NIS) are one of the most comprehensive systemic approaches that give insight into innovative and economic performance of a country. This insight is essential for policymakers to develop legislatives for enhancing the innovative performance and success of today’s knowledge based economies. The development of the NIS is a complex, path-dependant process due to the differences in the development of the main sectors involved: the academia and the industry. Macedonian later emergence of the NIS is explained by the fact that after 1990, with the collapse of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) there were significant losses in the Yugoslav, East and Central European markets. This process was accompanied by disintegration of many large industrial complexes, leading to a large number of bankruptcies and lay - offs. The existing strong governmental support for the scientific and research projects in the Federation was disrupted and disabled by these rapid changes, which was also reflected in the breakdown of direct links between academia and industry. The following two decades were transitional, and this period of recovery was terminated with the adoption of several strategic documents such as: industrial policy; program for science -research work and technological development; innovation strategy; and strategy for intellectual property. Finally, in 2013 the Law on Innovation Activity, which includes establishment of Innovation Fund, was adopted.This paper aims to retrospect the main activities for developing innovation infrastructure and enhancing innovation capacities. Moreover, it offers critical assessment of the improvements and the main challenges faced. The presented overview is designed to assist policymakers in further monitoring, evaluation and improvements, and to provide researchers with a solid base for the additional in - depth analysis of the impact of the implemented and proposed measures.

The objectives of the present study were to determine the production performances of sows on commercial pig farms in the Republic of Macedonia, to compare the differences in sow productivity data between small and large farms and to examine interrelationships of key production parameters among farms with different sizes. The study was retrospectively based and included the annual (2012) analyzes of the sow productivity data in small (

Job satisfaction has always been an interesting topic among the business community. One important aspect that gains more and more prominence is the relationship between physical aspects of the workspace and experienced level of job satisfaction. Although there is numerous research exploiting the link between workspace and job satisfaction in European and worldwide companies there is a lack of such research in the Republic of Macedonia and the Balkan region. Therefore the objective of this study is to investigate the relation between physical workspace environment, workspace satisfaction and employees’ job satisfaction in the banking and ICT sector in the Republic of Macedonia. The study is quantitative using a questionnaire as a main research instrument implemented among 250 employees. The analysis is concentrated on uncovering the impact of various aspects of the workspace design and personalization of the workspace on workplace satisfaction and through that on job satisfaction. The results confirm that workspace satisfaction and job satisfaction depend on various elements of workspace design. Therefore significant attention should be paid to employees’ perception of the workspace and the design of various aspects of the workspaces.

This paper focuses on students’ perception of the emotional climate as one important aspect of the culture of peace. The accent is placed on the conditions in the Republic of Macedonia which is a relatively young democratic society aimed to complete its European perspective of development. The research sample consists of students at the Faculty of Philosophy in Skopje. The theoretical basis of this study is given in the first part of the paper where the main characteristics and processes of the culture of peace are presented. Research results indicate that situation is not alarming but is either not so promising since there are many high scores on insecurity, anger, and fear measures, and many low scores on measures of social trust and security. Respondents are concerned about the future and mainly see the system as corrupt. They also question freedom of information, but not in so dark light. Findings are further discussed and future steps for strengthening and promoting the culture of peace in the Republic of Macedonia are presented as well.

The Republic of Macedonia has always been considered a highly intensive migration area, characterized by both exhaustive inner movements of its citizens, as well as continuous emigration processes towards other countries. This paper is focused on exploring and analyzing the volume, dynamics, trends, demographic characteristics, and the variability of migration flow modalities in the country during the first decade of the 21st century, as well as their conjunction and effects on the socio-economic factors. Having in mind the diversities of the migration flows within the country, the expected outcomes are projected towards discovering relevant information about their changes, their trends, and the interaction between the basic indicators being acquired by appliance of relevant statistical migration-related metrics and those portraying the statistical regions’ development in the specified period of time.

The vital statistic data analyses indicate major changes in the components of the natural increase of the population in Macedonia. The trend of decreasing number of births and increased number of deaths led to a reduction in the natural population increase rate that in 2013 reached the value of 1.9‰. At the beginning of the 21st century there are obvious differences in the values of the natural population increase in demographic and spatial aspect. Particular attention is given to the differences in the level of the population natural increase among municipalities and regions in the Republic of Macedonia. These problems come as a result of the impact of the social and economic transformations. This is the case of large part municipalities in Macedonia, which means that these municipalities are characterized by a negative population natural increase. At the same time, this leaves demographic, social and economic consequences to their development, followed by numerous problems. The main aim of this research is to determine the regional differences in the positive component of the population natural increase, i.e. crude birth rate, TFR and the natural increase rate and to identify the regions in the Republic of Macedonia that are highly disadvantaged.

The intercultural education is most explicitly accomplished through textbook contents which encourage interaction, exchange, desegregation, interdependency and solidarity among people belonging to different cultural groups living in the same territory. The main goal of the research was to determine the quantity and quality of content that point to intercultural education in the textbooks used in elementary schools in the Republic of Macedonia, where the medium of teaching is in Macedonian. The analysis includes 44 textbooks. The research involved both quantitative and qualitative research methods, the late involved using deductive defining of categories. Nine categories, important for intercultural education were distinguished: identity, cooperation and friendship, respect, tolerance, cultural relativism, stereotype, prejudice, oppression and labeling. The results showed that the highest percent of contents promoting intercultural is found in textbooks for Civic education and History, while the lowest one in Nature and Geography. From the analyzed categories, identity is highly present, followed by cooperation, friendship and respect of the other. Themes regarding the categories such as: stereotype, prejudice, labeling and oppression are least represented and are not even mentioned as negative examples of behaviors which are not to be practiced. As a conclusion, we can say that it is very positive that depreciation and discrimination of other cultures, ethnicities or religious groups are not present. However, there is demand and need to enrichtextbooks and syllabuses with large number of contents concerning above mentioned positive categories, in order to promote one set of values which are essential to build an intercultural society.

The main purpose of this paper is to estimate the impact of public investment on economic growth in Macedonia during the 2003-2014 period. Using the method of simple linear regression and ordinary least squares method (OLS) we will make assessment of the impact of public investment on economic growth in the Republic of Macedonia. According to the results of empirical research we proposed that public investments have a high impact on average real growth of the economy of the Republic of Macedonia. As we have found the majority of authors in their studies that public investments have a significant effect on the economic development of a country, and our results are of the same evaluation. Where possible we concluded that increasing public investment to 1%, would affect GDP growth for 0:35%. Since t-test shows that t = 1.26, is greater than 0.05 we may conclude that this ratio has significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concession as a precondition for relatively reserved right, gives the foreigners almost equal rights as domestic citizens of the Republic of Macedonia. Our goal is to address the legal aspects and the procedure of giving the right to concession. This paper is mainly qualitative research of desk work on International private Law, Law on public procurements, Law on concessions and public private partnership in the Republic of Macedonia along with a case study on Concession on power plants in the Republic of Macedonia. Renewable energies are the future, which is why law researchers and law makers need to contribute in making of better laws that adapt to upcoming events in the energy field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmacoeconomics is new and modern health science, implemented in developed societies, to play core role in creating health policies. The main aim of pharmacoeconomic analysis is development of science methodology for evaluation of costs and outcomes of treatment, evaluation of economic parameters in the face of outcomes of clinical results, from different treatment options. Pharmaceutical companies implemented pharmacoeconomic principles for diversifying marketing approach and market access in pharmaceutical development. New healthcare systems demand increased costs for medical care, pharmaceutical products and medical devices. Process of medical costs for evaluation of costs evolved, indirect and hidden costs are part of sole process of evaluation. Health authorities from one side and pharmaceutical companies from other side developed unique methodologies for evaluation. With these implemented changes, traditional concept for evaluation of efficacy and safety of medical devices and pharmaceutical products was overbridged and pharmacoeconomics is base for research, development, registration, reimbursement, as well as dispensing and follow the life cycle of medicines. Results from antibiotic consumption analysis in Republic of Macedonia at 2016 showed that total antibiotic consumption and antibiotic consumption per DDD/1000 citizens is according to average EU trends, mostly similarly to the usage trends of low-income countries. But usage of new and innovative antibiotic is on very low level, which indicates the need of further implementing of pharmacoeconomic analysis and principles in decision making process, for improved health care for the patients. The ultimate goal of implementing the pharmacoeconomic system in each country is enhancing the benefit to the patient through improved resource allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender balance in the part of the Balkan and the Republic of Macedonia is still a topic that is highly discussed. Social changes that took place at the end of the 2000 in our country caused rapid transition and a need for amendments of the policy and adjustments in accordance with the European standards in almost all areas of functioning of the society. As a result of this we have to adjust management of sport events with the recent requirements and trends. We are looking for new system solutions, new sources of funding, strong relations between sport, law and economy through sponsorship, marketing and donation, TV right and fair conditions for efficient transformation of the ownership and privatization of sport organizations in the Republic of Macedonia. Our theoretical preassumption that gender of respondents might influence the perception of sport and sports organizations of citizens of the Republic of Macedonia has been set out by differences between genders and the opinion of citizens about sports organizations in our country. In this paper we surveyed 411 citizens from all regions in the Republic of Macedonia, and analyzed their attitude in terms of gender. Namely, they are aware that on the Balkans the impact of male population is still dominant which is largely confirmed in our study were the majority of respondents being supporters to (and active participants in) sports and sport organizations as an institution. For this reason we decided to research this gender balance as a phenomenon in modern age, and provide an opportunity for the male population to be involved in management process in sports organization as an institution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to notify which cost management tools are used by hospitality enterprises in the Republic of Macedonia and to clear that managers need cost management tools in order to make right decisions. Having on mind that tourism industry is becoming one of the rapid growing industry in the world, Macedonia has to be in trend with those changes as small and open economy. Hospitality enterprises should stress their attention on many questions, but very important one is the question realted to managing of financial resources on optimal level to survive and to reach their main goals. Luck of cost control or luck in implementation of different possible tools for cost management in hospitality enterprises leads to unfavorable performance results especially in those industries where costs are on a very high level, or they are important part of the final price of products and services. For that purpose, theoretical and empirical questions will be treated in this paper. For the empirical research, for gathering data, structured questionnaire has been used. Conclusions will shed light on hospitality enterprises and contribute to their performance improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A notable aspect of the ageing process in the Republic of Macedonia is the progressive demographic ageing of the older population itself. In the period 1921-2002 the number of persons aged 60 or over increased three times, and of those older than 80 it was almost doubled. In the period 2005-2015 this process was intensified and these indicators amounts 23.7% and 53.1%. These changes are accompanied with significant regional differences and concentration of half of the old age contingent (80+) in Pelagonia and Skopje regions. This trend implies deeper changes in the current policy for social protection of elderly people, particularly for their institutional care. Today in the institutions for social protection of older population (65+) could be accommodated only small part of them (0.5%). Demographic ageing of the older population implicates serious challenges for the social care of the older persons in the forthcoming period, especially in certain regions of the country. They will be manifested in many domains: capacities for institutional care for the old persons; the implementation of the norms and standards for work of this institutions; skills and competencies of the necessary personnel; participation of the forms of non-institutional care; etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main characteristic of Macedonian agriculture is traditional extensive agriculture present in mountain areas, which is main precondition for the development of organic production. In recent years, the Republic of Macedonia notes increased inters for organic agriculture; in the organization of the organic sector are included: producers, cooperatives, associations, counseling stakeholders, control and certification bodies and government institutions. Practice shows that there is a lack of organization and coordination among them, which results with unstable sale of organic production. The attempt of the paper is to explore and analyze the organic agriculture production in the Republic of Macedonia in order to show some perspective trends for further enhancing and development of organization in the form of policy or strategy for quality work and organization of organic sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on the assessment of the Macedonian business environment based on analysis and comparison of selected global indices and ranks of competitiveness and quality of the business regulation and on the evaluation of the foreign trade relations with the Slovak Republic based on the calculation of the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) Index. The Macedonian market has the potential to develop foreign trade activities with Slovak business entities, on the other hand, it is also a problematic territory to a certaint extent, as the current development of Macedonia is marked by the tense internal political situation that has persisted since the elections in April 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the years in the Republic of Macedonia, agricultural subsidies are enlisted as determinant of farm incomes, farm productivity and the overall national agricultural sector evident in her national budgets, grants and aids from the European Union. However, there is yet empirical findings that evaluate the impact of agricultural subsidy on the performance of agricultural sector of the Republic of Macedonia. Therefore, this paper aimed at examining the causal relationship between agricultural subsidy and performance of agricultural sector, using time series data for the study obtained from State Statistical Office and World Bank and analysed using Augmented Dickey Fuller and Pairwise Granger Causality Test. Also. We found that though the relationship between subsidies and agricultural development was not significant, subsidies had a negative impact on agricultural productivity. This clearly reflects the inefficiencies of government subsidization policy of the agricultural production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses subversiveness in visual arts and how its practitioners oppose, transgress and seek changes in the existing social order. This art often employs forms of activism which affect public spaces, such as squares, streets and crossroads, aimed at involving the public in existing societal problems and challenges. The focus is on the recent events in the Republic of Macedonia where artists are intervening in the social and political conditions. Identifying these practices in the Republic of Macedonia contributes to wider debates that highlight engaged forms of artistic actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During two botanical expeditions in the Republic of Macedonia in 2017 (Mts Šar Planina and Mt. Jakupica), two plants were found that are new for the flora of this country: Campanula wanneri Rochel in Mt. Jakupica and Carduus ramosissimus Pančić in Mts Šar Planina. The plant species habitats and phytogeographic importance of these new findings were discussed within the scope of their newly established distribution patterns in the Balkan Peninsula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease in cattle caused mainly by Mycobacterium bovis and to a lesser extent by Mycobacterium caprae. The other members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) can also cause the disease in domestic and wild animals and all of them have a zoonotic potential. The main purpose of the study was to determine the presence and distribution of the tuberculous lesions in reactor cattle, and to isolate and identify the causative agents of bovine tuberculosis in the Republic of Macedonia. Lymph nodes and affected organs from 188 reactor cattle slaughtered due to a positive intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin test were analyzed by detection of tuberculous lesions, followed by isolation and molecular identification of the isolated mycobacteria. The isolation was performed on selective media - Lowenstein Jensen with glycerol, Lowenstein Jensen without glycerol and Stonebrink medium supplemented with pyruvate. The molecular identification of the MTBC members was performed by analysis of the Regions of difference (RD1, RD9 and RD4) and detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the lepA gene for Mycobacterium caprae. Typical tuberculous lesions were detected in 62 animals (33.0%) and the lesions were most prevalent in the mediastinal lymph nodes (47.5%). The isolated mycobacteria in the MTBC were identified as Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium caprae and were found in both animals with visible lesions (82.2%) and animals without visible lesions (27.7%). The slaughterhouse postmortem examinations and laboratory investigations should be included on regular bases in order to improve the National eradication program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesiovesuvianite (IMA 2015-104), ideally Ca19Mg(Al,Mg) 12Si18O69 (OH) 19, a new vesuvianite-group member, was found in an old museum specimen labelled as vesuvianite from the Tuydo combe, near Lojane, Republic of Macedonia. It occurs as radiating aggregates up to 2 cm across consisting of acicular tetragonal crystals (up to 7 mm long and 5-40 μm thick) with distinct fibre-optic effect. Associated minerals are calcite, grossular--andradite and clinochlore. Single crystals of magnesiovesuvianite are transparent, light pink with a silky lustre. Dominant crystal forms are {100}, {110}, {101} and {001}. The Mohs' hardness is 6. The measured and calculated densities are 3.30(3) and 3.35 g/cm³, respectively. Mineral is optically uniaxial, negative, ω = 1.725(2), ε = 1.721(2). The chemical composition (wt. % electron-microprobe data) is: SiO2 36.73, Al2O3 20.21, CaO 36.50, MgO 1.80, MnO 0.18, FeO 0.04, Na2O 0.01, H2O 3.10, total 98.37. The empirical formula based on 19 (Ca + Na) apfu is: (Ca18.99Na0.01)Σ19.00(Mg0.60Al0.40)Σ1.00(Al11.05Mg0.70Mn0.07Fe0.02)Σ11.84Si17.84O68.72(OH)9. Absorption bands in the IR spectrum are: 393, 412, 443, 492, 576, 606, 713, 802, 906, 968, 1024, 3200, 3450, 3630 Cm-1. The eight strongest lines of the powder X-ray diffraction pattern are (I-d(Å)-hkl): 23-10.96-110, 22-3.46-240, 33-3.038-510, 100-2.740-432, 21-2.583-522, 94-2.365-620, 19-2.192-710, 25-1.6165-672. Magnesiovesuvianite is tetragonal, space group P4/n, unit-cell parameters refined from the powder data are a 15.5026(3), c 11.7858(5), V 2832.4(2) Ų, Z = 2. The crystal structure has been refined to R1 = 0.027 for 3266 unique observed reflections with Fo ≥ 4σF. The structure refinements provided scattering factors of the Y1A,B sites close to 12 e- that supports predominant occupancy of these sites by the Mg2+ cations, in perfect agreement with the 27Al MAS NMR data. Magnesiovesuvianite is a member of the vesuvianite group with Mg2+ as a dominant cation at the Y1 site. The name magnesiovesuvianite is given to highlight the species-defining role of Mg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The international law which regulates the formation, functioning and legal capacity of international organizations, and also the international law in the United Nations system, are always relevant and subject to progressive development, because the international relations are in constant dynamics. Each newly created state has one major foreign policy goal during its first years of formation or after obtaining independence -- admission to the membership of the United Nations. That is because the decision of admission to the membership of the UN guarantees the country's statehood which can no longer be questioned. The country becomes part of a global community of nations -- the international community. Therefore, the present paper is a qualitative research regarding the admission of new states to the international community, and the decision-making process concerning the admission of new Member States to the UN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Macedonian Journal for Criminal Law & Criminology is the property of Macedonian Association for Criminal Law & Criminology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Documenta Praehistorica is the property of Documenta Praehistorica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper explores the influence of the attitude and opinion of citizens of the Republic of Macedonia, by their ethnicity, on the importance of sports diplomacy as a new phenomenon and necessity for developing societies. New trends and capitalization of the sport have led to the need to impose this topic, including the popularity enjoyed by sports athletes and sport (individual or collective) and its social function and social role. With the development and promotion of professional sport in the international sports cooperation, the fight for prestige and reputation of the country in international relations through sport and major sporting achievements, and the need for organized conduct of policy and operational activities in the field in terms of global social movements, opens new questions about sport diplomatic activities in the field of sports, especially the problem of qualified and quality sports professionals and staff to carry out this prestigious job. For this purpose we surveyed 150 respondents in the Republic of Macedonia by random choice, by their ethnicity, in order to see whether there is an influence on their attitudes and opinions of what it means and whether there is a need to of institutionalization and organization of sports diplomacy in our political system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Yearbook of the Faculty of Law in East Sarajevo / Godi&#353njak Pravnog Fakulteta u Istočnom Sarajevu is the property of University of East Sarajevo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One genus and six species: Eupithecia breviculata (Donzel, 1837), Drymonia velitaris (Hufnagel, 1766), Conisania renati meszarosi Varga & Ronkay, 1991, Enterpia laudeti (Boisduval, 1840), Albocosta musiva (Hübner, [1803]) and Narraga tessularia (Metzner, 1845) are reported for the first time for Serbia (SRB). Two genera and three species: Dyscia raunaria (Freyer, 1851), Dryobota labecula (Esper, [1788]) and Dichonioxa tenebrosa (Esper, [1789]) are reported for the first time for Republic of Macedonia (MC). One subfamily, one genus and three species: Charissa pentheri (Rebel, 1904), Eublemma pudorina (Staudinger, 1889) and Acosmetia caliginosa (Hübner, [1813]) are new for Bulgaria (BG). Two genera and four species: Gnophos dumetata Treitschke, 1827, Epimecia ustula (Freyer, [1835]), Orectis proboscidata (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851) and Nyctobrya amasina (Draudt, 1931) are reported for the first time for the Republic of Montenegro (MN). Metachrostis velocior (Staudinger, 1892) is new for Albania (AL), Shargacucullia gozmanyi G. Ronkay & L. Ronkay, 1994 is new for Greece (GR). Several other species are confirmed for these countries. Some rare species, known before from a few localities in the explored countries are reported and illustrated here as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In case when an economy of a country is in crisis, the country by indebting itself creates a possibility of taking some investment projects into realization all for the purpose of having them act as stimulators of the economy. Excessive indebting or the irrational use of borrowed funds can have negative consequences for both the domestic economy and the future generations as well. Thus, it is of great significance to determine public debt dynamics and to establish basis for giving projections of its trends in future. The projections about the trends of the economic variables represent very complex operations. For the purpose of making such projections, the economics relies on econometric modeling. These projections are further subjected to additional practical and theoretical processing all for the purpose of obtaining as relevant and as precise results as possible. The research gives a detailed analysis of the public debt dynamics and its structure in the Republic of Macedonia for a period of 16 years. Then, a close inspection is given to the way certain factors influence the public debt in order to project its trend in the future by making use of an econometric model. The projections obtained in this manner can further represent a basis for further decision-making on behalf of the fiscal policy makers in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of life insurance is triggered by several determinants of socioeconomic origin, which at the same time are the most relevant ones. The most relevant determinant for the development of the life insurance is the Gross Domestic Product. In this paper we made structural analysis on the development of the life insurance in The Republic of Macedonia and Switzerland, but this analysis is extended on some other developing countries in order to get more relevant analysis and results. Besides the fact that the structural model for the development of the life insurance is the same, trends of development for different group of countries are different. The analysis, presentation and characteristics of these differences is one of the aims of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are number of tourists daily travelling and visiting various places and sites in the Republic of Macedonia. For better navigation and discovering new places some of these tourists use travel guides. The purpose of this paper is to make a contribution to the history of tourism, and to the history of travel guide literature published for Macedonia. This paper presents the historical development of the printed travel guides in Macedonia, from the first printed in 1854 until today. Since the emergence of the first travel guide until today, we define three stages of development: the first from 1854 to 1944, the second from 1945 to 1991, and a third from 1991 onward. This paper gives a description of the oldest travel guides and a historical review of the existing travel guides presented in a summary table. For full accomplishment of the research, we have reviewed the existing literature related to travel guides and we have used the Internet for obtaining important information related to this specialized tourist literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has two goals. The first goal is to investigate the influence of stock market development on economic growth for a group of 14 transition economies from the Central and South-East European (CSEE) region in the period 2002-2012, while the second is to analyze the main characteristics and specificities of the stock market in the Republic of Macedonia. To fulfil the first goal, we apply panel regression models (fixed and random effects) and a dynamic panel model (Generalized Method of Moments - GMM), while we use a single country approach and comparative analysis to examine the main characteristics of the Macedonian stock market. The estimated results indicate that stock market development is positive and significantly correlated with economic growth. Additionally, the comparative analysis of the stock market in the Republic of Macedonia suggests that the Macedonian stock market is still underdeveloped and faces a number of challenges before it can enter a new phase of development after the negative impact of the global financial crisis. Those challenges include capital market regional integration and the harmonization of legal and institutional frameworks such as bankruptcy procedures, accounting and reporting standards, public sector regulatory bodies, corporate governance and a liberalized trade regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internationalization of the banking sector has had a tremendeous impact on financial integration and economical development. It offers banks the possibility to determine and establish their optimum size, to provide economies of scale and range, to diversify their activities and to increase their revenue and profitability. The purpose of this paper is to determine the effects of the entry of foreign capital in the banking sector in the Republic of Macedonia. The results of the research show that despite of the large number of conflicting opinions in relation to the benefits from FDI in banking, in the case of the Republic of Macedonia, it can be concluded that in general, the effects were relatively positive and they appeared in the form of increased loans, modernization of the equipment and technology used by the banks, as well as greater availability of services to banks, due to the investments in the opening of new branches and offices in the country. The entrance of foreign banks and groupations in the Macedonian banking sector resulted in higher competition, decreased prices of banking products and services and lower number of banks on the market. The consolidation of the banking industry stimulated strong competition, where competitors are more capable, offer better quality of the bank services and products, as well as new products and services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the capital market in the Republic of Macedonia. The analysis identifies and explains whether capital market development is influenced by economic growth. The focus of the paper is to determine the effects of different factors on the capital market development in the Republic of Macedonia. For these purpose a multivariate linear regression is conducted using the data from 1997-2013. The analysis indicates that the capital market in the Republic of Macedonia is small and underdeveloped. Therefore the economic growth factors taken into consideration for the research have not shown considerable impact on the capital market due to its underdevelopment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural production faces many risks that makes agriculture a notoriously risky business. Issues of high price risk caused by potential price instability and production risk resulting from variations in the levels of production that primary producers can achieve from their current activities, are the main concerns to the agricultural sector. This is especially highlighted in developing countries where agricultural producers are severely exposed to uncertainties of the weather, prices, disease and socio-economic environment that makes them live in extreme uncertainty and on the line of survival. It is clear that risk management in agriculture is a crucial issue. In this since, insurance, as a market based risk management instrument, is of great importance for agriculture, particularly in developing countries. Objectives of this paper are to review and analyze conceptual framework of agricultural risk management and insurance, as a risk management strategy. Focus will be given to the situation with agricultural insurance in the Republic of Macedonia. At the end of the paper, conclusions and some recommendations will be drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic agricultural production offers safe, healthy and high quality food for all. It's being produced by certain standards and approved by certificates that are issued by third party (certification body), which assures that organic standards are respected. It's an approach in which quality addresses all factors that participate in the production of organic food. The organic farming is a way of breeding and processing plants and livestock. The operation is follows one principle which is to create quality in all aspects. This triggered the research on the possibility of applying a managerial method on the creation of the idea that the quality is a liability and responsibility to everyone which is achieved with full commitment and a constant improvement in all aspects of the operation (TQM). The implementation of TQM in the organization of work in associations of producers of organic products will improve the organization in general will achieve higher level of development and maintain itself on the market. The implementation of TQM in the operation of associations of producers of organic products should start by educating their presidency and then pass it on to all members and to change. The purpose of the paper is to explore the possibilities of implementing the training under the principles of TQM in the associations of producers of organic products in the country. Therefore, members of the associations of producers of organic products in Republic of Macedonia were surveyed on a previously prepared questionnaire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews the brain drain trends from the Republic of Macedonia and its implications in the last two decades. Since 2008, the Republic of Macedonia is in a group of the ten countries with most intensive brain drain. As for the brain drain impact the following conclusions can be drawn: Direct "brain drain" effects are manifested in the reduction of the economic growth and innovation capacity of the country due to the human capital decrease; The long-term unfavorable brain drain implications on the research and development are evident, particularly in terms of the availability of scientists and engineers and quality of scientific research institutions; Feedback effects also are unfavorable because return of the highly educated emigrants is very small and occasional; Brain drain rise is not accompanied by an increase in remittances, and there isn't significant impact on the diaspora and technology transfer; Brain drain accelerate the population and labor force ageing and the reduction of the reproductive population because of its family character and longevity. The article concludes with proposals for policy approaches towards a more systematic treatment and integrated approach of the pre-emigration measures by placing the emphasis on the retention of the tertiary educated population though educational sector policies and economic development, and post-emigration measures, particularly creation of diaspora networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is focused on issues related to operating efficiency and effectiveness of hospitality industry in the Republic of Macedonia. For that purpose, financial ratios for assessment of operations success in hospitality industry will be analyzed. Financial ratios are measures of operating efficiency in the use of funds of enterprises. They show whether the available capacity of enterprises is properly utilized and whether assets are effectively managed. Indicators of efficiency of operation bind the income statement and balance sheet and associate relationship workload of the enterprise and the necessary funds for its maintenance. Higher values of these ratios indicates that operation of the enterprise is more efficient. The trend of these factors can serve as a guideline for planning of the increased workload or additional capital investment. In contrast, the trend of declining indicators of turnover of assets indicates that enterprises had not sufficiently exploit their facilities, or has a lower efficiency of use of funds, leading to a drop in profits. The results of research in this paper show real trend of financial ratios in hospitality industry in the Republic of Macedonia for the analyzed period, due to different factors. For better operating results of those enterprises there are measures that should be undertaken in the forthcoming period on micro (enterprise) level as well as on macro (industry and national) level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of this paper is the analysis of the role of the textile industry in the national economy of the Republic of Macedonia. The main objective is to consider what determines the actual structure in this particular industry and how it affects the national economic categories, such as: the gross domestic product, exports and the level of employment. The research resultspresent that more than one third of the total exports, as well as more than one third of the employed population in the manufacturing sector accounted for the textile industry, but this industry creates only 3% of the national GDP. Conclusions reveal that the above mentioned statistics is due to the very low level of additional value among all the products that consist this industry’s exports. It is expected that the developed countrieswould tend to keep the creative activities of the manufacturing process in their own terms and transfer the basic production activities in other less developed countries. But the textile companies from the countries in the South-East Europe (among which is the Republic of Macedonia) could play the role of a bridge between the modern textile brands and the niche producers in MiddleandFar East.

In this paper, the author is pointing out the activities of the border police in the Republic of Macedonia, mostly to reveal the criminal activities at the Macedonian borders in the period of 2012. Namely, the author analyzes data related to the illegal crossing of the state border, illegal stay of foreign citizens in the Republic of Macedonia, reject entering of foreign citizens into the Republic of Macedonia, foreigners who request asylum in the Republic of Macedonia, number of persons that are using false documents, etc.

The goal of this paper is to examine the long and short-run determinants, and stability of money demand (M1) in the Republic of Macedonia using monthly data from January 2005 to October 2012. The Johansen cointegration technique and VECM model were used to fi nd the long-run and short-term dynamic relationships in money demand model. Empirical results provide the evidence that exchange rate and interest rate payable on denar time deposits up to one month explains the most variations of money demand in the long-run, while interest rate is signifi cant only in short-run. Long-run money demand function is estimated to indicate slow speed of adjustment of removing the disequilibrium. Our fi nding shows that real money demand M1 in the Republic of Macedonia is stable in the analyzed period. The results obtained in this study suggest that the National Bank should carefully monitor the exchange rate and infl ation as two most important indicators of monetary policy, because these two determinants are the main drivers of demand for money in the short and long term.

This paper deals with the description of the reforms in higher education in the Republic of Macedonia, made in the last decade. More precisely, the aim of this study is to discuss the implementation of Bologna principles in Ss. Cyril and Methodius University by comparing the reports from both the internal and the external evaluations in two follow-up periods (between 2002/03 and 2005/06, and between 2006/07 and 2009/10). Several official documents are analyzed for this purpose. The results show that the European credit transfer system (ECTS) in first and second cycle of studies is applied in every member of the University and a number of positive changes have been made in all areas of its activity. However, some expected difficulties and weaknesses are pointed out, due to the objective economic situation in the Republic of Macedonia or to the subjective understanding of “Bologna philosophy”. Apart from official reports, a view from inside can bring on surface additional examples of ECTS misinterpretation and illusion of progress. To avoid the catch of distorted Bologna, it is suggested all participants in this process to take seriously recommendation for improvement given by European University Association.

The process of the remaking the holiday calendar in the Republic of Macedonia (RM) has started immediately after the state gained its independence. Until present day it has been a dynamic process with few important features. Being a management process, it should have been a comprehensive redefinition of the holiday system, according to the postulates of the democratic, pluralistic, de-secularized societies. The text analyses the dynamics and characteristics of the transformation of the festivity calendar in the Republic of Macedonia starting from 1991, until present day (2008).

Strategic planning is an important element in the organizational success and the key to effectiveness and overall competitiveness of the organizations. Strategic planning practice and effectiveness has been the subject of much academic debate in the Western context, but little empirical research and comparative analysis exists on this subject in emerging and developing countries. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between strategic planning and the organizational effectiveness with the examination of a wider list of strategic planning dimensions and different approaches and measures to assess the strategic planning effectiveness in the case of the Republic of Macedonia, as well as to conduct comparative analysis of the strategic planning effectiveness in different emerging and developing countries. After the initial processing of the total number of received questionnaires, 113 questionnaires proceeded to the next phase of processing, as companies were found to be strategic planners. Two regression models were performed, enclosed with necessary tests, as well as in order to achieve unidimensionality, factor analysis was performed for all stated items for each of the investigated variables. The empirical analysis conducted in Macedonian companies shows that strategic planning can generally contribute to organizational effectiveness. A significant correlation between different strategic planning dimensions and the strategic planning effectiveness was found in the relationship between the formality of strategic planning, the management participation in strategic planning and the employee participation in strategic planning. The comparative analysis conducted in this study with the purpose of comparing the case of Republic of Macedonia with the studies in the other emerging and developing counties, and indicating the probable reasons for potential differences in strategic planning effectiveness in different counties, refers to useful knowledge conclusions. The originality and the value of the study for the literature and theoretical knowledge lies in the attempt for the strategic planning effectiveness to be investigated for first time on the ground of many emerging and developing counties from the regions of Eastern, Central and especially South-Eastern Europe, as well as for a comparative analysis to be conducted with several non-European emerging and developing counties, with useful conclusions about the strategic planning and its relationship with organizational effectiveness Practical implications refer to setting up the different dimensions of the strategic planning practice in a way that will enhance the strategic planning effectiveness and give useful suggestions to managers by focusing their efforts on the effective strategic planning practice. Considering that this study has been conducted in the Republic of Macedonia and that the strategic planning practice can be subject to some contingencies i.e. some cultural and institutional environment influences, much can be done in future research in this direction.

In order to understand the youth’s growing apathy and cynicism towards society, this paper examines the relationships between civic engagement, volunteerism, parental support, peer support, the support of the educational system, extra-curricular activities, religious affiliation, as well as attitudes among high-school students in the Republic of Macedonia. A representative sample of 3607 high-school students in thirteen towns across the country indicates that the support from the educational system, involvement in extra-curricular activities and trust in institutions, society and oneself are the strongest predictors of civic engagement and volunteerism. Parental support (whether respondents engaged in discussions about civic problems with their parents), while important in the past, loses its significance in the present. Discussions with peers seem to replace the role of the parents. Religious affiliation is not meaningfully related to civic engagement and volunteerism. Theoretical and practical implications in regard to social integration are discussed.