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Melanoma is a skin cancer caused by a malignancy of melanocytes. Incidence of melanoma is rapidly increasing worldwide, which results in public health problems. Primary extracutaneous melanomas can be ocular, gastrointestinal, mucosal, leptomeningeal, genitourinary, and lymphatic. The relationship between exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light and development of melanoma is intensively acute and complex, and intermittent sun exposure greatly increases the risk of melanoma. It is the fifth most common type of cancer in men number and the sixth most common in women. The diagnosis of melanoma is made through clinical assessment of the pigmented by health care professionals. Architectural features of malignant melanoma including asymmetry, confluence of growth, marked cellularity, and poor circumscription. The cytological feature of malignant melanoma include an irregular and thick nuclear membrane and prominent nucleoli. The preventive measures include reducing exposure to UV light and the sun. The early detection of skin cancer greatly reduces both short- and long-term morbidity and mortality. The treatment and follow-up with the doctor for melanoma patients may differ because of the stage of the tumor and the primary lesion. The typical therapy for malignant melanoma is surgical excision, immunotherapy such as interleukin 2 (IL-2), gene therapy, and biochemotherapy.

Oral cancer (OC) ranked as eleventh malignancy worldwide, with the increasing incidence among young patients. Limited understanding of complications in cancer progression, its development system, and their interactions are major restrictions towards the progress of optimal and effective treatment strategies. The system-level approach has been designed to explore genetic complexity of the disease and to identify novel oral cancer related genes to detect genomic alterations at molecular level, through cDNA differential analysis. We analyzed 21 oral cancer-related cDNA datasets and listed 30 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Among 30, we found 6 significant DEGs including CYP1A1, CYP1B1, ADCY2, C7, SERPINB5, and ANAPC13 and studied their functional role in OC. Our genomic and interactive analysis showed significant enrichment of xenobiotics metabolism, p53 signaling pathway and microRNA pathways, towards OC progression and development. We used human proteomic data for post-translational modifications to interpret disease mutations and inter-individual genetic variations. The mutational analysis revealed the sequence predicted disordered region of 14%, 12.5%, 10.5% for ADCY2, CYP1B1, and C7 respectively. The MiRNA target prediction showed functional molecular annotation including specific miRNA-targets hsa-miR-4282, hsa-miR-2052, hsa-miR-216a-3p, for CYP1B1, C7, and ADCY2 respectively associated with oral cancer. We constructed the system level network and found important gene signatures. The drug-gene interaction of OC source genes with seven FDA approved OC drugs help to design or identify new drug target or establishing novel biomedical linkages regarding disease pathophysiology. This investigation demonstrates the importance of system genetics for identifying 6 OC genes (CYP1A1, CYP1B1, ADCY2, C7, SERPINB5, and ANAPC13) as potential drugs targets. Our integrative network-based system-level approach would help to find the genetic variants of OC that can accelerate drug discovery outcomes to develop a better understanding regarding treatment strategies for many cancer types.

Background;Propose of presence study was to evaluate the knowledge of Baluchistan’s people about cancer. Cancer is a disease which can occur at any time, any age and anywhere in the world. It is caused basically by certain types of disease, infection, mutation and due to genetic abnormalities. Method; For purpose to check the basic awareness of people of Baluchistan province (Pakistan) a randomized survey was design. Almost 1200 subjects from district Quetta, Killa Abdullah and Zhob were interviewed. Results; Results showed that people of living in urban areas had more basic awareness about cancer than other rural ones. Conclusion; It has been concluded that it is because of educational difference the awareness level is also different. As there is more educational development in urban areas as compare to rural areas so people living in rural lack basic awareness about cancer.

Breast cancer is affecting the women in both developing and non-developing countries in a dangerous ratio. Estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α) controls a number of physiological processes. Its over expression is seen in breast cancer. Estrogen positive breast cancer can be treated by hormone therapy, that's why we focused on anti-estrogen natural molecules. A library of 5022 phytochemicals was searched, and selected top molecules based on their drug scoring. Fulvestrant was used as the reference drug. 4 molecules showed more drug scoring than the standard and these include Kushenol K, Flavobin, Kushenol N and CHEMBL66996 in descending order. All these molecules were further assessed for their other biological activities and found better than the standard. Therefore, these compounds may be used effectively as antagonists of ER-alpha receptor and as potential candidates against breast cancer.

Topical candidiasis is a known skin fungal infection which is usually treated by conventional dosage forms such as cream, gel, emulgel which are having numerous adverse effects on skin. To overcome such disadvantages, different novel drug delivery systems have been considered. Polymer based nano-particulate systems have shown good skin penetration after topical application. Therefore, in the present study the main focus was on the pathology, pathogenesis, and consequently topical treatment of candidiasis. Nanogel containing miconazole have been prepared from the natural polymers i.e. gelatin and chitosan. The nanogel of miconazole (100 mg) nitrate was formulated by modified emulsification-diffusion technique and characterized for different parameters. From all the seven nanogel formulations named as F1 to F7, F1 (Gelatin and Chitosan in the percentage of 82.85 and 17.15 respectively) have been selected as model formulations. The reason behind that was as per ICH stability guideline, the formulations F1 was found optimum and stable. Miconazole nanogel formulations F1 also showed the maximum release i.e. 78 % approximately. XRD showed the formulated nanogel was in crystalline shape. In summary, the miconazole nanogel drug delivery systems have two main advantages i.e. they are topical preparation as well as nano sized. It can be postulated that nanogel may be a best approach to treat the fungal skin diseases.

Objective of the here studies was to correlation the urine bilirubin with wrist-watch likeliness. A total strength of 200 performers were performed. All students belong to the institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Bahauddin Zakariya University of Multan Pakistan. To measure the urine bilirubin and questionnaire was precipitation relation to urine bilirubin and their high interest if wrist-watch likeliness. In the here study was both male and female. 120 females and 80 male performances in this project. Most of the performers 60-100 have higher like of wrist-watch likeliness. While most students 40-100not interest the wrist-watch likeliness.

Currently probiotics are considered as an emerging therapeutic strategy in the treatment of many liver disorders. The use of probiotics beyond infection of intestinal flora is a very helpful approach. The optimistic effect of probiotics has been observed in treating the hepatic cirrhosis, hepatic encephalopathy, viral hepatitis, irritable bowel syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver and alcoholic liver disease. The characterize mechanisms of probiotics are still unknown but may involve in, maintaining a microbial barrier against potential pathogens, reducing the production of bacterial toxins, modulating the immune system, intestinal permeability, and the inflammatory response. Its safety issues, effectiveness, food supplements as its source are still to be studied. However, studies revealed that probiotic therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma and in portal hypertension are still weak. Larger clinical studies are required before probiotics can be recommended as a treatment modality in liver diseases.

Cells that protect us from infectious disease called white blood cell. There are five main types of leukocytes and they have short life cycle. Due to high range of white blood cells in urine mostly women have urinary infection. Large number of cells into urine give positive result normal range of them in urine 0 to 6 per high power field. One can reduce the urinary infection by adopting healthy life style. By eating falooda it is beneficial for our health but some time by eating too much it may cause cardiovascular disease and hyperglycemia.

The objective of present study was to evaluate knowledge about “Erythema Infectiosum”. Erythema Infectiosum is also well-known as Fifth disease. It is a viral illness generally found in kids. This infection is initiated because of parvovirus B19. It blow outs through the mucus from the nose or mouth of an infected person. This disease reasons a bright red “slapped cheek” rash. The virus transmits a disease to only humans. The symptoms of fifth disease bring in some cold, slight fever, body pains, and minor rashes on face, headache and fatigue. In adults, it may have not any indications or sometimes arise the typical rash, joint pain and swelling. The more signs can involve anemia, fast breathing, rapid pulse, temperature and sick feelings. From questionnaire paper, this type of disease is not present in population on large scale. The very low number of individuals has faced it but most of them remained alive with moderate treatment. So, we must not be panic after diagnosing of this infection.

Tenidap is a derivative of Flavonoids which are actually plant derivatives, it shows inhibition activity of 5-lipoxygenase. Molecular models were directed to discover molecular docking mode, also to help explain molecular tool behind its inhibitory action

Casuarinin is tannin with many medicinal properties. It has antiproliferative, antioxidant, Anti herpes simplex virus (HSV) activity and anticancer activity. Anticancer activity of Casuarinin has been proven in breast cancer, non-small lung cancer, oral tumor and leukemia by different experiments. However further work is required to establish how this tannin system can be best manipulated for therapeutic benefit. This review focuses on the use of this tannin as a medicine for cancer treatment.

Phage therapy is important for treatment of drug-resistant pathogens as compared to antibiotics in this modern era. Since 1966, bacteriophages have been used as antibacterial agents and played a very crucial role in the expansion of molecular biology. Bacteriophages have been used to treat infection in Western medicine along with antibiotics. Antibacterial agents against the antibiotic resistance strains have been discovered. The lytic bacteriophage used for treatment in conventional phage therapy have shown hopeful results in human clinical cases. In animal models and in vitro studies, phages are used as therapeutics. Bacterial pathogens decreased with use of dual therapy of antibiotics and phages. Variation in intracellular targets of the type II DNA topoisomerases acquired by recombination with the fluoroquinolones have shown resistance. This review summarizes the role of Streptococcus pneumoniae in phage therapy. The study condenses the biochemical and structural data described for Streptococcus. pneumoniae biofilms.

Transposable elements (TEs) have shown a great significance in regulatory elements research, being responsible for different types of cancers. They are divided into three classes on the basis of their mode of transposition, structural properties, and their homology with DNA sequence. In evaluating their role in cancers and other pathologies, researchers have found extensive evidence of their involvement. TEs can also be used as genetic markers for cancers and help in identifying potential therapeutic targets. There have been advancements in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma using TEs as regulatory components involved in the cancer's pathogenesis.

Human infection by HIV is spreading rapidly. The spread of the virus is generally organized and transmission can be rectal, oral, or penile. Several types of cells are susceptible to viral invasion. The appearance of symptoms during infection can vary, but the presence of the virus can be confirmed by testing for the antigen p24. The ELISA test is used to detect viral p24 antigen and antiviral antibodies. This technique is approved for the purposes of clinical practice. Highly active antiretroviral therapy is usually a costly and lengthy treatment for HIV infection. A rapid point of care test has also been developed to detect acute infection. There is a need for preventing HIV infection and improving antiretroviral therapy. The treatment regime currently constitutes drugs that have the capability to concentrate in the genital tract of both males and females, as well as the use of integrase inhibitors that rapidly reduce viral load.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a proinflammatory cytokine that decisively induces the development of insulin resistance and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) through the generation of inflammation by controlling differentiation, migration, proliferation, and cell apoptosis. The presence of IL-6 in tissues is a normal consequence, but its irregular production and long-term exposure leads to the development of inflammation, which induces insulin resistance and overt T2DM. There is a mechanistic relationship between the stimulation of IL-6 and insulin resistance. IL-6 causes insulin resistance by impairing the phosphorylation of insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate-1 by inducing the expression of SOCS-3, a potential inhibitor of insulin signaling. In this article, we have briefly described how IL-6 induces the insulin resistance and pathogenesis of T2DM. The prevention of inflammatory disorders by blocking IL-6 and IL-6 signaling may be an effective strategy for the treatment of insulin resistance and T2DM.

We design the project to link influenza and leukocytes. In our research project one hundred people included. The subjects belonged to university. It was University from Pakistan Bahauddin Zakariya. The students were of age 21 to 25. There was a link between influenza and urine leukocytes.

Influenza generally known as flu is due to viruses that contaminate the respiratory region. It can result in light to cruel sickness, and may cause death. The influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 took life of a lot more people than the World War 1. Peramivir that inhibits the purpose of the viral neuraminidase protein of influenza virus, therefore stopping the virus from replicating through budding from the host cell has been shown to have hindrance against virus.