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Two types of grain-boundary glasses, one phosphorous rich and the other phosphorous poor, have been discovered during a detailed electron- and ion-microprobe study of spinel peridotite xenoliths exhumed from the mantle lithosphere of the Massif Central by Neogene alkali basalts. The high-P glasses are SiO 2 poor and enriched in CaO, rare earth elements (REEs), Ba, U, and Rb and have large negative Ce anomalies on chondrite-normalized REE plots. The low-P glasses are SiO 2 rich and have variable major and trace element compositions reflecting mixing between in situ partial melts of the host mantle and the high-P melt. The major and trace element compositions of the P-rich glasses strongly resemble those of phosphatic sediments and suggest their derivation by partial melting of a sedimentary protolith subducted under the Massif Central during the Hercynian orogeny. Selective assimilation of similar P-rich melt veins from the lithospheric mantle may account for the high-P contents of some Tertiary-Quaternary basalts from the Massif Central.

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is potentially correctable by bone marrow transplantation if a patient has a suitable histocompatible donor. In the absence of an HLA-matched donor, lethal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), which is mediated by alloreactive donor T cells, may occur. In an attempt to prevent GVHD in one SCID patient lacking a matched donor, we treated maternal haplomismatched bone marrow with a unique nonmitogenic T-cell-specific monoclonal antibody (anti-T12) and complement to remove mature T cells. Despite the removal of greater than 99% mature T cells, the child developed significant life-threatening GVHD, which was terminated by a 5-day course of intravenous anti-T12. Subsequently, immune reconstitution occurred by 6 wk: the mature circulating T cells proliferated in response to soluble and allo-antigens in vitro and provided help for B-cell immunoglobulin synthesis. The patient was removed from a protective environment and discharged without evidence of further infection. Both HLA and chromosomal analyses showed that the circulating cells in the patient were of maternal origin. More importantly, the maternal T cells were no longer reactive with recipient cells. Mixing experiments indicated that the state of tolerance that resulted in this chimera was not due to active suppression. We conclude that HLA-mismatched transplantation for SCID can be undertaken if mature alloreactive donor T lymphocytes are depleted before and after bone marrow grafting.

Thick accumulations of pyroclastic deposits have emanated from the Mt Misery volcano on St Kitts, Lesser Antilles, during two major eruptive episodes (2-3000 and 41000 a BP). Systematic logging of coastal sections in the northern part of the island has revealed a variety of deposits, including pyroclastic flows, surges and intermittent air fall. Palaeosols and one laterally persistant surge deposit provide important marker horizons, permitting correlation of the intervening and less persistent flow deposits. Block and ash flows (traditionally termed nuee ardentes) can be subdivided into andesitic Pelean-type and basaltic andesite St Vincent-type deposits, closely corresponding to the products of historic pyroclastic eruptions in the Lesser Antilles. Finer grained ash flows are equally voluminous and comprise scoria, semi-vesicular andesite and mixed magma and ash deposits. A significant pyroclastic surge component has been recognized with characteristic bedforms. Field evidence suggests that there is a continuous gradation between flow and surge deposits. Collectively the pyroclastic flow deposits are all of the small volume type and are commonly stratified, with poor to moderate sorting and coarse tail grading. Where thickly developed they show an internal depositional sequence compatible with the standard ignimbrite flow unit. Well developed bedforms include steeply incised U-shaped gullies eroded by the infilling flows. The depositional characteristics of these pyroclastic flows appears to be a function of the physical properties of the magma on eruption, initial flow magnitude, potential energy and degree of topographic channel formation. In general grain-size and the erosive potential of the flow increases with increasing channel formation, whilst sorting and the degree of stratification decrease. The development of graded bedding is, however, apparently unaffected.

The type II pulmonary epithelial cell is the recognized site of surfactant synthesis and storage. Results of recent studies indicate that the thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), may be important regulators of surfactant production and/or release. Direct and indirect immunofluorescence techniques were used in an attempt to demonstrate binding of T3 and T4 in monolayer cultures of isolated type II cells. These cultured epithelial cells are clonally-derived from adult rat lung, retain a diploid karyotype through 35 population doublings in vitro, contain granular inclusions (lamellar bodies) in the perinuclear cytoplasm, and synthesize phosphatidylcholine via the CDP-choline pathway. In isolated type II cells, either of two fluorescent patterns was observed: (a) nuclear fluorescence accompanied by a reticular perinuclear network; or (b) diffuse cytoplasmic accumulations with concentrations around perinuclear cytoplasmic inclusions. Ultrastructurally these inclusions had the typical appearance of lamellar bodies. Histochemical studies demonstratedthat these inclusions contained surfactant-associated nonspecific esterases and stained with Nile blue hydrochloride. The positive reactions with these two recognized markers for pulmonary surfactant indicate that these inclusions are indeed lamellar bodies, the putative sites of surfactant synthesis and/or storage. These findings suggest that the type II pulmonary epithelial cell contains specific binding sites for thyroid hormones, and support the hypothesis that thyroid hormones are regulators of surfactant metabolism.

Cord blood lymphocytes from premature and stressed term infants were phenotyped and contrasted with T and B lymphocytes from healthy newborns at term. Cytofluorometric analysis shows that in the early third trimester, 80-85% of fetal T cells belong to the T4+ inducer population, and 10% to the T8+ suppressor/cytotoxic subset. As gestation progresses, the T4:T8 ratio shifts toward adult values and there is an increase in expression of the mature antigen, T12. The B-cell-differentiation antigens B1, B2, and B4 do not appear to change during gestation in healthy infants. Antenatal stress which threatens fetal survival, however, leads to circulating cells of both lineages which are phenotypically less mature than expected for gestational age. Most notably, in response to severe antenatal hypoxic stress, cells expressing the very early B-cell markers B2 and B4 increase and exceed the numbers of more mature B1+ cells in cord blood.

(1944). A Study of Arm and Shoulder-Girdle Strength of College Women in Selected Tests. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 258-267.

(1948). Physical Efficiency Tests for College Women. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 62-69.

In a previous paper by one of us it was shown that when an insulator of specific inductive capacity K rotates in a magnetic field there is an electro­motive force induced in it equal to that in a conductor multiplied by 1 — K -1 . The object of the experiments described below was to measure the induced electromotive force in a magnetic insulator rotating in a magnetic field parallel to the axis of rotation. According to the theory based on the “principle of relativity” this induced electromotive force should be equal to that in a conductor multiplied by 1 — ( μ K) -1 , where μ is the magnetic permeability of the insulator, whereas on the theory of H. A. Lorentz and Larmor the appropriate multiplier appears to be 1 — K -1 , as for a non-magnetic insulator.

A case of successful midtrimester fetal thoracentesis is reported. Several chest taps were performed in a fetus between 20 and 23 weeks' gestation to relieve the large and progressing pleural effusion. Analysis of the lymphocyte subpopulations in the pleural fluid showed differences in cell mix when compared with that of our previous, equally successful reported case.

The soldier beetle eye is unusual in having large optically isotropic corneal cones which project inwards from a thick isotropic cornea. Refraction is mainly at the corneal surface. Calculation shows that the first focal plane is near the tip of the cone, from which the optical pathway continues as a crystalline tract. At the distal end of the crystalline tract, 3 micrometer in diameter, the four cone cells enclose the proximal tip of the corneal cone; at the proximal end they enclose the distal tip of a long fused rhabdom rod. The eye is remarkable in that there are two classes of retinula cells; four cells contribute to the long thin axial rhabdom, 2 micrometer in diameter and 120 micrometer long, and the other four cells form two rounded rhabdoms, 10 x 4 micrometer in cross-section and 20 micrometer deep, which lie to one side of the optical axis. The physiological properties of individual retinula cells were measured by intracellular recording. The retinula cells are of three spectral types with peaks near 360, 450 and 520--530 nm. Except by the criterion of spectral sensitivity, the retinula cells sampled could not be sorted into more than one class. The measured value of the acceptance angle, near 3 degrees in the dark-adapted state, is consistent with the hypothesis that all sampled cells were of the anatomical type that participate in the central rhabdom rod. A calculation of the theoretical field size of individual retinula cells from measurments of refractive index and lens dimensions predicts that cells which participate in the central rhabdom will have acceptance angles near 3 degrees. The conclusion, therefore, is that only one anatomical type of cell has so far been sampled.

Direct and indirect immunofluorescence techniques were used to localize the thyroid hormones triidothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in adult rat thyroid gland. Optimum dilutions of the antisera were established and four tissue fixatives were investigated for usefulness in this technique. Use of antibodies specific for either T3 or T4 resulted in brilliant fluorescence in the colloid pools and apical cytoplasm of follicular cells. In all cases, the adjacent parathyroid gland was devoid of fluorescence. This report demonstrates that these dipeptide hormones can be localized by using immunofluorescence techniques.

Peridotite xenoliths entrained in Plio-Pleistocene alkali basalts from Sardinia represent fragments of the uppermost lithospheric mantle, and are characterised by an anhydrous four-phase mineral assemblage. They range in bulk rock composition from fertile spinel–lherzolites to residual spinel–harzburgites. The Sr–Nd isotope and trace element composition of clinopyroxene mineral separates varies between LREE-depleted samples with 87Sr/86Sr as low as 0.70262 and 143Nd/144Nd up to 0.51323 and LREE-enriched samples with 87Sr/86Sr up to 0.70461 and 143Nd/144Nd down to 0.51252. The available data suggest that all the studied peridotite samples suffered variable degrees of partial melting during Pre-Mesozoic times (based on Nd model ages relative to CHUR and DMM). The overprinted enrichment is related to a subsequent metasomatism, induced by fluids rising through the lithosphere that preferentially percolated the originally most depleted domains. Despite the occurrence of orogenic volcanism in the area, preferential enrichment in elements typically associated with slab derived fluids/melts (K, Rb, Sr, Th) relative to LREE has not been detected, and metasomatism seems to be more likely related to the infiltration of highly alkaline basic melts characterised by an EM-like Sr–Nd isotopic composition. Similar 87Sr/86Sr–143Nd/144Nd compositions, characterised by an EM signature, are observed in anorogenic mafic lavas and peridotite xenoliths from widespread localities within the "European" plate, whereas they have not previously been recorded in peridotite xenoliths and associated alkaline mafic lavas from the stable "African" lithospheric domain.

Large volumes of trachyandesitic-dacitic lava flows and pyroclastics of Miocene age are associated with small volumes of alkali basalt lava flows in the Galatia volcanic province, northwest Central Anatolia, Turkey. The volcanism postdates continental collision, occurring in a transtensional tectonic setting associated with movement along the North Anatolian Fault zone. Major and trace element (including REE) and Sr-Nd isotope data and K-Ar ages for representative samples of mafic-intermediate volcanic rocks have been obtained from a series of localities within the province. The K-Ar age data indicate that alkali basalts were erupted during two distinct time periods in the Early Miocene (17–19 Ma) and Late Miocene (

The oceanic island arcs should represent the least complicated type of subduction related magmatism. Theoretically they represent an environment in which contamination by continental crustal materials does not occur. Basaltic lavas from most island arc systems have Sr, Nd and Pb isotope characteristics that do not deviate substantially from the normal arrays of mantle derived magmas. However, their distinctive trace element geochemistry requires a distinctive mantle source composition which is most readily achieved by metasomatism of the lherzolite of the mantle wedge by fluids ascending from the upper surface of the subducted slab. Such fluids may be variably enriched in 87 S r/ 86 Sr, in which case they will induce deviations from the Nd-Sr mantle array. In marked contrast, a range of basic to intermediate lavas from the Sunda-Banda arc of Indonesia and the Lesser Antilles island arc have a significant continental fingerprint to their isotopic compositions and show marked deviations from the Sr-Nd and Pb isotope mantle arrays. These data could be explained by the involvement of a terrigenous sedimentary component in the genesis of the slab derived fluids. However, they could equally reflect high level contamination of the ascending magmas by sediments in situ at the base of the island arc crust.

Two opposing theoretical positions have been posited regarding the child's graphic development. For nearly 100 years the first article of faith assumed by art educators has been that universal biological unfolding and personal disposition were the only two factors that really counted so far as children's artistic development was concerned. A few psychologists have also fallen under the spell of this belief, most notably Arnheim, who in reacting to Wilson and Wilson's (1977) suggestions that the culture influences children's productions, indicated that if children were not protected from cultural influences their very mental health would be at stake (Arnheim, 1978). Art educator's beliefs and fears not withstanding, social psychologists suspecting little of the "dangers" of cultural influences on graphic productions, have amassed a small but growing body of research showing cross-cultural differences in children's graphic productions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the interaction between biological unfolding and culturally related factors on the drawings of children. Virtually every study of children's drawings has assumed either the biological or the cultural position. In this study both are assumed to be influential factors. Most previous studies have focused almost exclusively on drawings of the human figure. This study deals not only with the human figure but also with the amount of action shown in figures and with changes in the implied distance between viewer and subject as shown in a sequence of related narrative drawings. The findings of the study support hypotheses relating to the interaction of natural and nurtural influences on children's drawings. Theoretical Background and Hypotheses One of the most important investigations of cultural influence is Dennis' (1966) massive study of the responses of 40 different cultural groups to the Draw-a-Man test. In testing subjects, primarily at ages six and seven, he found group scores ranging from highs of 125 and 124 for selected American and Japanese samples, through 94 and 93 for Lebanese and Egyptian samples, to a low of 56 and 53 for Syrian Bedouins and the Shilluk of Sudan. Dennis accounts for this 75 point difference in performance among cultures on the basis of two factors-the degree of modernization in the culture and the extent of the artistic background in the culture. Dennis discounts four other hypotheses that might account for the large group differences. Specifically, he argues that the difference could not be accounted for by (a) heredity and biological factors, (b) differences in the amount of schooling, (c) differences between urban and rural populations and (d) differences in literacy and education of the parents. But in offering artistic heritage and industrialization as the key factors Dennis does not really offer much in the way of explanation. It is even possible that what Dennis observed was essentially different levels of graphic development resulting from varying kinds of encouragement given to children's art activities. It is also possible that, in time, with the same innate unfolding proceding at different paces, the young people in all cultures would draw figures in essentially the same way. Dennis' general descriptive methods, however, preclude such a conclusion. As culture influences the form of drawings it also influences their content. In a study of 2,382 boys comprising 26 cultural

(1977). An Iconoclastic View of the Imagery Sources in the Drawings of Young People. Art Education: Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 4-11.