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Schneiderian membrane perforation (SMP) is the most common complication during sinus floor elevation (SFE). Conventional methods to repair SMP, such as using a collagen barrier, may be clinically demanding. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of collagenated bone substitute materials with and without a collagen barrier to repair SMP during SFE in terms of new bone formation and dimensional stability. In 12 rabbits, intentional SMP was made during bilateral SFE. The rabbits were randomly assigned under two groups: the control group, in which the sinus was repaired with a collagen barrier, and the test group, in which the sinus was repaired without a collagen barrier. Collagenated bone substitute material was grafted in both groups. Healing periods of 2 weeks and 4 weeks were provided in both groups. There were no adverse clinical events. Histology revealed that the Schneiderian membrane had atrophied with loss of cilia and serous glands in both groups at 4 weeks. Histomorphometry revealed that the newly formed bone (test: 0.42 &plusmn, 0.17 mm2, control: 0.36 &plusmn, 0.18 mm2 at 2 weeks, test: 1.21 &plusmn, 0.36 mm2, control: 1.23 &plusmn, 0.55 mm2 at 4 weeks) or total augmented area did not significantly differ between the two groups at either time points (p &gt, 0.05). In conclusion, collagenated bone substitute material without a collagen barrier demonstrated similar new bone formation and dimensional stability as that with a collagen barrier in repairing SMP.

An overview of advances and progress on the KSTAR plasma control improvement is given. The enhancement of the KSTAR plasma control system (PCS) continues in order to enable implementations of more sophisticated control algorithms and capabilities of integrated controls on magnets, gas, heating and off-normal event handling. Features and functionalities on the generic magnetic controls, kinetic controls and new fault scheme design are added for the operation space expansion, mainly regarding recent achievements of high plasma current up to 1.1 MA for 10 s, high-performance long pulse up to 90 s, and discharges relevant to ITER research. Technical challenges and prospective upgrades in the near future are described.

Background: A third of knee osteoarthritis presents with bilateral symptomatic arthritis. In these patients, treatment options include either a staged Unilateral Total knee arthroplasty (UTKA) procedure, or a simultaneous Bilateral TKA (BTKA) procedure. Even though literature regarding outcomes in BTKA procedure has not consistently been favorable, it remains popular in select patients due to use of a single anesthetic, shorter overall surgical time, lower cost and lower overall use of narcotics. African Americans (AAs) have lower utilization and worse outcomes in UTKA literature. It is unclear whether these racial variations extend to BTKA. Objectives: We sought to examine BTKA vs UTKA utilization rates and outcomes comparing AA and White patients. Methods: National Inpatient Sample (NIS) - Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) database (2007-2016) was used. We identified all patients ≥ 50 years who underwent elective primary TKA using ICD-9-CM code 81.54 for UTKA and BTKA from January 1, 2012 to September 30, 2015, and ICD-10-CM codes 0SRC0x and 0SRD0x thereafter. Patients with inflammatory arthritis, pathologic fractures, metastatic disease and avascular necrosis were excluded. Major in-hospital complications included post-operative myocardial infarction, prosthetic device complication, surgical wound infection, and venous thromboembolism. Differences in temporal trends in utilization and major in-hospital complications of BTKA vs UTKA were compared between AAs and Whites. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess differences in both these trends between AAs and Whites after adjusting for individual (age, sex, Elixhauser comorbidity index, and morbid obesity), hospital level (hospital volume, bed size, region and teaching status) and community level (median household income) variables. Discharge weights were used to enable nationwide estimates. Multiple imputation was performed for missing race variable (11.9%). Results: From 2007 to 2016, an estimated 276,194 BTKA (unweighted observations 56,675) and 5,528,429 UTKA (unweighted observations 1,131,329) were identified (Table 1). Females had a higher proportion of TKAs performed (62.1% UTKA vs 55.9% BTKA). Patients had fewer comorbidities (measured by the Elixhauser Index) when undergoing BTKA compared to UTKA. The proportion of BTKA amongst all TKAs declined from 5.53% in 2007-08 to 4.03% in 2015-16. AAs continued to have significantly lower proportion of BTKA utilization compared to Whites (4.68% in AAs vs 6.08% in Whites in 2007-08, whereas 3.28% in AAs vs 4.19% in Whites in 2015-16, adjusted p Conclusion: In this nationwide sample of patients from 2007 to 2016, we found that AAs have lower utilization rate of BKTA compared to Whites, however the in-hospital complication rates were significantly higher in Whites. References: N/A Disclosure of Interests: Bella Mehta: None declared, Kaylee Ho: None declared, Jennifer Bido: None declared, Michael Parks Consultant of: Zimmer Biomet, Linda Russell: None declared, Susan Goodman Shareholder of: Reginosine- Investment, Grant/research support from: Novartis, Horizon, Consultant of: Novartis, Celgene, UCB, Said Ibrahim: None declared

Background:Betulinic acid (BA), a natural plant-derived pentacyclic triterpenoid compound, is known to possess numerous pharmacological and biochemical properties including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-adipogenic activity.Objectives:we investigated that BA could suppress RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption.Results:BA significantly suppressed osteoclastogenesis by decreasing the phosphorylation of Akt and IkB, as well as PLCγ2-Ca2+signaling, in pathways involved in early osteoclastogenesis as well as through the subsequent suppression of c-Fos and NFATc1. The inhibition of these pathways by BA was once more confirmed by retrovirus infection of constitutively active (CA)-Akt and CA-Ikkβ retrovirus and measurement of Ca2+influx. BA also significantly inhibited the expression of osteoclastogenesis-specific marker genes. Moreover, we found that BA administration restored the bone loss induced through acute lipopolysaccharide injection in mice by a micro-CT and histological analysis.Conclusion:Our findings suggest that BA is a potential therapeutic candidate for bone diseases involving osteoclasts.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is a major risk factor for oral and pharyngeal cancers (OPCs), yet the detailed mechanisms by which HPV promotes OPCs are not understood. Forkhead box M1B (FoxM1B) is an oncogene essential for cell cycle progression and tumorigenesis, and it is aberrantly overexpressed in many tumors. We previously showed that FoxM1B was the putative target of an epithelial-specific transcription factor, Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2). In the current study, we demonstrate that HPV type 16 (HPV-16) E6 induces FoxM1B in human oral keratinocytes (HOKs) and tonsillar epithelial cells (TECs) in part through GRHL2. FoxM1B was barely detectable in cultured normal human oral keratinocytes (NHOKs) and progressively increased in immortalized HOKs harboring HPV-16 genome (HOK-16B) and tumorigenic HOK-16B/BaP-T cells. Retroviral expression of HPV-16 E6 and/or E7 in NHOKs, TECs, and hypopharyngeal carcinoma cells (FaDu) revealed induction of FoxM1B and GRHL2 by the E6 protein but not E7. Both GRHL2 and FoxM1B were strongly induced in the epidermis of HPV-16 E6 transgenic mice and HPV+ oral squamous cell carcinomas. Ectopic expression of FoxM1B led to acquisition of transformed phenotype in HOK-16B cells. Loss of FoxM1B by lentiviral short hairpin RNA vector or chemical inhibitor led to elimination of tumorigenic characteristics of HOK-16B/BaP-T cells. Luciferase reporter assay revealed that GRHL2 directly bound and regulated the FoxM1B gene promoter activity. Using epithelial-specific Grhl2 conditional knockout mice, we exposed wild-type (WT) and Grhl2 KO mice to 4-nitroquinolin 1-oxide (4-NQO), which led to induction of FoxM1B in the tongue tissues and rampant oral tumor development in the WT mice. However, 4-NQO exposure failed to induce tongue tumors or induction of FoxM1B expression in Grhl2 KO mice. Collectively, these results indicate that HPV-16 induces FoxM1B in part through GRHL2 transcriptional activity and that elevated FoxM1B level is required for oropharyngeal cancer development.

We demonstrate the fabrication of nano-modified collagen hydrogels that afford controlled growth factor release for induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell culture. Specifically, we focused on the preparation and characterization of graphene oxide (GO) sheets incorporated into collagen-based hydrogels for controlled growth factor release. Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) bound to collagen via electrostatic interactions and partial hydrogen bonding. Various GO sheet quantities were incorporated and evenly distributed in collagen hydrogels. Taking advantage of the low permeability of GO sheets, FGF-2 release was regulated in a controlled manner. In this manuscript, three different GO sheet concentrations were applied to obtain different release profiles over a period of 400 h in the presence of serum. The incorporation of GO sheets into collagen hydrogels offers a new approach to control the release of biologically active macromolecules (e.g., growth factors).

The aim of this study was to revisit the morphological characteristics of the subcostal muscle and to obtain its morphometric data. One hundred and two sides of the thorax from 51 adult cadavers were used. The total number of subcostal muscles in the 102 specimens was 559. The subcostal muscle commonly comprised an aponeurosis at its superior and inferior attachments. This muscle had a thin band-like shape in 64.2% cases, while in the other 35.8% either its superior or inferior attachment was wider. It was classified into the following four types on the basis of its inferior attachment: in Types I and II it extended to two (79.3%) and three (12.0%) lower ribs, respectively; in Type III it joined adjacent muscles such as the psoas major (2.2%) or quadratus lumborum (0.7%); and in Type IV it was attached to the transverse process (0.4%) or body (3.9%) of the 12th thoracic vertebra and the body of the 1st lumbar vertebra (1.4%). The subcostal muscle was found at the deepest layer of the intercostal space, and mainly presented in the upper and lower parts of the thorax. Its width and height were 18.2 ± 10.9 mm (mean ± SD) and 56.0 ± 13.3 mm, respectively. The distances from the midsagittal line to the superior and inferior attachments of the subcostal muscle were 77.1 ± 13.0 mm and 48.9 ± 13.5 mm, respectively. The results of this study will help to advance current understanding of the subcostal muscle.

A parallel and advantageous multi-component one pot reaction has been developed utilizing domino Aldol condensation–Michael addition–Suzuki coupling approach for a variety of 2,3-disubstituted highly functionalized quinolines. The domino reactions of 2-chloro-3-formylquinolines, 1 acetophenones, 2 and distinctive boronic acids, 3 were carried out utilizing PdCl2(PPh3)2/tripotassium phosphate/ethanol–water system. At 80 °C they gave diversified functionalized quinolines in good yields.

A series of indazol-2-yl(pyridin-4-yl)methanones, 4 were acquired from 2,6-bisbenzylidene cyclohexanones, 3 and anti-tubercular drug (isoniazid), and their anti-tubercular impacts were screened. Among the test compounds used against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37 Ra cell line in the microplate alamar blue assay, the compounds 4g – j revealed moderate anti-tubercular activity with MIC 12.5 μg/mL, comparable to standard drugs (streptomycin, MIC, 6.25 μg/mL, pyrazinamide, isoniazid and ciprofloxacin with MICs of 3.125 μg/mL).

The aim of this study was to elucidate the definition of the borders and surface of the thyroid lobe in the anatomical position, and to compare the morphology of Zuckerkandl's tubercle (ZT) in the fresh and fixed states. One hundred thyroid lobes from 50 fresh Korean cadavers were used. The lateral border of the thyroid lobe could be defined as the most lateral margin of its anterior aspect when in the anatomical position. The posteromedial border was the margin that projected toward the trachea or tracheoesophageal groove. The lateral and posteromedial borders, and the posterior surface between these borders, could be identified in most of the fixed cadavers. The posterolateral border could only be identified in the thyroid lobe if there was compression by the internal carotid artery in cross-sectioned specimens and CT images. The ZT was identifiable in 85% of both fresh and fixed specimens. It was identified mainly at the posteromedial border of the thyroid lobe when in the anatomical position, and extended to the tracheoesophageal groove or esophagus. In the fresh state, the ZT projected as a rounded cone with a usually semicircular base, but its shape was very variable in the fixed state. In the present study, the ZT was found at the posteromedial border or posterior surface of the thyroid lobe in both the fresh and fixed states, contrary to most previous reports. The location of the ZT should be established in the anatomical position to avoid confusion. Clin. Anat. 28:472–476, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Nanostructured titanium dioxide (NTiO2) is known to possess efficient photocatalytic activity and to have diverse applications in many fields due to its chemical stability, high surface area/volume ratio, high transmittance, and high refractive index in the visible and the near-ultraviolet regions. These facts prompted us to develop TiO2 nanotube (TiO2 NT) arrays through electrochemical anodic oxidation involving different electrolytes comprised of phosphoric acid — hydrofluoric acid aqueous systems by varying the voltage and the time. The annealing temperature of the nanotubes, TiO2 NTs, were varied to modify the surface morphology and were characterized by using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction results showed that the samples had uniform morphologies and good crystalline structures of the anatase phase at lower annealing temperatures and of the rutile phase at higher annealing temperatures. A secondary-ion mass-spectrometry analysis was used to investigate the surface atoms and to conduct a depth profile analysis of the TiO2 NTs. The efficiency of the photocatalytic activity of the TiO2 NT arrays in degrading methylene blue (MB) was investigated under UV-Vis light irradiation. The maximum photocatalytic activity was achieved for the samples with lower annealing temperatures due to their being in the anatase phase and having a higher surface area and a smaller crystal size, which play important roles in the degradation of organic pollutants.

The Sonogashira coupling reaction of 3-chloro-1H-isochromen-1-one and terminal alkynes, in the presence of catalytic system-Pd(OAc)2/Ruphos, Et3N base, and tetrahydrofuran solvent under aqueous conditions, provided novel 3-(alkynyl)-1H-isochromen-1-ones in excellent yields. The methodology has also been extended toward natural isochromen-1-ones—corfin analogues.

A facile protocol has been developed for a series of 3-substituted isochromen-1-ones utilizing Suzuki coupling strategy. The reaction of 3-chloroisochromen-1one, 1 with different boronic acids utilizing PdCl2(PPh3)2-Ruphos catalytic system gave diversified 3-substituted isochromen-1-ones in excellent yields. The methodology has been utilized in the synthesis of glomellin and reticulol analogues.

An efficient method involving copper-free Pd(OAc) 2 /Ruphos-catalyzed Sonogashira coupling strategy for a variety of 3-alkynyl isochromen-1-ones has been developed. Sonogashira coupling in the presence of catalytic system—Pd(OAc) 2 /Ruphos, Et 3 N base, and tetrahydrofuran solvent under aqueous and room temperature conditions, provided novel 3-(alkynyl)-1H-isochromen-1-ones in excellent yields. The methodology has also been extended toward natural isochromen-1-one–3′-hydroxycorfin and gymnopalynes A analogues.

Eco-accommodation of TiO2 nanorods in the four component Domino reaction for the framing of 9-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)-10-phenyl-3,4,6,7-tetrahydroacridine-1,8-(2H,5H,9H,10H)-diones 4 from 1,3-cyclohexanedione and/or dimedone 1, 2-chloro-3-formylquinoline 2 and anilines 3 in water at 90 °C are accounted for. The present methodology offers a domino reaction strategy, high yield, simple operation, recyclability and is eco-friendly. In addition, a productive, highly chemoselective ZnO catalyzed, water mediated, microwave aided synthesis of functionalized xanthenes and xanthenones 7 and acridinediones 8 in excellent yields is reported through an environmentally benevolent strategy.

A series of 5-aryl-3-(aryl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-a]isoquinolines, 4 were obtained by oxidative cyclization of 1-(3-arylisoquinolin-1-yl)-2-(arylmethylene)hydrazines, 3, in the presence of a hypervalent iodine oxidant (iodobenzene diacetate, IDB) and dichloromethane at ambient temperature. This methodology involves a proficient metal-free intramolecular C–N bond formation, facilitated by a hypervalent iodine reagent.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate healing outcomes after collagen plug insertion in extraction-related defects.The third and fourth mandibular premolars in canines were extracted, and the septal bone was removed. The following treatments were performed for the defects: porcine atelo-collagen plug, bovine atelo-collagen plug, and no intervention (control). The experimental animals were killed after 6, 12, or 24 weeks (n = 4, respectively). Histologic and histomorphometric analyses were performed.Clinical healing was uneventful, and no difference was detected among the 3 groups. Histologically, similar healing patterns were observed in all groups. Gingival healing was complete at 6 weeks, but discontinuity in the buccal crestal bone was observed. At 12 weeks, various degrees of buccal bone depression and increase in bone marrow were observed. At 24 weeks, no further healing was observed. Histomorphometrically, the ridge width at 1, 3 and 5 mm levels below the crest and the ridge dimensions 1, 3, and 5 mm above the level were not statistically different among groups or healing periods.The healing following the use of collagen plug in the extraction socket may correspond to the natural healing after extraction.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is required but not sufficient for cervical carcinoma (CxCa). Estradiol (E(2)) promotes CxCa development in K14E7 transgenic mice expressing the HPV16 E7 oncoprotein under the control of the keratin 14 (K14) promoter. E(2) mainly works through estrogen receptor α (ERα). However, the role of ERα in human CxCa has been underappreciated largely because it is not expressed in carcinoma cells. We have shown that deletion of Esr1 (the ERα-coding gene) in the cervical stroma of K14E7 mice promotes regression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), the precursor lesion of CxCa. Here, we deleted Esr1 in the cervical epithelium but not stroma. We found that E(2) induced cervical epithelial cell proliferation in epithelial ERα-deficient mice. We also found that E(2) promoted the development of CIN and CxCa in epithelial ERα-deficient K14E7 mice, and all neoplastic epithelial cells were negative for ERα. In addition, proliferation indices were similar between ERα(−) and ERα(+) CxCa. These results indicate that epithelial ERα is not necessary for E(2)-induced CIN and CxCa. Taken together, we conclude that stromal ERα, rather than epithelial ERα, mediates oncogenic E(2) signaling in CxCa. Our results support stromal ERα signaling as a therapeutic target for the disease.

Laser Raman spectroscopy is one of the most powerful technologies for standoff detection of hazardous materials including explosives. Supported by recent development of laser and sensitive ICCD camera, the technology can identify trace amount of unknown substances in a distance. Using this concept, we built a standoff detection system, in which nanosecond pulse laser and nanosecond gating ICCD technique were delicately devised to avoid the large background noise which suppressed weak Raman signals from the target sample. In standoff detection of explosives which have large kill radius, one of the most important technical issues is the detection distance from the target. Hence, we focused to increase the detection distance up to 54 m by careful optimization of optics and laser settings. The Raman spectra of hazardous materials observed at the distance of 54 m were fully identifiable. We succeeded to detect and identify eleven hazardous materials of liquid or solid particles, which were either explosives or chemical substances used frequently in chemical plants. We also performed experiments to establish the limit of detection (LOD) of HMX at 10 m, which was estimated to be 6 mg.

Goodale & Milner(1992)의 연구에 따르면 골프 퍼팅과 같이 느린 자조과제(self-paced task)에서도 빠른 공을 가로챌 때 요구되는 것과 동일한 캡슐화 시각운동성 시스템(encapsulated visuomotor systems)이 사용된다. 성공적인골프 퍼팅을 위해서는 정확한 방향과 거리 판단이 선행되어야 하는데 이때 수행자는 착시의 영향을 받는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이 연구의 목적은 퍼팅 수행이 입력된 감각정보를 다르게 변형시키는 피질 경로를 통해 이뤄지는지 알아보는것이었다. 실험 1에서는 퍼팅 과제 수행 시 숙련자와 초급자 모두 Muller-Lyer 착시효과의 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 실험 2에서는 퍼팅 수행 시 시선을 공 대신 홀컵에 고정시키도록 하였다. 초급자 집단은 착시의 영향을 받은 것으로 나타난 반면 숙련자 집단은 익숙하지 않은 시선 고정 위치에도 불구하고 착시의 영향을 받지 않았다. 수행을 하는 데 있어서 시선이 고정되는 위치는 매우 중요하다. 표적(홀컵)이 주변시야에 위치하면 숙련자이더라도 퍼팅 시 착시를 유도하는 환경중심적인 맥락의존 정보(context-dependent information)에 의존하는 점에 대해 논의하였다.

Many studies tried to mix two different kinds of graft materials to combine the uses of their different properties. The aim of this study was to compare the sandwich and simple mixed graft technique using different kinds of graft materials such as deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) and mineralized solvent-dehydrated bone (MSDB) for mixed and layered grafts in 1-wall exophytic rabbit calvarial model. Twenty New Zealand white rabbits were used. After creating surgical defects at calvarium, titanium reinforced expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (TR e-PTFE) membranes were folded (8 × 5 × 4 mm) and adapted on calvarial defects. Membranes were filled with different materials and methods (no graft, DBBM, MSDB, mixture, layered graft). Four sites were assigned to each group at 8 and 16 weeks respectively. Non-decalcified specimens were prepared and processed for histologic observations. The areas of newly formed bone and residual bone graft material under the membrane were measured. Newly formed bone and graft materials fully filled the membrane space in all grafted groups. The amount of hard tissue was higher in all grafted groups than in control. Although DBBM did not show resorption, MSDB particles showed active absorption. New bone and graft material were uniformly distributed in DBBM and MSDB mixture. However, the composition of graft material was different in layered graft groups. Layered graft of DBBM and MSDB mimicked unique bone structure and provided an appropriate situation for facilitating new bone formation.

An efficient, three-component domino reaction of dimedone 1 , aromatic aldehydes (2a – o) , and 1,3-cyclohexanedione 1a in the regio-selective synthesis of 3,3-dimethyl-9-phenyl-2 H -xanthene-1,8(5 H ,9 H )-diones (3a – o) is reported . The desired product, 3 is efficiently promoted by ascorbic acid as an organo catalyst.

Morphologic classifications of communication between musculocutaneous and median nerves are not based on the distribution and the function of the communicating branch. The authors report a rare case of such a communication with passage of the median nerve through the pronator teres muscle and discuss its clinical significance. The musculocutaneous nerve was divided into a lateral branch that continued to the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve and a medial branch that joined the median nerve in the forearm. The authors separated the nerve bundles and noted that the communicating branch derived from the sixth to seventh cervical nerves and supplied nerve fibers to the pronator teres muscle and the proper palmar digital nerve of the thumb. In addition, the median nerve penetrated the humeral head of the pronator teres muscle. Isolated musculocutaneous neuropathy with such a communication may cause unexpected symptoms such as sensory deficit in the palm and muscular weakness of the forearm and the thumb.

There has been the controversy surrounding the cranial root (CR) of the accessory nerve. This study was performed to clarify the morphological characteristics of the CR in the cranial cavity. Fifty sides of 25 adult cadaver heads were used. The accessory nerve was easily distinguished from the vagus nerve by the dura mater in the jugular foramen in 80% of 50 specimens. The trunk of the accessory nerve from the spinal cord penetrated the dura mater at various distances before entering the jugular foramen. In 20% of the specimens there was no dural boundary. In these cases, the uppermost cranial rootlet of the accessory nerve could be identified by removing the dura mater around the jugular foramen where it joined to the trunk of the accessory nerve at the superior vagal ganglion. The cranial rootlet was formed by union of two to four short filaments emerging from the medulla oblongata (66%) and emerged single, without filament (34%), and usually joined the trunk of the accessory nerve directly before the jugular foramen. The mean number of rootlets of the CR was 4.9 (range 2–9) above the cervicomedullary junction. The CR of the accessory nerve was composed of two to nine rootlets, which were formed by the union of two to four short filaments and joined the spinal root of the accessory nerve. The CR is morphologically distinct from the vagus nerve, confirming its existence. Clin. Anat. 27:1167–1173, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PURPOSE This study was performed to investigate the relationship between serum vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels as well as to describe the prevalence and the risk factors of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) in Korean children. METHODS Participants were 1,212 children aged 4 to 15 years, who visited Bundang CHA Medical Center (located at 37°N) between March 2012 and February 2013. Overweight was defined as body mass index≥85th percentile. Participants were divided into 4 age groups and 2 seasonal groups. VDD was defined by serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD)

We report an ultra-sensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based detection system for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) using nano-dumbbell structures formed by the electrostatic interaction between positively and negatively charged gold nanoparticles. First, Meisenheimer complexes were produced between TNT and l-cysteine on gold substrates, and 4-mercaptopyridine (4-MPY) labeled gold nanoparticles (positively charged) were allowed to interact with the Meisenheimer complexes through the electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged aromatic ring of the complex molecules and the positively charged nanoparticles. Then, negatively charged gold nanoparticles were added in order to form nano-dumbbells. As a result, many hot junctions were generated by the dumbbell structures, and the SERS signals were greatly enhanced. Our experimental results demonstrate that the SERS-based assay system using nano-dumbbells provides an ultra-sensitive approach for the detection of TNT explosives. It also shows strong potential for broad application in detecting various explosive materials used for military purposes.

Highly efficient titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 Nps) catalyzed, C–C bond formation under microwave irradiation and solventless conditions provided highly functionalized quinolines and quinolinones in excellent yields.

An efficient, highly chemoselective PdCl2(PPh3)2 catalyzed, C–C bond formation of tautomerizable quinolinones with various boronic acids via C–OH bond activation using benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino) phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP) reagent in the presence of K2CO3/1,4-dioxane system under aqueous condition, leads to the formation of functionalized quinolines in excellent yields, which offers great utility advantages in the synthesis of interesting compounds.

A facile microwave supported, water intervened and nano crystalline TiO2 catalyzed synthesis of 1,5-dicarbonyl derivatives, 3-(1,5-dioxo-1,5-diphenylpentan-3-yl)quinolin-2(1H)-ones, is described. This strategy utilizes the reversible water adsorption/de-sorption property of TiO2 nano crystallites for the domino hydrolysis/aldol condensation/Michael addition. The current methodology provides the coveted synthetic building blocks in an ecologically benevolent procedure, including a reusable catalyst, safe, universal water medium, microwave support, a multistep reaction in one pot and a selective process.

A decade long operation of KSTAR has contributed significantly to operation of superconducting tokamak device and advancement of tokamak physics which will be beneficial for the ITER and K-DEMO programs. Even with limited heating capability, various conventional as well as new operating regimes have been explored and achieved great performance. As examples, a long pulse H-mode operation with and without the ELM-crash was well over 60 seconds and over 30 seconds, respectively. Unique capabilities of KSTAR allowed to improve control capability of harmful instabilities and have been instrumental for many exciting new physics. The intricate IVCC system has been a great perturbation tool in studying of threshold power of the L/H transition in the presence of non-axisymmetric fields, rotation physics due to NTV effects, heat dispersal in divertor system and predictive control of the ELM-crash with a priori modeling. The state-of-the-art 2D/3D microwave imaging systems uncovered many new exciting new physics in the MHD and turbulence transport physics. They are validation of q0agt;1 right after the sawtooth crash, self-consistent asymmetric distribution of plasma turbulence amplitude and flow in the presence of 2/1 island, and underlying physics of low frequency turbulence induced by 3D resonant fields in suppression of the ELM-crash through non-linear interaction with the ELMs. In the turbulence area, non-diffusive "avalanche" transport event and role of quiescent coherent mode in confinement are studied. To accommodate anticipating higher performance of the KSTAR plasmas with the increased heating powers (NBI and ECH), new divertor/internal interface with full active cooling system will be implemented after the increased heating power systems and new current drive systems are fully tested. Upgrade plan for the internal hardware and efficient current drive system may allow a long pulse operation of higher performance plasmas at βNagt;3.0 with fbs~0.5 and Tiagt;10keV. a#13; a#13

Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the effects of i) the extent of peri-implant bone defects and ii) the application of bone cement on implant stability with respect to the measurement direction. Methods In 10 bovine rib bones, 4 implant osteotomies with peri-implant bone defects of various widths were prepared: i) no defect (D0), ii) a 2-mm-wide defect (D2), iii) a 4-mm-wide defect (D4), and iv) a 8-mm-wide defect (D8). The height of all defects was 10 mm. Implant stability quotient (ISQ) values and Periotest values (PTVs) were measured after implant placement and bone cement application. Results With increasing defect width, decreased ISQs and increased PTVs were observed. Statistically significant differences were found between groups D0 and D8, D0 and D4, and D2 and D8. Prior to bone cement application, inconsistent PTVs were found in group D8 depending on the measurement direction. Bone cement increased the implant stability. Conclusion Peri-implant bone deficits measuring around 50% of the implant surface compromised implant stability. Clinically, PTVs should be cautiously interpreted in implants with large peri-implant defects due to inconsistent recordings with respect to the measurement direction.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the composition of the internal and external branches (IB and EB) of the accessory nerve. Fifty-seven half heads of 34 adult cadavers were used. The IB and EB of the accessory nerve were mixed with the cranial root (CR), vagus nerve, and spinal root (SR). The IB was classified into five types and the EB into four types according to their composition. The IB consisted of only CR in 7.0% of the 57 cases, and of the CR and the vagus nerve in 52.6%; the IB did not exist in 12.3%. The EB was only composed of the SR in 19.3% of cases, the SR and CR in 52.6%, and the SR, CR, and the vagus nerve in 21.1%. There were 14 combinations of IB and EB types. The most common combination was the IB with the CR and the vagus nerve, and the EB with the SR and CR (31.6%). The combination of IB and EB comprising CR and SR, respectively, was not observed. The IB and EB are known to consist of the CR and SR of the accessory nerve, respectively. However, this study shows that there are no IB and EB comprising only the CR and SR, respectively, and the branches have various combinations of the CR, SR, and vagus nerve.

The reconstruction of large osseous defects due to periodontitis is a challenge in regenerative therapy. Sclerostin, secreted by osteocytes, is a key physiological inhibitor of osteogenesis. Pharmacologic inhibition of sclerostin using sclerostin-neutralizing monoclonal antibody (Scl-Ab) thus increases bone formation, bone mass and bone strength in models of osteopenia and fracture repair. This study assessed the therapeutic potential of Scl-Ab to stimulate alveolar bone regeneration following experimental periodontitis (EP). Ligature-induced EP was induced in rats to generate localized alveolar bone defects. Following 4 weeks of disease induction, Scl-Ab (+EP) or vehicle (+/− EP) were systemically delivered, twice weekly for up to 6 wks to determine the ability of Scl-Ab to regenerate bone around tooth-supporting osseous defects. 3 and 6 wks after the initiation of Scl-Ab or vehicle treatment, femur and maxillary jawbones were harvested for histology, histomorphometry, and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) of linear alveolar bone loss (ABL) and volumetric measures of bone support, including bone volume fraction (BVF) and tissue mineral density (TMD). Serum was analyzed to examine bone turnover markers during disease and regenerative therapy. Vehicle + EP animals exhibited maxillary bone loss (BVF, TMD and ABL) at ligature removal and thereafter. 6 weeks of Scl-Ab significantly improved maxillary bone healing, as measured by BVF, TMD and ABL, when compared to vehicle + EP. After 6 weeks of treatment, BVF and TMD values in the Scl-Ab + EP group were similar to those of healthy controls. Serum analysis demonstrated higher levels of bone formation markers osteocalcin and PINP in Scl-Ab treatment groups. Scl-Ab restored alveolar bone mass following experimental periodontitis. These findings warrant further exploration of Scl-Ab therapy in this and other oral bone defect disease scenarios. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

Background and Objective Recently it was reported that deferoxamine (DFO), an iron chelator, stimulates bone formation from MG63 and mesenchymal stem cells, but inhibits differentiation in rat calvarial cells; however, the effect of DFO on osteoblastic differentiation in human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) has not been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects and the possible underlying mechanism of DFO on osteoblastic differentiation of hPDLCs. Material and Methods The effect of DFO on osteoblast differentiation was determined by the staining intensity of calcium deposits with Alizarin red and by RT-PCR analysis of the expression of osteoblastic markers. Signal transduction pathways were analyzed by western blotting. Results DFO increased osteogenic differentiation in a concentration-dependent manner by expression of the mRNA for differentiation markers and calcium nodule formation. Exposure of hPDLCs to DFO resulted in increases in the production of reactive oxygen species and in the levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) protein in nuclear extractions, as well as a dose-dependent increase in the expression of Nrf2 target genes, including glutathione (GSH), glutathione S-transferase, γ-glutamylcysteine lygase, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase. Pretreatment with Nrf2 small interfering RNA, GSH depletion by buthionine sulfoximine and diethyl maleate, and with antioxidants by N-acetylcysteine and vitamin E, blocked DFO-stimulated osteoblastic differentiation. Furthermore, pretreatment with GSH depletion and antioxidants blocked DFO-induced p38 MAPK, ERK, JNK and nuclear factor-kappaB pathways. Conclusion These data indicate, for the first time, that nontoxic DFO promotes osteoblastic differentiation of hPDLCs via modulation of the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant pathway.

This study was performed to clarify the morphologic characteristics of two layers of the posterior tibiotalar ligament (PTT) and two bands of the deep PTT (dPTT), and to correlate the dissection findings with MR images. Sixty-four ankles from 42 cadavers were examined. The origin and insertion sites of the superficial PTT (sPTT) and the two bands of the dPTT were identified, and their length, width, and thickness were measured. MRI was performed on four ankles before serial sectioning or dissection. The serial sections were taken at a thickness of 2 mm. The sPTT was observed in 50 out of 60 dissected specimens (83.3%), taken from 64 ankles of 42 cadavers. The dPTT was observed in all specimens. The sPTT, superficial band of the dPTT (sdPTT), and deep band of the dPTT (ddPTT) arose from the inferior surface of the medial malleolus. The sPTT attached to the posterior process of the talus, and the sdPTT and ddPTT attached to the depression below the articular facet for the medial malleolus. The sPTT and two bands of the dPTT could be distinguished on coronal MR images, where the sPTT appeared as a thin string superficial to the two bands of the dPTT, which were separated as two thick, low-density strings. In the coronal plane of frozen sections, the outermost sPTT appeared as a thin, white bundle attached to the sdPTT. The PTT is composed of superficial and deep layers, and the dPTT is composed of superficial and deep bands. Clin. Anat. 27:798–803, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

In this paper, we use revealed preference (RP), stated preference (SP) and attitudinal survey data to analyse the behaviour changes caused by a new water transit system on the Han River in Seoul, Korea and to identify the effects of psychological traits on mode choice behaviour. The results confirm that conventional variables, such as individual, household and mode attributes, are significant for mode choice, and that the latent variables, including water transit preference, environmental preferences, comfort and attitudes towards driving and haste, are also very important. In addition, by comparing the estimated scale parameters among a number of scenarios, we also observed the additional impacts of these effects. The latent traits had a more substantial impact on actual mode choice behaviour than on hypothetical behaviour. We systematically captured the taste variation with respect to travellers' latent traits, finding that these significantly reduce or increase the disutility produced by a tra...

The thyroid isthmus has different measurements in its width, height, and thickness, and its location with respect to the tracheal rings has been inconsistent, among the anatomical literature. This study was performed to clarify the location and morphometric characteristics of the thyroid isthmus. One hundred thyroid isthmuses of adult Korean cadavers (gender 58 males and 42 females, mean age 62.9 years, range 19-94 years) were used for this study. The distances from the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage to the superior and inferior margins of the isthmus were 4.9 ± 3.7 and 20.8 ± 5.8 mm, respectively. The width, height, and thickness of the thyroid isthmus were 11.1 ± 6.2, 15.9 ± 5.8 and 3.4 ± 1.7 mm, respectively. The thyroid isthmus was located on the 2nd to 4th, 1st to 3rd, and 1st to 4th tracheal rings, in 22, 18 and 18 % of the specimens, respectively. These results are expected to further the current knowledge of the location and morphometry of the thyroid isthmus and provide helpful information for surgical procedures in this region.

The suprascapular nerve can be compressed by the inferior transverse scapular ligament (ITSL), also known as the spinoglenoid ligament, and this entrapment results in dysfunction of the external rotation of the upper arm owing to isolated weakness of the infraspinatus muscle. The morphology of the ITSL has not been adequately characterized. The aim of this study was to clarify the morphological characteristics of the ITSL. In total, 110 shoulders from 72 cadavers were dissected in this study. The ITSL was present in 73 (66.4%) of the 110 specimens, and comprised membrane in 40 (36.4%), ligament in 25 (22.7%), and both membrane and ligament in eight (7.3%). This structure could be classified into three types on the basis of its shape: band-like (33.6%, type I), triangular (15.5%, type II), or irregular (17.3%, type III). In the spinoglenoid notch, the suprascapular nerve was always close to the lateral margin of the scapular spine. The length of the ligament between its origin and insertion sites ranged from 8.7 to 23.4 mm at its superior margin and from 8.9 to 17.5 mm at its inferior margin. The ligament width and thickness at its midportion ranged from 1.6 to 10.0 mm and from 0.1 to 1.2 mm, respectively. The results of this study improve understanding of the ITSL and will be helpful for successful diagnoses and treatments for selective suprascapular nerve entrapment. Clin. Anat. 27:707–711, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

E-mail: soocho@add.re.krReceived February 9, 2013, Accepted March 11, 2013We developed a standoff Raman detection system for explosive molecules (EMs). Our system was composedof reflective telescope with 310 mm diameter lens, 532 nm pulse laser, and Intensified Charge-Coupled Device(ICCD) camera. In order to remove huge background noise coming from ambient light, laser pulses withnanosecond time width were fired to target sample and ICCD was gated to open only during the time when thescattered Raman signal from the sample arrived at ICCD camera. We performed standoff experiments withmilitary EMs by putting the detector at 10, 20 and 30 m away from the source. The standoff results werecompared with the confocal Raman results. Based on our standoff experiments, we were able to observe thepeaks in the range of 1200 and 1600 cm

We report a rapid and sensitive recognition technique for explosive compounds using Raman spectroscopy and principal component analysis (PCA). Seven hundreds of Raman spectra (50 measurements per sample) for 14 selected explosives were collected, and were pretreated with noise suppression and baseline elimination methods. PCA, a well-known multivariate statistical method, was applied for the proper evaluation, feature extraction, and identification of measured spectra. Here, a broad wavenumber range (200–3500 cm−1) on the collected spectra set was used for the classification of the explosive samples into separate classes. It was found that three principal components achieved 99.3% classification rates in the sample set. The results show that Raman spectroscopy in combination with PCA is well suited for the identification and differentiation of explosives in the field.

Although previous studies have demonstrated that hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) stimulated or inhibited osteoclastic differentiation, little is known about the effects of H(2)S on the differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. To determine the possible bioactivities of H(2)S on bone metabolism, we investigated the in vitro effects of H(2)S on cytotoxicity, osteoblastic, and osteoclastic differentiation as well as the underlying mechanism in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and nicotine-stimulated human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs). The H(2)S donor, NaHS, protected hPDLCs from nicotine and LPS-induced cytotoxicity and recovered nicotine- and LPS-downregulated osteoblastic differentiation, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, mRNA expression of osteoblasts, including ALP, osteopontin (OPN), and osteocalcin (OCN), and mineralized nodule formation. Concomitantly, NaHS inhibited the differentiation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive osteoclasts in mouse bone marrow cells and blocked nicotine- and LPS-induced osteoclastogenesis regulatory molecules, such as RANKL, OPG, M-CSF, MMP-9, TRAP, and cathepsin K mRNA. NaHS blocked nicotine and LPS-induced activation of p38, ERK, MKP-1, PI3K, PKC, and PKC isoenzymes, and NF-κB. The effects of H(2)S on nicotine- and LPS-induced osteoblastic and osteoclastic differentiation were remarkably reversed by MKP-1 enzyme inhibitor (vanadate) and expression inhibitor (triptolide). Taken together, we report for the first time that H(2)S inhibited cytotoxicity and osteoclastic differentiation and recovered osteoblastic differentiation in a nicotine- and periodontopathogen-stimulated hPDLCs model, which has potential therapeutic value for treatment of periodontal and inflammatory bone diseases.