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An essay is presented which focuses on the debate over the alleged decline of the discipline of anthropology. It focuses on three phases of supposed decline within the discipline which discusses topics such as European colonization, globalization, and anthropological methods. Other topics include the writing culture debate, anthropologists' notions of decline, and the relationship between anthropology and other social sciences such as political science, economics, and sociology.

To test claims that postcolonial civil violence is a common legacy of colonialism, we create a dataset on the colonial heritage of 160 countries and explore whether a history of colonialism is related to indicators of inter-communal conflict, political rebellion and civil war in the years 1960-1999. The analysis provides evidence against sweeping claims that colonialism is a universal cause of civil violence but finds that some forms of colonialism increase the risk of some forms of civil violence. Specifically, the findings support claims that inter-communal violence is a common legacy of colonialism--especially of British colonialism and colonialism by minor colonial powers--but suggest that a history of colonialism has only a limited impact on political rebellion and civil war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article recounts how a young Shi'a Muslim Indian born in north-west India migrated to Kenya in the early twentieth century in the context of the evolving trade linking the two continents, and rose to become a successful merchant and respected member of the community. It portrays the struggles that he undertook with fellow Kenyan Indians against British colonial policies of racial discrimination and political marginalization, and shows some of the unintended consequences of these actions for the group in the post-colonial period. Through the application of Jean-Paul's Sartre's concepts of project, situation, seriality and dialectical totalization, the article attempts to capture some of the historical processes that took place during the period at four interconnected levels: individual; communal; regional; and global. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a reflection on how African peoples have reacted to colonization by Western civilizations. Topics include the responses of African peoples to the influence of colonists, how traditional African witchcraft has co-existed with modern Western-influenced culture in Africa, and the Judeo-Christian mentality and morale in parallel with the religious approach of African peoples. The notions of good and evil in African societies and their influence on the mentality of African populations are analyzed.

The article discusses two topics related to life in Vietnam. The first topic addressed discusses how the cultivation of happiness is more important to the development of a country than its economic development. This concept is linked to the teachings of the Vietnamese scholar Ho Phi Thong. The next topic discussed relates to Senegalese writer and statesmen Lépold Sedar Senghor. It discusses Senghor's efforts to maintain Senegalese traditions despite French colonization. The article discusses how the Vietnamese people struggled with the same situation.

Australia's colonisation by Britain (from 1788) was accomplished without the 'consent' of the Indigenous inhabitants, or the negotiation of any kind of treaty. The violence of the colonisers against the Indigenous inhabitants was never officially acknowledged to be a form of 'conquest' or 'war'. This was in part due to the fact that the Indigenous inhabitants of Australia were not regarded by the colonisers to be subjects against whom a war could be waged. Australia's early colonisation offers an example of the conceptual myopia in the development of European discourses of international relations. Within these discourses, warfare was seen as an increasingly disciplined form of violent engagement between the subjects of sovereign states. European thinkers thus came to see 'the subject' of war as a self-disciplined, rights-bearing individual inhabiting a civil space underwritten by relations of private property and guaranteed by the sovereign state. In this way, the subject of war was differentiated from the undisciplined violence of non-subjects - those in rebellion against their sovereign, or those who were without sovereignty altogether. By the eighteenth century, this constellation of concepts was framed by notions of civilisation which tied the subject of war to an historicised account of the difference between supposedly 'civilised' societies and so-called 'savage' peoples. In this paper I will argue that notions of civilisation are central to our understanding of the development of IR discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's insight concerning postcolonialism. She cites the Shibboleth, an installation created by Doris Salcedo which demonstrates the division and separation of humanity due to racism during the colonialism. Moreover, she cites the emergence of postcolonial studies, which explore the aftermath of colonization throughout the globe increasingly linked by finance, trade and information technologies but still separated in various aspects including by poverty and wealth.

Critical Race Theory (CRT) and Tribal Critical Race Theory (TribalCrit) offer the possibility of unmasking, exposing, and confronting continued colonization within educational contexts and societal structures, thus transforming those contexts and structures for Indigenous Peoples. Utilizing CRT and TribalCrit to support and inform "multicultural education as social justice," we rid ourselves, our educational institutions, and ultimately the larger society from the "food, fun, festivals, and foolishness" form of multicultural education that maintains or propagates colonization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to articulate the etiology of ethnic conflict in Fiji that moves beyond polemical interpretations which routinely and often erroneously apportion blame. Design/methodology/approach - A critical survey of ethnic conflict between in Indo- and indigenous Fijians is offered. The implication of British colonialism on the conflict is underscored. Findings - The paper concludes that the first three coups that occurred in Fiji between 1987 and 2000 were, to varying degrees, the coupled result of the deterioration of indigenous paramountcy in Fijian politics on the one hand and the lack of their improvement in socio-economic status on the other. In contrast, the 2006 coup is the product of intra-ethnic discord amongst indigenous Fijians, which ultimately sidelines the question of indigenous paramountcy. Originality/value - Unlike previous arguments that have largely ignored economic determinants in creating and perpetuating ethnic conflict in Fiji, this paper illustrates how such factors are crucial to conceptualize an understanding of discord between Indo- and indigenous Fijians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the ongoing struggles of indigenous people against colonization is to be able to exercise the fundamental right to represent themselves and to speak to the dominant society with their own voices and words, rather than to be spoken of or about. This essay discusses the mainstream academic peer review process and the suppression of indigenous standpoints by the dominant culture. The essay goes on to analyze the ways in which one mainstream international academic journal accepted and contained the expression of an indigenous standpoint by then inviting a response from a mainstream scholar who largely delegitimized the indigenous voice, at which point the inquiry ended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The indigenous peoples of the Philippines (IPs) held a distinct culture before the arrival of the Spanish, American, and Japanese colonizers in the archipelago. Once, they were original settlers with revered customs and rituals. Over time, the IPs evolved into a minority group of decreasing social, economic, and political power. Gradually, they transformed into one of the most ignored sectors of Philippine society. Progress looked down on their civilization. Technology threatened their traditions. Modernity infringed on their rights. This paper examines the plight of the IPs using historical, cultural, legal, and political viewpoints. It shall gauge their current situation, and recommend viable ways to improve their present condition and secure their future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Habermas may be best known for a structural strain' approach to movement mobilization, but he also offers an untapped resource' focused approach which this article seeks to unearth. Social networks, collective identities, and cultural formations have been seen as key resources shaping participation in social movements. These three types of resources map on to what Habermas calls 'the lifeworld': society, personality, and culture. Combining theoretical and empirical observations, I look at how the lifeworld can be viewed as a resource for social movement participation, and the consequences of its colonization. I draw upon a case study of the UK National Union of Teachers (NUT) and use interview data (N = 45), and Labour Research Department survey data (N = 1252), to argue that the colonization of schools results in an erosion of 'lifeworld resources' necessary for the mobilization of trade unionists in the current UK context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last two decades, the introduction of postcolonial theory into the context of Irish Studies has led to a prolonged re-examination of a number of thinkers whose works resonate with recent critical understandings of the history of colonization in Ireland and the nationalist drive for independence. This has intensified interest in archival research to reclaim these figures and texts for purposes of contemporary criticism. One of the most significant of these thinkers is the anti-imperialist revolutionary leader James Connolly, perhaps the first theorist to rethink Marxism according to the specificity of colonial history. Connolly's theorization of the impact the violence of imperialism makes upon Marxist understandings of the dialectical category of contradiction contributes to the critical interrogation of modernization in diachronic terms. The degree to which Connolly insisted upon the specificity of the time in which he wrote, however, makes it more difficult to translate his positions into contemporary terms that would enable a critique of the recent moment of Irish neoliberalism known as the Celtic Tiger. This article argues that Connolly's importance to synchronic analysis lies precisely in his own relation to the archive. On the one hand, Connolly's writing provides a vital theoretical rationale for the logic of archival reclamation, often undertheorized or taken for granted in contemporary Irish Studies. On the other hand, his understanding of the archive makes it possible to account for a persistent repertoire of Irish subaltern practices challenging a more conservative or revisionist conception of the archive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The management of Africa's post-apartheid educational system is examined, focusing on the effects of colonization on Africa's educational structure. The attempts to organize universities founded on the purpose of cultivating the mind rather than disseminating ecclesiastical doctrines are discussed.

The article discusses how a movement to promote Maori culture changed perceptions of New Zealand history. Allegations regarding the legality of the colonization of New Zealand led to recognition of Maori grievances by the New Zealand government. Historian James Belich wrote about the collision of cultures in New Zealand history from a bicultural perspective in the book "Making Peoples: A History of the New Zealanders: From Polynesian Settlement to the End of the Nineteenth Century."

The strong historical link between the Canary Islands and the Americas has facilitated the existence of a tight lexical relationship between both territories. This connection began right from the period of their conquest and colonization. So, the creation of the new lexical repertoires in the Canaries and America shares the same processes, timing and features. But this likeness, often studied and justified, could not hide the peculiarities of the Canarian lexicon that follow from the historical and social facts of the Canarian Europeanization process. These singularities appear in different jargons, but perhaps it is specially evident in the case of animal names: the lack of terms derived from the language of the guanches, the scarce presence of words coming from the west of the Spanish mainland, contrary to what happens in other repertoires, and the degree of wealth and the spread of literacy, are the most important characteristics of this lexical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses hegemony in nineteenth-century India. It discusses how the British colonizers, who were connected to powerful groups in Indian society, imposed their rule on the country with minimal force. It also discusses reasons why the British colonizers, despite using liberal education, did not achieve the intended level of hegemony.

This paper shows the importance of colonial garrisons and colonial migratory circuits in the history of European migration. During the nineteenth century the overwhelming majority of European-born migrants to the Dutch East Indies were military personnel. Rapidly decreasing mortality rates and a large influx of European military personnel in the decades of colonial wars were responsible for the remarkable growth of the European colonial population throughout the second half of the nineteenth century. As a consequence an extensive colonial-metropole migration circuit emerged. Contrary to expectations, neither the opening of the Suez Canal nor imperialist expansion resulted in a significant increase of white civilian emigration to colonial Indonesia in the late nineteenth century. Instead, sailings through Suez went north as frequently as south. It was only at a much later stage, following the end of World War I, that the tobacco and rubber plantations as well as the oil industry of the Outer Regions of the Indies archipelago generated an unprecedented demand for expatriate labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an exploration into the novel "Cockatoos," by the Australian writer Miles Franklin. The author points out the thematic and fictional nature of Franklin's writing and warns against a literal interpretation of his expressed views. The depiction of a violent suburban life and its implications on the social commentary of colonization is discussed.

Whilst Hong Kong is now part of China enjoying a high degree of autonomy, English continues to be the lingua franca of its education, commence, and legal process. The Chinese language (Cantonese) continues to be subjugated in Hong Kong's judicial and legal practice, even though it is constitutionally and by legislation recognised as an official language in the former British colony. In Re Cheng Kai Nam Gary, the defendant, facing trial which might, and ultimately did, lead to his imprisonment, sought that the judge presiding over his trial be able to directly understand Chinese with which he self-identified most intimately. Adopting a comparative approach by reference to and scrutinising Canadian, Irish, and international jurisprudence, this paper argues that an individual, on the basis of his or her language use rights and right to fair trial, is entitled to choose to use an official language with which he or she self-identifies most intimately in judicial proceedings affecting his or her rights and interests, and that fluency in the dominant official language and availability of interpretation during the relevant proceedings are immaterial and do not affect the individual's aforementioned rights. The author concludes that the unfortunate outcome and reasoning in Re Cheng Kai Nam Gary illustrated that the adverse effects of colonialism continue, in its altered neo-colonial ego, to be pervasive in post-colonial Hong Kong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author focuses on domestic relationships between Aboriginal women and male settlers in the sealing industry in southern Australia after 1800 in an attempt to demonstrate how the home acted as a site which both supported and undermined colonialism. The author offers a brief history of colonization in southern Australia, discusses the domestic arrangements of Aboriginal women and male settlers, and relates the ways in which Aboriginal women resisted colonial processes, such as the continuation of traditional activities and languages. The author also highlights the agency of the women through a discussion of infanticide and discusses the depiction of family life in various texts of the period.

The Americas harbor a very great diversity of indigenous language stocks, many more than are found in any other continent. J. Nichols [(1990) Language 66, 475-521] has argued that this diversity indicates a great time depth of in situ evolution. She thus infers that the colonization of the Americas must have begun around 35,000 years ago. This estimate is much earlier than the date for which there is strong archaeological support, which does not much exceed 12,000 years. Nichols' assumption is that the diversity of linguistic stocks increases linearly with time. This paper compares the major continents of the world to show that this assumption is not correct. In fact, stock diversity is highest in the Americas, which are by consensus the youngest continents, intermediate in Australia and New Guinea, and lowest in Africa and Eurasia where the time depth is greatest. If anything, then, after an initial radiation, stock diversity decreases with time. A simple model is outlined that predicts these dynamics. It assumes that early in the peopling of continents, there are many unfilled niches for communities to live in, and so fissioning into new lineages is frequent. As the habitat is filled up, the rate of fissioning declines and lineage extinction becomes the dominant evolutionary force.

In this article, the author relates two cases that foreshadow the cultural politics of colonial structures. Drawing upon poststructural, postcolonial, and psychoanalytic theoretical approaches, the author analyzes a range of textual productions manifested in dispersed sites that have formed the colonial image-repertoire and subjectification of Filipinos as errant children in need of discipline. Beginning with academic studies by American experts on the Philippines during the end of the nineteenth century, the living ethnological displays of Filipinos at the 1901 Buffalo and 1904 St. Louis international expositions in the United States, and finally to publications in the domain of education, the author exposes the structures of power through which racializing stereotypes and pathological populations were formed and perpetuated. The author proposes that criticism aimed at uncovering the colonial legacies of European modernity requires heeding issues of vision as well as language and rethinking the rhetorical form of contemporary educational inquiry. The author concludes by suggesting that studies of education can benefit from criticism animated by non-discursive language. Deploying Kaja Silverman's notion of heteropathic recollection to address the aesthetic strategies of contemporary artist Manuel Ocampo, the author provides a point of departure from which to engage enduring colonial stereotypes and assumptions that remain embedded in the present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study that investigated male partner violence against Aboriginal women in Canada. Analysis on the violence against Aboriginal women; Details of the indications that Aboriginal women in Canada are more likely than non-Aboriginal women to experience severe violence; Discussion on the significance of common law living to increased likelihood of violence; Analysis on the relevance of colonization to violence against Aboriginal women.

Africa is not a dream but in many ways, human resource management (HRM) in Africa could be a dreamlike experience. This appearance of managing in Africa as being surreal is particularly evident with many Western human resource managers. The sheer complexity and diversity found there can make the HRM process one of the more vexing decisions that management may have to undertake when doing business in Africa. In an effort to dramatize the complex nature of HRM decisions in African context, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland will be used as a metaphor throughout the paper. Just as Wonderland held many surprises for Alice during her adventure, Africa holds many surprises for Western HRM, not only in the form of the alien nature of the 'rules, regulations and laws' of many African nations but also in the extent to which many African organizations/employees ignore or bend the rules It is the intent of this paper to demonstrate a means to develop a classification scheme from which categories of African countries can evolve into more or less homogeneous groupings. These categories can then be used to develop customized HRM policies, strategies and tactics. The classification schema is based upon the European colonization of Africa, the history of leadership in African nations since decolonization, the economic/infrastructure development differences among African economies and the cultural differences among these same countries. It is envisioned that the African HRM decision matrix could provide the basis for making 'informed' HRM decisions by Western managers in an African context, although these Western managers must always be ever mindful of the Alice's Adventures in Wonderland nature of the HRM in Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explores the ethnic identity formation processes among Taiwanese physicians and medical students during the Kominka era of Japanese colonization in 1937-1945. Ethnic relations within the Japanese colonial empire; Analysis on how Taiwanese physicians developed modernist narratives; Fragmented consciousness of Taiwanese physicians on Taiwanese and Japanese ethnicity.

Examines how creolization resisted the effects of being made a department at the cultural and economic level on Reunion island. Historical and cultural features of Reunion's own form of creolization; Development of a multicultural society on the island; Creolization through language and colonial integration.

Studies the trace of changes during the seventeenth century Spanish colonization in New Mexico. Measures of impact in the first phase of colonization; Changes in the number and location pattern of settlements; Forms of Spanish exploitation; earlier epidemics and diseases.

Examines the impact of indentured servitude on the society and culture of Southern New England Indians from 1680-1810. Indentured service as a legacy of the English colonization of Indians; Account of the bonded labor and acculturation of children; Decline of Indian literacy rates; Use of debt to force natives into servitude.

Examines the caste-wise enumeration of households, caste data and the precolonial human inventories for precolonial census in India. Role of indigenous, agendas and ways of knowing in the construction of colonial discourses; Classification of population according to castes; Implications of caste division for the social relations in the country.

Focuses on the colonial currency crisis in East Africa. Efforts the of East African Currency Board (EACB) to demonetize the Indian rupee from the British East African territories; Accounts on the three changes of currency in the region; Association of the social and political delirium with the establishment of EACB.

Assesses the legacy and the struggle of inherited colonialism in Africa. Impact of colonialism on economy; Provision of colonial presumptions through political economy in theories of modernization; Conflict between market-based identities caused by the struggle on the postcolonial political violence.

The paper offers a historical perspective on the linguistic and cultural imperialism embedded in the struggle to maintain French as a leading international language. France was the nation-state where the ideology of national language was first clearly formulated and directly extended to overseas colonies. This shows the close relationship between linguistic nationalism and imperialism. It was believed that French was the language of universal human reason and had the power to civilize people who spoke it. This myth of the "clarté française" and the "mission civilisatrice" had a strong influence on various kinds of metalinguistic discourses that created the taken-for-granted representation of French as dominant language. It is the essential strategy of language dominance to establish the hierarchy of languages as if it were natural order of things. When French was obliged to yield the status of international language to English, there emerged the ideology of "Francophonie" which tried to defend its privilege against the monopoly of English, but the same ideology is also directed against minorities' claims for their own linguistic human right. It could be said that these discourses form a recursive prototype of language dominance whose variations are to be found in other shapes almost all over the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the relation of Africa with the rest of the world. Maintenance of relationship of African societies with their external environment; Historical situations subsuming colonization as a generic term; Role of a colonial regime in the mobilization of societies; Differentiation and dynamism of the relationship of Africa with the rest of the world.

This article examines an empirical anomaly. In most developing regions, poor democratic nations enroll more primary school students than their authoritarian counterparts. Regime type, however, cannot account for the wide variance in enrollment in Africa. This study demonstrates that colonial heritage is a good predictor of primary school enrollment for low-income countries in Africa. Additional analysis shows that colonization's impact on education has not diminished since independence. Rather, the initial differences in enrollment between the former French and British colonies have grown over time. The results hold important implications for the study of political institutions and their impact on economic development. Even after they no longer exist, political institutions can have substantial lingering effects on important developmental outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a critical analysis of European colonialism in the former Belgian Congo and 'Heart of Darkness' by Joseph Conrad. Thesis that cultural psychosis is a frontier phenomenon in the novel as an operation of darkness or evil; Interpretation of the historical context of the Congo Free State in 1909 as an image of Hell on earth; Post-colonial critique of European imperialism and the irony of western civilization as a perversion.

The universities of Pakistan were established by the colonial British government in 1858 so as to produce educated Indians to serve in the expanding bureaucracy. As government and security were the major concerns of the colonial government they made the bureaucracy (ICS) and the military prestigious and efficient institutions while higher education remained subordinate, government-controlled and poor. Being unattractive, the universities could not attract the most competent students and remained medieval teaching institutions with almost no research. This continues in Pakistan because the ruling elites of Pakistan continue to govern the country in the colonial tradition of the past. In the last section certain changes are suggested to make the universities more academically competent. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.)

The High Plains of the United States has been portrayed both as a place of despair and a region of renaissance. This study proposes that, within the Ogallala Aquifer portion of the High Plains, landscapes of decline and renaissance co-exist within the context of an internal colonial dependency model. While the notion of internal colonial dependency has been applied primarily to the central Appalachian region, an assessment of population change in the High Plains of western Kansas suggests some striking similarities with the population change expected in a region conforming to the internal colonial dependency metaphor. This study identifies a wide range of colonial dependent characteristics, as they apply to the High Plains, with a focus on migration. Demographic changes supporting a colonial influence include long-term population decline in most counties, high median age, high levels of channelized out-migration, even higher levels of channelized in-migration, in-migration flow origins that are concentrated in just four other Ogallala states, and a continued long-term trend of exporting the region's most educated inhabitants.

One of the central issues which shapes and agitates contemporary France, as well as other European countries, is that of identity. Multiple discourses on French identity are crisscrossing France today [...]

In the heterogeneous field of 'Orientalism', 'Europe's collective day dream' of the East,(1) a particularly prominent part has been played by the image of veiled women. The central importance of [...]

The influence of the Orient on Euro-American theater cannot be ignored and yet Oriental theater should not be commodified. The incorporation of folk tradition into an intercultural theater such that the Orient is recognized for itself is a positive move. Attempting to keep the culture of countries that have been colonized unchanged fails to recognize the influence of other cultures and undermines the ability of theater to grow.

History points to the active involvement of Protestant missionaries in the destruction of the culture of Dakota Indians. The colonizers' ethnocentric self-righteousness failed to recognize the distinctive community structure and belief system of the Indians. The natives followed a communal system of government wherein family and community needs are held above individual benefits. For the sake of civilizing these people, the Euro-Americans forced their own beliefs and community structure on these Indians by robbing them of their ancestral lands, language and religious practices.

In August 1860, Aaron Columbus Burr, a leading New York jewelry merchant and importer, received a letter from James Grant of British Honduras, offering land for sale in Stann Creek [...]