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Martínez-Cava, A, Hernández-Belmonte, A, Courel-Ibáñez, J, Morán-Navarro, R, González-Badillo, JJ, and Pallarés, JG. Bench press at full range of motion produces greater neuromuscular adaptations than partial executions after prolonged resistance training. J Strength Cond Res 36(1): 10–15, 2022—Training at a particular range of motion (ROM) produces specific neuromuscular adaptations. However, the effects of full and partial ROM in one of the most common upper-limb exercises such as the bench press (BP) remain controversial. In this study, 50 recreationally to highly resistance trained men were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 training groups: full bench press (BPFULL), two-thirds bench press (BP2/3), and one-third bench press (BP1/3) and control (training cessation). Experimental groups completed a 10-week velocity-based resistance training program using the same relative load (linear periodization, 60–80% 1 repetition maximum [1RM]), only differing in the ROM trained. Individual ROM for each BP variation was determined in the familiarization and subsequently replicated in every lift during training and testing sessions. Neuromuscular adaptations were evaluated by 1RM strength and mean propulsive velocity (MPV). The BPFULL group obtained the best results for the 3 BP variations (effect size [ES] = 0.52–1.96); in turn, partial BP produced smaller improvements as the ROM decreased (BP2/3: ES = 0.29–0.78; BP1/3: ES = −0.01 to 0.66). After 10-week of training cessation, the control group declined in all neuromuscular parameters (ES = 0.86–0.92) except in MPV against low loads. Based on these findings, the BPFULL stands as the most effective exercise to maximize neuromuscular improvements in recreational and well-trained athletes compared with partial ROM variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated the concurrent validity and reliability of the load-velocity relationship to predict the one-repetition maximum (1RM) of the power clean from the knee (PCK), high pull from the knee (HPK), and mid-thigh clean pull (MTCP). For each exercise, 12 participants performed two 1RM sessions tests and two sessions to measure the barbell's load-velocity relationship at 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90% of 1RM. The velocity recorded at each load was used to establish the linear regression equation and, consequently, to predict 1RM value. A low validity between the 1RM direct test and predicted 1RM was observed for PCK (typical error [TE]=3.96 to 4.50 kg, coefficient of variation [CV]=4.68 to 5.27%, effect size [ES]=-0.76 to -0.58, Bland-Altman bias [BAB]=9.83 to 11.19 kg), HPK (TE=4.58 to 5.82 kg, CV=6.44 to 8.14%, ES=-0.40 to -0.39, BAB=3.52 to 4.17 kg), and MTCP (TE=6.33 to 8.08 kg, CV=4.78 to 6.16%, ES=-0.29 to -0.19, BAB=3.98 to 6.17 kg). Adequate reliability was observed for the 1RM direct test and for the predicted 1RM. However, based on Bland-Altman limits of agreement, lower measurement errors were obtained for the 1RM direct test in comparison to the predicted 1RM for all the exercises. In conclusion, the load-velocity relationship was not able to predict 1RM values with high accuracy in the PCK, HPK, and MTCP. Moreover, the 1RM direct test was the most reliable for PCK, HPK and MTCP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The velocity loss method is often used in velocity–based training (VBT) to dynamically regulate training loads. However, the effects of velocity loss on maximum strength development and training efficiency are still unclear. Therefore, we conducted a dose–response meta–analysis aiming to fill this research gap. A systematic literature search was performed to identify studies on VBT with the velocity loss method via PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, EBSCO, and Cochrane. Controlled trials that compared the effects of different velocity losses on maximum strength were considered. One–repetition maximum (1RM) gain and 1RM gain per repetition were the selected outcomes to indicate the maximum strength development and its training efficiency. Eventually, nine studies with a total of 336 trained males (training experience/history ≥ 1 year) were included for analysis. We found a non–linear dose–response relationship (reverse U–shaped) between velocity loss and 1RM gain (pdose–response relationship < 0.05, pnon–linear relationship < 0.05). Additionally, a negative linear dose–response relationship was observed between velocity loss and 1RM gain per repetition (pdose–response relationship < 0.05, pnon–linear relationship = 0.23). Based on our findings, a velocity loss between 20 and 30% may be beneficial for maximum strength development, and a lower velocity loss may be more efficient for developing and maintaining maximum strength. Future research is warranted to focus on female athletes and the interaction of other parameters.

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the world’s most common diseases and reasons for death. Systemic consequences, especially reduced muscle strength, muscle mass and muscle function, are common and contribute to worsening prognosis and increasing morbidity and mortality. There is strong evidence that physical activity and strength training are effective in prolonging life and lead to better quality of life. Numerous studies have shown that ingestion of protein and carbohydrates after strength training can increase regeneration of strength in young athletes. Recently, we demonstrated that the same effect can be achieved with these macronutrients administered in a meal. Until now, it is not clear if patients with COPD, integrated in regular physical training, respond similarly. Methods: Prescribed strength training, consisting of two sets circular training with machines for big muscle groups was supplemented with a meal rich in protein and carbohydrates. Changes in maximum strength after 24 h were investigated to find out about the impact of this meal on physical capacity. A pilot study was conducted with pragmatic cross-over design. Results: With nutritive intervention, strength in both knee extensor and chest press were significantly higher than in control training. Conclusion: The study showed beneficial effects for the intake of protein and carbohydrates in changes in maximum strength. For now, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Clinical relevance needs further research. The study design and study protocol can be used for further studies with only small adaptions.

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Background: One-repetition maximum (1RM) tests are time-consuming, and they might not always be logistically possible or warranted due to increased risk of injury when performed incorrectly or by novice athletes. Repetitions-to-failure tests are a widespread method of predicting the 1RM, but its accuracy may be compromised by several factors such as the type of exercise, sex, training history, and the number of repetitions completed in the test. Hypothesis: The touch-and-go bench press would provide a higher 1RM than the concentric-only bench press for both genders regardless of whether the 1RM was obtained by the direct or repetitions-to-failure method and the error in the 1RM prediction would be positively correlated with the number of repetitions performed to failure and negatively correlated with the 1RM strength and resistance training experience. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: A total of 113 adults (87 men and 26 women) were tested on 2 sessions during the concentric-only and touch-and-go bench press. Each session consisted of an incremental loading test until reaching the 1RM load, followed by a repetitions-to-failure test. Results: The 1RM was higher for the touch-and-go bench press using both the direct (men, 7.80%; women, 7.62%) and repetitions-to-failure method (men, 8.29%; women, 7.49%). A significant, although small, correlation was observed between the error in the estimation of the 1RM and the number of repetitions performed (r = 0.222; P < 0.01), 1RM strength (r = −0.169; P = 0.01), and resistance training experience (r = −0.136; P = 0.05). Conclusion: The repetitions-to-failure test is a valid method of predicting the 1RM during the concentric-only and touch-and-go bench press variants. However, the accuracy of the prediction could be compromised with weaker and less experienced individuals and if more than 10 repetitions are completed during the repetitions-to-failure test. Clinical Relevance: The repetitions-to-failure test does not require any sophisticated equipment and enables a widespread use in different training environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ergogenic effects of caffeine on anaerobic maximal and submaximal peak performance, especially in resistance exercise is not clear. According to this, the purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect of moderate amounts of caffeine on maximal strength, repetition sustainability and work volume in the upper and lower body of novice body builders. In a randomized double blind study, 15 male body builders' athletes (age of 21.16±3.9 years, height of 174.42±6.12 cm and weight of 73.25±6.71 kg) were examined. Exercise protocol was to test one repetition maximum (1RM) in the bench press and leg press and repetition sustainability of bench press and leg press with 80% 1RM in 5 sets. These tests were performed, one hour after ingesting caffeine (6 mg/kg) and placebo, in two separate sessions as similar. Muscle strength, sustainability of repetitions and volume of work (load × the number of repetitions) of upper and lower body were measured. To examine the differences between the effects of caffeine and placebo, t-test was used. The results showed that caffeine causes a significant increase in the strength of the upper and lower body (P

Abstract Background Strength and power development are abilities important for athletic performance in many sports. Generally, resistance training based on gravity is used to improve these qualities. Flywheel training instead utilizes kinetic energy transferred to a flywheel. This allows for eccentric overload and variable resistance throughout the movement. The aim of this review was to identify the effects of flywheel training on multiple strength-related variables affecting athletic performance. The meta-analysis investigates the effects on (1) muscle growth (cross-sectional area (CSA) and volume/mass), (2) maximum dynamic strength, (3) development of power, (4) development of horizontal movement, and (5) development of vertical movement. Methods The meta-analysis includes 20 experimental studies that met the inclusion criteria. The quality of included studies was ranked according to the PEDro scale. Possible bias was identified in Funnel plot analyses. To enable the compilation of all results analyses, the random effect model was carried out using the software Review Manager Version 5.3 and presented with Forest plots. Results Flywheel training for a period of 4–24 weeks shows statistically significant increases in all strength aspects. Effect sizes were for hypertrophy, CSA 0.59; volume/mass 0.59; maximum strength 1.33; power 1.19; horizontal 1.01 and vertical movement 0.85. The evidence is particularly strong for beneficial effects from flywheel training in the development of maximal strength and power in trained younger individuals, and utilization of this training modality in shorter more intensive blocks. Conclusions Flywheel training is an effective method for improving several aspects of strength and power with importance for sports performance.

The auto-regulation method is a rising training strategy to improve strength and motor performance, and the Autoregulatory Progressive Resistance Exercise (APRE), Rating of Perceived Exertion program (RPE), and Velocity-Based Training (VBT) are the three common auto-regulation programs. However, whether the auto-regulation method is more effective than the traditional strength training (the fixed-loading method) in maximum strength training is still unclear. The present study searched the Pubmed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, Embase, EBSCO, Cochrane, CNKI, and CQVIP databases, and included eight related studies published between 2010 and 2020, with a total of 166 subjects including division 1 college players and athletes with at least 1-year training history, and interventions ranging from 5 to 10 weeks. A meta-analysis was performed to check the difference between the two training methods, and analyzed the differences in the existing auto-regulation programs' effectiveness. The overall results showed that the auto-regulation method was more effective than the fixed-loading method in maximum strength training (effect size = 0.64; P < 0.001; I2 = 0%). In specific, the pooled results in subgroup analysis indicated that the auto-regulation method may effectively improve the strength performance in squat (effect size = 4.64; P < 0.05; I2 = 54%) and bench press (effect size = 3.21; P < 0.05; I2 = 62%). Greater benefits of the auto-regulation method on strength improvement could be achieved in an 8-week or even shorter training (effect size = 0.87; P < 0.001; I2 = 0%) compared with those of 8–10 weeks (effect size = 0.32; P < 0.001; I2 = 0%). The APRE is the most effective training program among the three auto-regulation programs (effect size = 0.78; P < 0.001; I2 = 0%). In conclusion, the auto-regulation method could be more effective than the fixed-loading method in maximum strength training. The APRE is a convenient and effective training program that may be considered a practical training program to replace traditional training in athletes.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to clarify whether blood-flow restriction during resting intervals [resting blood-flow restriction (rBFR)] is comparable to a continuous BFR (cBFR) training regarding its effects on maximum strength, hypertrophy, fatigue resistance, and perceived discomfort.Materials and Methods: Nineteen recreationally trained participants performed four sets (30-15-15-15 repetitions) with 20% 1RM on a 45° leg press twice a week for 6 weeks (cBFR, n = 10; rBFR, n = 9). Maximum strength, fatigue resistance, muscle thickness, and girth were assessed at three timepoints (pre, mid, and post). Subjective pain and perceived exertion were determined immediately after training at two timepoints (mid and post).Results: Maximum strength (p < 0.001), fatigue resistance (p < 0.001), muscle thickness (p < 0.001), and girth (p = 0.008) increased in both groups over time with no differences between groups (p > 0.05). During the intervention, the rBFR group exposed significantly lower perceived pain and exertion values compared to cBFR (p < 0.05).Discussion: Resting blood-flow restriction training led to similar gains in strength, fatigue resistance, and muscle hypertrophy as cBFR training while provoking less discomfort and perceived exertion in participants. In summary, rBFR training could provide a meaningful alternative to cBFR as this study showed similar functional and structural changes as well as less discomfort.

Introduction : The purpose of this study was to clarify whether blood-flow restriction during resting intervals [resting blood-flow restriction (rBFR)] is comparable to a continuous BFR (cBFR) training regarding its effects on maximum strength, hypertrophy, fatigue resistance, and perceived discomfort. Materials and Methods : Nineteen recreationally trained participants performed four sets (30-15-15-15 repetitions) with 20% 1RM on a 45° leg press twice a week for 6 weeks (cBFR, n = 10; rBFR, n = 9). Maximum strength, fatigue resistance, muscle thickness, and girth were assessed at three timepoints (pre, mid, and post). Subjective pain and perceived exertion were determined immediately after training at two timepoints (mid and post). Results : Maximum strength (p < 0.001), fatigue resistance (p < 0.001), muscle thickness (p < 0.001), and girth (p = 0.008) increased in both groups over time with no differences between groups (p > 0.05). During the intervention, the rBFR group exposed significantly lower perceived pain and exertion values compared to cBFR (p < 0.05). Discussion : Resting blood-flow restriction training led to similar gains in strength, fatigue resistance, and muscle hypertrophy as cBFR training while provoking less discomfort and perceived exertion in participants. In summary, rBFR training could provide a meaningful alternative to cBFR as this study showed similar functional and structural changes as well as less discomfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The auto-regulation method is a rising training strategy to improve strength and motor performance, and the Autoregulatory Progressive Resistance Exercise (APRE), Rating of Perceived Exertion program (RPE), and Velocity-Based Training (VBT) are the three common auto-regulation programs. However, whether the auto-regulation method is more effective than the traditional strength training (the fixed-loading method) in maximum strength training is still unclear. The present study searched the Pubmed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, Embase, EBSCO, Cochrane, CNKI, and CQVIP databases, and included eight related studies published between 2010 and 2020, with a total of 166 subjects including division 1 college players and athletes with at least 1-year training history, and interventions ranging from 5 to 10 weeks. A meta-analysis was performed to check the difference between the two training methods, and analyzed the differences in the existing auto-regulation programs' effectiveness. The overall results showed that the auto-regulation method was more effective than the fixed-loading method in maximum strength training (effect size = 0.64; P < 0.001; I 2 = 0%). In specific, the pooled results in subgroup analysis indicated that the auto-regulation method may effectively improve the strength performance in squat (effect size = 4.64; P < 0.05; I 2 = 54%) and bench press (effect size = 3.21; P < 0.05; I 2 = 62%). Greater benefits of the auto-regulation method on strength improvement could be achieved in an 8-week or even shorter training (effect size = 0.87; P < 0.001; I 2 = 0%) compared with those of 8–10 weeks (effect size = 0.32; P < 0.001; I 2 = 0%). The APRE is the most effective training program among the three auto-regulation programs (effect size = 0.78; P < 0.001; I 2 = 0%). In conclusion, the auto-regulation method could be more effective than the fixed-loading method in maximum strength training. The APRE is a convenient and effective training program that may be considered a practical training program to replace traditional training in athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to determine the women Arab championship relative strength for each lift. In addition, the perfect outcome strength percentage between the two limbs as a bilateral limb deficit indicators through the relationship between their results during the Arab championships 2017 and some physical tests. The descriptive approach was used to suit the nature and objectives of the research, the sample was selected intentional manner of the International Senior Arab Championship 2017, held in the period from 18-23/ 12/2017 in the Arab Republic of Egypt, which was represented in the first three places in each weight category championship 24 women average age (19.24 ± 3.75). The researchers reached to find the Women Arab championship relationship between body weight, snatch, clean & jerk and total lift. Also the relative strength of snatch, clean & jerk, and total. Are being founded and the bilateral limb deficit between the forces generated from the two limbs are founded by equations and percentage and we recommend using this rate in developing training programs for juniors and selecting the squads in weightlifting.

This study investigated the effects of instantaneous performance feedback during the jump-squat exercise over a 6-week training period. Twenty-five strength-trained athletes were randomly divided into an instant feedback (n = 13, half-squat 3-repetition maximum (3RM)/ body mass = 2.38 6 0.19) or a nonfeedback (n = 12, halfsquat 3RM/body mass = 2.03 6 0.44) group. Both groups performed the same training program (3 3 week), consisting of 4 sets of 8 repetitions (weeks 1-3) and 8 sets of 4 repetitions (weeks 4-6) using a barbell with a load that maximized the average concentric power output (Pmax) of each athlete. Subjects in the instant feedback group were given real-time data after each repetition. Pre-, mid-, and post-training testing consisted of maximum 20-, 30-, and 50-m running speed, 3RM back half-squat load, Pmax and the load that maximized average concentric power output (Pmax load), countermovement jump (CMJ), and squat jump (SJ) height. Results revealed that the feedback group significantly improved all selected tests vs. nonfeedback (time 3 group interaction, p, 0.01). Significant improvements after training for 20, 30, 50 m, 3RM load, Pmax load, CMJ, and SJ were observed in the feedback group only (p, 0.01). Training without instant feedback did not lead to significant performance improvements; this group actually demonstrated significant decreases in SJ and Pmax (W) and Pmax load (p, 0.05). The results of this study indicate that the use of instant feedback during jump-squat training in athletes was beneficial for improving multiple performance tasks over 6 weeks of training. Instant feedback is an important element of power training to maximize adaptations when training strengthtrained athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al.Qadisiya journal for the Sciences of Physical Education is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Prescrição e Fisiologia do Exercício is the property of Instituto Brasileiro de Pesquisa e Ensino em Fisiologia do Exercicio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Atmospheric icing is a major cause of damage to electric power networks. During ice storms, "ice shedding off" cables and conductors can lead to major damage to power systems, mostly by mechanical failure. The brittleness of ice might be its most important and critical property possibly leading to hazardous events in urban regions, and involving equipment such as electrical power lines. To avoid or reduce the risks from this phenomenon, it is necessary to understand the mechanical behavior of ice, including ice strain, as well as its maximal strength and residual strength. The behavior of ice depends mainly on the applied stress and strain rate, as well as temperature, salinity, porosity, and particle size. As a fundamental subject on the deformation behavior of ice, the simple case of polycrystalline isotropic ice was chosen in this study. A methodology is developed to determine the stress‐strain curve for ice as a function of temperature and several uniaxial compression loading conditions. Mathematical relations are developed for several loading conditions and temperature. The results of this research allow to predict the maximal and residual strength of ice, as functions of strain rate and temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to find the effect of using Concentric/Overload Eccentric Exercises (Co/OvEc-Exs) to improve maximum strength (MS) level in the weightlifting training program on both of (M.S.) level, achievement record of snatch lift (ARSF). In addition, dynamic variables of Time (Ti), acceleration (Ac), work (Wo), and power (Po), through the two phases of (drop & turnover under the barbell) and (catch & stable standing) of snatch lift. The researcher used the experimental method by the design of per – post measurements of two equal groups, one of them was the control group (Cl group) and the other was the experimental group (El group), each group consisted of 5 weightlifters. Equality between the two groups was conducted in variables of age – height – weight – training age, MS variables of the performance level on tests of Clean – Jerk – Power Squat – Front Squat – Snatch Pull, ARSF, and those dynamic variables. To achieve the research purpose, a training program was applied for 10 weeks on the two groups. It included 30 training units – 3 units weekly, MS exercises for Cl group were performed in the traditional mode – concentric/eccentric exercises Co/Ec-Exs, in which the concentric and eccentric portions of the exercise cycle was performed with a constant weight which was equivalent 80-90٪ of the weightlifter's maximum load. While the same exercises were performed for the (El group) in the intended non-traditional mode of the research – (Co/Ov Ec-Exs) in which the concentric portion was performed with 80 - 90٪ load but the eccentric portion was performed with an equivalent load to 110 - 120٪ of the weightlifter's maximum load and this portion must be performed in a period of 3-5 sec. This was with taking into account that the concentric portion of all exercises for the two groups must be performed explosively. The research results indicated that there were statistically significant differences between the post-measurements of the two groups in all of the experimental variables. Based on these results, it was concluded that the Co/OvEc-Exs are more efficient than Co/Ec-Exs in improving the level of MS which leads to improve the dynamic variables of performing snatch lift, and all of these in turn leads to improve ARSF.

This study aimed to analyze the influence of range of motion (ROM) on main biomechanical parameters of the bench press (BP) exercise: i) load-velocity relationship by mean (MV) and mean propulsive velocity (MPV), ii) one-repetition maximum strength (1RM); iii) contribution of the propulsive and braking phases, and iv) presence of the sticking region key parameters (first peak barbell velocity: Vmax1, minimum velocity: Vmin and second peak barbell velocity: Vmax2). Forty-two strength-trained males performed a progressive loading test, starting at 20 kg and gradually increasing the load in 10 kg until MPV ≤ 0.50 m⋅s-1 and 5 down to 2.5 kg until 1RM, in three different ROMs: full ROM (BPFULL), two-thirds (BP2/3) and one-third (BP1/3). While significant differences were detected in the velocity attained against loads between 30-95% 1RM (BPFULL, BP2/3 and BP1/3, p < 0.05), both MV and MPV showed a very close relationship to %1RM for the three BP variations (R² = 0.935-0.966). The contribution of the braking phase decreased progressively until it completely disappeared at the 80%, 95% and 100% 1RM loads in BP1/3, BP2/3 and BPFULL, respectively. The 1RM increased as the ROM decreased (BPFULL < BP2/3 < BP1/3, p < 0.05). Despite the three biomechanical parameters that define the sticking region on the velocity- time curves were only observed in BPFULL variation, in 54.5% of the cases the subjects started their BP2/3 displacement before reaching the position at which the Vmin occurs in their BPFULL exercise. The complete or partial presence of the sticking region during the concentric action of the lift seems to underlie the differences in the 1RM strength, load-velocity profiles and the contribution of the propulsive phase in the BP exercise at different ROMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Educatio Artis Gymnasticae is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

On rings, in men’s artistic gymnastics, the general strength requirements for important static elements remain elusive. Therefore, the aim was to describe the relationship between a new conditioning strength test and a maximum strength test of static elements on rings in order to determine the minimal strength level (benchmarks) required to maintain these elements with one’s own body weight. Nineteen elite gymnasts performed a concentric (1RM isoinertial) and eccentric (isokinetic: 0.1 m/s) conditioning strength test for swallow/support scale (supine position) and inverted cross (seated position) on a computer-controlled device and a maximum strength test maintaining these elements for 5 s on rings with counterweight or additional weight. High correlation coefficients were found between the conditioning maximum strength for swallow/support scale (r: 0.65 to 0.92; p < 0.05) and inverted cross (r: 0.62 to 0.69; p > 0.05) and the maximum strength of the elements on rings. Strength benchmarks varied between 56.66% (inverted cross concentric) and 94.10% (swallow eccentric) of body weight. Differences in biomechanical characteristics and technical requirements of strength elements on rings may (inter alia) explain the differences between correlations. Benchmarks of conditioning strength may help coaches and athletes systematize the training of strength elements on rings.

Ergogenic effects of caffeine on anaerobic maximal and submaximal peak performance, especially in resistance exercise is not clear. According to this, the purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect of moderate amounts of caffeine on maximal strength, repetition sustainability and work volume in the upper and lower body of novice body builders. In a randomized double blind study, 15 male body builders' athletes (age of 21.16±3.9 years, height of 174.42±6.12 cm and weight of 73.25±6.71 kg) were examined. Exercise protocol was to test one repetition maximum (1RM) in the bench press and leg press and repetition sustainability of bench press and leg press with 80% 1RM in 5 sets. These tests were performed, one hour after ingesting caffeine (6 mg/kg) and placebo, in two separate sessions as similar. Muscle strength, sustainability of repetitions and volume of work (load × the number of repetitions) of upper and lower body were measured. To examine the differences between the effects of caffeine and placebo, t-test was used. The results showed that caffeine causes a significant increase in the strength of the upper and lower body (P

Introduction: Based on the assumption of maximal strength as a basic ability, several studies show a high influence of maximum strength on jumping performance in several sport athletes. However, there is a wide range of correlations from r  = 0.17-0.9 between squat 1RM and jumping performance in different sports. Additionally, there are only a few studies investigating the influence of deadlift one repetition maximum (1RM) on jumping performance. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the correlations between 1RM in the deadlift on jumping performance using the countermovement jump height (CMJ) and squat jump height (SJ) considering different sports., Methods: 103 athletes with experience in the deadlift from soccer, basketball, American football, powerlifting as well as participants from different sports without any deadlift experience (control group) were included to this study., Results: Overall statistics showed a significant moderate influence of deadlift 1RM ( r  = 0.301-0.472) on jumping performance. However, subgroup analysis showed no significant correlation between deadlift 1RM and jumping performance in control participants, while moderate correlations could be detected in powerlifters ( r  = 0.34-0.39), soccer players ( r  = 0.437-0.46), American football players (0.584-0.62) and high correlations in basketball players ( r  = 0.809-0.848) showing significant influence of type of sport on correlations between deadlift maximum strength and jumping performance., Discussion: Presented results underline movement velocity- and task specificity of strength training routines which is discussed in the light of the respective sports., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2024 Schiemann, Keiner, Wirth, Lohmann, Wagner, Behm and Warneke.)

The level of performance in high speed sprint running is result-relevant in track and field events and in team sports. Correlation coefficients between maximal force production of the extensor chain of the lower extremities - mostly tested via one repetition maximum (1RM) in a squat - and sprinting performance have been frequently reported. However, correlations of dynamic maximal force production of the plantar flexors and sprints have yet to be reported. Assuming that with increasing distance the stretch-shortening-cycle, which is dominated by reflex mechanisms gains importance, a decrease of the influence of the maximum force for the calf muscles is conceivable. Fifty-six physical education students (40 male, 16 female) participated in the present study. Maximum strength in the standing barbell calf raise and sprint performance over 30 m were obtained on different days separated by one week. The study provides correlation coefficients of 1RM of plantar flexors and sprinting performance in sections up to 30 m. Therefore, sprint performance for sections 0-5, 0-10, 0-15, 0-20, 0-25 and 0-30 m were determined. The results show medium to strong, consistently significant correlations (p < 0.01) both, for the absolute (r = -0.483 to -0.675) and the relative maximum force (r = -0.460 to -0.547). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Physical Education (20736452) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of resistance training (RT) duration, including years of exposure, on agonist and antagonist neuromuscular activation throughout the knee extension voluntary torque range. Fifty‐seven healthy men (untrained [UNT] n = 29, short‐term RT [12WK] n = 14, and long‐term RT [4YR] n = 14) performed maximum and sub‐maximum (20%‐80% maximum voluntary torque [MVT]) unilateral isometric knee extension contractions with torque, agonist and antagonist surface EMG recorded. Agonist EMG, including at MVT, was corrected for the confounding effects of adiposity (ie, muscle‐electrode distance; measured with ultrasonography). Quadriceps maximum anatomical cross‐sectional area (QACSAMAX; via MRI) was also assessed. MVT was distinct for all three groups (4YR +60/+39% vs UNT/12WK; 12WK +15% vs UNT; 0.001 < P ≤ 0.021), and QACSAMAX was greater for 4YR (+50/+42% vs UNT/12WK; [both] P < 0.001). Agonist EMG at MVT was +44/+33% greater for 4YR /12WK ([both] P < 0.001) vs. UNT, but did not differ between RT groups. The torque‐agonist EMG relationship of 4YR displayed a right/down shift with lower agonist EMG at the highest common torque (196 Nm) compared to 12WK and UNT (0.005 ≤ P ≤ 0.013; Effect size [ES] 0.90 ≤ ES ≤ 1.28). The torque‐antagonist EMG relationship displayed a lower slope with increasing RT duration (4YR < 12WK < UNT; 0.001 < P ≤ 0.094; 0.56 ≤ ES ≤ 1.31), and antagonist EMG at the highest common torque was also lower for 4YR than UNT (−69%; P < 0.001; ES = 1.18). In conclusion, 4YR and 12WK had similar agonist activation at MVT and this adaptation may be maximized during early months of RT. In contrast, inter‐muscular coordination, specifically antagonist coactivation was progressively lower, and likely continues to adapt, with prolonged RT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the third most common cause of adult neurologic disabilities. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks of neuromuscular exercises on strength, proprioceptive receptors, and balance of women with MS. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial study, 20 female volunteers with relapsing-remitting MS were randomly assigned into the experimental group (n = 10) and control group (n = 10). Maximum muscular strength of knee extensor and flexor muscles, knee joint proprioceptive error (Biodex), and balance (Berg Balance Scale) was measured at baseline and after 8 weeks of neuromuscular exercise. The data were analyzed using paired t-test and independent t-test. Results: The results showed a significant improvement (P < 0.05) in the quadriceps strength, hamstring strength, proprioceptive receptor error, and the balance in the experimental group, but not in the control group. A significant difference was evident between the experimental and control groups in terms of strength, balance, and proprioceptive receptor error (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Neuromuscular exercise training is effective in improving balance, strength, and reducing the proprioceptive error in people with MS, and it could be recommended as modalities for these patients.

The primary aim of the present study was to examine the commonly performed training exercise for athlete preparation. Twenty-two recreationally trained males (age: 26.3 ± 4.1 y, height: 1.80 ± 0.07 m; body mass (BM): 87.01 ± 13.75 kg, 1-repetitoon maximum(1-RM)/BM: 0.90 ± 0.19 kg) participated in the present study. All subjects had their 1-RM power clean tested with standard procedures. On a separate testing day, subjects performed three repetitions at 30% and 45%, and two repetitions at 70% and 80% of their 1-RM power clean. During all trials during both sessions, peak velocity (PV) and mean velocity (MV) were measured with the use of a GymAware device. There were no significant differences between the actual and estimated 1-RM power clean (p = 0.37, ES = −0.11) when the load-PV profile was utilized. There was a large typical error (TE) present for the load-PV- and load-MV-estimated 1-RM values. Additionally, the raw TE exceeded the smallest worthwhile change for both load-PV and load-MV profile results. Based upon the results of this study, the load-velocity profile is not an acceptable tool for monitoring power clean strength.

Previous findings suggest that performing strength training (ST) in the evening may provide greater benefit for young individuals. However, this may not be optimal for the older population. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a 12-week ST program performed in the morning vs. evening on strength, functional capacity, metabolic biomarker and basal hormone concentrations in older women. Thirty-one healthy older women (66 ± 4 years, 162 ± 4 cm, 75 ± 13 kg) completed the study. Participants trained in the morning (M) (07:30, n = 10), in the evening (E) (18:00, n = 10), or acted as a non-training control group (C) (n = 11). Both intervention groups performed whole-body strength training with 3 sets of 10-12 repetitions with 2-3 minutes rest between sets. All groups were measured before and after the 12-week period with; dynamic leg press and seated-row 6-repetition maximum (6-RM) and functional capacity tests (30-second chair stands and arm curl test, Timed Up and Go), as well as whole-body skeletal muscle mass (SMM) (kg) and fat mass (FM-kg, FM%) assessed by bioelectrical impedance (BIA). Basal blood samples (in the intervention groups only) taken before and after the intervention assessed low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), blood glucose (GLU), triglycerides (TG), high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) concentrations and total antioxidant status (TAS) after a 12 h fast. Hormone analysis included prolactin (PRL), progesterone (P) estradiol (ESTR), testosterone (T), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). While C showed no changes in any variable, both M and E significantly improved leg press (+ 46 ± 22% and + 21 ± 12%, respectively; p < 0.001) and seated-row (+ 48 ± 21% and + 42 ± 18%, respectively; p < 0.001) 6-RM, as well as all functional capacity outcomes (p < 0.01) due to training. M were the only group to increase muscle mass (+ 3 ± 2%, p < 0.01). Both M and E group significantly (p < 0.05) decreased GLU (-4 ± 6% and -8 ± 10%, respectively), whereas significantly greater decrease was observed in the E compared to the M group (p < 0.05). Only E group significantly decreased TG (-17 ± 25%, p < 0.01), whereas M group increased (+ 15%, p < 0.01). The difference in TG between the groups favored E compared to M group (p < 0.01). These results suggest that short-term "hypertrophic" ST alone mainly improves strength and functional capacity performance, but it influences metabolic and hormonal profile of healthy older women to a lesser extent. In this group of previously untrained older women, time-of-day did not have a major effect on outcome variables, but some evidence suggests that training in the morning may be more beneficial for muscle hypertrophy (i.e. only M significantly increased muscle mass and had larger effect size (M: g = 2 vs. E: g = 0.5). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sprinting represents a result-relevant task in many sports. The correlation of sprinting performance and one-repetition maximum (1RM) in a squat has been assumed as assured. Results of the correlation with 1RM of the plantar flexors are still pending. Assuming an increasing relevance of the reactive working capacity with increasing distance, a decrease of the influence of maximum strength of the calves is conceivable. We investigated the correlation of 1RM in a calf raise and sprint performance in consecutive sections up to 30 meters. The results showed medium to strong, very significant correlations (p < 0.01) for absolute (r = −0.483 to r = −0.720) and relative (r = −0.460 to −0.577) strength, whereas an increase of the correlation throughout the course is observed. The dynamic maximum strength of the calves is a basic prerequisite for short sprints and should be regarded as a performance reserve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lúdica Pedagógica is the property of Universidad Pedaggica Nacional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Physical Education (20736452) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To investigate the effects of drynaria total flavonoids on trabecular microstructure and maximum strength of mandible in a rat model of bone loss induced by ovariectomy and to compare the effects of drynaria total flavonoids and Estradiol Valerate. Methods 40 three-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=8 each group): sham operation group (Sham), ovariectomized group (OVX), low-dose drynaria total flavonoids group (GB-L), high-dose drynaria total flavonoids group (GB-H) and Estradiol Valerate group (EV). After the model was successfully established, the rats were intragastric administrated medicine continuously for twelve weeks. The mandible was analyzed by micro-CT and the biomechanics values of maximum stress were tested by the three point bending test. Results Micro-CT data showed that bone volume/total volume (BV/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular number (Tb.N) and trabecular bone mineral density (BMD) in the OVX group were significantly lower than those in the Sham group (P<0.05), whereas the trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) and bone surface/bone volume ratio (BS/BV) were significantly greater in the OVX group than those for the Sham group (P<0.05). Maximum strength decreased significantly in the OVX group (P<0.05). Compared with the OVX group, the micro-CT data showed that trabecular microstructure was well repaired in the EV group, with maximum strength significantly improved (P<0.05). BV/TV and Tb.N in GB-L group were significantly higher than that in OVX group (P<0.05), and Tb.Sp was significantly lower than that in OVX group (P<0.05). GB-H group was significantly superior to GB-L group. In the GB-H group, the maximum strength was significantly improved, and several of the Micro-CT parameters (BV/TV, BS/BV, Tb.Sp, Tb.N and BMD) were well repaired (P<0.05). Conclusion Drynaria total flavonoids could greatly improve the trabecular microstructure as well as the maximum strength of mandible in a rat model of osteoporosis induced by ovariectomy and may be an effective way to prevent mandible osteoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A world-class athlete is above all a harmonious combination of motor qualities: they are fit for prolonged effort, perform the motor act with accuracy using minimum muscle energy and can express the highest possible strength with maximum execution speed, namely they possess resistance, coordination and power. Various studies focusing on strength have highlighted the particular value of this quality in achieving sports performance even among endurance runners. This paper discusses the importance of choosing the most suitable methods in order to improve the maximum strength of a muscle or muscle group. Three of the many methods by which an athlete who practices the sprinting-jumping-throwing events (but not only) can reach the highest level of strength are: the maximum load method; the heavy-load method repeated by a maximum number of times; the heavy-load method performed at maximum speed. These variants must be used and continuously alternated in annual programming, except for the training stages preceding competitions, when the most specific exercises will be used almost exclusively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various body positions have been used in the scientific literature when performing the isometric midthigh pull resulting in divergent results. We evaluated force production in the isometric midthigh pull in bent (125° knee and 125° hip angles) and upright (125° knee, 145° hip angle) positions in subjects with (>6 months) and without (<6 months) substantial experience using weightlifting derivatives. A mixed-design ANOVA was used to evaluate the effect of pull position and weightlifting experience on peak force, force at 50, 90, 200, and 250 ms. There were statistically significant main effects for weightlifting experience and pull position for all variables tested, and statistically significant interaction effects for peak force, allometrically scaled peak force, force at 200 ms, and force at 250 ms. Calculated effect sizes were small to large for all variables in subjects with weightlifting experience, and were small to moderate between positions for all variables in subjects without weightlifting experience. A central finding of the study is that the upright body position (125° knee and 145° hip) should be used given that forces generated are highest in that position. Actual joint angles during maximum effort pulling should be measured to ensure body position is close to the position intended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current scientific evidence suggests that sport-specific heavy strength training could be successfully included in elite endurance athletes' training program. In fact, positive effects of short-term interventions, without any negative side-effects, have been shown repeatedly. However, there is a lack of long-term studies investigating the concurrent development of strength and endurance capacities, and there is a limited understanding of the mechanisms underlying the complex mix of strength and endurance training in the daily training plan of elite endurance athletes. In this context, cross-country skiers have shown a unique ability to build up and sustain a relatively large and strong muscle mass whilst, at the same time, having developed some of the highest maximal oxygen uptakes ever measured in humans. Accordingly, this study explores and discusses how world-class cross-country skiers implement strength training in their long-term endurance training schedule. The presented examples provide support to the scientific evidence from short-term studies, with heavy strength training being included approximately two times per week to build up strength in the preparation period and once per week to maintain strength in the competition period. Furthermore, individualized, movement-specific strength programs aiming to improve skiing technique, exercise economy/ efficiency and to delay fatigue is employed. However, the systematic use of core/stabilization exercises by the best skiers has lack of scientific support, which is also the case for the placement of strength sessions within the weekly training puzzle, the order of strength exercises during a session, as well as the influence of mental abilities and technical execution during strength sessions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science in Olympic Sports is the property of National University of Physical Education & Sport of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study has aimed into: 1. Identifying the values of Maximum strength of legs ,arms ,back and achievement in Snatch lift for the team of Nineveh Region In weightlifting. Identifying the values of some mechanical variables for the trajectory of the Bar (heights, deviations ,time, distance, displacement, Speed velocity, Maximum velocity, 2. Identifying the values of Maximum strength of legs ,arms ,back and achievement in Snatch lift for the team of Nineveh Region In weightlifting. 3. Identifying the values of some mechanical variables for the trajectory of the Bar (heights, deviations ,time, distance, displacement, Speed velocity, Maximum velocity, acceleration, force, Work, Power, Momentum) of all phased in snatch lift for the team of Nineveh Region In weightlifting. 4. Identifying the relationship between the maximum strength of legs arms ,back with mechanical variables of the trajectory of the Bar(heights, deviations, Work, Power, Momentum) and performance in Snatch lift for the team of Nineveh Region In weightlifting. The research has hypothesized the following: 1. there were significant correlation between maximum strength for arms, back, and legs, and the mechanical variables for the trajectory of the bar during snatch lift for the weightlifters of Nineveh Region. 2. there were significant correlation between (the maximum strength for arms, legs, and back) and achievement (absolute & relative) in the snatch lift for the weightlifter of Nineveh Region. Methods :The researchers have adopted the descriptive methodology. The sample was (6) weightlifters from the advanced category. They have been chosen deliberately because they were getting the advanced stages in the championships of the country. The researchers have used the scientific technical observation ,questionnaire , analysis , and measurement for collecting data . . The following programs have been used in the analysis : ( I film Edit 1,3 , Image ready 8 , ACD See 10,Adobe photo shop 8 , and Excel ). The researchers have processed the data statistically by using SPSS (the arithmetical mean, the standard deviation ,percentile, and simple correlation coefficient. The researchers have concluded the following : 1. The increase of Maximum strength for arms help to reduce deviation (D3,D4 ,D5). 2. The increase of Maximum Strength for legs help to increase Work sign (displacement and distance) through phases Snatch W1, W4. 3. The Power increase in phase after full extension to increase Maximum Strength for legs. 4. The Momentum increase in phases for Snatch (M2,M3,M4,M5) to increase Maximum Strength for legs. 5. The Momentum increase in snatch lift phases by the increase of Maximum Strength for legs , back, and arms. 6. The absence of any significant correlation between Max. Strength for legs ,arms, and back with remaining other Variables. The researchers have recommended some recommendations. 1. emphasizing on the increasing the muscular strength and developing it for the weightlifters equally, for arms, legs, and back. Because its effect on the mechanical values and trajectory of the bar. 2. developing the strength of the muscular for the arms through the exercising, as well as its role in the success of the snatch by decreasing the deviation of the weight during the snatch lift.