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Adult neurogenesis has been reported in the hypothalamus, subventricular zone and subgranular zone in the hippocamp. Recent studies indicated that new cells in the hypothalamus are affected by diet. We previously showed beneficial effects of safflower seed oil (SSO), a rich source of linoleic acid (LA; 74%), on proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) in vitro. In this study, the effect of SSO on hypothalamic neurogenesis was investigated in vivo, in comparison to synthetic LA. Adult mice were treated with SSO (400 mg/kg) and pure synthetic LA (300 mg/kg), at similar concentrations of LA, for 8 weeks and then hypothalamic NSCs were cultured and subsequently used for Neurosphere-forming assay. In addition, serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Administration of SSO for 8 weeks in adult mice promoted the proliferation of NSCs isolated from SSO-treated mice. Immunofluorescence staining of the hypothalamus showed that the frequency of astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein+ cells) are not affected by LA or SSO. However, the frequency of immature (doublecortin+ cells) and mature (neuronal nuclei+ cells) neurons significantly increased in LA- and SSO-treated mice, compared to vehicle. Furthermore, both LA and SSO caused a significant increase in the serum levels of BDNF. Importantly, SSO acted more potently than LA in all experiments. The presence of other fatty acids in SSO, such as oleic acid and palmitic acid, suggests that they could be responsible for SSO positive effect on hypothalamic proliferation and neurogenesis, compared to synthetic LA at similar concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to compare diltiazem-ointment and safflower oil in reducing the necrosis of accidental rat flaps. Method: We divide 40 mice into four groups. We created a 10 x 3 random flap on the back of rats after washing with ketamine intraperitoneal. The flap was used for these four groups of ointments from two days before surgery to five days after surgery. We used diltiazem ointment in the first group, safflower essential oil in the second group and vaseline in the third group. The fourth group was for control Results: The mean necrosis of the flap was observed in 49% of the vaseline group, 52% of the diltiazem group, 53% safflower essential oil group, and 47% of the control group. The P-value with the independent groups' test was more than 0.05 and confirmed no significant difference between Wistar rat groups. Vaseline, diltiazem, and safflower essential oil did not increase blood flow to the random flap in mice. Conclusions: Diltiazem and safflower did not improve blood flow to the flap. Since this drug has not been used for flaps, it is suggested that further studies be conducted in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroperoxy‐9Z,11E‐octadecadienoic acid (13‐HPODE) can be obtained from safflower oil in an enzyme cascade utilizing lipase, lipoxygenase (LOX), and catalase for in situ oxygen generation. The application of immobilized enzymes may open a new path to a cost‐efficient production of 13‐HPODE, which is used for the synthesis of green note aroma hexanal. Ten immobilization supports are compared for immobilization of lipoxygenase‐1 from Glycine max (LOX‐1) and oxirane‐based Immobead 150 P proves to be best with a maximum LOX‐1 activity of 22 470 U g−1. The immobilizate is successfully recycled in eight consecutive batches and maintains full activity over a period of 16 h using a 3D‐printed column reactor. Catalase from Micrococcus lysodeikticus and LOX‐1 are co‐immobilized on Immobead 150 P allowing a constant production of 13‐HPODE for up to six cycles with a maximum product conversion of 45% and a 13‐regioselectivity of 83%. In this two‐enzyme system with H2O2‐dosage, foam generation is significantly reduced. Co‐immobilization of LOX‐1 and lipaseis possible; however, rapid lipase deactivation occurs. Therefore, a two‐reactor approach with oil hydrolysis in the first reactor is proposed. Immobilized lipases from C. rugosa are suitable for safflower oil hydrolysis and maintain full activity over ten hydrolysis cycles. Practical applications: Linoleic acid hydroperoxide (13‐HPODE) is the starting material for the synthesis of the green note aroma compound hexanal. The byproduct of the hydroperoxide splitting is ω‐oxododecenoic acid, which is currently not employed industrially. The bifunctional oxodocecenoic acid is interesting as precursor for the synthesis of polymer building blocks. Simple one‐step derivatization of the oxo‐group can yield suitable C12 monomers such as dicarboxylic acids, ω‐amino acids, or ω‐hydroxy acids. Cost‐efficiency is a key parameter to incorporate these new biobased building blocks for polymer applications. In this approach, immobilized enzymes are used for the synthesis of 13‐HPODE starting from safflower oil with in situ oxygen generation to prevent excessive foam formation. A two‐reactor concept is designed to circumvent hydroperoxide‐induced lipase deactivation. Direct comparison of both batch and continuous process is performed and provides information for the implementation of the enzyme cascade and the design of an optimized reactor system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to investigate the protective efficacy of fresh (FG) and aged (AG) Taşköprü Garlic (Allium sativum L.) macerated oils prepared in safflower oil at different concentrations against post-operative (PO) intra-abdominal adhesions (PIA). No commercial garlic product was used in the study. AG was produced from Taşköprü Garlic, which is one of the geographically indicated products of the European Union. Then FG and AG were kept at two different concentrations (1.5 g/mL & 2.0 g/mL) in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) oil to get macerated oils of FG15, FG20, AG15 and AG20. After spectrophotometric and chromatographic analyzes of the oils, in vivo experiments were made on rats. A cecal abrasion model was applied to six study groups viz FG15, FG20, AG15, AG20, serum physiologic control and oil control. Their preventive activities against PIA were examined macroscopically and histopathologically at different time points (7th-14th-21st days PO). The safflower oil did not give successful results in preventing PIA when used alone. The AG macerated oils, especially AG20, caused negative effects on the injured tissue/organ surfaces due to their high ratio of 2,4-decadienal content. The macerated oils prepared with fresh Taşköprü Garlic in safflower oil (FG15 and FG20) at the rate of 0.1 mL were found successful agents to prevent PIA by intra-abdominal route without any irritant effect in rats. These oils are considered as low cost clinical/laboratory preparations and can be used in laparotomy/laparoscopy to prevent PIA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The R 1 relaxation rate of fat is a promising marker of tissue oxygenation. Existing techniques to map fat R 1 in MR-oximetry offer limited spatial coverage, require long scan times, or pulse sequences that are not readily available on clinical scanners. This work addresses these limitations with a 3D voxel-wise fat R 1 mapping technique for MR-oximetry based on a variable flip angle (VFA) approach at 3 T. Varying levels of dissolved oxygen (O 2) were generated in a phantom consisting of vials of safflower oil emulsion, used to approximate human fat. Joint voxel-wise mapping of fat and water R 1 was performed with a two-compartment VFA model fitted to multi-echo gradient-echo magnitude data acquired at four flip angles, referred to as Fat DESPOT. Global R 1 was also calculated. Variations of fat, water, and global R 1 were investigated as a function of the partial pressure of O 2 (pO 2). Inversion-prepared stimulated echo magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used as the reference technique for R 1 measurements. Fat R 1 from Fat DESPOT was more sensitive than water R 1 and global R 1 to variations in pO 2 , consistent with previous studies performed with different R 1 mapping techniques. Fat R 1 sensitivity to pO 2 variations with Fat DESPOT (median O 2 relaxivity r 1, O 2 = 1.57× 10−3 s−1 mmHg−1) was comparable to spectroscopy-based measurements for methylene, the main fat resonance (median r 1, O 2 = 1.80 × 10−3 s−1 mmHg−1). Fat and water R 1 can be measured on a voxel-wise basis using a two-component fit to multi-echo 3D VFA magnitude data in a clinically acceptable scan time. Fat and water R 1 measured with Fat DESPOT were sensitive to variations in pO 2. These observations suggest an approach to 3D in vivo MR oximetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology / Zhongguo Shipin Xuebao is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent environmental organic pollutants known to have detrimental health effects. Using a mouse model, we previously demonstrated that PCB126 exposure before and during pregnancy and throughout the perinatal period adversely affected offspring glucose tolerance and/or body composition profiles. The purpose of this study was to investigate the glucose tolerance and body composition of offspring born to dams exposed to PCB126 during the nursing period only. Female ICR mice were bred, and half of the dams were exposed to either vehicle (safflower oil) or 1 µmole PCB126 per kg of body weight via oral gavage on postnatal days (PND) 3, 10, and 17 (n = 9 per group). Offspring body weight, lean and fat mass, and glucose tolerance were recorded every three weeks. PCB126 treatment did not alter dam nor offspring body weight (p > 0.05). PCB126-exposed male and female offspring displayed normal body composition (p > 0.05) relative to vehicle-exposed offspring. However, both male and female offspring that were exposed to PCB126 during the nursing period had significantly impaired glucose tolerance at 3 and 9 weeks of age (p < 0.05). At 6 and 12 weeks of age, no impairments in glucose tolerance existed in offspring (p > 0.05). Our current study demonstrates that exposure to PCB126 through the mother’s milk does not affect short- or long-term body composition but impairs glucose tolerance in the short-term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safflower is an annual herb of Compositae, which has great economic value. To explore the impact of invasive weed Xanthium italicum Moretti on the economic crop safflower, field experiments were conducted, the growth-related characters and the relative intensity of competition between the two species was explored. The results showed that under monoculture conditions, the stem height, crown width, stem diameter and the biomass of X. italicum root, stem and leaves were 1.14, 1.96, 1.82, 4.42, 4.21 and 3.99 times as high as those of safflower, respectively. When the two species coexisted, the growth related characters of X. italicum were further significantly improved, while the growth related characters of safflower were significantly decreased. When coexisted with X. italicum, the corolla biomass, hydroxysafflor yellow A content of corolla, seed yields, 100-seed weight, and seed oil content of safflower in the interplanted treatment 90.04%, 33.11%, 63.89%, 40.58%, and 25.61% lower than those in the monocultured treatment, respectively. Relative yield (RY) and Competitive balance index (CB) of X. italicum and safflower showed that the interspecific competitiveness of X. italicum was significantly higher than that of safflower. Under the competitive inhibition of X. italicum, not only the vegetative growth, but also the reproductive growth, yield, and quality of the economic organs of safflower were significantly negatively impacted. Together, our findings provide important scientific basis for evaluating the invasion risks and consequences of safflower's cropland ecosystem by X. italicum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oils derived from non-traditional seeds, such as safflower, milk thistle, and black cumin seeds, have recently grown in popularity. Seed oil is in high demand due to consumer interest in illness prevention and health promotion through healthier diets that include a high concentration of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidant phenolic components. This study assessed the quality characteristics of cold-pressed seed oil at three unique storage times: at the beginning of the trial (i.e., before storage), after 2 months, and after 4 months. The results of the performed analyses indicate that the acidity of extracted black cumin, safflower, and milk thistle seed oil fluctuates considerably over time. The highest acidity level change was detected for black cumin seed oil, from 10.26% after the extraction to 16.96% after 4 months of storage at 4 °C. Consequently, changes between pre- and post-storage peroxide concentrations were discernible after four months. Peroxide value in milk thistle and safflower seed oils increased by 0.92 meq/kg and 2.00 meq/kg, respectively, during the assessed storage time, while that of black cumin was very high and fluctuated. The storage period substantially affects oxidative changes and the oxidation stability of the oil. Major changes were observed in the polyunsaturated fatty acids in seed oil during storage. The essential changes were detected in the black cumin seed oil odor profile after 4 storage months. Their quality and stability, as well as the nature of the changes that occur during the storage of oil, require extensive investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were to prepare and characterize two different salad dressings based on coldpressed safflower oil. Common physico-chemical and thermal properties, compositions, sensory descriptive analysis, and consumer tests were completed. Both samples had acceptable free fatty acidity, peroxide and pH values, and had color values reflecting the spices (red pepper and green spices). Both dressings were liquid at around -14 to -19 °C and were pourable. They were good sources of essential fatty acids, including around 91-92% of total unsaturated fatty acids. Total phytosterol contents were around 1693-1700 mg/kg, with a majority of β-sitosterol. Further, both samples had around 284 mg/kg of total tocopherols. The panel used 8 sensory terms (consistency, sweet, salty, sour, bitter, spicy, vinegary, and metallic) to describe the samples. Consumers liked their appearance and smell/aroma, but taste/flavor and general acceptance scores were lower. Further studies to improve taste properties are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The intestinal absorption characteristics of compound safflower seed oil was investigated. Its intestinal absorption site, time and loading concentration were investigated by the everted gut sac technique. The contents of linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) in the collected intestinal fluid were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The intestinal transport mechanism was analyzed through calculating the absorption transport parameters and absorption rate. In different intestinal segments, the main components LA and ALA were detected in both the duodenum (LA: 2.71 mg; ALA: 1.60 mg) and jejunum (LA: 1.89 mg; ALA: 1.43 mg). By calculating the permeation volume (M), absorption conversion rate (A) and residue percentage (R) at different sites, it was found that the M values of LA and ALA in the duodenum were higher than those for the jejunum, the A values were close to those for the jejunum, and the R values were lower than those for the jejunum. Therefore, the duodenum was the best absorption site among the intestinal segments. At the 120th min, the Pappi (apparent permeability coefficient) values of LA and ALA were higher than those of other time points, thus, the optimal absorption and transport time was 120 min. When the loading dose was 2.0 times, the concentrations of LA and ALA in the intestinal sac fluid were the highest (0.35 and 0.19 mg/mL, respectively), thus, the optimal loading dose was 200 mg/mL. The results showed that the intestinal absorption of the compound safflower seed oil may take place in a time- and concentration-dependent passive transport mode and via one-way transport in the duodenum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is devoted to modeling the pressing process of an experimental screw press for safflower oil production in small enterprises of the grain processing industry. The theoretical analysis for developing the process of oil pressing in a screw press is considered. Using methods of mathematical modeling, the problem of squeezing the liquid phase from dispersed material is described and solved. The basic scheme and characteristics of the press equipment and the principle of its work are presented. The proposed method of the theoretical calculation of the pressing process helps to determine the optimal parameters and to press safflower oil using the proposed design of the screw press. During the process of pressing, the highest value of oil yield is reached at the diaphragm gap of δ = 0.1 mm and screw rotation speed of ω = 6.2 rad/s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an underestimated and multipurpose crop resistant to environmental stresses. Its oil presents useful chemical–physical properties, potentially exploitable for industrial purposes as a bio-based lubricant. In this work safflower oil was applied as a less toxic alternative to mineral-based hydraulic fluids. The extracted oil was partially refined and the antioxidant tert-buthylhydroquinone (THBQ) was added at two concentrations (0.25 and 3.00 mg kg−1). Efficiency tests of the obtained oil were carried out using an experimental test rig capable of simulating a real hydraulic system and performing severe short-duration work cycles with the aim of strongly accelerating the ageing of the tested oil. Oil performance was verified by monitoring hydraulic and chemical–physical parameters, which were correlated to the main lubricant properties through sensor detection and laboratory analysis in parallel. The results indicated that the safflower oil behaved well at both THBQ concentrations and showed good technical performance (operating pressure and temperature; flowrate and transmitted hydraulic power), though a higher THBQ concentration was necessary to protect the oil's chemical–physical properties from worsening. In fact, the higher THBQ concentration allowed the test to be extended to 270 h, an improvement compared to the 150 h that was achieved with the lower THBQ concentration. Finally, the use of safflower oil for industrial and agricultural purposes seems feasible and would contribute toward the sustainability of the whole crop rotation in a prospective valuable circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Oleogels containing bioactive substances such as citral (CT) are used as functional food ingredients. However, little information is available on the influence of different oleogel network structure caused by CT addition and fatty acid distribution on its digestion behavior. Coconut oil, palm oil, high oleic peanut oil, safflower seed oil, and perilla seed oil were used in this study. The results showed that perilla seed oil-CT-based oleogels had the highest oil-holding capacity (99.03 ± 0.3), whereas CT addition higher than 10 wt% could lead to the morphology collapse of oleogels. Physical and thermodynamic analyses revealed that CT could reduce oleogel hardness and higher unsaturated fatty acid content is more likely to form oleogel with stable and tight crystalline network. Moreover, the dense structure of oleogels hinders the contact between oleogels and lipase, thus weakening triglyceride digestion. These findings provide valuable insights into the design of oleogels loading with CT. [Display omitted] • Citral loading and fatty acid distribution could significantly affect the physical properties of beeswax oleogels. • Maximum concentration of citral-conjugated beeswax oleogels is 10 wt%. • The oleogel network structure could affect triglyceride digestibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carthamus tinctorius L. (Safflower) is extensively used as a functional food and herbal medicine, with its application closely associated with hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA). However, the low oral bioavailability of HSYA in safflower extract (SFE) limits its health benefits and application. Our study found that co-administration of 250, 330, and 400 mg/kg peach kernel oil (PKO) increased the oral bioavailability of HSYA in SFE by 1.99-, 2.11-, and 2.49-fold, respectively. The enhanced bioavailability is attributed to improved lipid solubility and intestinal permeability of HSYA in SFE due to PKO. PKO is believed to modify membrane fluidity and tight junctions, increase paracellular penetration, and inhibit the expression and function of P-glycoprotein, enhancing the transcellular transport of substrates. These mechanisms suggest that PKO is an effective absorption enhancer. Our findings provide valuable insights for developing functional foods with improved bioavailability. [Display omitted] • Peach kernel oil (PKO) enhance the oral bioavailability of hydroxysafflor yellow A in safflower • PKO increase the lipid solubility and membrane fluidity • PKO can temporarily and reversibly open tight junctions • PKO can inhibit the expression and function of P-gp [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explored the impact of different vegetable oils, including soybean oil, rice bran oil, and safflower oil, on the generation of free and protein-bound heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) in fried chicken drumsticks. All fried samples showed increased pH values, a* -values (the redness), and b* -values (the yellowness), while decreased L* -values (the brightness) and water content than the control sample (P < 0.05). Fried chicken drumsticks contained a total of 10 HAAs, including five types of free HAAs (MeIQ, MeIQx, PhIP, Harman, and Norharman), as well as five types of protein-bound HAAs (4,8-DiMeIQx, 7,8-DiMeIQx, AαC, Harman, and Norharman). Drumsticks prepared with safflower oil exhibited the highest levels of free HAAs (248.23 ng/g) and protein-bound HAAs (116.14 ng/g). In contrast, those fried in rice bran oil showed the lowest levels of free HAAs (172.92 ng/g) and protein-bound HAAs (99.13 ng/g) (P < 0.05). In conclusion, rice bran oil is an appropriate choice for frying chicken drumsticks due to its ability to reduce HAAs, which provides a scientific foundation for the production of fried chicken drumsticks. [Display omitted] • Frying promoted the formation of free and protein-bound HAAs. • Ten types of free and protein-bound HAAs were detected in fried chicken drumsticks. • Safflower oil sample exhibited the highest total free and protein-bound HAAs. • Rice bran oil sample had the lowest total free and protein-bound HAAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safflower seed oil (SSO), a crucial edible oil, occupies a significant position in human diet due to its unique nutritional components. However, because of its high economic value, SSO has become a primary target for food adulteration. To rapidly and effectively detect the concentration of adulterants in SSO, a research approach using hyperspectral imaging and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was proposed as technical means, employing machine learning as the methodology. Specifically, different preprocessing methods were compared, with median filtering (MF) selected for spectral data to significantly reduce noise and improve the robustness and generalization ability of the model. Regarding the selection of feature bands, bands around 440 nm, 530 nm, and 880 nm – 950 nm were identified as more favorable for establishing a predictive model for the concentration of adulterants in SSO, while also shortening the modeling time. By constructing an ensemble learning model with ridge regression (Ridge) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) as base models and LightGBM as the meta-model, achieving high-precision prediction of the concentration of adulterants in SSO. Furthermore, by jointly modeling the linoleic acid, oleic acid and palmitic acid measured by GC-MS with hyperspectral data, the model's R2 was improved to 0.976, highlighting its outstanding performance. Therefore, this study identifies MF-Ridge-Stacking as the optimal model for predicting the concentration of adulterants in SSO. The research not only provides theoretical and technical support for adulteration identification but also presents a new method for predicting the concentration of adulterants in SSO, with potential practical application value. [Display omitted] • Combining HSI and GC-MS with chemometrics for prediction of adulterant of SSO. • A non-destructive MF-Ridge-Stacking model was developed for adulteration of SSO. • Seeking the best number of bands extracted to achieve the best model performance. • Refining prediction model performance by utilizing fatty acid content as a feature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the impact of renewable fuel additives on diesel engine performance, combustion, and emissions. Safflower seed oil was converted into biodiesel (BD) through transesterification, achieving a 94.12 % conversion yield, verified by spectroscopic analysis. Test fuels were prepared by adding 5 %, 15 %, and 25 % n-pentanol (PE, oxygenated) and cyclohexane (CHx, non-oxygenated) to diesel fuel (DF) and BD. These blends were tested in a single-cylinder diesel engine under varying loads. At maximum load, BSFC values were 0.251 for DF, 0.333 for 25 % PE, and 0.269 kg/kWh for 25 % CHx. BTE values were 32.184 % for DF, 27.028 % for 25 % PE, and 31.147 % for 25 % CHx. The peak in-cylinder pressure and net heat release for the 25 % PE blend, which were the highest among the test fuels, were 58.148 bar and 37.010 J/°CA, respectively. Average NOx emissions were 171 for DF, 135.75 for 25 % PE, and 170.50 ppm for 25 % CHx. CO emissions were 171 for DF, 149.25 for 25 % PE, and 170.25 ppm for 25 % CHx. Smoke opacity values were 0.75 for DF, 0.308 for 25 % PE, and 0.675 m-1 for 25 % CHx. Despite higher costs, CHx offers reduced environmental impact without significantly compromising engine performance. • Pentan-1-ol and cyclohexane enhance diesel-biodiesel blend performance. • Cyclohexane reduces brake-specific fuel consumption significantly. • Cyclohexane reduces nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide emissions more significantly on average compared to pentan-1-ol. • All additive-enriched blends show lower smoke opacity than pure diesel. • Renewable additives improve engine performance and reduce environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safflower seed oil was extracted by aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE) with a combination of three enzymes: hemicellulase, pectinase, and protease. A Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was performed to optimize the operating conditions: Temperature, pH, and incubation time. Analysis of variance allowed studying the variables' linear, quadratic, and interaction effects. The optimized extraction conditions resulted in 85% oil recovery referring to the conventional Soxhlet extraction (SE). Subsequently, a comparative analysis was conducted to evaluate the quality and composition of oils obtained by SE and AEE. The results revealed that the two oils had similar values of peroxide index, conjugated dienes and trienes, and fatty acid composition. AEE-oil had a lighter yellow color (L* = 31.8 Vs. 24.7) and was richer in polyphenols (147 Vs. 101 mg GAE/Kg of oil), but it was more acidic (2.75% Vs. 1.56% linoleic acid) and less stable (2.86h Vs. 5.66h induction time) with less tocopherol (302 Vs. 409 mg/kg oil) and carotenoid content (0.42 Vs. 0.57 mg/kg oil) than SE-oil. Our findings demonstrated that RSM-based optimization is an efficient and time-saving approach, which significantly improved oil extraction. Finally, we suggested several solutions to further improve the quality and quantity of the obtained AEE-safflower seed oil, paving the path for other future research possibilities. [Display omitted] • Safflower seed oil was extracted by AEE using hemicellulase, pectinase, and protease. • Optimizing the operating conditions by RSM achieved 85% oil recovery. • AEE and SE-oil had relatively the same fatty acid composition, and peroxide value. • AEE-oil has a lighter color with high content of polyphenols. • AEE-oil was more acidic and less rich in α-tocopherol and carotenoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work evaluates the impact of cultivating Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in marginal lands of the Umbrian territory (Italy) to produce oil. The analysis considers the entire production process, aiming to understand which are the most impacting factors. In particular, the work assesses the environmental savings deriving from the reuse of the main by-product of the oil extraction process, i.e. the cake, for animal feed purposes. The evaluation was carried out by means of a cradle-to-gate LCA. The results show that the greatest impacts are due to the crop fertilization. However, such an impact is almost completely compensated by the use of the cake in feed production.

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The oil body comprises lipid droplets surrounded by a surface embedded with oil body-related proteins. To form a drug delivery system, an oleosin can be fused with foreign proteins and bound to the oil body surface. Here, safflower oil bodies carrying oleosin-human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) were mixed with xanthan gum to form self-assembled polymers, referred as an oil body microgel emulsion (OBEME) without any chemical crosslinking agent. The physicochemical properties of OBEME were evaluated and compared with those of natural lipid droplets. The electrostatic interaction between xanthan gum and oil bodies prevents excessive cross-linking and forms a uniform network structure. The basic properties of OBEME were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, cryo-scanning electron microscopy, rheology, and thermogravimetric analysis. The OBEME is an interconnected network and presents a smooth surface without any pores; it remains stable at room temperature for 90 days, and is not affected by low-speed centrifugation and repeated freeze-thaw cycles as indicated by particle size, potential, and fluorescence microscopy analyses. The OBEME enlarges the skin tissue gap, enhances skin permeability, and shows a good slow-release effect in the transdermal absorption test in vivo. It demonstrates a wound healing effect; further, it regulates the inflammatory response of full-layer skin wounds in rats, as well as accelerate angiogenesis, and promote re-epithelialization and remodeling. The OBEME as a bioactive molecule-carbohydrate complex can effectively accelerate skin regeneration and has great translational potential to provide low-cost alternative wound care treatments. • OBEME was a network-like microgel emulsion loaded with recombinant oil body. • OBEME can be stably stored at room temperature. • OBEME still has good stability after low-speed centrifugation and freeze-thaw cycles. • OBEME was a new carrier for drug delivery, which has a good sustained release effect. • OBEME has a good function of accelerating wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Evaluate the influence of maternal consumption of safflower oil on reflex maturation, memory and offspring hippocampal oxidative stress.Methodology: Two groups were formed: control group (C), whose mothers received a standard diet, and Safflower group (SF), whose mothers received a normolipidic diet with safflower oil as lipid source. Treatment was given from the 14th day of gestation and throughout lactation. To evaluate newborn development, the reflex ontogeny indicators between the 1st and the 21st days of life were evaluated; to assess memory, from the 42nd day of life on these animals were examined on open field habituation and novel object recognition test. Following behavioral analysis, the animals were anesthetized and decapitated. Hippocampus was rapidly dissected. In the hippocampal tissues, we evaluated the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S transferase (GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH).Results: SF offspring showed delayed maturation of reflexes and improvement of novel object recognition in short-term and long-term (p < 0.05). Safflower oil decreases lipid peroxidation evaluated by MDA levels (p < 0.001) and increases antioxidant defenses as shown by SOD, CAT, GST and GSH levels (p < 0.05). In our study, the composition of flavonoids present in the oil was not evaluated. Furthermore, in a future study, the effect of maternal consumption on female offspring should be verified.Conclusion: Maternal intake of safflower oil could: (1) change neonate reflex parameters, (2) promote improvement of cognitive development in adolescence (3) improve antioxidant enzymatic and non-enzymatic defenses in the hippocampus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hypothalamus receives ingested nutrient information via ascending gut-related projections and plays a significant role in the regulation of food intake. Human neuroimaging studies have observed changes in the activity or connectivity of the hypothalamus in response to nutrient ingestion. However, previous neuroimaging studies have not yet assessed differences in temporal changes of hypothalamic responses to various nutrients in humans. Thus a repeated measures functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study using 30-min scans was designed to examine differences in hypothalamic responses to various nutrients. In this study, 18 healthy adults (mean age, 22.4 years; standard deviation, 4.8; age range, 19–39 years; 11 males and seven females) underwent fMRI sessions. On the day of each session, one of the four solutions (200 ml of monosodium glutamate, glucose, safflower oil emulsion, or saline) was administered to participants while fMRI scanning. Infused amino acid and glucose, but not lipid emulsion, increased lateral hypothalamic responses as compared to a saline infusion ([x, y, z] = [4, −4, −10], z = 2.96). In addition, only hypothalamic responses to saline, but not those to the infusion of other nutrients, elicited a subjective sensation of hunger. These findings suggest that lateral hypothalamic responses to ingested nutrients may mediate homeostatic sensations in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to clarify the role of saturated fats from cocoa butter (plant source) compared with lard (animal source) on alcoholic liver damage in rats. Male Wistar rats were fed either a control diet (C) or an ethanol diet (E), and the dietary fats (corn oil, olive oil, and safflower oil) of these two diets were further replaced by lard (CL, EL) or cocoa butter (CC, EC). After 8-week feeding, plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, hepatic triglyceride (TG) levels, plasma intercellular adhesion molecular (ICAM)-1 levels, hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) protein expression, and hepatic interleukin (IL)-1β significantly increased in the E group compared to the C group. In addition, hepatic histopathological scores of fatty changes, inflammatory cell infiltration, and degeneration and necrosis in the E group were significantly higher compared to those in the C group. However, fatty changes were significantly inhibited only in the EC group as well as hepatic inflammatory cell infiltration, degeneration, and necrosis being significantly lower in the EL and EC groups. Plasma ICAM-1 and hepatic tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 levels were significantly lower in the EL and EC groups than those in the E group. Moreover, a correlation analysis showed that hepatic histopathological scores of degeneration and necrosis were significantly positively correlated with erythrocytic oleic acid (C18:1) and were negatively correlated with linoleic acid (C18:2). In conclusion, cocoa butter protected the liver against lipid accumulation and inflammation in rats chronically fed ethanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an encapsulation system was developed for functional plant oil delivery. Through a series of orthogonal experiments and single factor experiments, the raw material compositions, emulsification conditions, and spray drying conditions for the preparation of flaxseed oil and safflower seed oil powders were optimized, and the final encapsulation efficiency was as high as 99% with approximately 50% oil loading. The storage stability experiments showed that oil powder's stability could maintain its physicochemical properties over six months. Oral supplementation of the spray-dried flaxseed oil powder exhibited a significant and better effect than flaxseed oil on alleviating colitis in C57BL/6J mice. It suppressed the pro-inflammatory cell factors, including IL-6 and TNF-α, and repaired gut microbial dysbiosis by increasing the microbial diversity and promoting the proliferation of probiotic taxa such as Allobaculum. This work suggests that spray-dried flaxseed oil powder has great potential as a nutraceutical food, with spray drying being a good alternative technique to improve its bioactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safflower oil is a very valuable product for the body and human health. It is rich in macro- and microelements, vitamins and minerals, and also has antioxidant properties. The primary purification of safflower oil is an important stage of its production and directly affects the quality of the final product and its storage ability. Purifying safflower oil using a combination of filtration and sedimentation processes in an experimental cone-shaped centrifuge is a new direction in its processing. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of flax fiber as a filter material for safflower oil. The Akmai variety of the safflower was tested. The results showed that the quality indicators of safflower oil before and after filtration through flax fiber are different. The amount of unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic (18.31 ± 0.874%) and cis-linoleic acid (82.52 ± 1.854%) increased, as well as the content of arginine (2.1), tyrosine (0.57), methionine (0.4), cystine (2.5), tryptophan (2.6), and other amino acids (in oil g per 100 g of protein). The increase in the total amount of phenols (322.12 ± 6 mgEAG/kg of oil) was observed, which directly caused the higher antioxidant activity (42.65 ± 8%) of the safflower oil. These results demonstrate that flax fiber can enrich safflower oil. To find the optimal conditions for safflower oil centrifugation in a cone-shaped sedimentary-filtering centrifuge, the thickness of the flax fiber and the distance between the inner and outer perforated filter rotor were tested. It was found that the optimal and effective thickness of the flax fiber is 1.5 × 107 nm, while the thickness of the sediment is 0.5 × 107 nm.

This document is an editorial published in the journal Frontiers in Veterinary Science. It discusses the use of natural products and pseudo-natural products in combating disease-causing microorganisms in veterinary medicine. The livestock and poultry industry faces challenges from viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal infections, as well as synthetic antibiotics and drugs in animal feed. The editorial highlights the potential effectiveness of nanoparticles, plant-based products, essential oils, botanical substances, phytochemicals, and probiotics in preventing and treating infectious diseases in animals. The authors hope that the research presented in this topic will contribute to the development of new strategies for managing infectious diseases in livestock and poultry. [Extracted from the article]

Ruminal biohydrogenation (BH) of unsaturated fatty acids (FA) reduces absorption of essential FA and can result in formation of bioactive FA that cause milk fat depression. Rates of biohydrogenation of unsaturated FA are commonly observed using in vitro systems and are not well described in vivo. Seven ruminally cannulated cows were enrolled in a 3 × 3 Latin square design study to quantify biohydrogenation of 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6, and 18:3n-3 using a recently developed in vivo BH assay. All cows were fed a common high corn silage basal diet. Biohydrogenation was quantified using a perturbation model that consisted of a bolus dose of 200 g of an oil enriched in each unsaturated FA (oleic acid, OA = 87% 18:1n-9 sunflower oil; linoleic acid, LA = 70% 18:2n-6 safflower oil; and α-linolenic acid, ALA = 54% 18:3n-3 flaxseed oil) and 12 g of 17:0 as a marker of rumen outflow. Rumen contents were sampled before and after the bolus and enrichment of the bolused FA modeled. Using first-order kinetics to model FA disappearance, the fractional rates of disappearance of 18:1n-9 was 0.597 per hour, 18:2n-6 was 0.618 per hour, and 18:3n-3 was 0.834 per hour, similar to rates previously reported with this approach. Rumen turnover of 17:0 was 0.123 per hour, 0.065 per hour, and 0.106 per hour during the OA, LA, and ALA treatments, respectively. The extents of BH were calculated to be 82.8, 90.4, and 88.6% for 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6, and 18:3n-3, respectively. Finally, compartmental modeling was used to quantify the amount of each unsaturated FA metabolized through trans -10 and trans -11 BH pathways. The recently developed in vivo BH assay was able to predict rates of BH and provide insight into rumen metabolism of individual FA and may be useful to future investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safflower is a highly valued oilseed crop. Safflower oil is a source of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids which are important for a plurality of industries including the edible vegetable oil industry. Safflower is highly resistant to salinity and drought stress, which impede seed germination. Two safflower cultivars and 4 lines were screened against nine levels of osmotic stress treatments (using NaCl0 and PEG 60000 (control), NaCl-0.2, NaCl-0.4, PEG 6000-0.2, PEG 6000-0.4, PEG 6000-0.2+NaCl-0.2, PEG 6000-0.2+NaCl-0.4, PEG 6000-0.4+NaCl-0.2, PEG 6000-0.4+NaCl-0.4 MPa) for 8 days at seed germination stage. The osmotic stress was observed to induce a negative effect on the percentage of seed germination, shoot length, root length, root/shoot length ratio, fresh and dry weights of seedlings as well as on germination, and seedling vigor index. Lines and varieties significantly differed for respective and combined effects of stress treatments at early seedling growth stages. These results demonstrated that the respective effects of PEG 6000 and NaCl on safflower genotypes seedlings were less detrimental than the combined effects. Despite safflower varieties and lines were observed to be affected differently by individual and combined stresses, cv. Dinçer, lines G-8, and G-6 showed a tolerance response to the studied conditions. Significant positive correlations were identified between shoot length and germination percentage (r = 0.91*), and root length (r = 0.98**). A significant correlation was observed between seedling dry weight and root length (r = 0.94**), shoot length (r = 0.91*), and seedling fresh weight (r = 0.97**). Similarly, significant correlation coefficients were noted between seedling fresh weight and root length (r = 0.90*), and shoot length (r = 0.87*). Cv. Dinçer, lines G-8, and G-6 were determined to be significantly tolerant against salinity, drought, and combined stresses for the studied traits using principal component analysis. According to these findings, effects individually produced by salinity and drought on seedlings of safflower are less damaging to plant development when compared to the combined effects of said two stresses. This study emphasized the importance of monitoring the genotypes of safflower for salt and drought stress tolerances in breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance the quality and flavor of surimi‐based products, we investigated the effects of vegetable oils (peanut, soybean, corn, coconut, olive, and safflower seed oils) on the texture, water‐holding capacity (WHC), microstructure, and flavor of the Nemipterus virgatus surimi gel. The results showed that 6 kinds of vegetable oils could improve the whiteness and flavor of gels. However, peanut, olive, and coconut oils enriching oleic acid or lauric acid were easy to accumulate with an average diameter of more than 0.15 μm. Thus, the gel with the oil showed a loose network structures with large cavities, and the texture was deteriorated, accompanied by decreased WHC (p <.05). Compared with other vegetable oils, soybean, corn and safflower seed oils enriching linoleic acid were emulsified with protein forming a stable interfacial protein film. The gel with the oil showed an increase in the WHC and bound water content. Furthermore, the oil droplets with an average diameter of less than 0.15 μm were evenly distributed in the gel matrix, and the gel exhibited dense network structures with small cavities and smooth surface. In general, soybean and safflower seed oils can be used as a potential additive to improve the quality and flavor of surimi‐based products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Newer organic options for protecting fruit from tephritid fruit fly attack are needed to reduce extensive insecticide use. Here, we evaluated organic, food-grade hydrophobic coatings that help protect sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) from water-induced cracking for suppressing attack on cherries by western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera: Tephtitidae), as well as for their effects on fly mortality. Three formulations of coatings called HydroShield 13.20, 13.22, and 13.28 that form invisible elastic barriers on cherries and that consist of complex carbohydrates, fatty acids and occlusive agents, solvents, emulsifiers, emollients, surfactants, and other ingredients were tested. In the laboratory, fly visits on and oviposition in HydroShield-coated cherries were 66.1–92.8% and 59.1–99.5% lower, respectively, than in controls. The mean number of dead female flies exposed to HydroShield-coated cherries was 69.4–94.6% greater than of females exposed to control cherries. In the field, three sprays of HydroShield 13.22 and 13.20 on sweet cherry trees in 2020, when fly densities were high, reduced larval infestations in cherries by 32.1% and 31.8%, respectively. In the field in 2021, when fly densities were lower, three sprays of HydroShield 13.22 and 13.28 reduced infestations in cherries by 90.5% and 86.8%, respectively, but sprays also reduced cherry size and toughened cherries. HydroShield formulations show promise in protecting sweet cherry from attack by R. indifferens , but further testing is needed to improve formulations so that they suppress fly oviposition without affecting cherry quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyunsaturated fats are energy substrates and precursors to the biosynthesis of lipid mediators of cellular processes. Adipose tissue not only provides energy storage, but influences whole-body energy metabolism through endocrine functions. How diet influences adipose–lipid mediator balance may have broad impacts on energy metabolism. To determine how dietary lipid sources modulate brown and white adipose tissue and plasma lipid mediators, mice were fed low-fat (15% kcal fat) isocaloric diets, containing either palm oil (POLF) or linoleate-rich safflower oil (SOLF). Baseline and post body weight, adiposity, and 2-week and post fasting blood glucose were measured and lipid mediators were profiled in plasma, and inguinal white and interscapular brown adipose tissues. We identified over 30 species of altered lipid mediators between diets and found that these changes were unique to each tissue. We identified changes to lipid mediators with known functional roles in the regulation of adipose tissue expansion and function, and found that there was a relationship between the average fold difference in lipid mediators between brown adipose tissue and plasma in mice consuming the SOLF diet. Our findings emphasize that even with a low-fat diet, dietary fat quality has a profound effect on lipid mediator profiles in adipose tissues and plasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the preparation, evaluation, and comparison of alkaline and acidic heterogeneous carbon-based catalysts in the transesterification of safflower oil with methanol to obtain biodiesel. These catalysts were obtained from the pyrolysis of flamboyant pods and their functionalization and activation with potassium hydroxide, citric acid, tartaric acid, sulfuric acid, and calcium nitrate. Different routes for the preparation of these catalysts were tested and analyzed where the FAME formation was the target variable to be improved. Results showed that the catalyst prepared with potassium hydroxide and calcium nitrate achieved the highest FAME formation (i.e., 95%) and outperformed the catalysts prepared with calcium nitrate and other acids even after four regeneration-reaction cycles. The best properties of an alkaline catalyst could be associated with its specific surface area and contents of potassium and calcium moieties, which were higher than those observed for acidic catalysts. Transesterification rates for biodiesel production were better estimated with the pseudo-order kinetic model, which ranged from 0.0004 to 0.038 L/mol⋅min for alkaline and acidic catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this factorial field experiment was to investigate the influence of farming systems and intercropping patterns (IPs) on the physiological aspects of safflower and bitter vetch. Treatments included high and low-input farming systems and various IPs that exchanged safflower and bitter vetch with row ratios of 2:2, 2:3, 2:4, 2:5, while sole cropping safflower and bitter vetch were used as control. The highest grain yield of both plants was obtained from the high input farming system (HIFS). The most safflower oil yield and protein yield of bitter vetch were achieved from sole cropping in the HIFS. Safflower sole cropping in the Low-input farming system (LIFS) had the highest oil content, but in other traits, HIFS had superior to LIFS. Intercropping resulted in high P and N content and low stearic acid in safflower compared with sole cropping. These novel findings demonstrate that HIFS was beneficial than LIFS in all traits of both plants except safflower oil content and some fatty acids content like palmitic acid. Also, in the 2:2 IP monetary advantage index (MAI) and the land equivalent ratio (LER=1.13) were highest that indicating that 13% additional area needed by the sole cropping system to provide an equivalent yield in HIFS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tick control tubes are a host‐targeted tick control method targeting immature Ixodes scapularis ticks attached to mice or found within mouse burrows and nests. Tick control tubes contain permethrin‐treated cotton inside cardboard tubes that mice use as nesting material. Ticks attached to mice or present in their burrows are exposed to the treated cotton. However, there have been variable results using these tubes for tick control. Rodent visitation and use of these tubes may influence their effectiveness. The aim of this study was to evaluate small mammal use of tick control tube cotton and to evaluate whether cotton size or odor attractants changed small mammal tube visitations and cotton removal. For the cotton size experiment, three different cotton sizes were used. In the odor attractant experiment, three different odor attractants were used (peanut butter, safflower oil, and vanillin) along with a commercially available tube as a control. A negative control group that had no cotton present in the tube was used for both experiments. Cotton loss was determined by weighing cotton in deployed tubes weekly, and mouse and nontarget species interactions were evaluated using camera‐trap data collected at each site. While the tested cotton sizes and odor attractants did not affect cotton use, mice did increasingly use cotton during cooler fall months, with the highest use of cotton in October and least use in July. These results suggest that mouse use of cotton was not related to cotton size or odor attractants but was dependent on season. This warrants future research on temporal small mammal use of tick control tubes to determine optimal deployment times for tick control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of safflower oil supplementation on the metabolic parameters, body weight, and abdominal adiposity in male Wistar rats fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) while undergoing exercise training. The rats were assigned to four groups: standard diet and sedentary (SDS), high-fat diet and sedentary (HFDS), high-fat diet and training (HFDT), and high-fat diet, training, and safflower oil (HFDTSO) groups. HFD significantly increased the abdominal adiposity in male Wistar rats. The safflower oil had no effect on the body weight and levels of blood glucose, TG, and TC, but it significantly reduced abdominal adiposity in male Wistar rats fed with an HFD while undergoing exercise training. Safflower oil supplementation reduced the abdominal fat in rats undergoing swimming training.

• Rice bran oil, safflower oil and flaxseed oil were obtained by supercritical CO 2 extraction. • The obtained oils were thoroughly characterized for their physico-chemical properties. • Supercritical CO2 extraction at 60 °C and 450 bar favoured the extraction of the highest amount of oils. • Rice bran oil extracted by supercritical CO 2 was found to be superior to oil extracted by solvent extraction. • Kinetic parameters were fitted to get a quantitative description of the supercritical CO2 extraction process. This study reports the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of oil from rice bran, safflower seeds, and flaxseeds performed at varying conditions of pressure (250–450 bar), temperature (45 and 60 ⁰C) and supercritical carbon dioxide flow rate of 1 kg/min at pilot scale. The oils obtained were evaluated for yield, fatty acid composition and other physico-chemical properties. They were compared with the oil obtained using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and the conventional extraction method with n-hexane. The total mass yields obtained by both the methods were comparable. The highest experimental extraction yields were obtained at 450 bar 60 ⁰C for rice bran oil (16.2 %), safflower oil (27.8 %), and flaxseed oil (30.8 %), at 1 kg /min flow rate of supercritical carbon dioxide which was considered optimal at the studied conditions. It was observed that the extracted oils via supercritical carbon dioxide exhibited enormous reduction in phosphorus content of rice bran oil (3.5 ppm), safflower oil (1.2 ppm) and flaxseed oil (2.32 ppm) as compared to conventional extraction. Rice bran oil extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide retained most of the antioxidant contents, oryzanol as compared to Soxhlet extracted oil and contained significantly lower (1.3 %) amounts of wax. Further, extraction curves were evaluated by a mathematical model where broken and intact cells was applied to consider mass transfer kinetics of extracted oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]