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Two low-enriched uranium fuel plates consisting of U–7wt%Mo atomized powder dispersed in an aluminum matrix, have been irradiated in the FUTURE irradiation rig of the BR2 reactor at SCK•CEN. The plates were submitted to a heat flux of maximum 353 W/cm 2 while the surface cladding temperature is kept below 130 °C. After 40 full power days, visual examination and profilometry of the fuel plates revealed an increase of the plate thickness. In view of this observation, the irradiation campaign was prematurely stopped and the fuel plates were retrieved from the reactor, having at their end-of-life a maximum burn-up of 32.8% 235 U (6.5% FIMA). The microstructure of one of the fuel plates has been characterized in an extensive post-irradiation campaign. The U(Mo) fuel particles have been found to interact with the Al matrix, resulting in an interaction layer which can be identified as (U,Mo)Al 3 and (U,Mo)Al 4 . Based on the composition of the interaction layer it is shown that the observed physical parameters like thickness of the interaction layer between the Al matrix and the U(Mo) fuel particles compare well to the values calculated by the MAIA code, an U(Mo) behavior modeling code developed by the Commissariat a l’energie atomique (CEA).

Simultaneous refinements of X-ray and neutron powder diffraction patterns taken on the M UO 3 perovskite compounds with M =Na, K and Rb, were performed to reveal anisotropy in the temperature factors, mainly of oxygen. No anisotropic thermal motion was found. The magnetic ordering of the compounds has been investigated with low temperature neutron diffraction. It is found that all these compounds show G-type antiferromagnetic ordering with a similar, orthorhombic magnetic unit cell. The propagation vector could only be determined for the orthorombic NaUO 3 compound and was found to point in the z -direction. The refined magnetic moment for U 5+ in these structures was found to be around 0.20(3) μ B .

In order to gain insight on the performance limits of U 3 Si 2 fuel with Al cladding, fuel plates with a fissile material density of 5.1 and 6.1 g U/cm 3 were irradiated in the BR2 reactor of SCK • CEN in Mol. The plates were intended to be subjected to severe conditions leading to a cladding surface temperature of 180–200 °C and fuel temperatures of 220–240 °C. The irradiation program was stopped after the second cycle based on the visual inspection and wet sipping tests of the elements, correspondingly showing degradations on the outer Al surfaces of the U 3 Si 2 plates and the release of fission products. The maximum fuel burn-up was 29% and 25% 235 U, respectively. In a PIE program the microstructural causes for this degradation are analysed. It is found that the failure of the plates is entirely related to the corrosion of the Al cladding, which has caused temperatures to rise well beyond the calculated values. In all stages, the fuel grains have retained their integrity and, apart from the formation of an interaction phase with the Al matrix, they do not demonstrate deleterious changes in their physical properties.

The solubility of uranium dioxide (UO2) was measured in real and synthetic Boom Clay waters with varying concentrations of humic acids and carbonate under reducing conditions at 20 C. Uranium concentrations in function of time suggest the reduction of U(VI) to U(IV) by the humic acids which is occurring faster in real clay water than in synthetic clay waters. Humic acids induce also a competition to complex U(VI) in carbonate-containing solution, but they are not able to control the uranium concentration at high bicarbonate concentration (0.02 mol dm � 3 ). Nevertheless they may play a role at low carbonate concentration. In our experimental conditions, the geochemical calculations indicate that two uranium secondary phases (U4O9 and UO2ðcÞ) are susceptible to control the uranium concentration in solution. These calculations are in good agreement with results of the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. At the end of tests, uranium concentrations reach steady-state values between 3 � 10 � 8 and 5 � 10 � 8 mol dm � 3 in the bicarbonate-rich solutions. Although these concentrations are considered as conservative, they are 10–100 times higher than in natural Boom Clay. The consequence is that spent fuel could slowly dissolve in the interstitial clay water undersaturated with respect to UO2/UO2þx of the fuel. 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Spent fuel remnants, cut from BWR fuel rods were retrieved for microscopic investigations after 25 years of storage at ambient temperature. The storage atmosphere of the samples studied here was dry air for 10 years and a moist environment for the remaining 15 years. The comparison with earlier experiments conducted on samples that were stored in dry air for the full period demonstrates that moisture accelerates the oxidation process also at the low temperatures considered here. The composition of the atmosphere in contact with the fuel has been analysed by mass spectrometry and the microstructure of the samples has been investigated by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The microscopic observations evidence that grain boundaries are affected and different stages in grain boundary alteration could be evidenced. Oxidation first induces a weakened intergranular bond followed by increased sensitisation to chemical attack and finally decohesion and onset of bulk oxidation.

Chromium sesquioxide doped uranium dioxide systems with a variety of initially added Cr2O3 amounts were prepared under different sinteringconditions. The solubility limit of Cr for each sinteringcondition is derived from the measured content of the dopant dissolved in the UO2 matrix usingelectron probe microanalysis (EPMA). It is found that the solubility of chromium in a uranium dioxide system for these series sintered at 1600, 1660 and 1760 C is limited to respectively 0:065 � 0:002, 0:086 � 0:003 and 0:102 � 0:004 wt% Cr. The lattice parameters of the different Cr2O3 doped fuels have been examined with X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD peaks of the samples sintered at 1760 Ca s well as a UO2 reference without Cr, prepared under the same conditions, were measured and a value for the lattice parameter a for each sample was obtained usingthe unit cell refinement method. A slig ht contraction of the lattice parameter is observed with increasingdopant content. 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

This article discusses an architecture using monitoring feedback as an assisting factor for delivering QoS on packet-based networks. The handling of this feedback is done in an automated way, through the use of a policy-based management architecture. For this, a formal model for describing data plane and measurement objects was translated into an XML-based configuration language. On top of this, a proof-of-concept management architecture was developed and evaluated, using both a modified network simulator and enhanced Linux prototype routers.

The crystal structure of the low temperature α variety of the cesium uranate Cs2U4O12 has been determined by a simultaneous refinement of X-ray and neutron diffraction data obtained on a powder sample. The structure is rhombohedral (space group R3 and not R3m as previously determined for the cation framework only) with hexagonal cell parameters a = 15.4232(1) Aa ndc = 19.1816(2) A. Cs2U4O12 contains a three-dimensional pyrochlore-like framework of UO6 octahedra and UO7 distorted pentagonal bipyramids sharing corners or edges. Bond valence calculations show that, of four U sites, two are only occupied by U 5+ , one by U 6+ and the fourth by a mixture of U 6+ and U 5+ . This new structure type derives from the so-called “modified pyrochlore” RbNiCrF 6 type (or CsNbWO6) by the transformation of some corner-sharing octahedra to edge-sharing pentagonal bipyramids.  2002 Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.

The use of sputter deposited thin layers of UO 2 as a model system for the investigation of fuel-fission product interactions is presented. The representativity of the layers for the bulk system will be validated and it will be shown, both on theoretical and experimental grounds, that layers of stoichiometric UO 2 can be produced by this method. A comparison will be made between X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) results on bulk UO 2 and on the deposited layers. The films deposited can easily be doped with other elements, such as fission products, by codepositing these elements with the UO 2 . This codeposition technique has subsequently been used to produce layers of UO 2 containing cesium. It will be demonstrated that the codeposition with cesium produces uranium in higher valence states (up to U VI ), while without cesium, no higher uranium valencies can be obtained.

A new method to determine the reflection of substrate modes in finite substrate planar circuits is proposed. The perfectly matched layer (PML) concept is used to transform the open problem into a closed one. The discrete set of substrate, evanescent, and Berenger modes of the resulting anisotropic waveguides are then used in a mode-matching scheme to deduce the scattering coefficients of the substrate modes for oblique incidence on the edge of the substrate. We show results for single- and double-layered substrates and compare with finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) results. The combined perfectly matched layer (PML) mode-matching technique turns out to be very efficient.

We describe Delta-I noise caused by power plane resonances in multilayer boards. First, we study the effect of power plane resonances on the ground bounce of the system by performing finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations. We simulate the voltage fluctuations at one point of the printed circuit board (PCB) due to a current surge between the power planes in a different point. Next, two methods to prevent this ground bounce effect are investigated. The first method consists of adding lumped capacitances to the design. The effect of one large capacitor is compared to the effect of adding a "wall" of smaller capacitors. A second approach is to isolate the chips by etching a slot around the sensitive integrated circuits (ICs) and connecting both sides by a small inductor. Both methods provide excellent protection against power plane resonances.

Silicon or germanium-based transistors are nowadays used in direct contact with silicide or germanide crystalline alloys for semiconductor device applications. Since these compounds are formed at elevated temperatures, accurate knowledge of the thermal expansion of both substrate and the contact is important to address temperature depending effects such as thermal stress. Here we report the linear coefficients of thermal expansion of Ni-, Pd- and Pt-based mono-germanides, mono-silicides and di-metal-silicides as determined by powder-based x-ray diffraction between 300 and 1225 K. The investigated mono-metallic compounds, all sharing the MnP crystal structure, as well as Pd2Si and Pt2Si exhibit anisotropic expansion. By consequence, this anisotropic behaviour should be taken into account for evaluating the crystal unit's cell at elevated temperatures.

This study is concerned with efficient use of a high-level machine-independent language in the AMT DAP (distributed array processor) series of computers. The AMT DAP is a single instruction multiple data stream computer. The recent enhancement of Fortran-Plus is described. This enhancement removed the restrictions on array shapes and sizes, giving a language which is independent of the available hardware parallelism. The enhanced Fortran-Plus has been implemented on the AMT DAP using the concept of the virtual systems architecture (VSA). The power of enhanced Fortran-Plus in expressing parallel algorithms is demonstrated in certain application areas. To show that the higher level of language has been implemented on the general VSA system without compromising performance, the performance of these codes is discussed for a range of problem sizes. >

This paper is a description of the European A-WARE project. For each user, a deployed instance of the A-WARE technology presents a facade over the underlying fabric of grid resources a bridge between users and resources. The primary target in grid fabric is the Web services based UNICORE 6 software. For the user, A-WARE provides a single point of entry to their distributed resources, and importantly it shields them from the complexity of direct engagement. The primary user interface is Web browser based and built with two well known portal solutions, EnginFrame and GridSphere. The mediation layer is based on an enterprise service bus, which offers excellent integration prospects. This is used for tasks scoped to a single resource, e.g. the management and monitoring of individual resources, as well as tasks covering multiple resources, e.g. workflow enactment, and search functionality. In this paper, we highlight the benefits of such an approach and describe how the adoption of key business integration standards enable the transfer of grid technology to a broader range of fields, from HPC to the business domain.

The access network has become an infrastructure for delivery of multimedia services, such as broadcast TV, voice over IP or video conferencing, to residential users . Compared to more traditional IP services such as e-mail, users demand a higher quality of experience (QoE) for these new services. To guarantee the quality of service (QoS), access network providers have deployed several service enablers, such as video on demand proxies. These techniques are only focused on the part between the service edge router and the access node, while the access network provider has only a limited view and impact on the home network environment. The QoE management in the home network is even more complicated by the wide range of user devices and the various home network configurations, containing wireless interfaces and home multimedia servers. This paper explores the architectural design of an autonomic intelligence component on the access node that determines required QoE enhancing actions, such as adjusting the video bit rate, by taking into account the specifics of the home network and the requested services. The viability of an analytical, fuzzy logic and neural network approach to implement an intelligent, autonomic reasoner is discussed, and experimental results are presented.

The UNICORE grid system provides a seamless, secure and intuitive access to distributed grid resources. In recent years, UNICORE 5 is used as a well-tested grid middleware system in production grids (e.g. DEISA, D-Grid) and at many supercomputer centers world-wide. Beyond this production usage, UNICORE serves as a solid basis in many European and International research projects and business scenarios from T-Systems, Philips Research, Intel, Fujitsu and others. To foster ongoing developments in multiple projects, UNICORE is open source under BSD license at SourceForge. More recently, the new Web services-based UNICORE 6 has become available that is based on open standards such as the Web services addressing (WS-A) and the Web services resource framework (WS-RF) and thus conforms to the open grid services architecture (OGSA) of the open grid forum (OGF). In this paper we present the evolution from production UNICORE 5 to the open standards-based UNICORE 6 and its various Web services-based interfaces. It describes the interface integration of emerging open standards such as OGSA-BES and OGSA-RUS and thus provides an overview of UNICORE 6.

We investigated the local atomic and electronic structures of two related systematic sets of ternary uranium oxides, NaUO3–KUO3–RbUO3 and BaUO3–Ba2U2O7–BaUO4, by measuring the X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). The results are compared with calculations based on a self-consistent real space full multiple scattering analysis. We found a very good agreement between measured and calculated spectra, which indicates that the uranium ions are in a pure U5+ oxidation state in these compounds. The low energy shoulder observed in the U L3 edge XANES is an intrinsic feature of the uranium unoccupied 6d electronic states of the U5+ ions within the studied materials. Specific double shoulder features in the higher energy range of the U L3 edge XANES can be interpreted as indicative of the pure cubic perovskite structure.

In order to foster uptake by scientific and business users we need an easy way to access Grid resources. This is the motivation for the A-WARE project. We build upon a fabric layer of Grid and other resources, by providing a higher-layer service for managing the interaction with these resources - A One-Stop, Fire-and-(almost)Forget, Dropping-off and Rendezvous Point. Work assignments can be formulated using domain specific dialects, allowing users to express themselves in their domain of expertise. Both Web service and REST bindings are provided, as well as allowing the component to be embedded into other presentation technologies (such as portals). In addition common desktop notification mechanisms such as Email, RSS/Atom feeds and instant messaging keep users informed and in control. We propose using the Java Business Integration specification as the framework for building such a higher-level component, delivering unprecedented opportunities for the integration of Grid technologies with the enterprise computing infrastructures commonly found in businesses.

In recent papers the surface impedance condition is proposed to incorporate the effect of high conductivity of a material. This condition only takes the reflection at materials into account; the transmission through very thin layers is not considered. In this work, we introduce a similar approach to model both reflection and transmission when confronted with a thin layer of good, but not perfectly, conducting material.

In this paper we try to relate Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) initiation in stainless steels (SS) to the performance and nature of the anodic oxide film that develops during exposure to 300°C water containing boric acid and lithium hydroxide in an autoclave. In-situ electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) have been obtained while exposing the samples. EIS reveals the behaviour of the oxide layer and the electrochemical processes that take place at the material-oxide-solution interface. After these exposures the oxide films were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to obtain the composition of the oxide film. The results showed that the oxide layers consisted of a mixed oxihydrate (iron-nickel based), dominating at the subsurface region and in larger depth, mainly consisted of chromium-iron oxides. The behaviour of the oxide film is being modelled using an extension to the point defect (PDM) / mixed conduction (MCM) series of models describing interface chemistry and vacancy and electron transport in the film.

X-ray photoelectron spectra of vanadium $2p$ states in ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Na}{\mathrm{V}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{5}$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Li}{\mathrm{V}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{5}$, single crystals show distinct splitting of both $j=1∕2$ and $j=3∕2$ spin-orbit lines due to the existence of ${\mathrm{V}}^{4+}$ and ${\mathrm{V}}^{5+}$ ions. In contrast to $\ensuremath{\gamma}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Li}{\mathrm{V}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{5}$, the ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Na}{\mathrm{V}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{5}$ exhibits the disproportional intensities and larger binding energy difference of $({\mathrm{V}}^{4+})2{p}^{3∕2}$ and $({\mathrm{V}}^{5+})2{p}^{3∕2}$ lines, that we attribute to a charge delocalization effect. By increasing the sodium deficiency, both effects reduce in a very good agreement with a model that takes into account the relative abundance of ${\mathrm{V}}^{4+}$ and ${\mathrm{V}}^{5+}$ ions, and the change of degree of delocalization. We estimate that sodium deficiency of about 15% increases electron localization by about 0.4%.

A major opportunity for IP network operators to increase the revenue stream generated by their network is a closer and faster integration of services into the IP broadband network. However, with this integration come responsibilities concerning the quality, availability and continuity of these services, which are much harder to fulfil than the requirements for the current IP data traffic. SONAR (service-oriented networking using adaptive resource control) is a network management and operations platform designed to drive a DiffServ/MPLS network so that these responsibilities can be met. In this paper we discuss and evaluate the architecture and algorithms that are the basis for this platform. The architecture decomposes the network management problem in two components: a centralised path computation and a distributed tunnel management. Finally this hybrid on line/off line adaptive traffic engineering approach is evaluated in an modified NS-2 simulator environment.

This paper describes the design of a novel tunnel set-up mechanism for Ethernet access networks. The establishment of VLAN-based tunnels is realised with a "scoped refresh" extension of the GVRP standard. For the distribution of QoS-related reservation parameters, a new GARP-based protocol (G2RP) is developed with a closed loop design for updating the reservation parameters and hop-by-hop admission control. Both protocols are implemented on a Linux test bed using the click modular router. Extensive performance evaluations were performed. The results are compared with Linux implementations of the other tunnel set-up mechanisms.

We have presented an accurate and efficient method for S-parameter calculation. The method uses a variation on the total field-scattered field formalism, the modes are injected and extracted at the interface between the total field and the error field regions. As such the propagated energy never actually reaches the boundary conditions, so these conditions can be less stringent, and should require less resources. Furthermore, the mode distributions are used to excite the structure and to calculate the amplitude of the propagating mode. This allows us to place both the excitation mechanism and the port regions very close to the simulated structure, again saving resources, as well as preserving the accuracy of the method. However, due to the dispersion of non-TEM modes, this method can only be used if the mode of interest is TEM. Our method has been compared with the method of moments approach and the results are almost identical.

This article describes the current evolution of QoS architectures, mechanisms, and protocols in the Internet, as it is ongoing in the framework of the European Union funded research projects on premium IP networks. A short review of the proposed standard approaches to QoS (e.g., differentiated services, integrated services, and label switching technologies) is given. Then we focus on the state-of-the-art architectures, mainly based on DiffServ concepts. Several issues arise when trying to implement these architectures in the real world: QoS aspects, network monitoring of the offered QoS, and end-user control of received QoS. The article then discusses the existing results and the current direction of European research and development in these areas.

In this paper, a fast method for the prediction of the excess capacitance of vias is proposed. The effect of the connecting lines is also examined. Numerical simulations verify the validity of the method proposed. The fast method leads to an upper capacitance bound that is further reduced by the presence of the connecting lines.

This contribution presents a study of the influence of power planes resonances on the delta-I noise. Noise generated at one point in a system can be transported to a distant point. This phenomenon is studied using the FDTD-technique and a transfer impedance is introduced to quantify the results. To shield sensitive ICs, capacitive decoupling can be used. The influence of such capacitive shielding is discussed. Analytical approximations are given together with more details on the influence of the different parameters.

Several pure cesium uranate phases were prepared (Cs 2 U 2 O 7 , Cs 2 U 4 O 13 , Cs 2 U 4 O 12 , Cs 4 U 5 O 17 ) and measured with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Detailed XPS scans of the main photoelectron peaks (U 4f, Cs 3d, O 1s and valence band) were made. Peak positions, peak widths and satellite positions were measured and compared between the uranates. A systematic shift in the position of the U 4f lines was found to be correlated with the Cs/U ratio. The mixed valency behaviour of uranium was observed and studied. Interpretation of the satellite structure of the U 4f peaks and the deconvolution of these peaks have been used to quantify the chemical states of uranium present in the mixed valency compound Cs 2 U 4 O 12 .

We study the effect of electrostatic discharge (ESD) on coaxial cable connections between different systems. These cables may be a very efficient entrypoint for unwanted ESD signals. The effect of an electrostatic discharge on the cable shielding is compared to the effect of indirect and direct ESD on the system shielding itself. To study the effect of the various pathways of ESD we use an FDTD algorithm. The disturbance induced in the inside of the cable is evaluated by using the transfer impedance of the cable shield.

Vanadium pentoxide was deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) from vanadyl-tri-isopropoxide (VTIP). Water or oxygen was used as a reactive gas in thermal and plasma-enhanced (PE) processes. For PE ALD, there was a wide ALD temperature window from 50 to 200°C. Above 200°C, VTIP decomposed thermally, resulting in the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of vanadium pentoxide. The PE ALD reactions saturated much faster than during thermal ALD, leading to a growth rate of approximately 0.7 A/cycle during PE ALD using H 2 O or O 2 . Optical emission spectroscopy showed combustion-like reactions during the plasma step. X-ray diffraction was performed to determine the crystallinity of the films after deposition and after postannealing under He or O 2 atmosphere. Films grown with CVD at 300°C and PE O 2 ALD at 150°C were (001)-oriented V 2 O 5 as deposited, while thermal and PE H 2 O ALD films grown at 150°C were amorphous as deposited. The crystallinity of the PE O 2 ALD could be correlated to its high purity, while the other films had significant carbon contamination, as shown by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Annealing under He led to oxygen-deficient films, while all samples eventually crystallized into V 2 O 5 under O 2 .

The DAP is a massively parallel SIMD computer. The DAP 500 has 1024 processors and the DAP 600 4096 processors. The processors are connected to nearest neighbours through a 2-dimensional grid, to fast row and column highways to broadcast data and also to memory local to each processor. These connections make the DAP ideally suited to the types of computation found in Computational Fluid Dynamics and Meteorology. High speed connection to an external interface allows the real time visualisation of results, allowing numerical experimentation as a research and forecasting tool.

The redox properties of D-amino acid oxidase (D-amino-acid: O2 oxidoreductase (deaminating) EC1.4.3.3) have been measured at 18 degrees C in 20 mM sodium pyrophosphate, pH 8.5, and in 50 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.0. Over the entire pH range, 2 eq are required per mol of FAD in D-amino acid oxidase for reduction to the anion dihydroquinone. The red anion semiquinone is thermodynamically stable as indicated by the separation of the electron potentials and the quantitative formation of the semiquinone species. The first electron potential is pH-independent at -0.098 +/- 0.004 V versus SHE while the second electron potential is pH-dependent exhibiting a 0.060 mV/pH unit slope. The redox behavior of D-amino acid oxidase is consistent with that observed for other oxidase enzymes. On the other hand, the behavior of the benzoate-bound enzyme under the same conditions is in marked contrast to the thermodynamics of free D-amino acid oxidase. Spectroelectrochemical experiments performed on inhibitor-bound (benzoate) D-amino acid oxidase show that benzoate binding regulates the redox properties of the enzyme, causing the energy levels of the benzoate-bound enzyme to be consistent with the two-electron transfer catalytic function of the enzyme. Our data are consistent with benzoate binding at the enzyme active site destroying the inductive effect of the positively charged arginine residue. Others have postulated that this positively charged group near the N(1)C(2) = O position of the flavin controls the enzyme properties. The data presented here are the clearest examples yet of enzyme regulation by substrate which may be a general characteristic of all flavoprotein oxidases.

In this paper, we describe our experiences of designing a platform that integrates distributed policy-based access control and trust management technologies with a developed QoS-aware network management platform. The main goal of this study is to demonstrate how the application of policy-based decision processes can help to deploy the platform in a scalable way offering adaptive services with enriching features such as flexible rule-based service definitions and roaming.

Many existing Grid technologies and resource management systems lack a standardized job submission interface in Grid environments or e-Infrastructures. Even if the same language for job description is used, often the interface for job submission is also different in each of these technologies. The evolvement of the standardized Job Submission and Description Language (JSDL) as well as the OGSA - Basic Execution Services (OGSA-BES) pave the way to improve the interoperability of all these technologies enabling cross-Grid job submission and better resource management capabilities. In addition, the BytelO standards provide useful mechanisms for data access that can be used in conjunction with these improved resource management capabilities. This paper describes the integration of these standards into the recently released UNICORE 6 Grid middleware that is based on open standards such as the Web Services Resource Framework (WS-RF) and WS-Addressing (WS-A).