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Background: Generalised convulsive status epilepticus (GCSE) is a medical emergency. Guidelines recommend a stepwise strategy of benzodiazepines followed by a second-line anti-seizure medicine (ASM). However, GCSE is uncontrolled in 20–40% patients and is associated with protracted hospitalisation, disability, and mortality. The objective was to determine whether valproic acid (VPA) as complementary treatment to the stepwise strategy improves the outcomes of patients with de novo established GCSE. Methods: This was a multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial in 244 adults admitted to intensive care units for GCSE in 16 French hospitals between 2013 and 2018. Patients received standard care of benzodiazepine and a second-line ASM (except VPA). Intervention patients received a 30 mg/kg VPA loading dose, then a 1 mg/kg/h 12 h infusion, whilst the placebo group received an identical intravenous administration of 0.9% saline as a bolus and continuous infusion. Primary outcome was proportion of patients discharged from hospital by day 15. The secondary outcomes were seizure control, adverse events, and cognition at day 90. Results: A total of 126 (52%) and 118 (48%) patients were included in the VPA and placebo groups. 224 (93%) and 227 (93%) received a first-line and a second-line ASM before VPA or placebo infusion. There was no between-group difference for patients hospital-discharged at day 15 [VPA, 77 (61%) versus placebo, 72 (61%), adjusted relative risk 1.04; 95% confidence interval (0.89–1.19); p = 0.58]. There were no between-group differences for secondary outcomes. Conclusions: VPA added to the recommended strategy for adult GCSE is well tolerated but did not increase the proportion of patients hospital-discharged by day 15. Trial registration No. NCT01791868 (ClinicalTrials.gov registry), registered: 15 February 2012. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tricarbonylrhenium(I) complexes that incorporate a chloride ligand are promising photoluminescent materials, but those incorporating a bromide or iodide ligand have received very little attention regarding their solid-state properties. In this work, three rhenium(I) complexes differing only by the nature of their halide ligand (X = Cl, Br, and I) were compared. They are based on a fac-[ReX(CO)3(N^N)] framework where the N^N bidentate ligand is a 3-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazole unit functionalized by an appended phenyl group. DFT calculations showed that the character of the lowest energy transitions progressively changes from Re → N^N ligand (MLCT) to X → N^N ligand (XLCT) when increasing the size of the halogen atom. Regarding the electrochemical behavior, the chloride and bromide complexes 1-Cl and 1-Br were similar, while the iodide complex 1-I exhibited a strikingly different electrochemical signature in oxidation. From a spectroscopic viewpoint, all three complexes emitted weak red–orange phosphorescence in dichloromethane solution. However, in the solid state, marked differences appeared. Not only was 1-Cl a good emitter of yellow light, but it had strong solid-state luminescence enhancement (SLE) properties. In comparison, 1-Br and 1-I were less emissive and they showed better mechanoresponsive luminescence (MRL) properties, probably related to a loose molecular arrangement in the crystal packing and to the opening of vibrational non-radiative deactivation pathways. This study highlights for the first time how the nature of the halide ligand in this type of complex allows fine tuning of the solid-state optical properties, for potential applications either in bio-imaging or in the field of MRL-active materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In pursuit of identifying the most accurate and efficient uncertainty modelling (UM) techniques, this paper provides an extensive review and classification of the available UM techniques for probabilistic power system stability analysis. The increased penetration of system uncertainties related to renewable energy sources, new types of loads and their fluctuations, and deregulation of the electricity markets necessitates probabilistic power system analysis. The abovementioned factors significantly affect the power system stability, which requires computationally intensive simulation, including frequency, voltage, transient, and small disturbance stability. Altogether 40 UM techniques are collated with their characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, and application areas, particularly highlighting their accuracy and efficiency (as both are crucial for power system stability applications). This review recommends the most accurate and efficient UM techniques that could be used for probabilistic stability analysis of renewable-rich power systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Carers of people living with rare diseases report heavy burden and a plethora of unmet needs. A previous parental supportive care needs framework has described the needs of parents of children living with rare diseases, but it is not specific to rare inherited diseases (RIDs) and does not include non-parental carers. We conducted a targeted literature review to: (1) ascertain the burden/supportive care needs of informal carers of people living with RIDs, (2) understand the burden/supportive care needs unique to these carers, and (3) develop a conceptual model based on the findings. Methods: A targeted literature review searching Embase and Medline between 2000 and 2020 was conducted to identify journal articles describing the burden/supportive care needs of all types of informal carers of people living with RIDs. Thematic analysis was conducted on the articles to develop a conceptual model. Results: After screening and quality appraisal, 31 journal articles were analysed, representing 70 RIDs (including bleeding, bone, central nervous system, multisystem and inherited metabolic disorders). Most articles (74%) focused on parent carer samples. The conceptual model has three overarching domains, encompassing 13 themes: (1) Living with Rare Inherited Disease (Being a Carrier of Rare Disease, Carer Perceptions, Disease Severity); (2) Carer Needs/Burden (Social/Community, Well-being, Information, Practical); and (3) Carer Coping Strategies (Acceptance, Support Systems, Gratitude and Hope, Faith, Quest for Knowledge, Establish a Routine). Our conceptual model uniquely describes carers' transmission guilt, clinically relevant depression and anxiety, worry about future family members living with the RID, and challenging decisions about having more children. Carers often implemented psychological, structural, practical, and social coping strategies to manage their burdens. Conclusions: The identified burdens underscore the need for the provision of information and social support to these carers. Future research should focus on the (1) potential mediators/moderators of carers' burden, (2) needs of carers within the wider family including siblings and grandparents, (3) needs of carers of adults living with RIDs, including spouses and children, and (4) biopsychosocial effect on carers living with a RID themselves. Our conceptual model offers a potential tool for healthcare professionals to utilise during the provision of support to carers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, novel furfuryl-chalcone derivatives substituted sulfonyl chloride or sulphonamide were synthesized. Their antioxidant properties were investigated via DPPH and ABTS assays. All furfuryl-chalcones had high antioxidant properties. Among them, (E)-5-(3-(4-(chlorosulfonyl)-3- hydroxyphenyl)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)furan-2-sulfonyl chloride (4e) and (E)-5-(3-(3- (chlorosulfonyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)furan-2-sulfonyl chloride (4d) exhibited the highest DPPH activity with the IC50 values of 4.23 μM and 6.68 μM, respectively, which are almost 2- and 1.5-fold more than quercetin activity (IC50 = 8.69 μM), well-known as antioxidant agent and used as a standard. Also, 4e and 4d had the highest ABTS activity with the IC50 value of 5.55 μM and 7.84 μM, respectively, which are almost 2.8- and 2-fold higher than that of quercetin (IC50 = 15.49 μM). The structure-activity relationship results revealed that most of synthesized sulfonyl chloride derivatives (4a-e) have higher antioxidant activity than the sulphonamide derivatives (5a-c) and also 4d and 4e, including hydroxyl group, exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity as expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the third in a series of narrative reviews challenging core concepts in oral health research and practice. Our series started with a framework for Inclusion Oral Health. Our second review explored one component of this framework, looking at how intersectionality adds important complexity to oral public health. This current manuscript drills into a second component of Inclusion Oral Health, exploring how labels can lead to 'othering' thereby misrepresenting populations and (re)producing harms. Specifically, we address a common oral public health label: vulnerable populations. This term is commonly used descriptively: an adjective (vulnerable) is used to modify a noun (population). What this descriptor conceals is the 'how,' 'why,' and 'therefore' that leads to and from vulnerability: How and why is a population made vulnerable; to what are they vulnerable; what makes them 'at risk,' and to what are they 'at risk'? In concealing these questions, we argue our conventional approach unwittingly does harm. Vulnerability is a term that implies a population has inherent characteristics that make them vulnerable; further, it casts populations as discrete, homogenous entities, thereby misrepresenting the complexities that people live. In so doing, this label can eclipse the strengths, agency and power of individuals and populations to care for themselves and each other. Regarding oral public health, the convention of vulnerability averts our research gaze away from social processes that produce vulnerability to instead focus on the downstream product, the vulnerable population. This paper theorizes vulnerability for oral public health, critically engaging its production and reproduction. Drawing from critical public health literature and disability studies, we advance a critique of vulnerability to make explicit hidden assumptions and their harmful outcomes. We propose solutions for research and practice, including co‐engagement and co‐production with peoples who have been vulnerabilized. In so doing, this paper moves forward the potential for oral public health to advance research and practice that engages complexity in our work with vulnerabilized populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporal Bone Skull Base Defects - The Value and Importance of Early Based Detection to Prevent Late Costly Morbidity and Mortality Acute bacterial meningitis is a devastating illness with high morbidity and mortality, involving leptomeningeal inflammation that may manifest as sudden onset fever, nuchal rigidity, and altered mental status. A value-based workflow in these patients should include dedicated skull base imaging to assess for tegmen defects, as early identification and treatment of tegmen defects, may aid in prevention of progression to otogenic meningitis. [36][37] In this cohort, two patients reported prior meningitis; this is known to be associated with anatomical skull base defects, and should prompt suspicion of sCSF and underlying skull base defect. [Extracted from the article]

Slightly different reaction conditions afforded two distinct cavity-shaped cis-chelating diphosphanes from the same starting materials, namely diphenyl(2-phosphanylphenyl)phosphane and an α-cyclodextrin-derived dimesylate. Thanks to their metal-confining properties, the two diphosphanes form only mononuclear [CuX(PP)] complexes (X=Cl, Br, or I) with the tricoordinated metal ion located just above the center of the cavity. The two series of Cu I complexes display markedly different luminescence properties that are both influenced by the electronic properties of the ligand and the unique steric environment provided by the cyclodextrin (CD) cavity. The excited state lifetimes of all complexes are significantly longer than those of the cavity-free analogues suggesting peculiar electronic effects that affect radiative deactivation constants. The overall picture stemming from absorption and emission data suggests close-lying charge-transfer (MLCT, XLCT) and triplet ligand-centered (LC) excited states., (© 2023 The Authors. Chemistry - A European Journal published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Curcumin (Cur) has shown its potential in the treatment of a wide variety of ailments. As a result, several investigations on curcumin have been conducted in vitro, in vivo, and in clinical trials. Regrettably, researchers have largely lost interest in this excellent scaffold due to its chemical instability, poor solubility, and rapid metabolism, which directly affect its pharmacological properties. Alternatively, the researchers are working on it to improve the solubility and biological half‐life, it is one of the most researched natural phytochemical to date. Among these, Dehydrozingerone (DZG), a curcumin half structure has garnered considerable research interest due to a wide spectrum of its biological activities. Thus, this study offers insight into the pharmacological activity of modified DZG conjugates (incorporate multiple effective modifications to the various positions), which have been developed since 2016. Additionally, the structure‐activity relationship (SAR) of DZG hybrids was illustrated for their specific pharmacological properties. This review presents an update for the scientific community, which could assist in addressing the gaps, challenges and pharmacological aspects of DZG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, some new heterocyclic hydrazone compounds bearing an aryl sulfonate moiety (2 a–i) were facilely synthesized for the first time and elucidated by some spectroscopic techniques (FT‐IR, 1H‐ and 13C NMR). The inhibitory potentials of all synthesized molecules on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), tyrosinase enzymes were investigated. Also, DPPH, ABTS and CUPRAC antioxidant activities of all molecules were examined. In BChE assay, it was determined that 2‐Formylphenyl 4‐chlorobenzenesulfonate (1 a) (IC50=10.45 μM), 5‐(diethylamino)‐2‐formylphenyl 4‐Chlorobenzenesulfonate (1 h) (IC50=10.12 μM), and 1‐((2‐Nicotinoylhydrazono)methyl)naphthalen‐2‐yl 4‐chlorobenzenesulfonate (2 i) (IC50=9.89 μM) were found to be more effective than the standard compound galanthamine and donepezil. In DPPH assay, 2‐((2‐Nicotinoylhydrazono)methyl)phenyl 4‐chlorobenzenesulfonate (2 a) (IC50=361.03 μM) and 5‐Methoxy‐2‐((2‐nicotinoylhydrazono)methyl)phenyl 4‐chlorobenzenesulfonate (2 e) (IC50=348.9 μM) indicated the highest antioxidant activities. On the other hand, the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) maps of compounds 1 a, 1 h, 2 i and galanthamine molecules were investigated. The molecular docking study for BChE enzyme structure was found to be compatible with the experimental results and MEP maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Esters and ethers are widely used in modern organic synthesis. In recent years, the synthesis of esters by the dehydrogenative coupling of primary alcohols has been reported to be an environmentally benign process. In this situations, if a single catalyst can be used for the synthesis of either esters or ethers by making slight alterations to the reaction conditions, the value of the synthetic methodology would increase. In this study, we successfully developed a new catalytic function switching system: not only dehydrogenative esterification but also dehydrative etherification under environmentally friendly conditions were accomplished by the employment of a single iridium catalyst based on catalytic function switching. Using benzyl alcohol as a starting material, the esterification product, benzyl benzoate, and the etherification product, dibenzyl ether, were obtained in 92 % and 89 % yields, respectively, by employing same iridium catalyst precursor bearing a dihydroxybipyridine ligand, under optimized conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Bacterial meningitis (BM) is a common cause of hearing loss in childhood. Our aim was to investigate bacterial aetiology, hearing impairment and outcome in childhood BM with vs. without otitis media (OM) in Angola. Methods: Hearing was tested by auditory brainstem response in 391 (76%) children with confirmed BM. The bacteria identified from the ear discharge were compared to those from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The hearing findings were compared among children with vs. without OM on days 1 and 7 of hospitalization, and at follow‐ups of 1, 3 and 6 month(s). Results: No correlation was found in bacteriology between the ear discharge and CSF. On day 7 in hospital, hearing impairment (>40 dB) was common, regardless of whether concomitant OM or not (in 27% vs. 30%, respectively). Any hearing deficit on day 7 was associated with a higher risk of complicated or fatal clinical course (OR 2.76, CI95% 1.43–5.29, p = 0.002). Conclusion: No significant difference prevailed in hearing thresholds between children with or without OM in hospital on day 7 or at later follow‐ups. Any hearing impairment during hospital stay associated with a higher risk for complicated clinical course or death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here we report the design, synthesis and evaluation of dihydropyrimidinones (DHPMs)‐cinnamic acids hybrids as potential anti‐cancer compounds. The synthetic route was successfully performed and the products obtained in good to excellent yields. These compounds were tested against LNCaP and PC‐3 metastatic prostate cancer cells and RWPE‐1 prostate cells. The results indicate that hybridization was effective, since the hybrids were much more cytotoxic than DHPMs and cinnamic acids evaluated separately. Compound 3 a was the most potent hybrid against PC‐3 cells (IC50 of 15.7 μM) and LNCaP cells (IC50 of 11.5 μM) and was further optimized by bioisosterism and molecular simplification strategies leading to three new analogues (5, 7 and 8). Compounds 3 a, 7 and 8 showed an antiproliferative effect against PC‐3 cells without inducing cell death nor cell cycle arrest. The mechanism of action of compound 8 was further investigated. The results indicated that compound 8 inhibits autophagic flux, and this effect could be linked to the antiproliferative activity. Moreover, in silico prediction of some molecular properties related to pharmacokinetics showed that all the hybrids meet the criteria for a drug prototype to have a good absorption and permeation for oral administration. These results highlight the potential use of DHPMs‐cinnamic acids hybrids as antiproliferative agents for further evaluation of the antitumor activity in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, an efficient method for vinyl or aryl C(sp2)−O bond forming to construct both the (Z)‐2‐iodovinyl aryl ethers and diaryl ethers under metal‐, photocatalyst‐ and light‐free condition in one‐step, has been developed. To generate the two desired products, we proposed a SNAr2 reaction of phenol with vinyl aryl iodonium salts intermediates that subsequently lead to the phenyl‐I bond cleavage and phenyl‐O bond formation. We firstly found that the vinyl aryl iodonium salts was formed in situ from the spiro‐cis‐β‐phenol‐VBXs, which was generated between electrophilic spiro‐EBXs and nucleophilic arylols. Trisubstituted alkenes and functionalized diaryl ethers can be afforded from the two desired products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What happens once youth and young adults with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) are transferred from the pediatric to the adult healthcare system? To facilitate this process, an interprofessional task forcewas convened to conduct a knowledge synthesis study, which entailed reviewing the literature, developing guidelines and creating a transfer tool. This study and later research indicate the need for the creation of a transitional care program tailored to the special needs of OI patients and their families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diaryl ethers form an important class of organic compounds. The classic copper-mediated Ullmann diaryl ether synthesis has been known for many years and involves the coupling of phenols with aryl halides. However, the use of high reaction temperature, high catalyst loading and expensive ligands has created a need for the development of alternative catalytic systems. In the recent past, organosulphur and organoselenium compounds have been used as building blocks for developing homogeneous, heterogeneous and nanocatalysts for this C–O coupling reaction. Homogeneous catalytic systems include preformed complexes of metals with organosulphur and organoselenium ligands. The performance of such complexes is influenced dramatically by the nature of the chalcogen (S or Se) donor site of the ligand. Nanocatalytic systems (including Pd17Se15, Pd16S7 and Cu1.8S) have been designed using a single-source precursor route. Heterogeneous catalytic systems contain either metal (Cu or Pd) or metal chalcogenides (Pd17Se15 or Cu1.8S) as catalytically active species. This article aims to cover the simple and straightforward methodologies and approaches that are adopted for developing catalytically relevant organosulfur and organoselenium ligands, their homogeneous metal complexes, heterogeneous and nanocatalysts. The effects of chalcogen (S or Se) donor, halogen (Cl/Br/I) of aryl halide, nature (electron withdrawing or electron donating) of substituents present on the aromatic ring of aryl halides or substituted phenols and position (ortho or para) of substitution on the results of catalytic reactions have been critically analyzed and summarized. The effect of composition (Pd17Se15 or Pd16S7) on the performance of nanocatalytic systems is also highlighted. Substrate scope has also been discussed in all three types of catalysis. The superiority of heterogeneous catalytic systems (e.g., Pd17Se15 immobilised on graphene oxide) indicates the bright future possibilities for the development of efficient catalytic systems using similar or tailored ligands for this reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report for the first time that pectin-degrading enzymes could be tailored for wood bark based on the chemical features of pectin. Besides wood, stems of trees contain 10–20% bark that remains one of the largest underutilized biomasses on the planet. Unique extractive compounds, suberin, pectin, sclerenchyma fibres, etc. form a major part of the bark that is today mainly combusted for energy production. In certain trees, such as willow, lignified sclerenchyma fibres organize in continuous, thin bundles or bast fibres which are surrounded by the non-lignified ground tissue. Random screening of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes is the mainstream, suitable for uniform and simple substrates like cellulose, but the pectin chemistry is more complex. The structure of pectin was first elucidated after which pectin-degrading enzymes were tailored. Surprisingly, the applied pectinases alone were able to fully liberate the fibre bundles from the bark under mild conditions. When the pectinases were used together with hemicellulases, fibre bundles with an abnormally low surface lignin content of 10% were obtained. Overall, the novel findings of this study give promise for commercial valorisation of the underappreciated bark biomass in the future without the need to build huge plants with their expensive chemical recovery systems. Most importantly, the "tailor-made enzyme consortium based on the structural features of the substrate" concept may be a revolutionary breakthrough in precisely designing biochemical degradation strategies particularly for the recalcitrant macromolecule component (such as pectin) of lignocellulosic biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain abscess, though not rare, is an uncommon complication of otitis media. We report a case of 12 years old male for chronic ear discharge, throbbing headache and post aural swelling for three weeks. A detailed history and physical examination of the child was performed and a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan was done. A diagnosis of an intracranial abscess, secondary to the chronic otitis media was made. An emergency craniotomy with drainage of brain abscess was planned and performed by the Neurosurgeon. Otolaryngolgoist performed mastoidectomy, in the same setting. After the surgery, post-operative management was done and the patient was discharged, uneventfully. The complete management in a single sitting of primary cause and resulting complication with no added expenses is the necessity of a poor country citizen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covering: up to June, 2020 Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major disease with high mortality and morbidity globally. Drug resistance and long duration of treatment make antituberculosis drug discovery more challenging. In this review, we summarize recent advances on anti-TB natural products (NPs) and their potential molecular targets in cell wall synthesis, protein production, energy generation, nucleic acid synthesis and other emerging areas. We highlight compounds with activity against drug-resistant TB, and reveal several novel targets including Mtb biotin synthase, ATP synthase, 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate prenyltransferase and biofilms. These anti-TB NPs and their targets could facilitate target-based screening and accelerate TB drug discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suppurative infections can be acute (acute otitis media, AOM) or chronic (chronic suppurative otitis media, CSOM). Keywords: audit general; bacteriology; epidemiology general; infectious diseases; emergency ORL; otitis media; neuro-otology; otology EN audit general bacteriology epidemiology general infectious diseases emergency ORL otitis media neuro-otology otology 238 242 5 12/27/21 20220101 NES 220101 Key Points Literature on OM incidence in adults is scarce, as are studies about possible herd immunity effects of childhood PCV on adult OM. Audit general, epidemiology general, otitis media, otology, neuro-otology, bacteriology, infectious diseases, emergency ORL OM appears to be less common in adults than in children; however, literature on OM incidence in adults is scarce.2 Adult AOM has a less benign course, with a greater proportion of complications,3,4 a possible explanation being that virulent bacteria such as I S i . [Extracted from the article]

Immobility of copper on magnetic nanoparticles was performed using surface rectification of Fe3O4 with Agar. The magnetic Fe3O4@Agar–Cu nanocatalyst was prepared and entirely characterized by different analyses such as Fourier transform infrared, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, energy dispersive X-ray, thermogravimetric, and inductively coupled plasma. The nanocatalyst was applied to C–N bond forming Ullmann-type Cross-Coupling reaction between aryl halides and primary or secondary amines using water as a green medium. The results of the Ullmann Cross-Coupling reaction by Fe3O4@Agar–Cu magnetic nanoparticles as catalyst demonstrate excellent activity and stability in water. Moreover, this catalyst can be recycled several times without considerable loss in its activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a simple and efficient system, Cu(OAc)2 ⋅ H2O and K2S2O8 can activate H‐phosphonates to produce the corresponding dialkyl phosphoryl radicals. The obtained dialkyl phosphoryl radicals react smoothly with 2‐amino‐1,4‐naphthoquinones, affording accurate preparation of various phosphoryl‐functionalized 2‐amino‐1,4‐naphthoquinones. The developed copper‐catalyzed cross‐dehydrogenative phosphorylation features broad substrate scope, easily available reagents, high atom economy and operational simplicity, which enables a practical avenue for C−P bond formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural products, remains the most important source for the discovery of new drugs for the treatment of human diseases. This has inspired the synthetic community to design and develop mimics of natural products either to answer important questions in biology or to explore their therapeutic potentials. Glycosides present themselves abundantly in nature, right from the cell surface receptors to natural products of any origin. The O‐Glycosides are hydrolytically less stable compared to C‐glycosides and this feature has presented a great opportunity for drug discovery. The discovery of Dapagliflozin, an SGLT inhibitor and C‐glucoside, for the treatment of diabetes is one such example. Aryl acyl‐anion chemistry has been explored for the synthesis of 2‐deoxy‐C‐aryl furanoside/pyranoside/septanosides. Besides success, the studies have provided valuable insight into the natural propensities of the architectural framework for the cascade to furan derivatives. The aryl acyl‐anion chemistry has also enabled the synthesis of biologically active diaryl heptanoids. Inspired from sucesss of Dapagliflozin, new analogues have been synthesized with pyridine and isocoumarin heterocycle as the proximal ring. C‐glucosides of isoliquiritigenin have been synthesized for the first time and evaluated as an efficient aldose reductase inhibitor. The synthesis and evaluation of acyl‐C‐β‐D‐glucosides and benzyl‐C‐β‐D‐glucoside as glucose‐uptake promoters has revealed promise in small molecules. The concept of building blocks has been used to obtain natural oxylipins, D‐xylo and L‐xylo‐configured alkane tetrols and novel lipophilic ketones with erythro/threo configured trihydroxy polar head‐group as possible anti‐mycobacterial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four new species of troglomorphic Coecobrya Yosii, 1956 are described from caves located in the central and northeastern regions of Thailand. Coecobrya whitteni sp. nov. and C. troglobia sp. nov. are from Khon Kaen province, C. ellisi sp. nov. is from Phetchabun province and C. phitsanulokensis sp. nov. is from Phitsanulok province. They all exhibit remarkable troglobitic characters i.e. elongated antennae, legs and furca, slender claw complex and large body size. Coecobrya whitteni sp. nov. is similar to C. troglobia sp. nov. and they were found a distance of only 3.4 km from each other. However, they are mainly different in the number of An mac on dorsal head and number of chaetae of Th. II. Likewise, C. ellisi sp. nov. is similar to C. phitsanulokensis sp. nov. However, they differ in the number of An mac on the dorsal head, the number of central mac on Abd. II, central mac on Abd. IV, lateral mac on Abd. IV and the number of inner teeth of the claw. Moreover, C. ellisi sp. nov. has orange pigment dots on the body, a unique character, considering that all other troglomorphic Coecobrya species in Thailand are devoid of pigmentation. The results of the molecular approach based on two partial mitochondrial markers (COI and 16S rDNA) and a nuclear gene fragment (28S rDNA) supported the results of morphological species discrimination in separating the four nominal populations as valid species. An updated dichotomous key of Thai troglomorphic Coecobrya species is also given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3,4,7,8-tetrahydro-3,3-dimethyl-11-aryl-2H-pyridazino[1,2-a]indazole-1,6,9(11H)-triones 5a-j were synthesized by a one-pot cyclocondensation of four components such as succinic anhydride, hydrazine hydrate, benzaldehyde derivatives and dimedone at room temperature through a multi-component reaction and solvent-free condition by using 1-methyl imidazolium trinitromethanide {[HMIM]C(NO2)3} as a very effective ionic liquid catalyst. All synthesized compounds which are soluble in DMSO were subjected to antibacterial activity assay against Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus. Results showed that the compounds had antibacterial activity against some bacteria tested. In addition, the antioxidant activity of the compounds was evaluated by DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Our results indicated that most of the compounds had excellent dose-dependent antiradical properties. Based on obtained data, the compounds possessed moderate to excellent bactericidal effect on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, the compounds 5b and 5g exhibited the most anti-proliferative potencies against MCF-7 (breast carcinoma), A549 (non-small lung carcinoma) and AGS (gastric carcinoma) cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ether derivatives have myriad applications in several areas of chemical industry and academia. Hence, the development of more effective and sustainable protocols for their production is highly desired. Among the different methodologies reported for ether synthesis, catalytic reductive alcohol etherifications with carbonyl‐based moieties (aldehydes/ketones and carboxylic acid derivatives) have emerged in the last years as a potential tool. These processes constitute appealing routes for the selective production of both symmetrical and asymmetrical ethers (including O‐heterocycles) with an increased molecular complexity. Likewise, ester‐to‐ether catalytic reductions and hydrogenative alcohol etherifications with CO2 to dialkoxymethanes and other acetals, albeit in less extent, have undergone important advances, too. In this Review, an update of the recent progresses in the area of catalytic reductive alcohol etherifications using carbonyl‐based compounds and CO2 have been described with a special focus on organic synthetic applications and catalyst design. Complementarily, recent progress made in catalytic acetal/ketal‐to‐ether or ester‐to‐ether reductions and other related transformations have been also summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral health during pregnancy is vital for both mother and child. Indigenous Australians face many barriers in accessing dental care. Service approachability is one of the key domains in accessing health services. There is little empirical evidence of the association between service approachability and dental care attendance or oral health outcome. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between dental service approachability on dental care attendance and self-reported gum disease among South Australian women pregnant with an Aboriginal child. Methods: Four hundred and twenty-seven women pregnant with an Aboriginal child completed questionnaires in both metropolitan and regional health settings in South Australia in 2011. Four variables related to approachability of dental services: (1) perception of need; (2) service-related health literacy; (3) oral health beliefs and; (4) trust and expectation of dental service. The association between service approachability-related factors, dental utilisation and self-reported gum disease during pregnancy were assessed using Generalised Poisson regression models, after adjusting for age, remoteness, employment status and education. Estimates were presented as adjusted prevalence ratios (APR). Results: Most participants (85.8%) reported a need for dental care, had positive oral health beliefs (88.3%) and had expectations towards dental care (86.2%). Dental service utilisation during pregnancy was low (35.7%). Many participants (78.0%) expressed knowing what to do if they needed dental care, while most (39.8%) doubted that dental care would be available the next day. Poor health service literacy was identified as a risk factor for non-optimal dental attendance (APR = 0.86, 95%CI 0.74–0.99). Perceived need for dental care was positively associated with self-reported gum disease (APR = 1.24, 95%CI 1.06–1.45). Conclusion: Inability to navigate the dental care system was a risk factor for poor dental attendance among South Australian women pregnant with an Aboriginal child. Perceived need for dental care was associated with gum disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Hf(IV) metal‐organic framework (MOF) with di‐amino functionalized linker was obtained as a crystalline solid with UiO‐67 topology under solvothermal reaction conditions. The guest free form of Hf(IV) MOF (1′) was efficiently employed as a heterogeneous catalyst to synthesize cinnamic acid derivatives via Knoevenagel‐Doebner reaction for the first time. The catalyst (1′) was efficiently active to directly achieve cinnamic acid from benzaldehyde and malonic acid. The solid retained its activity up to 6th cycle with no decay in its activity. The noticeable advantages of the catalyst are its milder reaction conditions, high yield, high stability, recyclable nature towards catalysis and wide substrate scope as well as shape‐selective behaviour. The possible mechanism of the reaction was also studied thoroughly with suitable control experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pt(IV) prodrugs have gained tremendous attention due to their indisputable advantages compared to cisplatin. Herein, new Pt(IV) derivatives with cinnamic acid at the first axial position, and inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9, histone deacetylase, cyclooxygenase or pyruvate dehydrogenase at the second axial position are constructed to develop multi-action prodrugs. We demonstrate that Pt(IV) prodrugs are reducible and have superior antiproliferative activity with IC50 values at submicromolar concentrations. Notably, Pt(IV) prodrugs exhibit highly potent anti-tumour activity in an in vivo breast cancer model. Our results support the view that a triple-action Pt(IV) prodrug acts via a synergistic mechanism, which involves the effects of CDDP and the effects of axial moieties, thus jointly leading to the death of tumour cells. These findings provide a practical strategy for the rational design of more effective Pt(IV) prodrugs to efficiently kill tumour cells by enhancing their cellular accumulation and tuning their canonical mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two novel benzoylthioureas derived from gallic acid, (tri‐O‐acetyl)galloyl‐N,N‐diethylthiourea HL1, and cinnamic acid, cinnamoyl‐N,N‐diethylthiourea HL2 have been successfully prepared and characterized by means of elemental analysis, IR, NMR, high‐resolution MS, and X‐ray crystallography. The organic ligands react with Ni(AcO)2 and Cu(AcO)2 in MeOH under formation of bis‐complexes with the compositions of [M(L)2] (M=Ni2+, Cu2+; L=L1, L2). Similar reactions with Co(AcO)2, however, result in Co(III) tris‐complexes [Co(L)3] (L=L1, L2) with the metal ions oxidized presumably by atmospheric dioxygen. X‐ray crystallography and spectroscopic characterization reveal a cis square‐planar coordination in the bis‐complexes and facial octahedral geometry in the tris‐complexes. In all of metal complexes, the deprotonated organic compounds ({L1}− and {L2}−) serve as (S,O)‐bidentate ligands. The ligand HL1 and its Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes exhibit weak antiproliferative effects on the human MCF7 breast and HepG2 liver cancer cells with IC50 values in the range of 60–115 μM. Surprisingly, the tris‐complex [Co(L1)3] exhibits high cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 22.23±1.58 μM for MCF7 and 28.30±3.09 μM for HepG2 cancer cells. The activity against MCF7 cells is even more than that of cisplatin under the same conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: Due to the need for the development of person-centred integrated models of care with a population health approach, this paper explored contemporary literature in this arena. Design/methodology/approach: A systematic literature review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Papers included in this review focused upon person-centred integrated care and a health promotion/public health approach (January 2018–October 2020). Papers were excluded due to not being written in English, not fitting the age criteria and not being peer reviewed. Findings: Eight studies met the inclusion criteria and three overarching themes were identified with regards to person-centred integrated care as a health promotion/public health approach: Core components; Development, implementation, and evaluation of models of care and relationship to population health and wellbeing outcomes. Research limitations/implications: The need for person-centred integrated care as a health promotion/public health approach, to enhance population health and well-being outcomes requires further research to continue to develop, implement and evaluate models of care. Originality/value: The international scope of this contemporary review brought together the three concepts of person-centred integrated care and public health, exploring the translation of policy into practice (WHO, 2016). The juxtaposition of public health approaches in the background/consequential or foreground/active agent demonstrates how promotion, prevention and population health can be re-valued in integrated people-centred health services (WHO, 2016). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Hg(II) complexes (1–7) of hydrazide–hydrazone ligand (H2L) derived from the condensation of isonicotinic acid hydrazide with (Z)‐N′‐(2‐nitrobenzylidene)‐3‐oxobutanehydrazide have been prepared. The ligand and its chelates were characterized based on elemental analysis, spectral, thermal analysis, molar conductance, and magnetic moment measurements. Besides, density functional theory (DFT) computations have been conducted to study structures and energetics of the ligand and its complexes. The IR spectra showed that the ligand was chelated with the metal ion in a monobasic tridentate manner using ONO donors in all complexes except Zn(II) complex (5) where the ligand binds with Zn(II) ion as a dibasic tridentate utilizing ONO donors. The magnetic moment and electronic spectral data revealed octahedral and square pyramidal geometries for complexes (1, 7) and (2, 4, 5), respectively, whereas a square planar geometry was suggested for 3. DFT studies show that the Cd(II) center reveals interesting structural deviations from regular octahedral geometry in the resulting hexa‐coordinated complex [Cd(H2L)2].2H2O (6) assumes a trigonal prismatic (TP) structure for this complex. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the ligand and its complexes have been investigated with different bacterial and fungal strains. The data revealed that Hg(II) complex (7) demonstrated a very good antibacterial and antifungal activity than others. Highlights: A new hydrazide–hydrazone ligand of isonicotinic acid was synthesized.Seven mononuclear Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Hg(II) complexes of the new ligand were prepared and characterized by different tools.DFT studies have been carried out to study the structure of the ligand and its complexes.Antimicrobial activities of the ligand and its complexes were studied against a variety of bacterial and fungal strains by using disk diffusion method and results were compared with standard drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most crucial attributes of synthetic organic chemistry is to design organic reactions under the facets of green chemistry for the sustainable production of chemicals. Thus, due to the intensified environmental and safety concern, the need for new technologies for conducting chemical transformation has grown. In this regard, there is enormous interest in the use of heterogeneous catalysts as they generally avoid the generation of waste, require fewer toxic reagents, as well as entail easier separation and recycling of the catalyst. α,β-Unsaturated acids have been widely used in various industrial applications and have been identified as one of the most promising chemicals obtained via the Knoevenagel condensation reaction. This review aims to discuss the most pertinent heterogeneous catalytic systems such as zeolites, mesoporous silica, ionic liquids, metal oxides, and graphitic carbon nitride-based catalysts in the Knoevenagel reaction. Ultimately, this review focuses not only on the catalyst but also provides an overall idea and guide for the preparation of new catalysts with outstanding properties by looking at the chemical and engineering aspects such as the reaction conditions and the mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The usage of renewable resources has become a hot topic upon the rising global awareness against fossil feedstock consumption. Lignin, the 2nd most abundant natural polymer on Earth, is an aromatic biomacromolecule that holds a tremendous potential for the synthesis of biobased materials. The production of monomers and polymers from lignin has been investigated for years and keeps on expanding, as proven by the flourishing literature. However, the sustainability of the synthetic reactions has not been systematically analyzed. Herein, green chemistry plays a vital role in this area and provides several tools to design eco-friendly production methods. This critical review first describes the preeminent approaches for the synthesis of biobased monomers and polymers from lignin-derived compounds. In the second part, the "greenness" aspects of the 175 key monomer synthetic methods and 32 polymerization methods are evaluated based on selected criteria, including waste generation, atom efficiency, energy efficiency, usage of safer solvents, and biocatalytic methodology. The accessible green metrics, such as environmental factor (E factor) and atom economy are calculated to measure the greenness and to provide a quantitative base for strategic decisions. Furthermore, this study provides insights for the improvement opportunities and lights up the room for further developments. This review, aiming at scientists, industries and investors, strives to provide a critical outlook for the existing synthetic methods and motivates researchers to call for the integration of sustainability factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mononuclear Mn2+ and Cu2+, ‐ VO2+, Co2+, Ni2+, ‐ and Zn2+ complexes of a synthetic novel hydrazone containing a quinoline moiety were prepared. The composition and structure of the prepared compounds were elucidated by spectral and analytical techniques. The results reveal that all complexes were formed in 1:1 mole ratio except Mn2+ and Cu2+ complexes (3) and (7), which were formed in 1 M:2 L mole ratio. It was also found that the ligand binds the metal ions via NO donor sites as a monobasic bidentate chelator in all complexes through the enolic carbonyl oxygen and azomethine nitrogen atoms. The electronic absorption spectra and magnetic moment data demonstrated square pyramidal and octahedral geometries for the VO2+ and Ni2+ complexes, respectively, while the other complexes adopted tetrahedral geometry. The thermal decomposition of the complexes was discussed in relation to structure. The thermal analysis data demonstrated that all complexes were decomposed in one, two, three or four stages starting with the dehydration process, removal of coordination water molecules or elimination of anions and ended with the formation of the metal oxide. The bactericidal activities of the prepared compounds demonstrated that hydrazone (1) exerted a highly inhibitory effect against B. subtilis while VO2+, Co2+, and Cu2+ complexes (2), (4), and (7) showed an inhibitory effect against E. coli more than the tetracycline. Additionally, the inhibitory effect of the prepared compound against A. niger showed that the Cu2+ complex (6) is the most active while the Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ complexes (5–8) exhibited an extremely inhibitory effect against C. albicans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The articles were searched from the PubMed database; the electronic databases were conducted using MeSH browser, search terms, and their combinations: "mandibular prosthesis" and "Denture, Overlay" and "dental implants." There are 414 journals explained about this, with only five journals meet the inclusion criteria. In five relevant articles, it showed that there were no significant differences in particular attachment systems in terms of pain or discomfort, appearance, mastication, speech, stability, and oral hygiene aspects. Novaloc, which is one of the new types of attachments, is more resistant to wear than the nylon often used in other systems. There are sufficient results to support the attachment system used with implant-supported overdenture in fully edentulous patients to improve patient satisfaction and prosthetic retention. The attachment system can affect prosthetic maintenance and its complications. Specific attachment recommendations for mandibular patients can be relied upon positively from patients with low treatment costs, proper maintenance, and minimally invasive. However, the most important thing is patient satisfaction may not depend on the attachment system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microwave assisted polycondensation for the synthesis of (partially) biobased polyazomethines in water (hydrothermal polymerization) was investigated for the first time in this study. The polyazomethines prepared via this environmentally friendly and simple method show comparable characteristics as the polymers prepared via traditional methods in organic solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: ((E)‐N‐salicylidene)‐hydrazide (HL) was synthesised from the condensation of cinnamic acid hydrazide with salicylaldehyde and it was utilised as a fluorescent and colorimetric sensor for dual detection of Zn(II) and Al(III) ions. The solid‐state structure of the ligand (HL) was stabilised by two‐dimensional supramolecular network as evident from single crystal X‐ray diffraction data. In solution the probe was found to have greater relative binding affinity and sensitivity towards Al(III) ion over Zn(II) ion. While the probe demonstrated very fast colorimetric response towards Zn(II) ion in solid state, it had superior fluorimetric sensitivity to Al(III) ion in solution by exhibiting distinct spectral changes. This unique phase dependent property of the probe has been exploited to easily detect Al(III) and Zn(II) ions. The above mentioned metal ions formed 2 : 1 (L : M) complexes with the probe which was supported by absorption and emission titration studies, Job′s Plot and ESI mass spectral analysis. Most of the experimental outcomes were well supported by theoretical calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]