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Islamic education in Indonesia extremely urgent to be examined because citizen of Indonesia are mostly moslem, until it become education progression factor in a country with mostly moslem citizen. The entrance used to collect empirical and actual data in order to critically analyzed quality management theory which is islamic education like madrasah. Madrasah as formal islamic education organization that integrated within national education system in Indonesia needs quality management. Madrasah based quality advance management is a management model that extend bigger autonomy to madrasah, giving flexibility to madrasah, and encourage direct participation from stakeholders to increase the quality of madrasah. Keywords: analysis, madrasah, quality advance management

This article reflects on the dimension of theater and the indigenous peoples. With an expanded look at the Brazilian theatrical scene, this paper show the studies developed by the research group Tabihuni in the municipality of Manaus, state of Amazonas, and by the company theater: Teatro Oficina Uzyna Uzona from Sao Paulo. The first stands out due to the direct participation of the indigenous people in the performances Uwanary tendawa and Uhpu and, the second, due to the vital scenic presence, cast and audience of those involved, in the play Os Sertoes.

The article is devoted to one of the most perspective mechanisms of innovation implementation in Russia and China – in the form of innovation educational clusters. The leading role of higher educational institutions is underlined in formation of innovative economy and high-tech projects, as well as in the decision of previously established and newly emerging constraints associated with global processes in the world economy. Based on the review and analysis of its results, the authors formulate proposals for applying the existing experience of implementing the cluster approach with the direct participation of higher education institutions in the creation of international innovative educational clusters for the formation of joint projects in the most promising industries and technologies, in particular, in the medical industry and pharmaceuticals. The relevance of the research is due to the need for further development of educational and scientific ties, trade and economic relations between Russia and China, increasing the competitiveness of both national economic systems as a whole, and high-tech enterprises of the two countries in domestic and global markets.

The article compares the commentary genre with the genre of forum in order to identify similarities and differences between them. An analysis of the genre system of Internet discourse and a description of the various criteria for distinguishing genres are made to do genre distinction of discursive forms. It includes situational and style-forming signs; structural and compositional criteria; origin; inclusion in a particular discourse; time and location of communicants; the form of speech and the factor of direct participation of communicants; language features; goals of the communication. As a result it was determined that the similarity of genres appears in terms of secondary characteristics towards the initial stimulus, in the polylogical form of communication, in the addressee and addresser characteristics and the presence of observers. The differences are revealed in the initial stimulus, the communicative purpose of the messages, hierarchy and status and in the type of addressing.

This article is dedicated to one of the famous scientists, Alexander Abramovich Levi. This article reflects the personal life of A.A. Levi, i.e. pre-war and war years, his university studies, his work in the prosecutor’s office and in the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, as well as his scientific work. A.A. Levi was at the origin of the development and application of sound and video recording in court proceedings. Based on his project and with his direct participation the first specialized courtroom was created in the USSR. Scientific publications of A.A. Levy can be found in legal journals of Hungary, Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia and the USA. A.A. Levi was among the drafters of the Federal Law “On Legal Practice and the Bar”.

Las infraestructuras de paz, desde su génesis en la administración de Belisario Betancur, en Colombia, han sido grupos de presión de carácter privado y mixto en menor medida, que están en una constante lucha por constituirse como un actor político con un grado mayor de institucionalización, valiéndose de la movilización social de manera pacífica. Estos grupos de presión a diferencia de los partidos, solo pretenden influir el sistema político. Se concluye que las infraestructuras de paz, hantransitado de ser un grupo de presión a un actor político con participación directa ynecesidades puntuales en el posconflicto

In Ontario, students facing school discipline are not parties to their own suspension and expulsion proceedings. As in other areas of law, children in education law are treated as not having sufficient capacity to advance their own interests and must rely on adults to do so on their behalf. This barrier to direct participation in proceedings that affect them runs contrary to children’s participation rights under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and to general principles of fairness. For children who are responsible for their own education the inability to independently challenge school authorities with respect to school discipline undermines their education and their dignity. School discipline processes should be designed to respect children as individual rights holders.

News about environmental issues have led many companies and fast food restaurants like KFC started the Public Relations campaign movement with the theme #NOSTRAWMOVEMENT which was done simultaneously in all of their outlets in Indonesia. KFC Raden Inten becomes case in study. This study aims to determine the influence of the Public Relations campaign #NOSTRAWMOVEMENT will influence consumer participation in KFC Raden Inten. This research uses stimulus- respons (S-R) theory and participation concept which can be interpreted as taking part or taking a role in activities or activities. The author uses this theory because I want to know how much consumer participation is influenced by Public Relations campaign #NOSTRAWMOVEMENT of KFC. Participation is divided into two categories, direct participation and indirect participation. In this study, researchers used quantitative research with a descriptive and explanatory approach. Data collection techniques used in this study were documentation and questionnaire filling as part of the survey. Researchers used a survei method using a questionnaire. Data analysis techniques using validity test, reliability test, normality test, t test, F test and R2 test. Based on the data processing carried out, this study obtained the result that the relationship between the Public Relations campaign variables and consumer participation had a positive and significant influence. Keywords: Public Relations Campaign, Consumer Participation, Consumer Attitude

The article carries out a comparative analysis of the peculiarities of using of the institute of consultative poll as a form of direct participation of the local community in the local self-government in different local communities of Ukraine. The author analyzes the peculiarities of the requirements to persons who may participate in consultative polls, subjects that may initiate a consultative poll, issues that may be submitted to such a consultative poll, the venue, the territory covered by the consultative poll and the legal consequences of the realization of consultative poll as a form of direct participation of the territorial community in the implementation of local self-government. In particular, the author distinguishes the forms of conducting consultative polls on the territory of different local communities in Ukraine. In the article the author considers problems of identification of institutes of consultative poll as a form of direct participation of the local community in the local self-government as a consultative referendum in separate territorial communities, and also a problem of absence of the legislative definition of institute of consultative poll. In addition, the author substantiates the need for legal regulatory and legal fixation of the possibility of functioning of the online form of consultative poll as a form of direct participation of the local community in the local self-government. Based on the analysis of normative legal acts of local self-government bodies, the authors definition of consultative poll as a form of direct participation of the local community in the local self-government is proposed. The article also provides advice on the legal regulation of the functioning of the consultative poll as a form of direct participation of the local community in the local self-government in Ukraine.

This paper proposes an alternative method for bus passenger waiting time estimation using passive Wi-Fi data. With the underlying mechanism for Wi-Fi communication, the presence of Wi-Fi enabled devices in a particular area can be passively discoverable. The mobile devices carried by bus passengers can be exploited to estimate passenger waiting time at a bus stop without the passengers’ direct participation. Passenger waiting time estimation using such opportunistic data is challenging due to the particular characteristics of the Wi-Fi data collected from bus stop environments. This paper proposes a methodology to handle massive noise in Wi-Fi data and identify the potential Wi-Fi records which are derived from passengers’ devices. The filtered data can then be used to estimate passenger waiting time. The Wi-Fi data collected from a bus stop in Hong Kong are used as a case study for evaluating the proposed system. The practicality is investigated in terms of estimation accuracy and insightful analysis.

The mechanism for carbon-based superoxide dismutase (SOD) nano-mimetics is not known, hindering optimization of this potentially clinically useful feature. Here we studied oxidized activated charco...

The article is dedicated to the centenary of the main scientific discovery of the academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the Agricultural Academy and the USSR Academy of Sciences N.I. Vavilov - to the law of homological series in hereditary variability. The discovery of the law was one of the most significant events in biology of the first half of the twentieth century and had a significant impact on the selection process. From a biographical point of view, the discovery of the law was for N.I. Vavilov - a young professor, head of the department of private agriculture and genetics of the agronomic faculty of the University of Saratov, a fateful event that brought world fame. In the history of Russian science, much attention is paid to the phenomenon of N.I. Vavilov. At the same time, there is a tendency to analyze his scientific work in the context of three main areas: the doctrine of plant immunity to infectious diseases, the law of homologous series in hereditary variability, and the doctrine of the centers of origin and variety of cultivated plants. In our work, special attention is paid to the integrity of the scientific work of the scientist, which can be traced in all his main works and was put into practice in the world collection of plant genetic resources, the collection of which was carried out under the guidance and with the direct participation of N.I. Vavilov. The history of the perception of the law at different periods in the development of biology and the role of this discovery in the posthumous memory of its author, N.I. Vavilov, who became a symbol of a real scientist and patriot.

In modern clinical practice, the assessment of the state of blood microcirculation and the diagnosis of microcirculatory disorders are extremely relevant in a variety of diseases: in cardiology, diabetology, oncology, dermatology, dentistry, surgery and resuscitation. Microcirculatory disorders are very diverse both in their pathogenesis and in clinical manifestations. Therefore, in the pattern of various diseases and extreme conditions, as well as in the correction of microcirculatory disorders the methods are needed for both operative assessment of the state of blood flow at tissue level and for its long-term monitoring. The interest in the study of the microvascular bed of the circulatory system is sparked by the significant role of capillaries in the implementation of the basic processes of the body's vital activity, in the trophic support of organs and their direct participation in tissue and cellular respiration. The health and life expectancy of a person depend on the coordinated work of the heart, large blood lines, and microcirculation vessels. The authors have studied modern optical methods for diagnosing microcirculation. The feasibility of using the speckle imaging method for noninvasive rapid assessment of the state of the microvasculature of human surface biological tissues has been substantiated. To implement the speckle-visualization method, methodological and software have been developed. The processing parameters that are most optimal from the point of view of the ratio of spatiotemporal resolution and computation time have been experimentally substantiated. The purpose of this work is the experimental testing of the developed methodological and hardware speckle imaging for the diagnosis of microcirculation of human surface biological tissues. The authors have carried out the studies of the state of microcirculation in the superficial blood vessels of the skin during physiotherapeutic procedures and in the imitation of pathology. The results of the studies have proved the feasibility of using the developed software for a high-quality diagnosis of the state of microcirculation of human surface biological tissues: primary changes in microcirculation are revealed, further changes to occur during physiotherapeutic procedures are visualized.

This paper describes two courses dedicated to Environmental Anthropology offered respectively at the Federal University of Bahia in Brazil and the Riga Stradins University in Latvia. The courses were organised in parallel modules, enabling the promotion of similar programs in the two. The aim of this paper is to present the discussions following each topic covered by the course and the case studies chosen by enrolled students for their final works in Brazil and Latvia. The final discussion highlights how, despite the differences between the two countries, the effective engagement of students promoted the emergence of their direct participation in the course development and new ways of situating themselves in their environments

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar los niveles de educación financiera de los comerciantes de la empresa pública Mercado de Productores Agrícolas San Pedro de Riobamba EP-EMMPA, y su incidencia en la capacidad de gestión; de un universo de 946 comerciantes arrendatarios permanentes, se obtuvo una muestra representativa de 195 a quienes se aplicó una encuesta mediante el método aleatorio sobre aspectos relacionados con: nivel de formación y conocimientos financieros; comportamiento y actitudes en relación a la inversión, el financiamiento, el ahorro y manejo de herramientas financieras básicas. Los hallazgos relevantes evidenciaron el manejo empírico de las finanzas por parte de los comerciantes del mercado mayorista de la ciudad de Riobamba, debido al bajo nivel de educación financiera que incide en la capacidad de gestión y manejo de sus recursos económicos. Al mismo tiempo generan graves dificultades tales como: sobre endeudamiento, falta de inversión, deficiente ahorro y financiamiento de la actividad comercial a través de fuentes informales con elevados costos financieros y sociales. La investigación concluye la necesidad de trasferencia de conocimientos que permita en el mediano y largo plazo fortalecer la cultura financiera de los comerciantes mediante programa de formación y educación financiera con participación directa de las Universidades y Escuelas Politécnicas de la localidad a través de sus Facultades de Administración de Empresas y unidades de vinculación con la comunidad

As dementia progresses and cognitive function declines, surrogate decision making becomes increasingly prevalent. By convention, there is a hierarchical approach to proxy decision making beginning with known wishes, followed by a substituted judgment standard, and then a best-interests standard. For people with dementia, discrepancy in proxy assessments is common and associated with negative behavioral outcomes. Therefore, optimal approaches to proxy decision making for people with dementia should instead prioritize and implement options that encourage direct participation of persons with dementia and standards that explicitly rely on consideration of longitudinal changes in values and preferences for persons with dementia.

Introduction An estimated 1 billion people with disabilities live in low and middle income countries, a population that includes people with communication disabilities (PwCD). PwCD are a heterogenous group with a wide range of abilities who may be underrepresented in research due to the communication demands involved in research participation. Methods A critical analysis of 145 studies from a previously published systematic review was undertaken with the aim of documenting the opportunities for direct participation of PwCD in research on poverty and disability in low- and middle- income countries. Results The key finding was the high risk of underrepresentation of PwCD in research on poverty and disability in LMICs, despite low rates of explicit exclusion (n = 8; 5.5%). A total of 366 uses of data collection tools were analysed (255 unique tools). The majority of data collection tools had high communication demands (92.9%), including those measuring disability (88.6%) and those assessing poverty (100%). Only 22 studies (15.2%) specifically included PwCD. A subset of these studies (n = 14) presented disaggregated data in a way that allowed for analysis of outcomes for PwCD, suggesting a clear intersection between poverty and communication disability, with findings related to general poverty indicators, reduced access to education, low levels of employment, and additional expenditure. Conclusions The findings suggest a systematic underrepresentation of PwCD in research on poverty and disability with substantial implications for future policy and program planning, directly affecting the availability and provision of services and resources for this population. A failure to provide adequate opportunity for participation of PwCD in research risks leaving those with communication disabilities behind in the pursuit of global poverty eradication.

On the basis of archival material and published sources, the author examines the activities of the Semirechye Regional Statistics Committee in the late 19th — early 20th century the preservation of historical and cultural heritage in the region by means of Museum activities. The analysis of the identified sources allowed to reconstruct certain directions in the Museum's work on the formation of collections and independent expositions. The Museum originally consisted of five departments: physical and geographical, ethnographic, agricultural, handicraft and archaeological. Since the end of the 19th century, the exhibits of the Museum were replenished mainly by donations from individuals, County chiefs, educational institutions, local and central institutions. The first philanthropists were the Committee members E.O. Baum and K.A. Larionov. They donated their personal collections. The need and importance of the Museum collections and expositions being formed in the region was assessed very highly. In order to develop and replenish the Museum's collections, the Committee members organized and conducted scientific expeditions. In the early 20th century, with a scientific purpose with the direct participation of the Committee members Professor of Tomsk University V.V. Sapozhnikova, Balkhash expedition member of the Russian Geographical Society L.S. Berg and the expedition of the Imperial St. Petersburg Botanical Garden worked on the territory of Semirechye., На основе архивного материала и опубликованных источников рассматривается деятельность Семиреченского областного статистического комитета в конце XIX — начале XX в. по сохранению историко-культурного наследия в регионе посредством музейной деятельности. Анализ выявленных источников позволил реконструировать отдельные направления в работе музея по формированию коллекций и самостоятельных экспозиций. Музей первоначально состоял из пяти отделов: физико-географического, этнографического, сельскохозяйственного, кустарно-промышленного и археологического. С конца XIX в. экспонаты музея пополнялись в основном за счёт пожертвований частных лиц, уездных начальников, учебных заведений, местных и центральных учреждений. Первыми меценатами были члены комитета Э.О. Баум и К.А. Ларионов. Они пожертвовали свои личные коллекции. Значимость формируемых музейных коллекций и экспозиций в регионе оценивалась весьма высоко. С целью развития и пополнения коллекций музея члены статистического комитета организовывали и проводили научные экспедиции. В начале XX столетия на территории Семиречья с научной целью при непосредственном участии членов комитета работали экспедиции профессора Томского университета В.В. Сапожникова, Балхашская экспедиция действительного члена ИРГО Л.С. Берга и экспедиция Императорского Санкт-Петербургского ботанического сада.

The aim of the study is to present the results of pilot study on academic staff direct participation (ASDP) in managing higher education institutions (HEI) (content, scope, intensity, practicality of impact), in key areas of its activity and its advantages and risks. The research was carried out under questionnaire survey method among academic staff of selected HEIs, in autumn 2018. It was found that ASDP applies to all areas of activity of these HEIs (content), primarily educating students; is full (academics participate in all stages of the decision-making process), has mainly operational scope (related to basic tasks in the position at work), less often strategic; it is perceived participation because the real impact of the respondents in managing HEIs is limited (passive form of participation dominates). The identified main benefits from participation indicate that ASDP can be an effective tool for creating commitment of academic staff in managing HEIs in handling their key areas of activity. The results presented are not representative (pilot study), but interesting. Therefore, the author is planning to carry out in-depth research on ASDP in managing HEI in the future.

From the mid-2010s, the Indonesian government began to strengthen its direct participation in the economy by investing significantly in and via state-owned enterprises. Since the ownership reorgani...

Modern ideas about the etiological factors underlying a rare, serious illness — fulminant acne, the influence of genetic and exposure factors on the formation of the disease, and the pathogenesis of this form of acne are described. The main pathogenetic factors affecting the debut and course of fulminant acne were identified: Cutibacterium and the microbiome of the skin as a whole; sebum overproduction of sebum with the direct participation of dihydrotestosterone, progesterone, insulin-like growth factor-1; features of innate immunity, follicular hyperkeratosis. The clinic, complications and optimal therapeutic tactics at the present stage are described. A clinical case with a successful therapeutic outcome is presented.

The Brazilian political system is a mix of representation and participation and innovation and political continuity. It introduced several new form of direct participation but also kept the proport...

The review is a brief summary of the great scientific heritage of Georgii Konstantinovich Boreskov, the member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and a famous Russian scientist in the field of catalysis, chemical kinetics, and chemical technology. Boreskov was a staunch proponent of the chemical theory of catalysis. He developed the main ideas of this theory in heterogeneous catalysis. These primarily include: the chemical nature of intermediate interaction between reactants and a catalyst; the key role of the bond energy of intermediate surface compounds in the rate and direction of reactions; dynamic unity of the system “reactants–catalyst”; approximate constancy of the specific catalytic activity of substances of the same chemical composition and structure. Boreskov made a significant contribution to the theory of kinetics of catalytic reactions and the development of the method of mathematical modeling. He showed the importance of the porous structure in the preparation of practical catalysts. Technologies of many processes were developed with his lead or direct participation. Ideas of the Boreskov’s theory of catalysis form the basis for the modern science of catalysis and drive its development.

The Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA), in Ghana, has witnessed the destruction of approximately 60% of its wetlands. Wetlands provide many valuable ecological, social, economic, and recreational functions. Appreciation of the importance of wetlands has increased in recent years, consequently, wetland protection has been recognized globally through international agreements, as well as through national, regional, and local policies and regulations. Empirical studies on wetland destruction in urbanized Ghana are limited. Adopting a qualitative approach, this research examines the causes and extent of wetland destruction in the GAMA. The study reveals that measures designed and implemented to protect wetlands in the GAMA have proved ineffective due to non-implementation and monitoring of wetland protection strategies, policies and projects. These shortcomings reflect a lack of resources and participation of stakeholders in the planning, development and implementation of wetland protection policies. The study concludes with a recommendation for more direct participation of stakeholders in developing and implementing plans and strategies to manage wetlands in Ghana.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the role of the zemstvo self-government bodies of Kharkiv, Poltava and Chernihiv regions in the organization and further development of local history centers in these provinces, as well as the contribution of local zemstvos to the study of local history in the Left-Bank Ukraine. Covered and analyzed the facts of financial assistance or direct participation of zemstvos in the creation and maintenance of individual museums, scientists archival commissions and other centers of regional history. The positive significance of the zemstvos contribution to the development of museum affairs has been determined, which contributed to the rise of the historical and ethnographic movement. On the one hand, an important part of this movement developed, on the other hand, some zemstvo museums became the leading centers of historical and ethnographic research in the provinces. Some areas of zemstvo activities that contributed to the conduct of regional scientific intelligence and expeditions, popularize the history of the region in the pages of the local press, the arrangement of archaeological congresses and ethnographic exhibitions and, in general, the development of historical and local history movement in the provinces of Left Bank were considered. It was determined that zemstvos played a very important role in the development of historical regional studies in the provinces of the Left Bank of Ukraine. Almost since the beginning of their existence, Zemstvo institutions have launched an active ethnographic work, which had a significant positive significance for the systematic dissemination of historical and ethnographic movements in the provinces. The presence of zemstvos in a number of ethnographers led to the creation of historical and ethnographic trends in the work of these bodies of local self-government.

La posibilidad de participación activa y directa en los contenidos que los nuevos canales digitales otorgan al ciudadano, obliga a replantear las estrategias de comunicación y marketing que, hasta ahora, venía utilizando la esfera política. Recientemente, numerosos estudios abordan el uso que partidos y candidatos hacen de las redes sociales. Twitter y Facebook son las plataformas sobre las que más se ha indagado. Otros canales de comunicación e interacción como YouTube, pese a competir en relevancia con las redes sociales anteriores, carecen de un recorrido académico que permita delimitar su importancia en la nueva configuración de la comunicación política digital. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el uso de YouTube como herramienta estratégica en período de campaña electoral, constatando el grado en que la esfera política participa en la producción de contenidos en esta plataforma y el tipo de consumo que se produce en la misma. Para ello, mediante análisis de contenido, se estudia la campaña electoral que precedió los comicios catalanes del 21D. Integran la muestra cuarenta vídeos, los diez con mayor número de reproducciones que atienden a las etiquetas de búsqueda: Junts per Catalunya, Ciutadans, Puigdemont y Arrimadas. Los resultados evidencian una producción muy baja por parte del ámbito de la política y una intervención media-baja en la creación de contenidos que, mayoritariamente, proceden de material generado por los medios de comunicación tradicionales, lo que apunta a un estadio embrionario en el aprovechamiento que los partidos y candidatos hacen de esta red social. The possibility of active and direct participation in the contents that the new digital channels give to the citizen, forces to rethink the communication and marketing strategies that, until now, the political sphere has been using. Recently, numerous studies address the use that parties and candidates make of social networks. Twitter and Facebook are the platforms on which more has been investigated. Other communication and interaction channels such as YouTube, despite competing in relevance with the previous social networks, lack an academic path that allows to delimit its importance in the new configuration of the digital political communication. The objective of this research is to analyze the use of YouTube as a strategic tool during the campaign period, stating the degree to which the political sphere participates in the production of content on this platform and the type of consumption that occurs in it. To do this, through content analysis, we study the electoral campaign that preceded the Catalan elections of 21D. The sample includes forty videos, the ten with the highest number of reproductions that serve the keywords: Junts per Catalunya, Ciutadans, Puigdemont and Arrimadas. The results show a very low production by the policy field and a medium-low intervention in the creation of content that, mostly, comes from material generated by traditional media, which points to an embryonic stage in the use that the parties and candidates make of this social network.

Unlike members of the armed forces and combatants who can be targeted, civilians are protected from direct attack. However, civilians do not always enjoy protection. When civilians take a direct part in the hostilities, such as by taking up arms against the enemy, they lose their civilian protection and can be lawfully targeted. Classifying a civilian who is directly participating in hostilities as such is relevant to proportionality as well as to the principle of distinction, as it changes the proportionality analysis in two complementary ways. First, an attack on a civilian that is taking a direct part in hostilities would arguably augment the expected military advantage of the strike. Second, such civilians do not enjoy protection from attack and are also not considered civilians in the proportionality assessment. This means that classifying civilians as direct participants in hostilities might make an otherwise disproportionate attack proportionate, and vice versa. This chapter explains the concept of direct participation in hostilities, and its relevance to the proportionality analysis.

The purpose of the article is the analysis of the key social and legal mechanisms of environmental culture development in the population. Through the method of expert survey, the authors determine the main functions of the environmental culture and the social institutions of environmental culture development in population. Environmental culture is characterized by deep versatile knowledge of the environment; the presence of nature-related values; the ecological style of thinking and the corresponding attitude towards nature; the acquisition of skills and experience of solving ecological problems; direct participation in conservation-related activities; the anticipation of the possible remote negative consequences of the nature-transforming activities of the people.

Este artículo se encuentra disponible en la siguiente URL: https://revistas.urosario.edu.co/index.php/acdi/article/view/8233/9679 Resumen: las niñas asociadas con fuerzas o grupos armados tienen necesidades específicas de protección y asistencia internacionales que se manifiestan durante los procesos de desvinculación que ponen fin a su asociación con estos, ya sea durante el conflicto armado o en la etapa de construcción de la paz. Este estudio presenta un análisis crítico del marco conceptual y operacional en el que se inscriben actualmente estos procesos de desvinculación y reintegración de las niñas asociadas con fuerzas o grupos armados, incluidos los procesos formales de desarme, desmovilización y reintegración (ddr) tal y como están siendo ideados, implementados y evaluados por los Estados, las organizaciones internacionales (OI) y las ONG. / Abstract: Girls associated with armed forces or groups have specific needs for international protection and assistance that are also arise in the processes of disengagement that put an end to their association with such groups, both in armed conflict and post-conflict situations and peacebuilding. This study aims to provide a critical examination of the current conceptual and operational framework applicable in those processes; this includes the formal Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (ddr) processes as they are currently being envisaged, implemented and evaluated by States, IOS and NGOs. / Resumo: as meninas associadas com forças ou grupos armados têm necessidades específicas de proteção e assistência internacional que também se manifestam durante os processos de desligamento que põem fim à sua associação com tais grupos, seja durante o conflito armado ou na fase subsequente à construção da paz. Este estudo apresenta uma análise crítica do quadro conceitual e operacional em que esses processos de desligamento e reintegração de meninas associadas com forças ou grupos armados estão atualmente inscritos; incluindo os processos formais de Desarmamento, Desmobilização e Reintegração (ddr) à medida que vão sendo concebidos, implementados e avaliados pelos Estados, OIS e ONGs.

En el contexto académico actual el aprendizaje por competencias implica la renovación a metodologías más activas que se acerquen a la realidad profesional, y cambios en la forma de evaluar. El presente estudio, realizado durante los cursos 2017/2018 y 2018/2019, trata de valorar la eficacia de una experiencia de innovación docente en la adquisición de competencias específicas, el rendimiento académico y la autoevaluación de 44 estudiantes del Máster de Psicología General Sanitaria (MPGS). En concreto, el alumnado participó en el diseño y desarrollo de un programa de entrenamiento de habilidades sociales (HHSS) para pacientes, actuando como terapeuta-coterapeuta (participación directa), y/u observador-registrador (participación indirecta). Asimismo, se incorporó a la experiencia a dos alumnas invidentes para determinar qué tipo de adaptaciones se podrían llevar a cabo. Los resultados muestran que el alumnado ha adquirido las competencias específicas evaluadas y se ha producido una mejora del rendimiento académico, así como de la autoevaluación global y por competencias. A este respecto, no se encontraron diferencias entre el alumnado en función de su participación. Por otro lado, se hallaron diferencias entre la evaluación y autoevaluación, aunque con un tamaño del efecto bajo al concluir el programa. Finalmente, se discuten los hallazgos y las adaptaciones curriculares. In the current academic context learning by competencies implies the renewal of more ac-tive methodologies that approach the professional reality, and changes in the way of as-sessing. The present study, carried out during the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 school years, tries to evaluate the effect of a teaching innovation experience in the acquisition of specific competences, academic performance, and self-assessment of 44 students of the Master’s Degree in General Health Psychology. Specifically, the students participated in a design and development of social skills training program for patients in two way, as therapist-cothera-pist (direct participation) and/or observer-recorder (indirect participation). Also, two blind students were incorporated into the experience to assess what kind of adaptations could be made. The results show that students have acquired the specific competences evaluated and the academic performance has improved as well as global self-assessment and by com-petencies have improved too. On this matter, based on participation, no differences were found among students. On the other hand, based on evaluation, differences were found according to evaluation or self-assessment, although with a smaller size effect at the end of the program. Finally, results and curricular adaptations are discussed.

This study examines the sustainable transport policy framework in the case of railway development in Klang Valley, Malaysia. It is guided by the main principle that sustainable transport policy is a result of the integration of broad policy instruments that range from infrastructure provision and management, technological improvements, regulation, information, awareness, education, and pricing and taxation. Although this study is mainly qualitative, performance data available at the ASEAN Statistics Division, World Bank Open Data and Global Competitiveness Reports. This is followed by in-person interviews with experts who have vast knowledge, experience, and direct participation in sustainable railway development in Malaysia, especially those related to the Klang Valley development. The main findings have indicated that the current framework in Malaysia meets the criteria of sustainable development policy framework, which are essentially constituted within environmental protection. It also constitutes the pursuance of long-term growth in terms of economic and societal needs. Nonetheless, the rail-based transit system in Malaysia is highly driven by the Government and there is no clear sign indicating that the public is shifting from the road and private transport to rail-based services.

This chapter investigates issues and opportunities to adapt Machiavelli’s life and thought to the specific language of the graphic novel. In the world of comics, there are plenty of examples that could be tracked back to Machiavelli’s texts and this contribution discusses in particular Don McDonald’s Machiavelli. A Graphic Novel (2015). Then the author, a Renaissance scholar, also introduces the reader in the making of his own comic book about Machiavelli and how much of Machiavelli’s life experience needs to be taken into account when we seek to understand the complexities of his works. His “Vita di Niccolo Machiavelli, fiorentino” has just been published in Italy, with the direct participation of Marco De Luca, the artist who illustrated Testa’s graphic novel.

This paper illustrates the aim, concept and scope of the STAGE project as a complementary way of exploiting leisure. This is achieved through accessing cultural events for the benefit of older users in addition to the standard direct participation. Older users could not always avail such events within reach, due to several reasons - mobility and family problem, lacking infrastructure and transportation, affordability. Accessing cultural events via streaming is not an alternative or substitute of direct participation, but it is an additional way of attending that extends the audience, the range of selectable events - also internationally - and the participation options through time. Platform development was carried out with a significant and supportive user engagement of older people through the co-design methodology.

Two basic types of conflict were known in the past: the ones related to labour rights and the ones related to political rights. The first refers to conflicts concerning the work relationship (basically retribution) and the second to “government policies” on specific issues (e.g. “housing”, “education”). However, from the 1960s onwards this precedent was disrupted by the eruption of “local” conflicts, which diverged from the previous ones not only in their objectives, but above all for the emergence of a conflict course that was not always centralistic and for the direct participation of social subjects, both in steering and organising the forms of the conflict, but also in pinpointing the objectives. These conflicts took the name of “social conflict”, “local conflict” or “urban conflict” (Nel·lo 2016; Fregolent 2015). It should be said, as shall be seen, that relationships exist between these local conflicts and the others which we may call general conflicts.