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ABSTRACT: Background: The use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in biomedicine has emerged in a big way owing to its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. We hypothesize that combining the AgNPs with antibiotics for coating sutures will enhance the antibacterial property of sutures with the added advantage of the immunomodulatory effect of AgNPs on tissue healing. Materials and Methods: Polyglactin sutures were coated with AgNPs using the dip-coating method. The uniform coating and morphology of AgNPs on the suture surface were confirmed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Each type of suture – polyglactin plain, antibiotic coated (Triclosan), AgNP coated, and dually coated (antibiotic and AgNP) – was assessed for their antibacterial properties against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and anaerobes. These sutures were utilized in an abdominal and systemic inflammatory mice model for ileal anastomosis. The intestinal tissue was evaluated for acute and chronic inflammation and collagen deposition to assess the healing and inflammatory response. Results: The SEM and energy dispersive X-ray analysis showed successful coating of AgNPs on plain and antibiotic-coated sutures. In comparison with the other groups, the dually coated suture had the best in vitro antibacterial efficacy. The AgNP-coated sutures were able to decrease both acute and chronic inflammatory cell infiltration, but the collagen synthesis and deposition were enhanced. Conclusion: AgNPs can be coated on Polyglactin suture either alone or in combination with antibiotics with preserved antibacterial effects. The dual coating of sutures gives a synergistic antibacterial effect. The AgNP diminishes immune response in the presence of preserved extracellular matrix generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The persistence of bacterial infections and antibiotic resistance in secondary root canal infections necessitate effective antimicrobial approaches utilizing natural compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the extraction efficiency, phytochemical composition, and antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of Aceh patchouli leaves (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) against Enterococcus faecalis. The maceration method was employed for extraction and phytochemical analysis was conducted using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antibacterial activity was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer method, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using UV-vis spectrophotometry. The results indicated a total extract yield of 17.25% and significant antibacterial activity against E. faecalis. The active compounds in the extract were primarily sesquiterpenes and fatty acids, with patchouli alcohol as the most prominent. The MIC value was 12.5%, suggesting the potential of Aceh patchouli extract as an alternative or adjunctive treatment for root canal infections. This study has the potential to make Aceh's indigenous Pogostemon cablin Benth. plant as an alternative or adjunctive treatment for root canal infections leading to safe and effective treatments that minimize the risk of antibiotic resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation reports the synthesis and characterization of a novel series of 1,2-dihydroquinoline sulphonamides, developed with the aim of enhancing their pharmacological efficacy. The synthesis involved a multi-step process starting with the preparation of 3-hydroxy Acetanilide, followed by Pechmann condensation to obtain acetylated aminophenol, and subsequent reactions leading to the formation of 1,2-dihydroquinoline derivatives. These derivatives were further reacted with various substituted sulphonyl chlorides to yield the target sulphonamide compounds. The synthesized compounds were characterized using FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and LCMS. Their pharmacological activities, including antibacterial, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperlipidemic properties, were evaluated through in-vitro assays. The results demonstrated that these novel 1,2-dihydroquinoline sulphonamides exhibit promising pharmacological activities, validating their potential as effective therapeutic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restoring colistin's efficacy is crucial in addressing the resistance crisis of colistin. This study utilized a high-throughput screening method to identify 43 compounds from 800 FDA-approved drugs that exhibited significant antibacterial effects when combined with colistin. Among these, cinacalcet hydrochloride (CH) was selected for its potential synergistic effect with colistin against multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli strains, including mcr-1-positive strains. A series of experiments revealed that the combination of CH and colistin showed strong synergy, especially in mcr-1-positive strains, restoring colistin sensitivity. The combination significantly inhibited bacterial growth and reduced CFU counts more effectively than either drug alone. Additionally, CH and colistin together significantly inhibited biofilm formation and eradicated existing biofilms, as visualized through confocal microscopy. Mechanistic studies showed that the combination increased bacterial membrane permeability and disrupted membrane integrity. The treatment also elevated extracellular ATP release and ROS production, indicating oxidative stress-induced bacterial death. Safety evaluations showed that the combination did not increase toxicity in host cells. Finally, animal models further validated the combination's efficacy. Overall, this study showed that the combination of colistin and CH significantly restored colistin sensitivity in mcr-1-positive E. coli, revealing their synergistic antibacterial mechanism involving membrane damage and oxidative stress, with promising clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of new antibacterial materials for solving biomedical problems is an extremely important and very urgent task. This review aims to summarize recent articles (from the last five and mostly the last three years) on the nanoparticle/polymer composites for biomedical applications. Articles on polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) and hydrogel-based systems were not reviewed, since we focused our attention mostly on the composites of polymeric matrix with at least one inorganic filler in the form of NPs. The fields of application of newly developed antibacterial NPs/polymer composites are described, along with their composition and synthetic approaches that allow researchers to succeed in preparing effective composite materials for medical and healthcare purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inorganic–organic hybrid biomaterials have recently attracted much attention because of their widespread use. Silkworm cocoon filaments resulting from sericulture as prospective nanobiomaterials need to be improved, and their properties need to be used for broader purposes. This study was aimed at investigating methods for siliconization of silkworm cocoon filaments and characterizing their cocoon filament properties in terms of their yarn quality, natural dyeing, and antibacterial properties. Three methods of hybridization processes were used in this experiment, namely, in situ natural dyeing of silk yarns while silk filaments were spined, feed engineering through spraying the mulberry leaves with natural dyes and silica–phosphate–M (M = Cu, Fe, or Al) nano pastes, and a combination of both methods. The resulting cocoon filaments were characterized by their siliconization of filament fibers by using FTIR, XRD, and SEM-EDS methods. The yarn tensile strength, color quality, color fastness properties affected by the siliconization of silk filament fibers, and antibacterial properties were also investigated. Results showed that the combination method produced better siliconization of silk fibers, and, consequently, the better siliconization of silk fibers produced better natural dyeing as well as antibacterial properties of their resulting silk yarns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Presenting a facile method using pink flower petals as a new source of green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. • SEM analysis showed that the biosynthesized nanoparticles with pink rose petals had a spherical shape and an average size of 26 nm. • Biosynthesized nanoparticles have Ag0 structure. • Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles with a new synthesis source have antibacterial effects, the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of silver nanoparticles is 400 μg/ml against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and MIC on multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii , and resistant Acinetobacter. It was 800 µg/ml, 3200 µg/ml and 1600 µg/ml, respectively, to several drugs and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Drug resistant bacterial infections can be fatal for disabled people needing multiple medications and new effective antibacterial drugs such as biosynthesized nanoparticles are needed. A cost-effective and green method was studied for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using pink rose petals. Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) were synthesized using the petals of pink rose flowers. The AgNPs were characterized using FITR, SEM, XRD, and EDS analyses. The antibacterial activity of the AgNPs against multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii , and colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae were studied using the microplate method. Th AgNPs had a spherical shape and an average size of 26 nm. XRD analysis showed that the nanoparticles were Ag0. Antibacterial activity was the highest against the multidrug-resistant S. aureus the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) being 400 µg/ml AgNPs. The multidrug-resistant E. coli , multidrug-resistant A. baumannii , and colistin-resistant K. pneumoniae MICs were 800 µg/ml, 3200 µg/ml, and 1600 µg/ml, respectively. The green synthesized of AgNPS using pink rose petals and their antibacterial effects offer material for the treatments of common multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quinoline is a N-containing heterocyclic organic compounds with significant biological importance in pharmaceuticals field as well as natural products. They exhibit excellent pharmacological activities. To synthesize quinoline and their derivatives several synthetic methods have reported, such as conventional method, ultrasonic method, microwave (MW) irradiation method, with or without catalytic reaction, which have various pharmacological and biological activities, such as antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, anti-HIV, antimalarial, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory activity. The objective of this review is to compile various synthetic methods were used for the formation of the Quinoline derivatives and their biological importance, such as antibacterial, anticancer, anti-microbial, antimalarial, antileishmanial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory during 2010–2023, which will help the researchers how are working in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibacterial agents play a crucial role in healthcare and public health by combating bacterial infections. However, the emergence of antibiotic resistance necessitates a deeper understanding of 6 their mechanisms of action. This review explores the use of spectroscopic techniques, including UV-Vis, FTIR, NMR, Raman spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and fluorescence spectroscopy, to elucidate the mechanisms of action (MOA) of antibacterial agents in the period from 2003 to 2024. The review discusses how these techniques can elucidate the MOA of classical antibiotics, antiseptics and antimicrobial peptides. Since these spectroscopic techniques provide valuable insights into the molecular interactions between antibacterial agents and bacteria, offering a comprehensive understanding of their mechanisms at a molecular level. By studying electronic transitions, chemical bond vibrations, metabolomics, and protein interactions, researchers can gain in-depth knowledge of antibacterial MOAs. This knowledge can inform the development of improved treatments and strategies to combat bacterial resistance, leading to better patient outcomes and global public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dewatisari WF, To'bungan N. 2024. Review: Phytochemistry and ethnopharmacology of Dracaena trifasciata. Nusantara Bioscience 16: 169-184. Dracaena trifasciata (Prain) Mabb. (syn. Sansevieria trifasciata Prain.) or mother-in-law's tongue, is a species belonging to the genus Dracaena, widely cultivated and used by various communities. This plant is recognized as an ornamental, pollutant-absorbing, and textile material. Its leaves and roots have also been used as traditional remedies across Asia and Africa for cough, flu, respiratory tract inflammation, diarrhea, wound healing, and snakebites. Bioactive compounds found in the roots and leaves include alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, steroids, phenols, methyl glucuronate acid, glycosides, cardenolides, polyphenols, carbohydrates, and abamagenin. Therefore, this review aims to provide insights into the phytochemical constituents and pharmacological potential of D. trifasciata. It also explores its use in traditional medicine and prospects for further advancement to promote the broader application. Comprehensive literature studies showed that the attributes of D. trifasciata can be applied as an antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer agent, having a promising source of natural compounds for novel drug development. Further investigations are needed to assess the long-term and short-term toxicity associated with the use of this plant material, thereby making it a potential source for the development of modern drugs from natural sources. Considering the extensive application of D. trifasciata as a natural remedy, further investigations are crucial to assess the pharmacological potential and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study is to investigate the antibacterial activity and sustained release of Centella Asiatica (CA) extract loaded in gelatin-based hydrogels, reinforced with MIL-53(Fe) (Fe-MOF) for the potential use as wound dressing. To induce antibacterial activity to the designed wound dressing, CA-extract was incorporated within the nanocomposite hydrogels. FT-IR analysis showed the distinctive peaks related to the Fe-MOF and CA-extract, with little shift, for hydrogel samples, which confirm the successful synthesis of nanocomposite hydrogels containing Fe-MOF and CA-extract. GC-mass analysis showed the antibacterial potential for CA-extract because of the presence of phenol, caryophyllene, and propanoic acid. SEM micrograph demonstrates the presence of Fe-MOF enhancing the porous of hydrogels. The antibacterial activity of prepared nanocomposite hydrogels was investigated by disk diffusion method revealing the significant inhibition zone growth for Basillus, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus, as gram-positive and E. coli, Klebsiella, and P. aeruginosa as gram-negative bacteria and the "Candida albicans as fungi. Also, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by the micro-broth dilution method. The results showed that the nanocomposite hydrogel has a MIC values of 3.125 mg/ml and 6.25 mg/ml against both groups of bacteria. Cytotoxicity results obtained from MTT tests showed that the prepared hydrogels are biocompatible. The immunohistochemistry-stained hydrogel images revealed that the growth of cells on the CA-extract containing hydrogels was significantly increased in comparison to neat hydrogels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, designing and fabricating effectual wound dressings have gained a great deal of interest for the proper management of wound infections and biofilms. The present study is focused on the fabricating and characterizing silver chloride-loaded polyvinyl alcohol nanofibers as antibacterial and conductive wound dressing scaffold by electrospinning technique. Polyvinyl alcohol was subjected to the electrospinning process, and silver chloride was incorporated within PVA nanofibers via in situ reaction between silver nitrate and sodium chloride during the fiber-forming process. The obtained silver-free and silver chloride-containing nanofibers were characterized by different techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (DSC and TGA), etc. The gravimetric method and tensile testing were used to determine the porosity and mechanical properties of the fabricated nanofibers. The nanofiber's in vitro degradation, swelling, and water retention properties were assessed, and their drug loading and release profiles were evaluated by the atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) method. The wound healing characteristics of the obtained nanofibers, such as antibacterial activity, hemocompatibility, electrical conductivity, and cytotoxicity were evaluated in vitro. The results of this study confirmed that the silver chloride-containing nanofibers exhibit desired physicochemical, morphological, and mechanical properties and could be considered as a potential wound dressing for the management of infectious wounds. On the other hand, the obtained nanofibers showed higher hemocompatibility (less than 5% hemolysis ratio) and cell viability (over 80% after 48 h) as well as appropriate antibacterial activity against two representative strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In composite materials consisting of silver particles and a polypropylene matrix, the silver must migrate to the surface of the materials in order to exert on antibacterial effect. Substrates with various crystal structures may have different interactions with the silver particles, which can significantly impact the antibacterial performance. The research described in this paper investigates the influence of silver particles on the crystallization behavior of materials with varying crystallinity capabilities by selecting various polypropylene-based plastics and elastomers (Homopolymer polypropylene (PPH-T03), random poly(propylene/ethylene) copolymers (PPR-YPR503 and PPR-P340R), polyolefin elastomers (VERSIFY3000 (POE-1) and VERSIFY3401 (POE-2)), and ethylene propylene diene monomer for polymers (EPDM4725 and EPDM4770)). The research results indicated that the silver only entered the amorphous regions of the PP rather than entering the crystal regions, where they can more easily migrate to the material surface, resulting in a higher antibacterial effect. Therefore, the antibacterial degree of PP-Ag was as high as 99.9%. Silver can enter the micro-crystals of both the random copolymer polypropylene, (PPR-YPR503, PPR-1) and the random copolymer polypropylene, (PPR-P340R, PPR-2,) with a stronger effect on PPR-2. More silver entered the micro-crystals of PPR-2, and it was difficult for the silver ions to migrate out of the crystalline regions to exhibit antibacterial properties. The antibacterial degree of PPR-1-Ag was higher than that of PPR-2-Ag (77.8% vs. 66.7%). Similarly, silver had a greater impact on the lamellar structure of the polyolefin elastomer (VERSIFY3401, POE-2) compared to the polyolefin elastomer (VERSIFY3000, POE-1). In comparison with POE-2-Ag, POE-1-Ag exhibited a higher antibacterial degree (79.6% vs. 57.4%). Research on the two types of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) composite materials indicated that EPDM-1 exhibited a lower Mooney viscosity and poorer flowability. The EPDM-1 tended to encapsulate the silver within its molecular chains, thereby impeding the migration of silver to the surface. The optical performance analysis indicated that silver antibacterial agents had little impact on the optical properties of PP-Ag, PPR-1, PPR-2, POE-1, POE-2 and the EPDMs. We suggest that this research provides theoretical guidance for selecting highly antibacterial polypropylene materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB) has made bacterial infection one of the biggest health threats, causing numerous antibiotics to fail. Real-time monitoring of bacterial disease treatment efficacy at the infection site is required. Herein, we report a versatile Raman tag 3,3′-diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide (DTTC)-conjugated star-shaped Au-MoS 2 @hyaluronic acid (AMD@HA) nanocomposite as a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanoprobe for quick bacterial identification and in-situ eradication. Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) from the hybrid metallic nanostructure makes AMD@HA highly responsive to the near-infrared laser, enabling it to demonstrate a photothermal (PTT) effect, increased SERS activity, and peroxidase-like catalytic reaction to release reactive oxygen species. The tail vein injection of AMD@HA nanoprobes is invasive, however SERS imaging for bacterial identification is non-invasive and sensitive, making it an efficient residual bacteria monitoring method. The detection limit for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is as low as 102 CFU·mL-1, and the substrates allow for taking 120 s to acquire a Raman image of 1600 (40 × 40) pixels. In mouse models of MRSA-induced wound infection and skin abscess, the combination of AMD@HA-mediated PTT and catalytic therapy demonstrates a synergistic effect in promoting wound healing through rapid sterilization. This SERS-guided therapeutic approach exhibits little toxicity and does not cause considerable collateral damage, offering a highly promising intervention for treating diseases caused by MDRB. This research introduces a SERS nanoprobe, AMD@HA, for the rapid identification and eradication of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB), a critical health threat. The nanoprobe leverages localized surface plasmon resonance for photothermal therapy and enhanced Raman signals, offering a sensitive, non-invasive diagnostic tool. With a low detection limit for MRSA and a synergistic therapeutic effect in mouse models, our approach holds significant promise for treating MDRB-driven infections with minimal toxicity, advancing the field of antimicrobial strategies. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this study, Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)/Sodium Caseinate (NaCAS) were cross‐linked by mixing with Lactic acid (LA) in different proportions (0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 4%). Composite films were obtained from the prepared solutions using the solution casting method. The obtained composite films were appeared as slightly opaque and lightly yellowish, but mostly transparent. As the amount of LA increased, the polarized microscope surface images of the composite films became rougher. It was explained that cross‐linking occurred with the aldehyde groups (CHO) determined in the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The increasing 5% weight loss temperature of the films because of cross‐linking also increased the thermal strength. In X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD), the 2θ peak intensity of the 2% LA‐added film, which had the highest cross‐link density, was indicated to be the lowest. It was reported that 4% and above the LA contribution rate negatively affects the physical and mechanical properties of the PVA/NaCAS matrix. The pure PVA/NaCAS film had 30.08 MPa tensile strength and 1.49% tensile strain. The film with 2% LA added showed the tensile strength value closest to the pure film with 23.89 MPa. With a 6.52% value, the film containing 2% LA showed the lowest moisture retention behavior. Pure PVA/NaCAS film, which has a hydrophilic structure with a contact angle of 57°, gained hydrophobic ability with the addition of LA. The 1% LA‐added film exhibited the highest hydrophobic behavior with a contact angle value of 99°. With the LA additive, an increase in the contact angle values of the composite films was observed between approximately 61% and 74%. In addition, the water vapor permeability (WVTR) with 582.37 g/m2 day value of pure PVA/NaCAS composite film decreased after the addition of LA. It was degraded to 322.72 g/m2 day WVTR value in the 1% LA‐added film. 100% antibacterial activity against both E. coli and S. aureus was observed in composite films containing 1% or more LA additive. The resulting films were suggested to be used as active food packaging with antibacterial effects. Highlights: LA can be used as a crosslinking agent for PVA/NaCAS blends.2% LA contribution has shown the highest cross‐linking density.4% LA and higher LA contribution would negatively affect the mechanical properties of the matrix.High antibacterial activity was obtained against both E. coli and S. aureus in films containing 1% or more LA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study represents a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to synthesizing silver nanoparticles employing the seed extract of Phaseolus vulgaris. Spectrophotometric analysis at a wavelength 433 nm revealed distinct and well-defined peaks in the optical spectrum of the silver nanoparticles. The crystal structure of the synthesized silver nanoparticles was investigated through X-ray diffraction, which demonstrated four prominent diffraction peaks. Noteworthy peaks were observed in the Fourier-transformation infrared spectroscopy results, specifically at the wavenumbers 3350 cm−1, 2926 cm−1, 1740 cm−1, 1369 cm−1, 1214 cm−1 and 1051 cm−1, further confirming the charcteristics of silver nanoparticles. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed an array of shapes such as round, rectangular, diamond, and cylindrical, with an average diameter of approximately 24.8 nm. Subsequent energy dispersive X-rays analysis provided insights into the elemental composition of the silver nanoparticles, confirming their silver nature. The silver nanoparticles synthesized from P. vulgaris demonstrated notable antioxidant potential, as evidenced by their remarkable reactive oxygen species (ROS) quenching ability against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (90%), hydrogen peroxide (60%), and superoxide dismutase (13%). Expanding the scope of investigation, P. Vulgaris silver nanoparticles exhibited robust inhibition against various fungal strains, including Alternaria alternate and Fusarium oxysporum, as well as bacterial strains like Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica and Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, in cytotoxicity evaluations using HeLa cell lines, the synthesized nanoparticles exhibited promising anti-proliferative properties with an IC50 value of 146.16 ± 1.70 μM/mL, indicative of their ability to impede cell proliferation. In conclusion, the environmentally friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Phaseolus vulgaris seed extract showcases their multifaceted potential, ranging from antioxidant properties and antimicrobial efficacy to anti-proliferative effects, highlighting their promise as a sustainable and versatile material for various biological applications while aligning with eco-conscious principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present report, a combination of classical and advanced methods, namely classical hydrodistillation (HD) and solvent free microwave extraction (SFME) have been used for the extraction of essential oils from flowers, leaves and stems of Perovskia abrotanoides Karel. as an endemic plant to Golestan Province, Iran. The volatile fractions from the same plant organs have been separated using a solid phase microextraction (SPME) fibre and characterised using a GC/MS apparatus. Moreover, oxygenated monoterpenes, for example, 1,8-cineole and borneol were found as the most constituent components of the majority of the characterised profiles. Accordingly, for flowers, leaves and stems of P. abrotanoides Karel., the relevant quantities were HD: 12.0 and 12.4, 24.0 and 17.9, 12.9 and 16.8%; SFME: 15.6 and 15.2, 20.5 and 16.2, 13.5 and 14.7%; SPME: 20.9 and 5.2, 25.5 and 9.9, 26.4 and 8.5%, respectively. Total phenolic content (TPC: 52.02 mg GAE/g), total flavonoids content (TFC: 98.46 mg QE/g) as well as antioxidant and antibacterial effects of the extract from the aerial parts of this species have been also evaluated. The cytotoxicity of Perovskia abrotanoides Karel. MeOH extract has been tested against HUVECs cell line. Moreover, our study on the in vitro anti-bladder carcinoma demonstrated that the plant extract reduced the viability of malignant bladder cell line, in a dose dependent way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to traditional invasive techniques for wound closure, photocrosslinkable surgical adhesives with antibacterial properties offer significant advantages. These include ease of application, a controllable and efficient curing reaction, reduced risk of pain and infection, and effective leakage prevention. This study introduces a novel soybean oil-based nonisocyanate polyurethane prepolymer for use in such adhesives. The prepolymer, a hydroxyurethane functionalized with methacrylate and quaternary ammonium groups (QAs), was characterized through spectroscopic methods. The resulting UV-curable bioadhesives, synthesized via thiol-ene-methacrylate click-photopolymerization, incorporated limonene as a reactive diluent, a tetra-functional thiol crosslinker, and a photoinitiator. Elemental analysis confirmed the uniform distribution of QAs and sulfur atoms, indicating a homogeneous network structure, corroborated by high gel content values in both organic (84–92%) and aqueous media (91–99%), and a consistent tan δ peak as per DMTA. The optimized adhesives exhibited strong adhesion (up to 377 kPa) to gelatin sheets—a tissue-analogous substrate—and displayed suitable surface free energy (45–52 mN/m) as determined by contact angle measurements, suggesting favorable thermodynamic adhesion to skin. Additionally, the adhesives showed satisfactory cytocompatibility with L-929 fibroblast cells and antimicrobial efficacy against two gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains, indicating promising biological activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of three plant extracts (cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.), peel fruit of pomegranate (Punica granatum), and fruit of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.)), against Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc), a bacterium that causes potato tuber soft rot disease. This disease can result in significant losses to potato production and affects the quality of potatoes during storage, transit and shipment. To conduct the study, five isolates of the pathogenic bacterium were obtained from naturally infected potato tubers. According to the in vitro screening, the most virulence isolate Pcc2 was molecularly identified using 16S rRNA gene partial sequencing. Three plant extracts (cumin, pomegranate, and black pepper), were tested for their antibacterial activity against the bacterium using in vitro experiments. The results showed that all the three plants extract exhibited inhibition of the bacterial growth. Among the three-plant extract, pomegranate was found to have the best inhibitory effect on the bacterium (0.92 cm inhibition zone). Based on the findings of the in vitro experiments, the use of all extract at a concentration of 50 mg was recommended for controlling the soft rot disease in potato tubers during storage conditions. The data demonstrated that pomegranate extract was on the first ranking with bacterial growth reduction percentage estimated (1.4 mm), followed by cumin extract with growth reduction estimated (0.92). The data revealed that all of the tested plant extracts were able to reduce the severity of the disease. Of all the extracts, pomegranate extract showed the highest reduction in disease severity (91.3%). It is evident that the treatments with pomegranate, black pepper, and cumin consistently led to an increase in total phenol content over the course of 21 days. Treatments with methanolic extract of pomegranate, black pepper, and cumin lead to varying degrees of increased peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities over the course of the experiment. The data shows that the effectiveness of these treatments generally increases with time. In conclusion, the study showed that all plants extract tested herein has the potential to control potato tuber soft rot disease, which is a major problem affecting potato production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the efficacy of ozone treatment combined with different packaging methods on the preservation of Taiwanese domestically produced beef during refrigerated storage. The preservation of fresh beef is crucial for ensuring food safety and quality; we do not know whether changing the packaging method can mitigate the negative effects of ozone on meat and even enhance its positive impact. Beef samples were treated with ozone and packaged using the vacuum or PVDC-tray methods, then stored at 4 °C for 7 days. The results show that ozone treatment effectively inhibited microbial (total plate count, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli) growth (p < 0.05). Vacuum packaging maintained lower TBARS values (p < 0.05) and metmyoglobin percentages compared to PVDC-tray packaging (p < 0.05). The L* values of all treatments increased over storage time, with significant differences observed between days 0 and 7. Ozone treatment combined with vacuum packaging demonstrated promising results in inhibiting microbial growth and preserving beef quality during refrigerated storage. These findings contribute to enhancing the safety and shelf life of Taiwanese domestically produced beef, potentially benefiting both producers and consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camellia fascicularis is a valuable ornamental, edible, and medicinal plant with promising prospects for bioactivity development. We screened the bioactivity of eight fractions (Fr. A−I) obtained from the ethyl acetate phase of C. fascicularis via silica gel column chromatography. The results indicated that the anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antimicrobial active components were mainly found in Fr. B*, E, A, and H; Fr. A–G; and Fr. D–I, respectively. Bioactivity-guided isolation identified 18 secondary metabolites. Compounds 1, 3–5, 7, and 15–18 were isolated from the genus Camellia for the first time in this study, whereas the other compounds were also isolated from this plant for the first time. The structures of these compounds were elucidated through comprehensive spectroscopic techniques. Compounds 1, 9−11, 28, 30, and 31 demonstrated antioxidative activities comparable to those of ascorbic acid, whereas the remaining compounds exhibited diminished antioxidative activity. In terms of antimicrobial activity, compounds 7, 18, 22, and 27 exerted inhibitory potency against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, similar to tetracycline (MIC: 125 µg/mL). Other compounds showed moderate to weak inhibitory effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (MIC: 250–500 µg/mL). Molecular docking revealed that compounds 2, 36, 41, and 65 showed strong binding affinity for 8ET0, whereas compounds 2, 36, 38, 40, 63, and 65 showed strong binding affinity for 3A4A. This research further increased the diversity of the secondary metabolites of C. fascicularis, laying a foundation for the subsequent development and utilization of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic wounds, as a complication of diabetes, are slow to heal and seriously affect the quality of life of patients. Functional hydrogel dressing is an effective approach to improve diabetic wound healing. Electrical stimulation (ES) therapy is conducive to promoting cell migration and wound healing. In this work, a multifunctional PPTZ hydrogel wound dressing was developed by freeze-thaw method with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), phytic acid (PA), tannic acid (TA), and Zinc chloride. The obtained PPTZ hydrogel has good mechanical properties (stress and strain of 700.03 kPa and 575.08%), light transmittance (close to 100%) and antibacterial rate (over 75%). With good biocompatibility, antioxidant abilities and conductivity, the PPTZ hydrogel could effectively promote the healing of diabetic wounds with two weeks under the action of electric field, which provides an auxiliary treatment strategy for diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic resistance has increased in recent years, especially for pathogens like Klebsiella pneumoniae. Discovering and developing new drugs is challenging due to the high resistance of pathogens. Metal nanoparticles have been widely used in recent years to overcome and treat infections. Gallic acid‐coated iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs‐GA) were synthesized in a simple and cost‐effective method. The morphology characteristics of synthesized IONPs‐GA were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. IONPs were mostly spherical in shape with sizes ranging between 32 and 61 nm. All analyses used in this study confirmed the successful coating of gallic acid to iron oxide. Biological activities were studied phenotypically and on the molecular level, including antibacterial, antibiofilm, and mRNA levels of capsule‐associated genes. The results showed high antimicrobial activity of the synthesized nanoparticles against different G+ve and G−ve bacteria. The highest activity was recorded against Staphylococcus aureus (43 mm) and K. pneumoniae (22 mm). The MIC of IONPs against K. pneumoniae was 3.12 mg/mL and SEM analysis showed adhering the IONPs‐GA to the cell surface of K. pneumoniae resulted in disrupting the cell membrane. Different concentrations of sub‐MIC inhibited K. pneumoniae biofilm formation with the highest inhibition percentage at ½ × MIC (66.86%). Also, the synthesized IONPs‐GA differently affected the regulation and mRNA level of capsule‐associated genes in K. pneumoniae. The results indicated that IONPs‐GA could be useful in biological applications such as in drug delivery and treatment wide range of pathogens. Research Highlights: Gallic acid was successfully coated into iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized in a simple way.IONPs‐GA was morphologically characterized using FTIR, XRD, and SEM.Evaluation the activity of IONPs‐GA as antibacterial, antibiofilm, and study the potential level of mRNA affected by IONPs‐GA [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By understanding the nutritional requirements for pathogenic bacteria, researchers can effectively cultivate and study them as well as explore potential antimicrobial agents that may combat them. A new bacterial culture medium was prepared using a cost-effective and available type of fungus, Terfezia spp. At the same time and using the green method, titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) were mycosynthesized using the same fungus. In a novel manner, the TiO2 NPs were loaded into polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate (PVA/SA/TiO2 NPs) aerogel beads, which were prepared using the sol-gel method and freeze-drying cycle. These nanocomposite aerogel beads were characterized using several techniques such as UV-vis, FTIR, SEM, and XRD. Bacterial growth analysis showed successful growth of all pathogenic bacterial samples on the Terfezia spp. culture medium. The UV-vis analysis for PVA/SA/TiO2 NPs exhibiting a characteristic peak within 260–290 nm. FTIR characterization demonstrated the successful mycosynthesis of TiO2 NPs using Terfezia spp. and interaction between the TiO2 NPs and polymer. SEM revealed the TiO2 NPs had spherical morphology with an average size around 38 nm while the aerogel bead surface showed a uniform nanoporous structure. XRD analysis indicated the TiO2 NPs was incorporated into the PVA/SA matrix. The mycosynthesized TiO2 NPs exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacterial strains, with zones of inhibition ranging between 24–34 mm, while the antimicrobial activity of the PVA/SA/TiO2 NPs aerogel beads ranged between 12–20 mm, as indicated by the well diffusion assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the TiO2 NPs was found to range between 16–64 μg/mL, while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were determined to be between 8–32 μg/mL for the tested pathogenic bacterial strains. Growth kinetics testing showed that the PVA/SA/TiO2 NPs aerogel beads exhibited complete inhibition against all pathogenic bacterial strains, in contrast to the pure PVA/SA aerogel beads. The antibacterial performance was directly related to the loading of the TiO2 NPs in the polymer matrix. Finally, the enhanced antibacterial activity of these nanocomposite aerogel beads suggests they could be utilized for antibacterial materials and biomedical applications. Highlights: A new bacterial culture medium was prepared using a cost-effective and available type of fungus, Terfezia sp. A novel PVA/SA/TiO2 NPs aerogel composite was developed using a sol-gel method and freeze-dry cycle. TiO2 NPs and PVA/SA/TiO2 NPs aerogel composite were thoroughly characterized using UV-vis, FTIR, XRD and SEM. Pathogenic bacterial strains successfully growing on the Terfezia sp. culture medium. Loading TiO2 NPs with PVA/SA aerogel microspheres enhanced their effectiveness against pathogenic bacterial strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aimed to find out a novel agent for green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) from the fresh fruity bodies of edible mushroom (Hypsizygus ulmarius), and it was characterized by UV–Vis, XRD, HR-TEM, SEM, FT-IR, EDX, PSA, and Zeta potential analysis. UV–Vis spectra result reflects a typical absorption peak at 260 nm due to their significant excitation binding energy at room temperature. The chemical bond formation from the zinc oxide was confirmed by FT-IR analysis. XRD results revealed the hexagonal structure, and SEM analyses reflected the spherical shape ZnONPs with an average size of 27.10 nm. The outcome of the EDX spectrum confirmed the high purity of synthesized ZnONPs, and the zeta potential value indicates the aggregation of particles with good quality. The Hu-ZnONPs expressed a better larval toxicity effect against Culex quinquefasciatus (IVth instar larvae) with the least LC50 and LC90 values (21.52, 121.70 mg/L) after 24 h treatment. For the antibacterial assay, the maximum growth inhibition zone was recorded in S. aureus (14.2 ± 0.2), E. coli (10.1 ± 0.3), and K. pneumoniae (9.0 ± 0.1 mm). The anticancer assay results expressed a significant level of toxic effects (LC50 values 29.07 μg/ml) of Hu-ZnONPs against the MCF-7 breast cancer cells, even at a very low dose. The study's findings suggest that the H. ulmarius can biosynthesize ZnONPs and could be an alternative biomedical agent for future therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, sources of fungus serve as reducing agents to synthesize nanomaterials for the next generation through efficient, sustainable green chemistry techniques. rGO (reduced graphene oxide) is one of the next-generation nanomaterials used in biomedicine to develop biocompatible materials of nano size. In this investigation, Pleurotus sajor caju extract has been used to synthesize reduced graphene oxide. Analytical techniques including UV–vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR SEM, EDAX, and HR-TEM were used to characterize the Pleurotus sajor caju reduced graphene oxide (PSC-rGO). Thin sheets of PSC-rGO of nano-size were evident from the microscopic analysis. Elemental analysis of PSC-rGO infers the composition of carbon and oxygen as 58.19% and 41.81%, respectively. The synthesized PSC-rGO showed the potential highest growth inhibition of antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.2 ± 0.1), E. coli (9.1 ± 0.3), K. pneumoniae (9.1 ± 0.2), S. pneumoniae (8.2 ± 0.4), and B. cereus (8. 2 ± 0.3 mm) followed by other tested bacteria. When the cell viability (69.7%) decreases at a maximum concentration of PSC-rGO (100 µg/mL), the MTT assay showed concentration-dependent cytotoxic activity against human breast cancer (MCF-7). It is observed that the biosynthesized rGO nanosheets from P. sajor caju extract can be used to formulate nanomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrafine particulate matter and airborne microorganisms present in the atmosphere significantly affect human health, leading to serious respiratory diseases. Among these particulates are bioaerosols, which include viruses, bacteria, and fungi. When inhaled, these microorganisms can cause diseases, such as influenza, tuberculosis, and COVID-19. Therefore, the development of bifunctional membranes that can simultaneously filter particulate matter (PM) and inhibit microorganism growth is essential. Electrospun filters, known for their high surface area, are effective in capturing these airborne particles. This study presents a novel approach by incorporating various surfactants into electrospun filters made from 8% polyacrylonitrile (PAN). The surfactants used include cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), widely cited in the literature for bactericidal filtering applications, as well as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), which are rarely used in electrospun filters for this purpose. The addition of surfactants enhanced the filter performance, capturing particles smaller than 250 nm with over 99% efficiency for particles between 6.38 and 242 nm. The pressure drop across the filters ranged from 111.4 ± 1.2 to 204.4 ± 1.1 Pa. Moreover, the incorporation of surfactants not only improved hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties—where hydrophobic nanofibers performed better for filtration—but also significantly increased antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (97.25 ± 0.95%) and Escherichia coli (94.52 ± 2.37%). These filters not only capture particles but also inactivate pathogens, contributing to a healthier environment. Filters with biocidal properties are particularly useful in hospitals, laboratories, and other settings where air sterility is critical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polypropylene (PP) nonwovens have been widely used in disposable protective masks and protective clothing, which are essential to protect healthcare workers from highly infectious diseases such as COVID-19. However, realizing the disinfection reusable function of PP nonwovens to reduce carbon emission or white waste pollution after extensive use has been still a great challenge. Herein, Durable Antimicrobial and Anti-fungal Post-disinfection polypropylene nonwovens were developed by co-grafting of Triclosan and Chitosan. The antibacterial performance test results showed that the as-prepared co-grafted polypropylene nonwoven has a > 99.9% of antimicrobial efficiency against E. coli, S. aureus as well as multi-drug-resistant P. aeruginosa, and the excellent anti-fungal performance against fungus (C. albicans) and mold (A. niger). Moreover, it retained excellent Antimicrobial and Anti-fungal Properties after disinfection 3 times with boiling water, 40 × diluted 84 disinfectant and 75% alcohol for 5 min. This work provided ideas for developing more effective pathogen protection and longer-lasting personal protective equipment to reduce the environmental impact of medical masks and personal protective equipment in terms of energy consumption, carbon emissions and waste generation. Polypropylene (PP) nonwovens have been widely used in disposable protective masks and protective clothing, which are essential to protect healthcare workers from highly infectious diseases such as COVID-19. The as-prepared PP-AA-CS-TCL nonwovens exhibited an antibacterial efficiency of > 99.9% againstE. coli, S. aureus, andP. aeruginosa as well as the excellent anti-fungal properties against C. albicans and A. niger. And the antimicrobial and anti-fungal activities were maintained even after disinfection 3 times with boiling water, 40x diluted 84 disinfectant and 75% alcohol for 5 minutes each. This provides a new way of thinking about reusing disposable surgical products with polypropylene nonwoven and reducing environmental pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan-Silver Nanoparticles are effective at targeting various molecular and physiological activities of bacteria. The current study focused on the phytosynthesis of chitosan-silver nanoparticles (CS-AgNPs) from Acacia glauca leaf extract and assessed their impact on the expression of quorum sensing and hemolysin genes in Staphylococcus aureus. The appearance of a dark brown color and a surface plasmon resonance peak at 432 nm were the primary indicators of CS-AgNP formation. SEM and TEM images revealed that the nanoparticles had an almost spherical shape with an average particle size of 8 nm. A zeta potential of + 33 mV confirmed high colloidal stability, and the XRD pattern matched the silver crystal lattice structure, indicating a high degree of crystallinity. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited a strong anti-Staphylococcus aureus effect with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 4 µg/mL. Moreover, the CS-AgNPs exhibited significant antibiofilm activity. RT–PCR analysis revealed a significant reduction in the translation of quorum sensing and hemolysin genes upon exposure to a subinhibitory concentration of CS-AgNPs. Chitosan-silver nanoparticles have the potential to be effective antibacterial agents by targeting the molecular mechanisms of multidrug-resistant S. aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potent chemical-free approaches are much needed to control multi-drug resistant pathogens such as biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus and rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Environmentally safe agricultural practices and wound healing scaffolds based on hydrogels have a limitation arising from formulations containing environmentally toxic cross-linkers or photo-initiators. We have developed non-toxic starch hydrogels with uniformly dispersed silver nanoparticles (AgNP) having wide-spectrum antimicrobial activity for biomedical or agricultural applications. AgNPs were synthesized with Emblica officinalis extract, surface functionalized with the nutraceutical chemical groups in the extract as revealed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy images show uniform dispersion of AgNP (5 ± 2 nm size) in the hydrogel matrix. AgNP-starch hydrogels are observed to have an excellent antifungal activity to M. oryzae with complete growth inhibition for 10 days compared to the control-starch hydrogel without AgNP and agar gel, even in the presence of the favourable growth medium of yeast extract + glucose. Antibacterial activity was also observed for gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and gram-positive bacteria S. aureus using diffusion assay with antibiotic mixture, with four-fold enhancement in zone of inhibition area in case of AgNP-starch hydrogels compared to control starch hydrogels, showing good release efficiency. Sustained release of botanical extracts showed promising bacterial growth inhibition. AgNP hydrogel surface-inhibition of bacterial growth for B. subtilis and E. coli persisted for 8–10 h and S. aureus until 6 h. Starch hydrogels have a high storage modulus G′ = ~ 17 kPa, and AgNP-starch hydrogels have a softer matrix with G′ = 3.6 kPa. Both are stable for a wide range of strain frequencies in the linear viscoelastic regime, revealing the potential for a strong, stable printable scaffold for wound healing. In the dried state, the AgNP-starch films show higher yield point and elongation at break compared to nascent cross-linked starch films under uniaxial tensile forces. Although AgNP-starch hydrogels show a nanoporous morphology enabling controlled drug release, there is negligible AgNP release from the hydrogel matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare the cytotoxicity and antimicrobial efficacy of 2.5% NaOCl combined with chitosan or propolis nanoparticles at different concentrations. Nanoparticles were prepared and characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared analysis. The nanoparticles were divided into different concentrations (0.625, 1, and 3 mg/mL chitosan and 4, 5, and 5.5 mg/mL propolis) and combined with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. Antibacterial activity was tested using agar well diffusion assay with Enterococcus faecalis biofilm generated on cellulose nitrate membrane filters after overnight incubation at 37 °C. Two-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni post hoc test was used to evaluate reduction in CFUs among all groups, and P < 0.05 was set as the reference for statistically significant results. Cytotoxicity was measured after 24 h by MTT assay 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, and genotoxicity was tested by alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) to measure DNA damage. The combination of chitosan or propolis nanoparticles of different concentrations with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite showed high antibacterial activity (P < 0.01). Cytotoxicity was improved when 2.5% sodium hypochlorite was mixed with 1 and 3 mg of chitosan nanoparticles or 4, 5, and 5.5 mg of propolis nanoparticles, and the difference was highly significant(P < 0.01). The addition of nanoparticles improves the antibacterial activity and cytotoxic effect of NaOCl. This new irrigant can be used in endodontic treatment given its safety and effectiveness against E. faecalis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intention of this work is to study the impact of inclusion of Cashew nut shell powder (CNS) in the Poly vinylalcohol (PVA) based films. CNS is a biowaste material chosen as a particulate reinforcement, and the biodegradable polymer PVA is made as a matrix material. The films with various weight proportion was fabricated through solution casting method and characterized using FTIR, XRD, morphological examinations, mechanical and thermal property analysis, antibacterial evaluation, and degradation tests. Compared to films lacking essential oil, the biodegradable films showed significant enhancements in mechanical properties, with tensile strength increasing to 22 MPa (a 130% increase), tensile modulus increasing to 264 MPa, and elongation decreasing by 24.5%. However, the addition of essential oil significantly improved thermal stability, with the initiation of degradation showing at a significantly higher temperature of 215 °C, representing a significant 43% increase. The antimicrobial testing revealed a significant 93% reduction in bacterial growth, demonstrating CNS's potency as an antibacterial agent. These findings highlight the possibility of combining CNS with PVA to fabricate biocomposite films with higher biodegradability and antibacterial characteristics, along with higher tensile strength and thermal stability, confirming their viability for eco-friendly packaging materials and other sustainable applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the advent of nanotechnology, nanocomposites (NCs) have been synthesized via novel approaches. In this regard, polymer-based NCs have been widely explored due to their exceptional characteristics as a result of the incorporation of nanofillers into the polymer matrix. In the present research, the synthesis of titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) was synthesized using Azadirachta indica seed extract. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was used to synthesize metal oxide NCs. Using the solution casting approach, PVA/TiO2 NC films with various weight percentages of TiO2 NPs (2, 4, 6, and 8%) were fabricated. X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were employed to characterize the TiO2 and PVA/TiO2 NCs. The antibacterial activity of the TiO2 NPs and PVA/TiO2 NCs was investigated against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative (Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. Methyl orange and methylene blue breakdown of undoped TiO2 and PVA/TiO2 nanomixture was examined under UV–visible irradiation. Uniformly dispersed nanoflake particles were visible in the PVA film matrix and on the 4% TiO2 NC surface. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that TiO2 NPs synthesized using a higher concentration of the extract showed larger crystallite sizes, whereas those fabricated using a lower concentration of plant extract showed larger crystallite sizes. Among the different concentrations investigated, 4% PVA/TiO2 NCs showed the highest extent of degradation of methylene blue and methyl orange. Furthermore, these NCs showed the highest antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endogenous electric field (EEF) is weakened in wounds due to electrolyte loss, hindering wound repair. Reshaping and repairing EEF play important roles in accelerating wound healing. The design of antibacterial dressings coupled with an EEF recovery ability to promote wound healing is urgent and significant. Herein, a self‐powered wearable thermoelectric dressing with antibacterial, antioxidant, and EEF reshaping activities for methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus‐infected wound therapy is fabricated. The dressing is based on a wearable thermoelectric device constructed of a polyanionic thermoelectric hydrogel loaded with tannic acid (TA). By taking advantage of the natural temperature difference between infected wounds and the external environment, the dressing is activated to convert thermal energy into electricity, producing a continuous and compensating electric field to reshape damaged EEF and stimulate tissue regeneration. Combined with the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of the TA released from the thermoelectric hydrogel, the self‐powered dressing can accelerate wound healing in vivo by topical targeted sterilization, reducing inflammation and reshaping the EEF of the wounds. Thus, this dressing provides a promising and facile self‐powered therapeutic strategy without the need for external stimuli to treat infected wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing threat of antibiotic resistance has created an urgent need for new antibacterial agents, particularly plant-based natural compounds and their derivatives. Thymol, a natural monoterpenoid phenolic compound derived from Monarda citriodora , is known for its aromatic and therapeutic properties, including antibacterial activity. This study focuses on synthesizing dihydropyrimidinone and dihydropyridine derivatives of thymol and exploring their antibacterial properties. The synthesized compounds were tested for their in vitro antibacterial potential against pathogenic microorganisms, specifically Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Gram-positive). Among the synthesized derivatives, compound 3i (ethyl 4-(4-hydroxy-5-isopropyl-2-methylphenyl)-2-imino-6-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate) exhibited the most promising antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 12.5 µM against P. aeruginosa and 50.0 µM against MRSA. Additionally, compound 3i demonstrated a synergistic effect when combined with vancomycin, enhancing its antibacterial efficacy. The optimum fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) observed was 0.10 and 0.5 for MRSA and P. aeruginosa , respectively, in combination with vancomycin. In silico analysis of the physiochemical properties of 3i indicated compliance with all drug-likeness rules. Furthermore, molecular docking studies revealed that compound 3i has a stronger binding affinity to the target protein than thymol, providing valuable insights into its potential mechanism of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to develop a novel approach, employing cold plasma technology for preparing nanoparticles of silver oxide by Anethum graveolens (dill) leaf extract as a natural reducing agent. This investigation evaluated the properties of antibacterial and antibiofilm-prepared nanoparticles. Initially, dill leaf extract was prepared to stabilize and reduce the size of silver oxide nanoparticles. Improved synthesis and optimal conditions for nanoparticle formation were achieved through the application of cold plasma technology. The results obtained showed that the prepared silver oxide nanoparticles have strong antibacterial properties and that they have antibacterial activity against a different group of bacteria that cause diseases such as Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The results also showed the effectiveness of nanoparticles in preventing the formation of bacterial biofilms, as the highest rate of inhibition was for gram-positive bacteria S. aureus. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of plant extracts and cold plasma technology when combined in producing nanoparticles with improved properties, which may push toward the employment of these materials in developing innovative and sustainable solutions in various scientific and applied fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Microecological equilibrium is essential for human health. Previous research has demonstrated that Streptococcus strain A, the main bacterial group in the respiratory tract, can suppress harmful microbes and protect the body. In this study, Streptococcus strain D19T was isolated from the oral and pharyngeal cavities of healthy children. Its antibacterial mechanism against Acinetobacter baumannii was examined, as well as its potential to prevent inflammatory damage to cells. We evaluated the effect of the fermentation conditions of D19T on inhibition of Acinetobacter baumannii growth; Isolation and purification of antibacterial active components of strain D19T and molecular mechanism of inhibition of Acinetobacter baumannii; Molecular mechanism of D19T antibacterial protein reversing cellular inflammatory injury induced by Acinetobacter baumannii. Results: The supernatant of fermentation broth of Streptococcus D19T was the active component against Acinetobacter baumannii, but the bacteria had no antibacterial activity. The supernatant of D19T fermentation broth was precipitated by (NH4)2SO4 solution, and the protein was the active antibacterial component. After gel filtration chromatography and anion gel filtration chromatography, the molecular weight of antibacterial protein was 53kD. D19T antibacterial protein can improve cell membrane permeability, limit extracellular soluble protein release, inhibit Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm formation, and prevent Acinetobacter baumannii adhesion. Acinetobacter baumannii induces inflammatory damage to respiratory cells via ferroptosis, and the D19T antibacterial protein can counteract this damage, protecting the respiratory tract. Conclusion: Streptococcus strain D19T, as a potential probiotic, inhibits the growth of Acinetobacter baumannii and the inflammatory damage of respiratory cells, playing a protective role in human respiratory health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infected mandibular defects pose a formidable challenge without an entirely satisfactory repair strategy. Here, a coaxial 3D printing scaffold comprising a shell loaded is dveloped with the antibiotic minocycline hydrochloride and a core wrapped with traditional Chinese medicine antler powers. This study is conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the scaffold in facilitating the repair of infected mandibular defects. In vitro investigations exhibit that this construct possesses a porous microstructure, exceptional mechanical properties, appropriate degradability, acceptable water absorption capacity, and satisfactory biocompatibility. Transcriptome analyses further reveal a notable upregulation of relevant genes and signaling pathways associated with cell activity, osteogenesis, and angiogenesis. In vivo rat (Φ = 5 mm) and rabbit (5 mm × 4 mm × 10 mm) mandibular defect models confirm the scaffold's ability to sequentially regulate bone healing by suppressing infection and inflammation, followed by promoting osteogenesis and angiogenesis. This advanced graft holds significant translational potential for infectious bone regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diosgenin, a hydrolyzed product of phytosteroid saponin, has widely been studied for its medicinal properties. In an effort to find bioactive molecules, 25 novel thiazole‐fused diosgenin molecules have been synthesized by an efficient reaction protocol. The chemistry involves the Oppenauer oxidation followed by double bond isomerization in a one‐pot reaction, epoxidation, and the reaction of urea derivatives with the epoxyketone to synthesize the target compounds. These novel chimeric compounds were tested for their potential antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties. Antimicrobial studies against a panel of Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative led to the discovery of some of these molecules as narrow‐spectrum antimicrobial agents against Bacillus subtilis bacteria. In preliminary cytotoxicity studies, 2‐fluorophenyl derivative (10) inhibited the growth of several cell lines of the NCI‐60 cell line panels including >93 % inhibition of UO‐31 cell line. Furthermore, the hit antibacterial compounds are non‐toxic to human cancer cell lines, and the cytotoxic compound is not active against the bacterial strains, showing the selective therapeutic potential of the chimeric compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past 10 years, nanotechnology has emerged as a very promising technique for a wide range of biomedical applications. Green synthesized metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are cheap, easy to produce in large quantities, and safe for the environment. Currently, efforts are being made to dope ZnO in order to improve its optical, electrical, and ferromagnetic qualities as well as its crystallographic quality. Actually, doping is one of the simplest methods for enhancing an NP's physicochemical characteristics because it involves introducing impure ions into the crystal lattice of the particle. In this study, the biosynthesis of zinc oxide NPs (ZnONPs) and metal‐doped (Mg2+ and Ag+) ZnONPs was carried out by using aqueous and water‐alcoholic extracts of Cynara scolymus L. leaves, Carthamus tinctorius L. flowers, and Rheum ribes L. (RrL) plant, which are rich in phytochemical content. Plant extracts act as a natural reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent in the production. The produced NPs were characterized using a variety of methods, such as ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The produced metal‐doped and undoped ZnONPs exhibited characteristic absorption peaks between 365 and 383 nm due to their surface plasmon resonance bands. SEM analysis revealed that the NPs were oval, nearly spherical, and spherical. In the FTIR spectra, the Zn–O bonding peak ranges from 400 to 700 cm−1. The peaks obtained in the range of 407–562 cm−1 clearly represent the Zn–O bond. In addition, the FTIR results showed that there were notable amounts of phenol and flavonoid compounds in both the prepared extract and ZnONPs. According to DLS analysis results, the size distribution of produced NPs is between 120 and 786 nm. The antibacterial properties of green produced NPs on Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus RN4220) and Gram‐negative (Escherichia coli DH10B) bacterial strains were investigated by agar well diffusion method. In studies investigating the anticancer activities of biosynthesized NPs, mouse fibroblast cells (L929) were used as healthy cells and human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) were used as cancer cells. Only the produced Ag‐ZnONPs showed potent dose‐dependent antibacterial activity (at concentrations higher than 100 µg/mL) against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. RrL‐ZnONP‐600 and RrL‐ZnONP‐800 NPs produced with water–ethanol extract of RrL plant and calcined at 600 and 800°C were effective at high concentrations in healthy cells and at low concentrations in HeLa cancer cells, showing that they have the potential to be anticancer agents. The study's findings highlight the potential of green synthesis techniques in the production of medicinal nanomaterials for the treatment of cancer and other biological uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis of ZnO/TiO₂ and Fe₃O₄/TiO₂ bi-oxide nanocomposites at low frequencies (60 kHz) with their characterizations and antibacterial/antifungal applications are investigated in this study. Using nanotechnology as the next-generation solution, this research explored the potential of metal oxide nanoparticles as effective antibacterial agents. Nanomaterials were synthesized via a novel and facile method (sono-synthesis) and characterized using various techniques (XRD, SEM, FTIR, zeta potential analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and XPS), revealing nanoscale sizes of 25 nm for ZnO/TiO₂ and 31 nm for Fe₃O₄/TiO₂. Structural analysis demonstrated the distinct crystalline phases of the synthesized nanomaterials: TiO₂ with anatase structure (25 %), hexagonal wurtzite structure for ZnO, and Fe₃O₄ with inverse spinel structure, formed in nano-dimensions (19–31 nm) with a near-spherical shape. Antibacterial and antifungal assays highlighted the efficacy of both bi-nanocomposites against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria, along with their potent activity against Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida. Moreover, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify potential relationships between the physicochemical properties (zeta potential, size, conductivity, and concentration) of all nanomaterials tested and their zone of inhibition (ZOI) against all bacterial species tested. Overall, this study emphasizes the novelty of employing a simple and efficient sono-synthetic route to synthesize ZnO/TiO₂ and Fe₃O₄/TiO₂ bi-nanocomposites and investigate their significant antibacterial and antifungal activities. Additionally, it identifies the potential relationships between the physicochemical properties of the nanomaterials tested and their antimicrobial activity. This approach provides a robust framework for future applications of bi-nanocomposites in combating microbial infections. • Effectively synthesized Fe₃O₄, ZnO, Fe₃O₄/TiO₂, and ZnO–TiO₂ bi-nanocomposites using an ultrasonic process via one-pot synthesis, while also uncovering their inherent antimicrobial potential. • The sono-synthesized nanomaterials were characterized and confirmed by various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. • XRD confirmed the successful synthesis of bi-nanocomposites and showed the average crystallite size of Fe₃O₄/TiO₂ as 15.79 nm and ZnO/TiO₂ as 10.35 nm. • Particularly, Fe₃O₄/TiO₂ and Fe₃O₄ showed significant antimicrobial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. • Both Fe₃O₄/TiO₂ and ZnO/TiO₂ bi-nanocomposites exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity against E. coli and antifungal activity against non-albicans Candida, suggesting their effectiveness in combating fungal pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is clinical evidence showing that the Pelargonium sidoides root extract EPs 7630 is a safe and effective treatment for a range of acute infectious respiratory illnesses. Moreover, EPs 7630 has been shown to reduce the use of antibiotics, which is important in the context of rising antibiotic resistance levels. A wide range of mechanisms appears to contribute to the beneficial effects of EPs 7630, e.g. antibacterial, antiviral, immunomodulatory, and epithelial barrier effects. This broad spectrum of pharmacological activities seems to enable the clinical activity of EPs 7630 against multiple respiratory infections. In particular, the combination of antiviral and immunomodulatory effects may enable EPs 7630 to tackle acute viral respiratory infections both in early stages of the disease process, which are driven by virus replication, as well as in later stages, which are caused by an overshooting immune response. Hence, EPs 7630 is a prime example of a plant extract with evidence-based clinical efficacy, including a solid understanding of the underlying mechanisms of action. The example of EPs 7630 demonstrates that plant extracts have a potential role as evidence-based clinical treatments and that they deserve pre-clinical and clinical testing and investigation in the same way as any other drug class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of new antibacterial drugs is essential for staying ahead of evolving antibiotic resistant bacterial (ARB) threats, ensuring effective treatment options for bacterial infections, and protecting public health. Herein, we successfully designed and synthesized two novel gold(III)‐ NHC complexes, [Au(1)(bpy)Cl][PF6]2 (2) and [Au(1)(phen)Cl][PF6]2 (3) based on the proligand pyridyl[1,2‐a]{2‐pyridylimidazol}‐3‐ylidene hexafluorophosphate (1⋅HPF6) [bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine; phen=1,10‐phenanthroline]. The synthesized complexes were characterized spectroscopically; their geometries and structural arrangements were confirmed by single crystal XRD analysis. Complexes 2 and 3 showed photoluminescence properties at room temperature and the time‐resolved fluorescence decay confirmed the fluorescence lifetimes of 0.54 and 0.62 ns respectively; which were used to demonstrate their direct interaction with bacterial cells. Among the two complexes, complex 3 was found to be more potent against the bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Gram‐positive and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Gram‐negative bacteria) with the MIC values of 8.91 μM and 17.82 μM respectively. Studies revealed the binding of the complexes with the fundamental phospholipids present in the cell membrane of bacteria, which was found to be the leading cause of bacterial cell death. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using an MTT assay on 293 T cell lines; emphasizing the potential therapeutic uses of the Au(III)‐NHC complexes to control bacterial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vaginal infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens such as Candida albicans and Gardnerella spp. represent a significant health challenge. Current treatments often fail because of resistance and toxicity. This study aimed to synthesize and characterize a novel amphiphilic polypeptide, KF-5, and evaluate its antibacterial and antifungal activities, biocompatibility, and potential mechanisms of action. Results: The KF-5 peptide was synthesized via solid-phase peptide synthesis and self-assembled into nanostructures with filamentous and hydrogel-like configurations. Characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirmed the unique nanostructural properties of KF-5. KF-5 (125, 250, or 500 µg/ml) demonstrated potent antibacterial and antifungal activities, with significant inhibitory effects on drug-resistant Candida albicans and Gardnerella spp. (P < 0.05). In vitro assays revealed that 500 µg/ml KF-5 disrupted microbial cell membranes, increased membrane permeability, and induced lipid oxidation, leading to cell death (P < 0.05). Cytotoxicity tests revealed minimal toxicity in human vaginal epithelial cells, keratinocytes, and macrophages, with over 95% viability at high concentrations. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated that KF-5 interacts with phospholipid bilayers through electrostatic interactions, causing membrane disruption. In vivo studies using a mouse model of vaginal infection revealed that 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/ml KF-5 significantly reduced fungal burden and inflammation, and histological analysis confirmed the restoration of vaginal mucosal integrity (P < 0.01). Compared with conventional antifungal treatments such as miconazole, KF-5 exhibited superior efficacy (P < 0.01). Conclusions: KF-5 demonstrates significant potential as a safe and effective antimicrobial agent for treating vaginal infections. Its ability to disrupt microbial membranes while maintaining biocompatibility with human cells highlights its potential for clinical application. These findings provide a foundation for further development of KF-5 as a therapeutic option for combating drug-resistant infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Burn wound healing is a dynamic and interconnected process, with the complex status of the extracellular matrix (ECM) potentially leading to bacterial infections, drug resistance, or even fatality. However, it remains a grand challenge to assemble a skin‐like material showing similar biological properties as healthy ECM to accelerate burn healing. In this study, the ECM composition is closely mimicked and adaptive multifunctional artificial dermis is developed by leveraging Ag─S bonds, supramolecular interactions among recombinant proteins, Ag+, and hyaluronic acid (HA). The artificial dermis exhibits long‐lasting broad‐spectrum antibacterial activity, achieved though controlled Ag+ release via Ag─S bonds, supramolecular interactions, and recombinant protein‐guided multi‐level assembly, reaching a steady plateau of 83.7% in the later stage. It is found that inflammation is reduced by downregulating IL‐6 and TGF‐β expression. Furthermore, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) within the recombinant proteins stimulates Col1α, ELN, and CD31 upregulation, facilitating ECM remodeling. These adaptive multifunctional artificial dermis effectively address wound infections, accelerate collagen deposition, promote re‐epithelialization, and enhance angiogenesis in infected wounds, highlighting their potential to revolutionize burn wound treatment and offering a promising avenue to holistic care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to develop roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) extracts with high amounts of phytochemicals and in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial effects using green extraction technique. Roselle extract prepared by ultrasonic extraction with 80% ethanol and 1% hydrochloric acid (RSUEH) promoted the highest yield and high total phenolic (5.21 ± 0.05 g% gallic acid equivalent of dried extract), total flavonoid (1.29 ± 0.06 g% quercetin equivalent of dried extract), and total anthocyanin contents (0.21 ± 0.00 and 0.44 ± 0.00 g% cyanidin 3‐glucoside equivalent of dried extract determined by pH‐differential method with standard calculation and pH‐differential method with standard curve of cyanidin 3‐glucoside, respectively). From the validated high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis, delphinidin‐3‐sambubioside, delphinidin‐3‐glucoside, and cyanidin‐3‐glucoside were found to be the major anthocyanins in roselle extract. This extract exhibited moderate 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging effect (EC50 289.61 ± 0.16 µg/mL) and strong inhibitory effects against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with the inhibitory concentration (IC50) values in the range of 0.15 ± 0.05 to 4.64 ± 0.07 mg/mL and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged from 1.66 ± 0.06 to 7.11 ± 1.05 mg/mL. From partial purification, fraction 28 (F28) contained higher amounts of all analyzed phytochemicals than roselle extracts and promoted stronger DPPH scavenging effects (EC50 54.88 ± 2.23 µg/mL). F28 showed antibacterial activity with IC50 values against all tested bacteria in the range of 0.19 ± 0.07 to 4.69 ± 0.09 mg/mL, and the MIC values ranged from 2.46 ± 0.08 to 6.24 ± 0.09 mg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Due to the critical threat of antibiotic-resistant K. pneumoniae, there is an urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of sodium fluoride (NaF) against K. pneumoniae by investigating changes in both morphology and biochemical profiles. Methods: The study investigated the antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of different concentrations of NaF against the K. pneumoniae strain. Additionally, it examined alterations in morphology using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), metabolic changes through Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, biochemical responses, and antioxidant defense mechanisms by assessing stress markers in NaF-exposed K. pneumoniae cells. Results: K.pneumoniae strains exhibited sensitivity, with inhibition zones of 13±1.0 mm, 20±1.5 mm, and 25±1.0 mm for NaF concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30%, respectively. Remarkable morphological and biochemical alterations were noted in NaF-treated cells in a dose-dependent manner. NaF-exposed K. pneumoniae cells demonstrated elevated levels of oxidative markers such as lipid peroxidation and ascorbic acid, and a decrease in both enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants, particularly reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione- S-transferase (GST) Conclusions: NaF induces oxidative stress and causes morphological changes in antibiotic-resistant K. pneumoniae strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regulatory role of zinc in bone formation extends to the activation of proteins associated with bone homeostasis. Furthermore, copper is well known for its antibacterial properties. This dual function underscores the significance of zinc and copper in maintaining a balance of bone structure and function. In light of the aforementioned, zinc sulphide/copper oxide nanocomposites were created in this instance using a straightforward coprecipitation technique. Copper oxide was used as a nanocomposite to improve the structural, morphological, and biological performance of zinc sulphide nanoparticles. The X-ray diffraction pattern confirmed a transformation in the crystal structure from cubic to rhombohedral, along with increase in intensity. Fourier transforms infrared analysis indicated the presence of functional groups. Scanning electron microscopy images demonstrated a morphological shift from non-uniform to distinct spherical nanoparticles, impacting the enhancement of material properties. The pathogenic activity of the zinc sulphide/copper oxide nanocomposites was tested against nine bacterial strains. In antimicrobial testing, zinc sulphide/copper oxide nanocomposites showed promising results, particularly against Klebsiella pneumoniae (zone of inhibition: 14 mm at 100 µg/mL compared to 7 mm by standard) and Escherichia coli (zone of inhibition: 11 mm at 100 µg/mL compared to 10 mm by standard) after 24 h with zone of inhibition matching or exceeding that of the standard (chloramphenicol). Zinc sulphide nanoparticles and zinc sulphide/copper oxide nanocomposites were evaluated for their antifungal activity against fungal stains from Trichophyton rubrum, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus flavus. After a 24-h period, it was discovered that zinc sulphide/copper oxide nanocomposites were effective against Aspergillus flavus (zone of inhibition: 19.4 mm at 100 µg/mL compared to 6.3 mm by standard) at all concentrations (25–100 mg/mL), with zones of inhibition identical to or greater than those of the standard (fluconazole). Certainly, based on these results, zinc sulphide/copper oxide nanocomposites could be promising materials for drug delivery. Clinical trial registration: Not applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: At present, the treatment of infected bone defects has the problems of long course of disease, poor treatment effect and high cost. The osteogenic effect of personalized bone replacement materials in clinical treatment is limited. Therefore, a 3D-printed bone graft material with both good osteogenic effect and antibacterial effect is urgently needed for clinical treatment. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the research status of 3D-printed scaffolds loaded with antimicrobial agents for the treatment of infected bone defects. METHODS: PubMed, Web of Science, Elsevier, and CNKI databases from January 2010 to June 2022 were searched for related articles. The Chinese search terms were “bone defect, 3D printing, scaffold material, antibacterial, animal experiments, in vitro experiments”. English search terms were “bone defect, 3D printing, scaffold, antibiosis, animal experiment, in vitro”. Finally, 60 articles were included for review and analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The 3D scaffolds made of titanium, magnesium, tantalum and other metals and their alloys have certain osteogenic properties, but do not have antibacterial function. Hydroxyapatite and other bioceramic materials have good biocompatibility and are prone to be degraded, whereas due to the lack of strength, they are usually combined with artificial polymer materials to form composite materials, which respectively mimic the inorganic and organic components in natural bone, and play their respective excellent functions. Antibiotics, silver/copper nanoparticles, antimicrobial peptides, gallium and other antibacterial agents play an antibacterial role by destroying bacterial cell membrane, producing reactive oxygen species to interfere with bacterial DNA replication, inhibiting iron absorption and other mechanisms. As a result, the 3D-printed scaffold has both antibacterial and osteogenic effects. However, there are still some problems such as drug resistance and difficult to control effective concentrations. 3D-printed scaffolds are often loaded with antibacterial agents by loading drug-loaded microspheres on scaffolds, preparing antibacterial coating on the scaffold surface, and participating in joint 3D printing with drugs. The loading mode of antibacterial coating prepared on the scaffold surface is the most widely used, and its antibacterial effect is more stable. Nonetheless, the selection of the most suitable loading mode for antibacterial agents needs to be further discussed and summarized. It is a future research prospect to optimize the mechanical properties of composite scaffolds and prepare biomimetic bone scaffolds so that the degradation rate is consistent with the bone reconstruction rate in infected bone defects. The ideal antibacterial agents may play a role through a variety of antibacterial mechanisms, thus being expected to play a good antibacterial effect through low antibacterial concentration, which should be a hot spot of anti-bone infection research. After loading antibacterial agents on the surface of the scaffold, antibacterial agents can “intelligently” react to the local microenvironment, achieving controlled release, and regulating the osteogenesis, vascularization and immune response of the microenvironment, which is the focus of current research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]