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The article focuses on intervention research as a design science that devises action to change existing situations. Topics include market penetration strategies using intervention research, dysfunctions in the import and distribution of agricultural nutrients, and recommendations for developing effective market strategies based on lived market realities.

Purpose: The design of effective policies that increase access to agricultural credit should consider understanding credit constraint farmers' groups and their response to changes in the credit conditions. To contribute to this understanding, this study surveyed farmers from Chile and classified them into five credit constraint categories discussed in credit literature. In addition, these farmers indicated how they would react to a series of hypothetical conditions related to changing interest rates, loan maturity and grace periods. Their responses were employed to measure credit demand scores (i.e. relative elasticities). Regression tests evaluated how different types of farmers reacted to changing credit conditions. Design/methodology/approach: Farmers from Chile were surveyed using a mix of random and convenience sampling. Surveyed farmers were classified into five credit constraint categories proposed by previous research. Farmers rated their demand for credit on a five-point Likert-type scale for hypothetical changes in interest rates, loan maturities and grace periods. Their responses were employed to measure credit demand scores or relative credit elasticities. The study evaluated credit elasticity as a function of farmers' credit constraint and some control variables using several regressions, including OLS, ordered probit and hierarchical regression. Findings: The study identified 44% unconstrained nonborrowing farmers, 23% unconstrained borrowers, 14% quantity-constrained, 16% risk-constrained and 3% transaction cost-constrained farmers. Unconstrained borrowers and quantity-constrained farmers responded most to changing interest rates and loan maturity conditions. In addition, unconstrained nonborrowers and risk-constrained farmers were statistically less sensitive to changes in credit conditions than unconstrained borrowers. This finding is significant because, as discussed, unconstrained nonborrowers represent 44% of our sample. Furthermore, risk-constrained farmers were the least sensitive to changes in interest rates and loan maturity across all other credit categories. Practical implications: This study gives insights that can guide agribusiness policies to enhance access to credit in developing countries such as Chile. Agricultural credit capital institutions can better target their clientele by identifying farmers' possible reactions before implementing policy changes to increase access to credit. This study's credit constraint categorization and the results discussed can guide that identification. For instance, policies directed toward unconstrained borrowing farmers may find positive responses. However, implementing policies targeting the other three groups (unconstrained nonborrowing, risk-constrained and transaction cost-constrained farmers) is more challenging because these farmers are less responsive to changing credit conditions. Originality/value: This article correlates farmers' propensity to borrow and credit constraints across five categories of farmers. Prior research using this categorization framework has not identified farmers into the five groups. Furthermore, in addition to interest rate and loan maturity credit demand relative elasticity, this study adds the grace period elasticity, which has not been included in previous studies on agricultural credit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In order to solve the problems of difficulty in lending to family farms and the lack of credit products, it is necessary to classify the credit rating of family farms and determine the credit risk level of different family farms, so that agriculture-related financial institutions can implement different credit strategies. Design/methodology/approach: A method based on BP neural network model is proposed to measure the weights of credit evaluation indicators of family farms and the linear weighting method and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method are used to establish the final credit rating system for family farms. Findings: The empirical results show that the majority of the 246 family farms in Inner Mongolia have a low CC rating. Originality/value: By constructing a sound and reasonable credit rating system for family farms, thus providing an objective evaluation of the credit rating of family farms, the credit granting status of agriculture-related financial institutions will be adapted to the reasonable loan demand status of family farm owners, and the quality and level of their credit approval will be continuously enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study examines the synthesized influences of institutional governance and the scale effects of agricultural credits on the sustainability of microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Sub-Saharan Africa. Design/methodology/approach: Using a sample of 840 MFIs (300 independent and 540 networked), the study applied Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and Lewbel's estimator. Findings: Results indicate positive effects of financial structure, efficiency and agricultural credit scale on sustainability, with a non-linear U-shaped relationship between agricultural credit size and microfinance sustainability. Depending on institutional governance quality, a threshold is identified where agricultural credit scale significantly enhances the quality of Portfolio at Risk (lnPAR) in independent MFIs and Returns on Assets (lnROA) in networked MFIs. Research limitations/implications: Study suggests strengthening governance for transparency and operating within optimal size for enduring sustainable performance. While focused on Sub-Saharan Africa, future research could expand to various economies or introduce additional variables for a comprehensive analysis. Practical implications: MFIs can achieve sustainability by implementing management guided by better institutional norms, innovative financial transformations better suited to financing agricultural activities and techniques and an organizational structure more aligned with their performance targets. Social implications: Broader and more reliable access to financial services, particularly in the agricultural sector, can stimulate production and alleviate poverty. Originality/value: The study's originality lies in its contribution to the literature by examining the role of institutional governance in microfinance institution performance and evaluating microfinance in a broader Sub-Saharan African context, proposing threshold limits where agricultural microcredit compromises performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: A correlation has been shown in the literature between credit constraints and the adoption of agricultural technologies, technical efficiencies and measures for adapting to climate change. The relationship between credit constraints, risk management strategy adoption and income, however, is not well understood. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to investigate how credit constraints affect the income and risk management practices adopted by Northern Nigerian maize farmers. Design/methodology/approach: Cross-sectional data were collected from 300 maize farmers in Northern Nigeria using a multi-stage sampling technique. Descriptive statistics, seemingly unrelated regression and double hurdle regression models were the analysis methods. Findings: The results showed that friends and relatives, banks, "Adashe", cooperatives and farmer groups were the main sources of credit in the study area. The findings also revealed that the sources of risk in the study area included production risk, economic risk, financial risk, institutional risk, technological risk and human risk. In addition, the risk management strategies used to mitigate observed risks were fertilizer application, insecticides, planting of disease-resistant varieties, use of herbicides, practising mixed cropping, modern planning, use of management tools as well as making bunds and channels. Furthermore, we found that interest rate, farm size, level of education, gender and marital status were significant determinants of statuses of credit constraints while the age of the farmer, gender, household size, primary occupation, access to extension services and income from maize production affected the choice and intensity of adoption of risk management strategies among the farmers. Research limitations/implications: The study concluded that credit constrained status condition of farmers negatively affected the adoption of some risk management strategies and maize farmers' income. Practical implications: The study concluded that credit constrained status condition of farmers negatively affected the adoption of some risk management strategies and maize farmers' income. It therefore recommends that financial service providers should be engaged to design financial products that are tailored to the needs of smallholder farmers in the study area. Originality/value: This paper incorporates the role of constraints in influencing farmers' decisions to uptake credits and subsequently their adoption behaviours on risk management strategies. The researcher approached the topic with a state-of-the-art method which allows for obtaining more reliable results and hence more specific contributions to research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study investigates the impact of board funds, banking credit, and economic development on food production in the context of South Asian economies (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal). Design/methodology/approach: This study used data from the World Development Indicators covering the years 1991–2019. To investigate the relationship between the variables of the study, we employed the panel unit root test, panel cointegration test, cross-sectional dependence test, fully modified least squares (FMOLS), and panel dynamic least squares (DOLS) estimators. Findings: The empirical results indicate that board funding significantly increase food production; however, banking credit had a negative impact. Furthermore, the findings indicate that economic development, Arable land, fertilizer consumption, and agricultural employment play a leading role in enhancing food production. The results of the Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality test also show substantiated the significance of the causal relationship among all variables. Practical implications: South Asian countries should prioritize board funding, bank credit, and economic development in their long-term strategies. Ensuring financial access for farmers through micro-credit and public bank initiatives can spur agricultural productivity and economic growth. Originality/value: This study is the first to combine board funding, banking credit, and economic development to better comprehend their potential impact on food production. Instead of using traditional approaches, this study focuses on these financial and developmental aspects as critical determinants for increasing food production, using evidence from South Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Management & Agribusiness / Jurnal Manajemen & Agribisnis is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: Warehouse receipt-based financing (WRF), an innovative instrument with its structure embedded in the agricultural value chain can potentially address farmers' concerns about timely credit access and accessible remunerative markets. However, studies indicate farmers' exclusion from currently practiced WRF mechanisms across developing countries. Transaction cost and lack of assured remunerative markets post storage are the challenges thwarting farmers' participation. The study explores how these challenges can be addressed by analyzing a case study. The finding will help in coming up with a farmer-inclusive WRF mechanism. Design/methodology/approach: The study uses a case study as an analysis tool. Primary data is gathered through farmers. Descriptive statistics and partial least squares (PLS) approach to structural equation modeling methodology has been adopted for empirical testing of the hypothesis of the study. The study uses SMART PLS 3.0 for analysis of data. Findings: Single window offering of multiple value chain operations and technological intervention in physical handling substantially reduces transaction costs for farmers. Sustained farmers' participation in the case supports this finding. The presence of an assured market (PAM) is found to have a positive and significant relationship with WRF in the case of beneficiary farmers. The PAM is found to have a negative yet significant relationship with WRF in the case of nonbeneficiary farmers. Critical success factors of the entity KisanMitra stated in the case substantiates a farmer-inclusive WRF mechanism. Research limitations/implications: The study analyzes a case study of specific geography. However, similarities enlisted across developing countries in the introduction section provide a scope of generalization of findings across developing countries. The identified factors for a farmer-inclusive WRF mechanism will enable the governments, policymakers and development institutions to ascertain and align their WRF implementation measures to inculcate and upgrade these factors to the prospective WRF agents. Future studies can explore the replication of farmer-inclusive WRF mechanisms across other geographies. The studies also explores the role of technological interventions in further reducing the transaction cost and suitable policy modifications to encourage replication of the study in other geopgraphical context. Originality/value: The study on WRF and the methodology adopted is first of its kind to identify factors for a farmer-inclusive WRF mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses how participation in the Federal crop insurance program influences agricultural loan delinquencies. To achieve this objective, we use 1994–2015 county‐level panel data for corn production in the Midwestern United States (US). Traditional linear fixed effect (FE) models, instrumental variable‐based FE estimation, and several robustness checks are used in the empirical analysis. Estimation results suggest that counties with higher levels of crop insurance participation tend to have statistically lower rates of agricultural loan delinquency. This is evidence that the US crop insurance program helps reduce financial stress and facilitates the continued viability of the agricultural credit system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To improve the loan repayment performance (LRP) of microfinance banks (MFBs) in Pakistan, this study aims to look at the direct impact of multiple borrowing (MB) on LRP and client-business performance (CBP), as well as the direct impact of CBP on LRP. The moderating function of pandemic factors in the relationship between MB and CBP, as well as the mediating effect of CBP in the association between MB and LRP, was also investigated in this study. Design/methodology/approach: A questionnaire was used to obtain data from 531 lower-level workers of microfinance institutions (MFIs) for the study. The respondents were chosen using stratified sampling, which divided the target population into four influential groups: lending officers in agriculture, lending officers in businesses, lending officers in gold loans and lending officers in salary loans. In this study, a two-stage structural equation modeling approach was used, including a measurement model (outer model) and a structural model (inner model). The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were investigated using the measurement model (outer model), whereas PLS-SEM bootstrapping was performed to test the hypothesis and find the relationship among different underpinning constructs by using the structural model (inner model). Findings: The outcomes of this study demonstrate that MB has a direct impact on CBP, and that CBP has a direct impact on LRP. MB, on the contrary, had no direct and significant impact on LRP in this study. The idea that CBP mediates the relationship between MB and LRP, as well as the moderating effect of pandemic factors on the relationship between MB and CBP, is supported by this research. Originality/value: Until now, the influence of MB on LRP via the mediating role of CBP and the moderating role of a pandemic factor in the setting of Pakistani MFBs has received little attention. During the COVID-19 pandemic, this research also aids MFBs in better understanding MB and its impact on LRP. Furthermore, based on the findings of this study, Pakistani MFIs can enhance their LRP by implementing new lending regulations, particularly with reference to MB and the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic prosperity (recession) means that the GDP increases (decreases) between two consecutive periods. One of the important approaches in examining economic prosperity and recession is the use of the capital matrix. This matrix is a suitable solution for providing the analysis of calculable general equilibrium patterns such as the dynamic input-output model. However, the main problem in the country is the lack of regional capital matrix statistical data. Therefore, it is practically impossible to check economic prosperity and recession at the regional level. The aim of the current research is to provide a non-statistical solution based on the theoretical foundations of the data to estimate the regional capital matrix from the national capital matrix. Therefore, an effort is made to estimate the capital matrix of Isfahan province with the help of the development of Charm's non-statistical method by regionalizing the national capital matrix. To validate the estimates made from the development of the charm approach, the data of provincial and construction bank credits of the agricultural and construction sectors for the year 2015 will be used. Also, the capital formation data of the industry and mining sector were also extracted from the Isfahan province yearbook for the same year. On the other hand, in the following, the effect of time delay on the value of regional capital formation will be investigated using the Charm method developed. The results show that as the time interval increases, the estimated capital formation value of the region will be closer to the real capital formation value of the sector. This is truer in sectors that are inherently more disruptive. On the other hand, the results show that the most capital productions are related to industry, construction and agriculture sectors. Also, most capital purchases are related to industry, services and real estate sectors. On the other hand, the analysis of the regional capital matrix shows economic prosperity in 2015 for Isfahan province [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black farmers have historically been discriminated against in services from the federal government, including access to credit. Discrimination can take the form of delayed loan processing requests, which can affect timely planting, harvesting, feeding of livestock, and farm performance. This study uses nationwide, farm‐level data from 2009 to 2021 from the Farm Service Agency's direct farm loan program to investigate racial discrimination in the farm loan program. Findings reveal loan processing times average longer for Black borrowers on operating loans, though with a substantial state‐level variation. Specifically, it takes an average of more than two additional days for Black farmers' operating loan applications to be completed and another two additional days to be processed. However, there was no significant difference in time for farm ownership loans suggesting a more nuanced cause than outright racial discrimination. Other factors that increased loan processing time for borrowers included larger loan amounts, more complex loan types, a mix of collateral, and being a new borrower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop insurance protects lenders by increasing the likelihood of loan repayment when revenue declines. We develop a theoretical mode that explains the role of crop insurance in agricultural lending and how impacts may be different for lenders that are not specialized in agricultural lending. We then test whether the total volume of production credit extended by commercial banks at the county level increases in response to crop insurance availability and whether the level of the response is related to bank specialization in agriculture. We use a novel difference‐in‐differences strategy based on some counties having a higher share of agricultural production that was not covered by Federal crop insurance in the 1990s. Crop insurance has a robust relationship with increased loan volumes during this period, especially in counties with fewer banks specialized in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) lending among African American and white farmers. Using data from the U.S. Small Business Administration we run fixed effect estimations with a Mills inverse ratio. Our findings suggest discrimination due to limited capital access. We find statistically significant differences between approved loan amounts among African American farmers due to income level and location of their farms. These had minimal effects on white farmers. Our results call for policymakers to carefully monitor the PPP distribution in areas more vulnerable to financial difficulties. We provide policy recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gaining a comprehensive understanding of the carbon emissions cycle in the atmosphere resulting from agricultural activities is crucial for assessing its influence on environmental quality. This study used panel datasets covering the period from 1990–2022 to investigate the influence of wheat and rice production on environmental quality in the six mega agricultural provinces of China namely Anhui, Hebei, Hubei, Henan, Jiangsu, and Sichuan. Study employed several econometric approaches such as Cross-Sectional Dependency tests, unit root and cointegration tests, Panel Mean Group Autoregressive Distributed Lag (PMG-ARDL), Panel Quantile (PQ) and Panel Least Square (PLS) regression analysis for the robustness of the findings. The empirical findings of PMG-ARDL model reveal that rice production positively increases CO2 emissions in the long run. The variables fertilizers usage, agricultural water consumption and agricultural credit also have positive impact on CO2 emission in the long run. Further, short-term results reveal that all the concerned variables positively contribute to increase the CO2 emissions. The PQR results illustrate that rice and wheat production, fertilizer consumption, agricultural water usage, agricultural credit and agricultural GDP have positive and significant impact on CO2 emission across the quantiles. Additionally, PLS outcomes show positive and significant association between wheat productivity, agricultural credit, fertilizer and agricultural GDP on CO2 emissions. The Dumitrescu and Hurlin (D–H) panel causality show unidirectional association among: carbon emission → pesticides use, carbon emission → temperature, and carbon emission → agricultural GDP. A significant bidirectional causal association was found between: carbon emission ↔ rice production, carbon emission ↔ wheat production, carbon emission ↔ fertilizers use, carbon emission ↔ agricultural water use, and carbon emission ↔ agricultural credit. These findings contribute to the understanding of the drivers of CO2 emissions in agriculture and provide valuable insights for policymakers aiming to mitigate environmental impacts while promoting sustainable agriculture, resilience, financial support to encourage green technology and implement robust monitoring mechanisms to protect quality of environment and agricultural sustainability.

We assess the contribution of participation in bundled service-bundled VSLAs on rice productivity and profit among smallholder rice farmers in Mvomero District, Tanzania. The study propensity score matching (PSM) and endogenous switching regression (ESR) models, and found that participation in VSLA has a positive and significant contribution to rice productivity and profit for smallholder rice farmers. Participation in VSLAs increases farmers' ability to regenerate income for investing in improving productivity and profitability and enhancing rice sector development. VSLAs prove as a tool for building financial capital through savings and easy access to credit in rural areas. This study improves on existing research and offers new insights into the effects of VSLA as one of the financial inclusion tools on the economic activities of agricultural households in Tanzania.

Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy, and it is essential for the country's food security and rural development. In order to boost agricultural production and productivity, farmers need access to credit. Agricultural credit institutions are financial institutions, that provide loans to farmers for agricultural purposes through various schemes. The Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme is one of the schemes designed to provide farmers with timely and adequate credit support through a simplified and flexible process. An attempt is made in this paper to study and analyze the performance of KCC in India and Karnataka. The study is based on the secondary data collected from various reports, journals, and websites. The study found that the Kisan Credit Cards issued by commercial banks have shown an increasing trend during the study period in India and fluctuation in the growth of operative KCCs and the amount outstanding in Karnataka for the study period. The study concluded that to uplift the well-being of farmers, financial institutions should educate them in utilizing these schemes and implementing KCC properly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weather, trade restrictions, rising oil prices, a lack of financial support for farmers, and other factors have contributed to the destabilization of South Asian food security. The purpose of this study is to determine the long-run and short-run relationships between climate change, agricultural credit, renewable energy, and food security for a sample of South Asian countries between 1990 and 2021. The Dynamic Common Correlated technique is utilized for empirical analysis since it directly addresses the issue of cross-sectional dependency while delivering accurate cointegration findings. The study's empirical findings show that climate change reduces food availability and increases the incidence of food insecurity in South Asia. In contrast, the use of renewable energy sources has a positive effect on food security in the short-run but not in the long-run, while the availability of credit to farmers has a positive effect on food security. Findings suggest that South Asian countries may reduce climate change's negative effect on food security by investing in climate services, climate-resilient infrastructure, growing drought-resistant crops, using supplemental reinforced agricultural practices, and improving their weather forecasting capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice productivity needs to be increased to feed Bangladesh's growing population. Productivity can be increased by adopting improved varieties and management practices, which require additional capital inputs. In this article, we aim to estimate the effect of formal and semiformal credit on rice productivity in Bangladesh. We surveyed 500 rice farmers to achieve these objectives. We used descriptive statistics, propensity score matching and Heckman's endogenous treatment effect model to analyse the data. The findings indicate that literacy, television ownership and training positively influenced access to formal credit. In general, credit recipients achieved higher productivity than did non-recipients. In the situation of credit source-specific effect, we found mixed results. Given the estimated difference of 438 kg/ha to 495 kg/ha, the results indicated that formal credit recipients had significantly higher productivity than did formal credit non-recipients. In contrast, endogenous treatment effect model results suggested that both formal and semiformal sources of credit had a significant effect on rice productivity. Increased agricultural loan disbursement through formal and semiformal credit institutions is strongly advocated. Farmers' decision-making abilities regarding the most effective source of credit can be improved through training in financial literacy. The central bank of Bangladesh, along with the credit regulatory authorities of non-governmental organisations, can implement appropriate agricultural credit programmes for farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil palm has been identified as one of the key agricultural products that can diversify Nigeria's economy. However, its production and export have been hampered by capital constraints. Consequently, the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund (ACGSF) was introduced to encourage lending to farmers and agro-processors to enhance agricultural productivity. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effectiveness of ACGSF allocations to the oil palm production subsector. Time series data on oil palm production, as well as data on ACGSF allocations to oil palm and cash crop production, prime lending rate and commercial banks' loans to agriculture were obtained from FAOSTAT and the Central Bank of Nigeria. Vector autoregression, Granger causality and impulse response functions were used to estimate the short-run relationship. The results reveal that ACGSF allocations to the oil palm subsector and commercial banks' loans to agriculture have negative and positive effects, respectively, on oil palm production. There was unidirectional causality from ACGSF and commercial banks to agriculture to oil palm production. The findings suggest expansion and close monitoring of the ACGSF scheme, and the intensification and esterification of oil palm production. The study shows that estimating the effect of ACGSF on overall agricultural productivity does not provide deep insight into commodity-specific credit packages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The objective of the study is to explore explanations for the capital structure compositions of farmer cooperatives, which have a unique equity structure with allocated equity as well as unallocated equity. Design/methodology/approach: Data came from a panel of US grain marketing and input supply cooperatives for the 2010–2020 period. The study is concerned with the proportions of debt, allocated equity and unallocated equity, which requires the application of a fractional multinomial panel model to ensure predictions fall within the observed data range (i.e. 0–1). Findings: Larger cooperatives have relatively high debt proportions. Diversification of the product portfolio has a positive effect on the debt proportion. Profitability is associated with higher debt proportions in input supply cooperatives and higher allocated equity proportions in grain marketing cooperatives. Over time, the proportion of unallocated equity increased. Overall, some results differ across grain marketing and input supply cooperatives. Practical implications: Increasing proportions of unallocated equity warrant a debate about the future value of ownership and governance by members of farmer cooperatives. Originality/value: Previous empirical investigations of the capital structure compositions of cooperatives lacked a distinction between allocated and unallocated equity. Our results show that the proportions of the two equity accounts respond differently to given predictors. Furthermore, much of the prior empirical literature fails to separate cooperatives on the basis of economic activities (i.e. marketing, supply and mixed). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was primarily to analyze the impact of the financing role played by the Agricultural Bank of Egypt in financing Egyptian agricultural development projects. Based on published and unpublished secondary data issued by the Agricultural Bank of Egypt and the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics during the time period (2011/2012-2020/2021). The descriptive and quantitative analytical method was used by calculating arithmetic averages, relative coefficient of variation, relative importance, and growth rate. One of the most important results of the research was: an increase in the relative importance of short-term investment loans (52.9%) compared to medium-term investment loans (43.1%), with a very low relative importance of long-term investment loans (4.1% of the total investment loans granted by Bank for the agricultural sector). The distribution of investment loans is focused on developing some activities (livestock projects and agriculturerelated businesses) rather than others, which leads to an imbalance in growth rates and the occurrence of unbalanced economic development that may lead to negative effects on the national economy in the long term, despite the importance of mechanization projects. Agriculture, land reclamation, and poultry and fish production did not receive much attention, and this reflects a clear imbalance in the structure of agricultural credit as a result of an imbalance in the distribution of agricultural loans, as the Agricultural Bank of Egypt (which is an agricultural bank according to the philosophy of its establishment in accordance with Law No. 17 of 1976) was supposed to contribute a greater role. In such vital areas due to their importance to the state's economic and social development programs. The majority of plant production loans provided by the bank were directed mainly in cash, with a very low percentage of in-kind loans, with loans for the purposes of obtaining chemical fertilizers occupying the largest proportion of in-kind loans granted to finance plant production during the study period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to credit has been a key component in protecting a country's agriculture sector against uncertainties and climate‐related shocks. Agricultural credits may also increase both agribusiness sectors' and farming‐related commercial activities' exposure to world markets. This study aims to investigate agricultural credits' short‐run and long‐run effects on agricultural production using control variables such as foreign direct investments, inflation rate, and government expenditures. We found that credits to agriculture affect value‐added agriculture positively in the long‐run; specifically, when agricultural credits increase by 1%, value‐added agriculture will increase by 0.19%; that is, an increase in credits to the agricultural sector leads to a significant increase in value‐added agriculture, while FDI and government size both reduce agricultural value‐added across countries. The findings of the pairwise causation test show that bidirectional causal links exist among almost all variables, validating feedback among agricultural value‐added, credit to agriculture, FDI, government expenditures, and inflation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Great Depression and Dust Bowl of the 1930s caused great hardship for many Canadian farmers, especially in the Prairie Provinces. In response to falling prices and crop yields, as well as increasing debt levels, Parliament enacted the Farmers’ Creditors Arrangement Act (FCAA). The mandate of the bold, new statute was to keep farmers on the land by reducing and rescheduling debts to suit the productive value of the farmland and the capacity of the farmer to pay. There is little academic scholarship that examines the FCAA and how it functioned in practice. This article builds on an earlier pilot study of FCAA case files in two Manitoba counties and widens the empirical lens to consider applications from several more Manitoba counties as well as two Ontario counties. It offers the first analysis of how the FCAA operated in Ontario, employing both quantitative and qualitative data to provide a rich commentary, using examples of actual farmers. The analysis reveals that the application of the FCAA was strongly influenced by local, county-level factors. Rather surprisingly, there were few factors that can be attributed to differences between the two provinces more generally, notwithstanding the fact that there are notable variations in farming practices, operations, and conditions in Ontario, a non-prairie province, and Manitoba, a prairie province. A secondary finding is that, in general, the compromises formulated under the FCAA were highly tailored to the individual farmer’s circumstances. However, there were nevertheless pockets of case files where a fairly uniform approach was used to resolve the financial hardship of farmers who were, seemingly, all in quite similar circumstances. Accordingly, the picture that emerges is complex. FCAA practice evinces stark contrasts — generating compromises which could be either bespoke or boilerplate — and limiting the extent to which one can generalize based on the empirical data from individual counties or regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to determine the long- and short-run factors influencing the probability of obtaining loan under the peer-to-peer (P2P) lending platform with the segmentation of wholesale and trade, manufacturing, and agriculture sectors. As the FinTech lending is a popular tool for business financing alternative among the Micro, Small Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), the effect of information asymmetry may be varied from one industry to another. The study was conducted using data provided by Securities Commissions and Central Bank of Malaysian samples and employed the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach. The results indicate that the interest rate on the platform has an insignificant impact on the success of P2P lending over time. On the other hand, factors such as loan tenure, investment size, Base Lending Rate (BLR), and inflation exhibit a significant influence in both the short and long term, depending on the segmentation of industrial sectors. This study is among the pioneering works that delve into P2P lending in Malaysia, considering that the concept has only been implemented since 2017. These research findings can be viewed as valuable insights for industrial borrowers, lenders, and platforms when engaging in economic activities through P2P lending, particularly in the Malaysian context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The cost of agricultural loans is a major constraint to the growth of the agriculture sector. This paper examines agricultural loan pricing by banks in Ghana using panel data analysis. Design/methodology/approach: Data were obtained from audited financial reports of 15 agricultural loan lending banks from 2010 to 2017. The study applies the random-effect model and the fixed-effect model in the analysis and uses the system generalized system method of moment to check the robustness of the results from the baseline models. Findings: The study found that agricultural loan pricing by banks is significantly influenced by risk premium, cost of funds, loan impairment, agricultural growth rate and food inflation. Banks should leverage emerging technologies to de-risk agriculture loan pricing to allay the fear of default. Farmers should look for long-term and relatively cheaper funds to support agricultural loans. Increasing credit to the agricultural sector could increase output, thereby reducing food inflation uncertainty for competitive pricing of agricultural loans. Originality/value: Agriculture employs about 52% of Ghana's labor force, contributing about 20% to GDP. But it is "under" financed. This study leads the way in unraveling the factors accounting for the high prices of agricultural loans in Ghana. This study further contributes to policy development toward increasing credit to the agricultural sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main goals for Bangladesh is to achieve economic growth by increasing agricultural productivity. I will be conducting research to examine how agricultural financing and contributions impact Bangladesh. The researchers collected yearly time series data from the Bangladesh Bank (BB), Ministry of Finance (MoF), and Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) for the period of 2012 to 2022. This article employed the GMM estimation technique using SPSS to examine the short- and long-term relationships between agricultural financing and agricultural contribution, along with other control variables. The findings of the study showed that there are connections between agricultural funding and agricultural contribution in both the short-term and long-term. Additionally, agricultural productivity is affected by various dynamic factors including GDP, inflation, interest rates, and government agricultural spending. The dependent variable in this study was GDP, while the independent variable was agricultural production. Most agricultural processing sectors, along with some agricultural producing sectors, have a greater potential for making money. This research indicates that it would be beneficial to increase agricultural financing in order to support the economic development of Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was designed to analyse the impact of capital formation and investment sources on Nigeria's agricultural productivity from the period 1980 - 2021. The time series data were analysed with Malmquist Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and the tobit regression models using DEA, the Total Factor Productivity Change, which quantifies the degree of productivity, was estimated at 1.022, which implies an average productivity progress of 2.2% annually. Again, since the value of technical efficiency change is less than technological change, it implies that the productivity gains are mainly attributable to technological progress instead of efficiency improvements in the periods under the study. The results of tobit regression indicate that domestic capital formation significantly influences agricultural TFP, highlighting the importance of government expenditure on agriculture (GEA) and gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) in enhancing productivity, although with minimal effects. Human capital formation (HCF) also showed positive impacts on Total Factor Productivity TFP, suggesting that improvements in workforce skills and knowledge are crucial for agricultural efficiency. However, FDI exhibited no significant correlation with TFP, implying that local investments are more beneficial than foreign aids in the context of Nigeria's agricultural sector. The findings emphasize the need for robust policy frameworks that align capital disbursements with agricultural production periods to optimize TFP. This study contributes to the discourse on agricultural productivity by providing empirical evidence on the critical role of capital investments in enhancing TFP within developing economies like Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Agricultural Sciences / Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: This study assessed the heterogeneous impact of the Anchor Borrower Program (ABP) on the welfare distribution of rice farming households in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach: Self-selection bias and treatment endogeneity were accounted for by employing the Instrumental Variable Quantile Regression (IVQR) model. The estimates obtained from the IVQR model were further compared with those from the conventional quantile regression, and quantile regression using Propensity Score Matching. This was to highlight the extent to which endogeneity bias has been purged from the treatment, in order to establish a consistent causal link between participation in the ABP and the welfare of a cross-section of rice farming households. Findings: ABP farmers had significantly higher rice yields across all quantiles of the yield distribution under treatment exogeneity assumption, and in only two quantiles upon controlling for observable confounders. However, this yield gain did not translate to higher Per capita Consumption Expenditure (PCE). The estimates of the more robust IVQR model provided further evidence that the rice yield and PCE of ABP farmers are not statistically different from that of non-ABP farmers across all quantiles of the welfare distribution. Social implications: The negligible impact of ABP was relatively higher for lower-yielding households. Thus, implying that, although the ABP is a pro-poor development intervention, the program has not been sufficiently implemented to significantly improve the welfare of the dominant resource-poor farming households in Nigeria. Originality/value: This study assessed the impact of ABP beyond the conventional potential mean outcome framework by accounting for heterogeneity in treatment effect. Peer review: The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-02-2023-0083 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of the use of different types of loans in the real organization of agricultural production in Republic of Serbia was the focus of the authors of the study. The goal of the research was to determine the existence of legality based on the analysis of 7 factors affecting the loans of agricultural farms and medium-sized agricultural enterprises, namely: limit, repayment delay, efficiency, average exchange rate, possibility of repayment, increase in production, currency, as well as the overall score of all analyzed factors as well as the total score. Using the t test (Table 1), the authors found that there are significant differences in the evaluation of all 7 analyzed factors (p<0.0005*). In addition, the authors determined that there are significant differences in the evaluation of the use of three types of loans (p<0.0005*) by agricultural farms and medium-sized agricultural enterprises in the Republic of Serbia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural-urban migration has been very evident in global population changes in recent decades, especially in India, where migration growth rates are among the highest in the world. Many research articles focused only on the migration of young farmers in India. This article highlights the migration of young farmers from rural to urban areas in Bengaluru, their sustainability, and a survey made on the young farmer's migration. In this context, the study was conducted in the Bangalore region on the migration of Anantapur young farmers, Andhra Pradesh. This study examines the sustainability of young farmers after migration to urban areas and, based on this objective, to find out young migrant farmers are financially well-being or not. For the purpose of analysis, 500 primary data are collected from the young migrant farmers. The Probit model is employed to assess whether young migrant farmers were economically stable or not. The study's findings show that young migrated farmers to urban areas are more likely to be unsustainable due to the cost of living and additional costs. Young migrant farmers do not have enough income so they take loans from private lenders to meet their needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to extend the cooperative lifecycle theory, which builds on consecutive degeneration and regeneration of ideal cooperative values such as democracy, self‐help, and solidarity by offering a new regenerative mechanism. In this respect, the study imports multilevel imprinting theory from the organizational ecology domain to explicate the punctuated evolutionary pattern of Turkish agricultural credit cooperatives, which displayed significantly different characteristics from Raiffeisen cooperatives that cooperative discourse in Türkiye used for a long as a benchmark. The archival research undertaken in the study asserts that the imprints of Ottoman Memleket Sandiks (OMS) have stamped agricultural credit cooperatives of the Republican era long after their erosion. The resurrection of imprints was enabled by Ziraat Bank, which acted as an intermediary organization and took over the remnants of OMSs. Our analyses also suggest that the State's polity and policy transformations culminate in selective activation of past imprints within the Ziraat Bank, which, in turn, shaped the Turkish agricultural cooperative field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the impact of agricultural investments, credit and exports on agricultural growth in Nigeria (1981-2020). Annual data were sourced from the CBN Statistical bulletins, FAO and World Bank websites. The Vecto Error Correction Model (VECM) and Single-Equation Error-Correction-Model (ECM) were used to examine the long-run and short-run relationships of the variables respectively. The VECM results shows that coefficients of agricultural export (AEXP) and public agricultural investment (PAI) significantly influenced agricultural expansion (growth) in Nigeria in the long run. While in the short run, only the coefficient of foreign direct investment (FDIA) was found to have significant impact on agricultural growth in Nigeria. The study recommended that the government at all levels should create a favourable investment climate in terms of policies to draw foreign investment to the agricultural sector and, Federal and State Governments should increase its level of budgetary allocation to the agricultural segment of Nigeria economy to boost the agricultural sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of climate change have hit the agriculture sector in Africa hard. Making adjustments to adapt to the changing environment is critical for countries like Ethiopia, whose primary source of income is subsistence agriculture, which is heavily reliant on rainfall. As a result, establishing context-specific adaptation approaches is crucial for reducing the adverse effects of climate change. This study was conducted at Sofi district, Harari Regional State, Ethiopia, to compare the contribution of fruit tree–based agroforestry and monoculture in tackling climate change challenges. To choose two kebeles and 102 household heads, multistage random sampling was used. Soil and biomass measurements were used to collect soil samples and biomass samples. According to the findings of the study, there are significant differences in how agroforestry and monoculture smallholder farmers deal with climate change challenges in terms of livelihood strategies, with agroforestry smallholders being more resilient. Carbon stock accumulation was estimated to be 453.32 mg ha−1 in agroforestry and 124.7 mg ha−1 in monoculture, where no trees were found on monoculture land. The findings of the study demonstrated that carbon stock accumulation was statistically significant between the mean of soil organic carbon agroforestry land use. Agroforestry systems, in general, contribute significantly more to smallholder livelihoods, as well as the socioeconomic system, in the face of climate change concerns. Incorporating smallholders into an agroforestry system for long-term livelihood sustainability requires support in the form of resources, training, and research. In the face of climate change threats, local, regional, and national governments, as well as financial institutions and other agricultural credit providers, must support smallholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores the impact of the green–blue revolution on environmental sustainability proxied by production-based carbon emission and agro-environmental footprint in Pakistan between 1976 and 2020. The basic objective of this study is to evaluate and compare the impact of green–blue revolution on sustainable environment in different quantiles. Johansen co-integration test with trace and max eigenvalues determines the long-run relationship between green–blue revolution and environmental degradation in Pakistan. Using median quantile regression analysis, we find that agricultural machinery, pesticides, and aquaculture production are positive and significant factors of production-based carbon emissions with 0.49, 0.1, and 0.09 coefficient values, respectively, while fertilizers, agricultural credit, and HYV (high yield variety) seeds are not major determinants of production-based carbon emission. At the same time, high variety seeds and fertilizers enhance the agro-environmental footprint in Pakistan with 0.23 and 0.28 coefficients, respectively, by applying median quantile regression. Similarly, agricultural machinery, pesticides, agricultural credit, and aquaculture production are not the major determinants of agro-environmental footprint by using median quantile regression. However, the response of exogenous variables varies from quantile to quantile in the case of both environmental proxies. These results discuss implications for fruitful and effective policies and recommendations for a sustainable environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice agriculture provides millions of households with a steady source of income and employment. However, for small and marginal farmers, the exorbitant cost of production inputs presents a formidable obstacle in their pursuit of acquiring it. Credit constraints are a significant impediment to the adoption of agricultural technologies. Therefore, this paper identifies the determinant of access to rural credit and its impact on Boro rice production technology adoption in Bangladesh using cross-sectional data. The study employed probit regression, propensity score matching (PSM), inverse probability weighting (IPW), and inverse probability weighted regression adjustment (IPWRA) techniques. The findings indicate that age, family size, working members, and involvement in safety net programs negatively and significantly influence access to rural credit, while earning persons in the family, literacy, rice farming experience, remittance, and total income positively influence access to rural credit. The positive and significant ATT values suggested that access to rural credit has a positive and significant effect on technology adoption and the level of technology use. It was also found that access to rural credit has a heterogeneous effect. In particular, non-government organization (NGO) credit has a more significant impact on technology adoption than formal bank credit. Access to credit and the adoption of agricultural technologies can be greatly improved with the help of a location-specific rural credit policy and strong monitoring from the formal banking sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the extensive literature, farmers' credit access in SSA has been examined, albeit with limited evidence derived from health-related shocks (e.g. pandemics). While the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ''COVID-19″pandemic has exacerbated rural communities' economic downturn and financial challenges, there is still scant evidence on how this lethargy shaped farmers' credit access. Through 105 semi-structured household interviews and 10 key informant interviews in the Kwahu Afram Plains South District of Ghana, this research explores the variations and determinants of agricultural credit access in rural communities before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, using Analysis of Variance ''ANOVA'' and logistic regression. The findings revealed that while marital status, organizational membership and the size of household labour accounted for significant variations in agricultural credit access before the pandemic, variations during the pandemic were explained by income status, gender, and household labour. Furthermore, shifts in the determinants of agricultural credit access during the pandemic were reported as household labour size, marital status, and the interaction of motorbike ownership and organizational membership, which played crucial roles in predicting the likelihood of credit access before the pandemic. Conversely, during the pandemic, gender, savings, household labour size and livestock ownership significantly determined agricultural credit access in rural communities. Based on these empirical insights, the paper advocates that savings should be encouraged and social capital should be strengthened as pandemic resilience mechanisms. At the same time, policies and programs to improve agricultural credit access during health-related shocks should target vulnerable groups. This study contributes to the theoretical debate on rural farmers' credit access determinants, emphasizing the COVID-19 pandemic as a health shock.

AbstractRice plays a major role in the fight against food insecurity in developing countries such as Benin. The objective of this research is to evaluate the determinants of technical efficiency, the factors influencing this efficiency, as well as the constraints related to rice production in Benin. The technical efficiency levels were obtained from the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method and were regressed in a Tobit regression model to assess the determinants of the efficiency of rice producers. Production constraints were identified using Kendall’s W concordance test and descriptive statistics. The technical efficiency rate obtained was 51%. Inferential analysis showed that parameters such as the age of the rice producer, household size, the amount of agricultural credit obtained, and the use of inputs impact the technical efficiency of rice production. In addition, most rice producers suffer from limited access to agricultural credit and adequate agricultural equipment, while their production is subject to climatic hazards. Agricultural development policies related to the determinants of the technical efficiency of rice production should be formulated in order to improve the efficiency of the producers in Benin Republic.

Default in the repayment of agricultural input loans hampers the flow of funds, discourages lenders from investing more in agriculture and impairs the supply of agricultural inputs towards better productivity of important food crops like rice. This research therefore examined the perceived factors influencing repayment of agricultural input loans among rice farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria. The research specifically described the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, examined their perception on loan repayment and identified the institutional, economic and borrower-related factors that are perceived to influence loan repayment. A sample size of 180 rice farmers was obtained by using a three-stage sampling technique. Data analysis was done using both descriptive and inferential statistical tools. The study showed that rice farmers were of average age of 44 years, had average farming experience of 20.8 years and majority (65.6%) had low education. Their perception of loan repayment was average. All the farmers utilized their loans for farming, 55.6% repaid fully while 44.4 defaulted. Late disbursement of loan and high interest rate topped the perceived institutional factors that affect loan repayment while the economic factors were yield loss and low market prices and the major borrower-related factor was high household expenditure. The study concluded that age, education, income, farming experience, farm size, household size and amount of loan are related to loan repayment. The research also concluded that loan repayment is influenced by institutional, economic and borrower related factors. The study recommends: timely delivery of input loans; further extension education of farmers on better home management practices to reduce household expenditure; need for extension agents to work with research institutes to avail farmers improved varieties of rice to increase crop yield in order to enhance income and ease loan repayment; and lenders should prioritize experienced farmers in loan disbursement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of Kenya's population's livelihoods and agri-food systems rely on rain-fed agriculture making them vulnerable to climate change. The adverse effects of climate change on agricultural production have necessitated the promotion of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) technologies. Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) technologies help guide actions needed to transform and reorient agricultural systems to effectively support development and ensure food security by increasing farmers' resilience to climate change. This study sought to ascertain the current state of CSA practices among Kakamega County's smallholder farmers to identify the main drivers of CSA adoption. Stratified sampling was used to select six subcounties to represent the county's various agroecological zones and regions for the research sample. A combination of purposive and snowball sampling was used to select 428 smallholder CSA farmers of which 182 were adopters while 246 were dis-adopters. Primary data were collected using interview guides developed through the Kobo Collect Application. Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) statistical packages were used to process and analyze the data. This study established that CSA technologies in Kakamega are mainly promoted by international development partners, non-governmental organizations and research organizations. In addition, the most adopted CSA technologies were agroforestry, composting, and soil and water conservation structures, while pushpull technology, conservation agriculture, and vermiculture were the least adopted. This study, further, established that smallholder farmers' level of education, membership to a farmers' group, interaction with extension officers and farming experience influenced adoption of CSA technologies. Other factors are those that increase household productive resources, such as land ownership, household income, and access to agricultural credit. The results of this study suggest that those who promote CSA technologies, policymakers, extension service providers, and other stakeholders should take smallholder farmers' socioeconomic and biophysical factors into account when doing so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adoption of advanced agricultural technologies in Sub‐Saharan Africa remains disappointingly low, particularly among the millions of poor smallholders who account for most of the agricultural production. We conducted a randomized control trial in Ghana to assess the impact of easing drought‐risk constraints in the agricultural credit market, by bundling joint liability agricultural loans with index insurance, on smallholder farmers' agricultural technology adoption decisions. In the micro‐insurance treatment, any index insurance payouts go directly to farmers, while in the meso‐insurance treatment, payouts are issued to banks to be used to expunge farmers' debts. We find evidence that bundling joint liability lending with micro‐insurance increases adoption of fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insufficient capital investment coupled with limited land resources significantly limits cultivated land use efficiency (CLUE). China's rural credit policy system is currently growing, yet the impact of farmer-level credit on CLUE remains understudied. Therefore, this study investigated whether rural credit enhances CLUE by using the China Rural Revitalization Survey (CRRS) data. It explored the impact and mechanism of rural credit on CLUE using least squares regression and mediation models. According to our results, the average CLUE level for farmers in the study area was 0.661, which still had much room for improvement compared with Japan, which also has a large population but limited land. In addition, access to rural credit positively affected CLUE, with cultivated land scale-up and technological applications mediating the rural-credit-driven increase in CLUE. Further analyses of the rural credit allocation mode (RCAM) indicated that farmers' use of credit for investment in agricultural production factors boosted CLUE more than non-farming allocation of credit funds. These findings suggest that the government should continue to increase support for rural credit while improving the monitoring mechanism for credit allocation to prevent rural credit de-farming from hindering CLUE improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Although microfinance (MF) has been established as an effective approach to provide access to financial services for people in low income countries, close to one-third of adults worldwide, about 2 billion people, are still without access. The purpose of this study is therefore to provide knowledge on how MF institutions (MFIs) can innovate and scale their services to improve financial inclusion for more people in need, particularly small holder farmers. Design/methodology/approach: Recent research suggests that Grameen Foundation builds on well-established MF models and focuses on continuously improving the design and increasing the reach of its services. Based on a retrospective longitudinal design, this study draws on dynamic capability theory to identify important lessons in MF innovation at Grameen through analyses of seven key agricultural MF programs. Findings: This study finds that Grameen innovated these programs by sensing country-specific needs; seizing opportunities to use existing technology; creating linkages across multisector partners; adopting a business model that enabled replicability and sustainability of innovation transfer; and 5 integrating solutions that enabled process automation and scaling of outcomes. A key theoretical finding in applying dynamic capabilities theory to studies of innovation in MF revealed the core concepts to be transferrable, valuable, imitable and nonsubstitutable resources. Research limitations/implications: Using these insights, this study discusses theoretical, practical and policy implications of MF innovation to improve financial inclusion in low-income countries. Practitioners and researchers should assess the transferability of our findings to other MFIs and economic development contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ultimate goal of this paper was to examine the degree of elasticity between two variables, namely, agricultural credit and agricultural growth, in Angola in the period 2003–2022. Time series data were fitted into the ARDL test using various econometric techniques such as the ADF stationarity test, the Granger causality test, and the ordinary least squares method as well as a vector error correction model (VECM) to analyze the relationship between agricultural credit and agricultural economic growth, showing a causal relationship. Both the impacts through elasticities and the optimal point existing in this relationship were estimated. It was concluded that the impact of agricultural credit on agricultural GDP was 14.41%. The Granger causality test showed signs of a positive linkage between agricultural credit and agricultural GDP. However, there is a causal relationship between agricultural credit and agricultural GDP, in a unidirectional aspect. This result is consistent with most of the earlier studies reviewed in the literature, confirming that credit-oriented monetary policies can boost economic growth and, consequently, development in Angola. It is important for agricultural credit systems to be designed in a way that ensures equitable access, fair interest rates, and appropriate risk management mechanisms. Additionally, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms should be in place to assess the environmental and social impacts of credit programs on agricultural sustainability. It is worth noting that this is a first-of-its-kind study on the matter of the Angolan credit experience, specifically for the agricultural sector. Angola is still searching for a sustainable credit model that could be used as a catalyzer to boost growth and contribute to economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Good agricultural practices (GAPs) in mango production are essential to enable farm produce to be internationally competitive with sufficient institutional credit. Economic efficiency of 0.45 and 0.68 respectively for conventional and GAP farms in Krishnagiri district of Tamil Nadu, India implies that there is scope to increase mango output by 55% and 32% respectively, by optimum allocation of resources. The highest return invested by GAP borrowers might be due to efficient use of resource and GAPs. The extension workers should develop strategies to increase income through adoption of GAPs, efficient use of resources and strengthening the loan delivery mechanism to enhance mango production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]