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Downscaled climate projections need to be linked to downscaled projections of population and economic growth to fully develop implications for land, natural resources, and ecosystems for future scenarios. We develop an empirical spatiotemporal approach for jointly projecting population and income at the county scale in the United States that is consistent with neoclassical economic growth theory and overlapping labor markets and that accounts for labor migration and spatial spillovers. Downscaled projections generated for the five Shared Socioeconomic Pathways used to support global scenario analysis generally show growth focused around relatively few centers especially in the southeast and western regions, with some areas in the Midwest and northeast experiencing population declines. Results are consistent with economic growth theory and with historical trends in population change and convergence of per capita personal income across US counties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explores the significant role played by Chautauqua boosters in the Middle West and West from 1874-1900. Promotion of a vision of racial and religious progress; Reference to the origins of Chautauqua in forests and prairies of the Middle West; Factors that contribute to Chautauqua's appeal to Western boosters; Perceptions of the nineteenth-century urban development in the region; Projection by Chautauqua's Western boosters of an innovative vision of imaginative democracy deeply rooted in older modes of racial and moral authority.

Explores the role of women as city boosters in California. Reference to urban development related activities of California women; Implications of the increasing membership of women in chambers of commerce throughout the state in the 1910s and the 1920s; Reevaluation of interpretations of women's public work away from models stressing gender identity, moral and social reform, and political activism; Assertion that urban growth and development offered unlimited potential for economic prosperity that could be realized through the careful marketing of California.

Explores the important role played by the Chicago Western Railroad and Iowa Townsite Co. in the urban development of Iowa. Extent of Chicago Western Railroad's participation in townmaking; Discussion on the strategy of townbuilding in the region; Benefits of the development and promotion of Iowa's townsites; Factors that contributed to the failure in Iowa Townsite Co.'s scientific planning.

Explores the concept of boosterism and townsite development along the Minneapolis and St. Louis Railroad in South Dakota. Impact of the so-called “great Dakota bust” on railroad expansion plans; Inception of an impressive townsite development and booster program as an important corollary of the management of Minneapolis & St. Louis Railroad (M&Stl); Construction of a collection of secondary main lines and branches to dominate the eastern part of the state; Role of M&Stl townsite agent Thomas A. Way in the establishment of communities along the M&Stl lines.

Explores the influence of boosterism on the migration of African Americans in the West. Contribution of overzealous boosterism to the Kansas exodus; Adjustment of promotional efforts by boosters in the surrounding states in order to discourage overflow from the exodus; Publicity over the exodus that alerted some speculators to the profit potential of the black settler market; Conclusions implying that boosters regardless of color employed a common national assumption to which both blacks and white could relate.

The article questions the advocacy for industrial planning or reindustrialization as a means of restoring the productivity leadership to the U.S. The author believes that advocates of the concept simply mean that government should perform more effectively the functions that people expect it to perform. The advocates stress the need for government to maintain and enhance the network of roads and bridges and to upgrade the education and skills of the work force. The elements of reindustrialization is presented and the author questions whether it is likely to help or hinder in the task of lifting the economy up.

The article reports on the marketing and distribution differences between the United States and Great Britain. The author puts forth the idea that American marketing calls for products to become obsolete very quickly due to newer models being marketed. An example of refrigerator models is presented to illustrate this point. The United States' market is described as more energetic and experimental than Britain's. Technological innovation, natural resources and a growing domestic market are the primary factors which aid the U.S. market. The British consumer is noted for a distrust of novelty, innate conservatism and preference for that which is familiar.

The article focuses on state-owned business enterprises in underdeveloped nations. It comments on the use of foreign assistance programs to enable developing nations to become self-sufficient. It states that private foreign enterprise is often viewed as akin to colonialism and mentions that many developing countries are former colonies. It suggests that state-owned business enterprises do not need to represent a commitment to socialism. It states that the U.S. is in a position through financing state enterprises to improve the country's performance, possibly through a combination of education and conditions stipulated with loans and grants used for state enterprises.

Coastal risks are increasing from both development and climate change. Interest is growing in the protective role that coastal nature-based measures (or green infrastructure), such as reefs and wetlands, can play in adapting to these risks. However, a lack of quantitative information on their relative costs and benefits is one principal factor limiting their use more broadly. Here, we apply a quantitative risk assessment framework to assess coastal flood risk (from climate change and economic exposure growth) across the United States Gulf of Mexico coast to compare the cost effectiveness of different adaptation measures. These include nature-based (e.g. oyster reef restoration), structural or grey (e.g., seawalls) and policy measures (e.g. home elevation). We first find that coastal development will be a critical driver of risk, particularly for major disasters, but climate change will cause more recurrent losses through changes in storms and relative sea level rise. By 2030, flooding will cost $134–176.6 billion (for different economic growth scenarios), but as the effects of climate change, land subsidence and concentration of assets in the coastal zone increase, annualized risk will more than double by 2050 with respect to 2030. However, from the portfolio we studied, the set of cost-effective adaptation measures (with benefit to cost ratios above 1) could prevent up to $57–101 billion in losses, which represents 42.8–57.2% of the total risk. Nature-based adaptation options could avert more than $50 billion of these costs, and do so cost effectively with average benefit to cost ratios above 3.5. Wetland and oyster reef restoration are found to be particularly cost-effective. This study demonstrates that the cost effectiveness of nature-based, grey and policy measures can be compared quantitatively with one another, and that the cost effectiveness of adaptation becomes more attractive as climate change and coastal development intensifies in the future. It also shows that investments in nature-based adaptation could meet multiple objectives for environmental restoration, adaptation and flood risk reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Since the site of human subjects research has public health, regulatory, ethical, economic, and social implications, we sought to determine the global distribution and migration of clinical research using an open-access trial registry. Methods: We obtained individual clinical trial data including location of trial sites, dates of operation, funding source (United States government, pharmaceutical industry, or organization), and clinical study phase (1, 1/2, 2, 2/3, or 3) from ClinicalTrials.gov. We used the World Bank's classification of each country's economic development status ["High Income and a Member of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)", "High Income and Non-Member of the OECD", "Upper-Middle Income", "Lower-Middle Income", or "Low Income"] and United Nations Populations Division data for country-specific population estimates. We analyzed data from calendar year 2006 through 2012 by number of clinical trial sites, cumulative trial site-years, trial density (trial site-years/106 population), and annual growth rate (%) for each country, and by development category, funding source, and clinical study phase. Results: Over a 7-year period, 89,647 clinical trials operated 784,585 trial sites in 175 countries, contributing 2,443,850 trial site-years. Among those, 652,200 trial sites (83%) were in 25 high-income OECD countries, while 37,195 sites (5%) were in 91 lower-middle or low-income countries. Trial density (trial site-years/106 population) was 540 in the United States, 202 among other high-income OECD countries (excluding the United States), 81 among high-income non-OECD countries, 41 among upper-middle income countries, 5 among lower-middle income countries, and 2 among low-income countries. Annual compound growth rate was positive (ranging from 0.8% among low-income countries to 14.7% among lower-middle income countries) among all economic groups, except the United States (-0.5%). Overall, 29,191 trials (33%) were funded by industry, 4,059 (5%) were funded by the United States government, and 56,397 (63%) were funded by organizations. Countries with emerging economies (low- and middle-income) operated 19% of phase 3 trial sites, as compared to only 6% of phase 1 trial sites. Conclusion: Human clinical research remains concentrated in high-income countries, but operational clinical trial sites, particularly for phase 3 trials, may be migrating to low- and middle-income countries with emerging economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a diffusion process to describe the global dynamic evolution of credit operations at a national level given observed operations at a subnational level in a sovereign country. Empirical analysis with a unique dataset from Brazilian federate constituents supports the conclusions. Despite the heterogeneity observed in credit operations at a subnational level, the aggregated dynamics at a national level were accurately described by the proposed model. Results may guide management of public finances, particularly debt manager authorities in charge of reaching surplus targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we extend some usual techniques of classification resulting from a large-scale data-mining and network approach. This new technology, which in particular is designed to be suitable to big data, is used to construct an open consolidated database from raw data on 4 million patents taken from the US patent office from 1976 onward. To build the pattern network, not only do we look at each patent title, but we also examine their full abstract and extract the relevant keywords accordingly. We refer to this classification as semantic approach in contrast with the more common technological approach which consists in taking the topology when considering US Patent office technological classes. Moreover, we document that both approaches have highly different topological measures and strong statistical evidence that they feature a different model. This suggests that our method is a useful tool to extract endogenous information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article proposes a realistic agenda that would promote a sustainable, long-term commitment to economic growth in the U.S. Topics discusses include fundamental elements of this strategy to promote long-term American competitiveness; incentives to offshore jobs; and fiduciary accountability of institutional investors.

The article discusses the methods of planning for a post-war economy on the Pacific Coast of the United States. This area of the nation has been more intensely affected by wartime distortions than any other area of the nation. Because this area serves as an embarcation points for many military personnel, it has boomed in the defense industry business, as well as represents a potential combat zone. Thus, planning in this region is important to avoid a heavy displacement of workers as the country adjusts to a peacetime economy. The area has received assistance from national organizations such as the Committee for Economic Development as well as state and local governments.

Official statistical data on the structure, evolution and performance of the U.S. economy are produced by a variety federal, state and local agencies. Much of the methodology, policy frameworks and infrastructure for U.S. economic measurement have been in place for decades. There are growing concerns that the economy is evolving more rapidly than are the economic statistics we use to monitor it. We discuss both the challenges and opportunities to modernizing federal economic statistics. We describe an incremental approach that federal statistics agencies can follow to build a 21st century economic measurement system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the concept of triple bottom line (TBL) and its relevance to economic development. It tackles the focus of the concept on the economic, environmental and social value of an investment, motivations for addressing triple bottom line performance, ways that development investment can yield triple bottom line impact, and examples of the use of TBL approaches in rural, urban and sub-urban communities in the U.S.

The article explores the life and career of economist Albert Otto Hirschman. It offers information his educational background and his service in the U.S. Army during World War II. Emphasis is given to aspects of his academic career and scholarly legacy in development economics and the study of developing countries.

The article presents a reprint of the article "Start with a sound budget, then challenge everything that's holding the economy back," by George P. Shultz and his coworkers published in the "Wall Street Journal." It mentions that the U.S. needs to develop a long term strategy which must be based on principles of the free-enterprise system. It focuses on strategic economic thinking which can establish policies that help in economic growth, employment, and American geopolitical leadership.

Because of several policy distortions, including import-substitution industrialization, widespread government intervention, and both domestic and international competitive barriers, there has been a general presumption that Latin America has been much less productive than the leading economies in the last decades. In this paper we show, however, that until the late 1970s Latin American countries had high productivity levels relative to the United States. It is only after the late 1970s that we observe a fast decrease of relative total factor productivity (TFP) in Latin America. We also show that the inclusion of human capital in the production function makes a crucial difference in the TFP calculations for Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of economics since 1945 was marked by an increasing internationalization that was simultaneously in large part a process of Americanization. This article focuses on the role refugee economists from Continental Europe played in the rise of American economics. It focuses on the emigration of German-speaking economists after 1933; and then deals with the special case of Jacob Marschak who emigrated twice, first from the Soviet Union in 1919 and then from Nazi Germany, and exerted a greater influence in Britain and in the USA. Finally important contributions by émigré economists to game theory, public finance and development economics are reflected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accountability movement in public policy hails a new programme for US foreign assistance - the Millennium Challenge Account established in 2004 with the aim of 'picking winners' for grants among developing countries based on their demonstrated quality of governance. This article uses the MCA's own rating system to dispute its claim to know in advance which countries are best positioned to meet major development goals. High governance scores alone bear little or no relationship to growth in national income or decline in poverty. Attempting to measure public-policy performance limits the range of choice available to policy-makers, and may inadvertently limit true performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author reflects on the kind acts extended by the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE) and its members to the author which he thinks have enabled him to have a meaningful career as an economist. He relates how PIDE became his refuge after his graduation from the Dhaka University at the end of 1959. He shares his selection for graduate studies in the U.S. by the Institute under the Ford Foundation scholarship.

Demographers emphasize decreased mortality and “economic development” as the main contributors generating the demographic transition. Contrary to previous findings, we show that simple dynastic models à la Barro–Becker can reproduce observed changes in fertility in response to decreased mortality and increased productivity growth if the intertemporal elasticity of substitution is low enough. We show that this is largely due to number and welfare of children being substitutes in the utility of parents in this case. We find that with an IES of one-third, model predictions of changes in fertility amount to two-thirds of those observed in U.S. data since 1800. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article surveys a half century of American policy toward African countries, tracing its origins to the policy advocated in the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration by then Vice President Richard Nixon that the United States should both acknowledge that African nationalism was a positive force and accept that the newly independent countries of the continent would need to focus on economic development. Tracing the evolution of U.S.-Africa interaction over the course of the succeeding ten presidencies, the author discerns a considerable continuity in Washington's adherence to the twin Nixonian principles that economic development should be the core policy and that respect for African independence and “nationalism” constitutes the foundation of diplomatic relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses American economic development cooperation policy toward nations in Southeast Asia during the 1950's. Initially reviewed are the ideals and institutional bases of that American development policy. The regional application and outcomes of those American stances are specifically examined with respect to the modernization and attempts to transform the economies of Indonesia and South Vietnam. The limitations of these efforts are outlined in what the author says are new interpretations based on the efforts' occurring in the context of local resistance and the Cold War.

The article discusses the economic development and modernization policies of the United States with respect to developing countries in Asia, beginning with the activities of U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles in the 1950's. The author examines attitudes toward development and development policy stemming from the reformist impulses of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson and going forward the utility of development policy in the context of the Cold War. The discrepancy between the rhetoric and political behavior of the U.S. in its development policy is also discussed.

The neoliberalization of urban governance has profoundly problematized issues of 'local' and 'urban' democracy on both sides of the Atlantic. This paper explores the changing modalities of urban democracy under neoliberalism through a case study of Over-the-Rhine, Cincinnati. A historically maligned inner-city neighbourhood, Over-the-Rhine is the locus for a concerted neoliberalizing gentrification drive and site of a coordinated resistance to market-oriented redevelopment. Three key processes of neoliberal restructuring are analyzed to highlight the centrality of contestations over local democracy for local economic development. Governance restructuring and the implementation of key spatial imaginaries are argued to produce a neoliberal articulation of urban democracy that discursively legitimizes development from above via an understanding of the neighbourhood as a physical environment, usurping pre-existing grassroots organizations conceptualizing Over-the-Rhine as a social structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the research on passports and economic development during the ninteenth century by the elites in the U.S. It states that the differences of the universal decline in the standard of living in the nonmodern America were authenticated for slaves and the dwellers of separated regions. It mentions that the evidence from the applications of passport at present proposes that even in the structured market in the urban northeast, part of the population was almost resistant against the forces that cause the decline of net-nutritional status that the common man went through.

It is widely held that foreign direct investment (FDI) has a positive effect on economic growth. To test this hypothesis, we perform convergence regressions derived from a theoretical model on the impact of FDI on endogenous technological change in small economies. The model includes FDI externalities that enhance growth, but also shows that FDI can crowd out host country income and reduce local innovation. The empirical analysis employs disaggregated US data for various FDI-related activities—in addition to the conventionally used aggregate FDI stocks and flows. We estimate the net FDI impact on the convergence rate of per-capita income to US levels, controlling for human development, financial development, and trade. We find that FDI accelerates convergence for high-income countries only, otherwise slowing it down. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the government's power in possessing private properties for economic development in the U.S. Under just compensation, the government can transfer property from A to B when it is rationally conceivable that B's use will benefit the public. Meanwhile, governments have made use of eminent domain for the construction of roads and other projects with a clear public use.