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This study was intended to determine the melissopalynological characteristics, LAB color, browning index, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, phenolic profile, and their correlations within Iranian honeys. Ten honey samples were collected from beekeepers in various floristic regions of Iran, along with two commercial multi-floral samples. To determine the antioxidant activity, three methods of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, β-carotene bleaching, and Ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) were used. Phenolic compounds were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC–DAD). Pollen analysis revealed that bees primarily fed on the Fabaceae and Asteraceae families in the Iranian flora. The local samples were taxonomically categorized as multi-floral honey. Besides, the commercial samples demonstrated the lowest levels of total phenolics and relatively poor antioxidant activity across all three methods. Syringic acid and luteolin were the predominant phenolic compounds in all samples. A strong correlation (p < 0.01) was found between color, melanoidin content and antioxidant activity, while no significant correlation existed between phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Overall, the results confirmed that examined multi-floral honeys exhibited inferior antioxidant activity compared to studies conducted in other regions worldwide, possibly due to sugar-fed bees, insufficient levels of potent phenolic constituents, and post-harvest thermal treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The wound healing process, restoring the functionality of the damaged tissue, can be accelerated by various compounds. The recent experimental analysis highlights the beneficial effects of phytochemicals in improving skin regeneration and wound healing. In traditional medicine, one of the widespread plants used for treating different injuries or skin afflictions is Galium aparine L. (GA). Besides, previously reported chemical compounds of GA suggested its therapeutic effects for the wound healing process, yet its regulatory effects on the cellular and molecular stages of the wound healing process have not been investigated. Methods: In the present study, the phytochemical profile of the GA extract was analyzed using HPTLC fingerprinting, and further scientific evaluation of its phytochemicals was done. The wound-healing effects of GA extract were explored at the cellular and molecular levels while accounting for cell toxicity. The wound closure enhancing effect, antibacterial activity, and antioxidant activity were assessed. Results: The HPTLC fingerprinting of the GA extract proved its previously reported phytochemical profile including phenols, flavonoids, tannins, plant acids, ergot alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, terpenoids, sterols, salicin, lipophilic compounds, saponins, iridoids, and heterocyclic nitrogen compounds. Antimicrobial assessment, of the extract, indicated the more susceptibility of S. aureus to the inhibitory effects of GA rather than E. coli and S. epidermidis. DPPH test results revealed the antioxidant property of GA extract, which was comparable to ascorbic acid. The results of the viability assay showed no cytotoxicity effects on human umbilical endothelial cell (HUVEC) and normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cell lines treated with different concentrations of whole plant extract and cell viability increased in a dose-dependent manner. The results of the scratch assay showed improved cell migration and wound closure. Conclusions: This study shows the anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, and in vitro wound healing wound-healing effects of GA hydroalcoholic extract, which aligns with its use in traditional medicine. No cytotoxicity effects were shown. The results from this study can be the basis for further investigations such as animal models and phytochemical studies. Further evaluation of its effects on mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in the wound healing processes such as angiogenesis and cell proliferation can provide novel insights into the potential therapeutic effects of the GA extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Helicobacter pylori are the principal causative factor in the etiological factors of chronic, active, or type B gastritis; peptic and duodenal ulcers; stomach carcinoma; and epithelial tissue lymphoid malignancies. It infects more than half of the population worldwide. To reduce H. pylori production, pharmacological therapy of H. pylori diseases typically involves using threefold treatment methods. However, as a result of such therapy, antimicrobial resistance is commonly developed. Alternative therapeutics for H. pylori diseases are thus of particular interest. Methods. Thyme essential oils (EOs) obtained from T. caramanicus Jalas plants in Iran were tested for antibacterial activity against H. pylori obtained from 320 poultry specimens in this investigation. Antibacterial activity was measured using inhibition zones, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs). The impact of T. caramanicus Jalas essential oils on H. pylori isolate cagA, vacA, and babA2 gene expression was evaluated using a quantitative real‐time PCR method (p < 0.05). Results. The chemical content of these EOs varied significantly according to chromatographic examination. Thymol, carvacrol, and terpinene‐4‐ol are the most abundant components in these EOs. H. pylori was recognized as a Helicobacter species with a 175‐bp PCR product of 16S rRNA in 20/20 (100%). According to PCR results, all 20 (100%) isolates belonged to H. pylori. The EOs inhibited H. pylori in a dose‐dependent manner, with T. caramanicus Jalas being the most effective, followed by pterygium EOs in decreasing order. At 8 mg/mL of T. caramanicus Jalas EOs, IZs against H. pylori were 27.4 ± 0.42 mm, and at 8 mg/mL of pterygium, IZs against H. pylori were 1 ± 0.02. T. caramanicus Jalas essential oils were used to treat all bacteria, and the findings showed that T. caramanicus Jalas had a substantial inhibitory impact on the expression of cagA, vacA, and babA2 virulence‐related genes (p < 0.05). Conclusions. In a dose‐dependent manner, the EOs of T. caramanicus Jalas EO demonstrated a high degree of antimicrobial property against H. pylori bacteria. The most efficient EOs were those from T. caramanicus Jalas with relative concentrations of thymol and carvacrol, followed by the coumarin‐dominated pterygium EO with reduced antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mentha longifolia L. is a perennial plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family that has a wide distribution in the world. M. longifolia has many applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to its terpenoid and phenolic compounds. The phytochemical profile and biological activity of plants are affected by their genetics and habitat conditions. In the present study, the content, constituents and antifungal activity of the essential oil extracted from 20 accessions of M. longifolia collected from different regions of Iran and Iraq countries were evaluated. Results: The essential oil content of the accessions varied between 1.54 ± 0.09% (in the Divandarreh accession) to 5.49 ± 0.12% (in the Khabat accession). Twenty-seven compounds were identified in the essential oils of the studied accessions, which accounted for 85.5-99.61% of the essential oil. The type and amount of dominant compounds in the essential oil were different depending on the accession. Cluster analysis of accessions based on essential oil compounds grouped them into three clusters. The first cluster included Baziyan, Boukan, Sarouchavah, Taghtagh, Darbandikhan, Isiveh and Harir. The second cluster included Khabat, Kounamasi, Soni and Mahabad, and other accessions were included in the third cluster. Significant correlations were observed between the essential oil content and components with the climatic and soil conditions of the habitats. The M. longifolia essential oil indicated antifungal activity against Fusarium solani in both methods used. In all studied accessions, the fumigation method compared to the contact method was more able to control mycelia growth. In both methods, the inhibition percentage of essential oil on mycelia growth increased with an increase in essential oil concentration. Significant correlations were found between the essential oil components and the inhibition percentage of mycelium growth. Conclusion: The studied M. longifolia accessions showed significant differences in terms of the essential oil content and components. Differences in phytochemical profile of accessions can be due to their genetic or habitat conditions. The distance of the accessions in the cluster was not in accordance with their geographical distance, which indicates the more important role of genetic factors compared to habitat conditions in separating accessions. The antifungal activity of essential oils was strongly influenced by the essential oil quality and concentration, as well as the application method. Determining and introducing the elite accession in this study can be different depending on the breeder's aims, such as essential oil content, desired chemical composition, or antifungal activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Anabasis aphylla L. aerial parts was harvested from five different populations located in Golestan National Park, Iran. The phenolic content and antioxidant potencies of the ethanolic extracts were measured using the Folin–Ciocalteu and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods, respectively. Moreover, the effects of two factors soil electrical conductivity and soil acidity on phenolic content and antioxidant properties of the extracts were evaluated. Consequently, no significant difference between different populations of Anabasis aphylla L. in terms of total phenol content was detected; however, a significant difference was observed between the electrical conductivity of the soil samples. The studied factors showed no significant correlation between the electrical conductivity and soil acidity with the total phenol and antioxidant effect, although a negative correlation between total phenol and IC50 (–0.81) was identified. In conclusion, the present study the effect of two factors of soil acidity and electrical conductivity on the amount of total phenol is not confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we develop novel type of antibacterial chitosan-propolis NPs to improve theantimicrobial activity against various pathogens. To this aim, we primarily extracted propolis with methylal and ethanol as green solvents and its encapsulation with chitosan NPs. The developed propolis loaded chitosan NPs indicated antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties against various gram positive and negative. FTIR revealed the successful encapsulation of the propolis extract with Ethanol (PE) and Methylal (PM) into the chitosan nano career matrix. HPLC and GC-MASS also confirmed the presence of flavonoids and phenols compounds of propolis extracted with both solvents. In addition, we confirmed the total phenolic and flavonoid compounds in propolis by calorimetric method of Folin–Ciocalteu and aluminum trichloride complex formation assays, respectively. PE-CH and PM-CH were optimized regarding physicochemical properties such as particle size, zeta potential, and poly dispersity index (PDI) index. DLS and SEM micrographs confirmed a spherical morphology in a range of 360–420 nm with Z potential values of 30–48 mV and PDI of 0.105–0.166 for PE-CH and PM-CH, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency was evaluated using colorimetric analysis, with median values ranging from 90 to 92%. The MIC values within the range of 2 to 230 µg/ml and MBC values between 3 to 346 μg/ml against both gram-positive and negative bacteria. While both PE and PM showed a significant reduction in the number of E. coli, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis, the use of PE-CH and PM-CH led to a statistically significant and greater reduction in number of E. coli, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis strains on the biofilm, pre-formed biofilm and planktonic phases. Besides, the DPPH assay showed significant antioxidant activity for these NPs within the range of 36 to 92%. MTT assay for MHFB-1, HFF, L929, MDF, and MCF-7 cells exhibited statistically significant differences in each other that show the IC50 between 60–160 µg/ml for normal cells and 20 for cancer cells. Finally the present study indicated that both PM and PM-CH greater than PE and PE-CH in which contain high flavonoid and phenolic contents with a high antioxidation potential antioxidant properties, which could be beneficial for cell proliferation and antibiotic and anticancer applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grapes are one of the most important agricultural products which could be used either as a fresh fruit or a processed food. In Iran, grapes are very crucial agricultural and commercial products. Every year, a massive volume of grapes waste is made by the units of grape Doshab producers, so the producers are engaging with many problems of waste disposal. Grapes waste is a valuable source of natural pigment and antioxidant compounds specifically polyphenols compounds. Extracting antioxidant compounds from cheap primary materials like grapes waste is a suitable method for various food and pharmaceutical industries. In this research and aim to finding optimum state for extracting phenolic compounds from Shani grapes skin, response surface method (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) with 3 independent variables (extraction time using ultrasonic bath, liquid to solid phase ratio and ethanol solvent concentration) were applied. The optimum condition for extraction of this compound was 59.06% concentration of ethanol, 16.08 ml/g liquid to solid phase ratio and 24.12 min extraction time. The research results have shown that the extract of Shani grapes skin contains 8 different phenolic compounds, which among them epigallocatechin and catechin had highest concentration. Consequently, by finding optimum condition of phenolic compounds extraction, these compounds could be produced in pilot scale for utilizing in food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant responses to multiple environmental conditions in the habitat are characterized by intra-species variety. Ferula assa-foetida L. is a native medical plant in Iran, which has a wide range of therapeutic and pharmacological properties. The objective of the current study was to identify changes in phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and essential oil (EO) composition in different tissues (leaf, flower and fruit) of three populations of F. assa-foetida L. (Sarbisheh, Nehbandan, located in South Khorasan province of Iran). The results showed that total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity in the leaves of Sarbisheh were higher than in other treatments. The amount of TPC, TFC and DPPH scavenging activity in leaves was higher than in other tissues in the Sarbisheh population, increasing by 31 and 70%, 41 and 20%, 8 and 13%, respectively, over that of flowers and fruits. The main EO compounds of leaves were α -pinene (11.86–13.56%), β -pinene (6.80–7.99%), bornyl acetate (15.80–17.33%). The main EO constitutes of flowers were Z-propenyl-sec-butyldisulfide (10.12–12.4%), eco-fenchyl acetate (10.87–12.4%), myrcisticin (13.43–15.87%) and α -bisabolol (11.23–13.76%). The primary compounds of fruit EO were β -pinene (9.32–11.26%), (Z)-1-propenyl sec butyldisulf (17.54–18.87%) and (E)-1-propenyl sec butyldisulf (28.32–30.02%). The agglomerative hierarchical clustering showed that three distinguished clusters were identified for population, where Nehbandan and Qaen had the higher similarity and Sarbisheh completely differed from the two ones. Different plant tissues contain varying types of chemicals, with leaves exhibiting higher levels of phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. This characteristic can be beneficial for industries such as food and pharmaceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbal components are highly useful assets for the advancement of novel antibacterial drugs. Nanotechnology holds great promise as an approach to enhance the effectiveness and develop the composition of these substances. The study developed nanogels incorporating camphor, thymol, and a combination derived from the initial nanoemulsions with particle sizes of 103, 85, and 135 nm, respectively. The viscosity of nanogels and the successful loading of compounds in them were examined by viscometery and ATR-FTIR studies. The bactericidal properties of the nanogels were examined against four bacterial strains. The nanogel containing camphor and thymol at 1250 µg/mL concentration exhibited complete growth suppression against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The thymol nanogel at 1250 µg/mL and the camphor nanogel at 2500 µg/mL exhibited complete inhibition of growth on Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli, respectively. Both nanogels showed favorable effectiveness as antibacterial agents and could potentially examine a wide range of pathogens and in vivo studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Herbal medicines are the preferred anticancer agents due to their lower cytotoxic effects on healthy cells. Plant lignans play an important role in treating various diseases, especially cancer. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of podophyllotoxin, pinoresinol, and lariciresinol on cellular toxicity and inducing apoptosis in fibroblasts, HEK-293, and SkBr3 cell lines. Methods: An in vitro study was conducted from 2017 to 2019 at the Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University (Tehran, Iran). The cell lines were treated for 24 and 48 hours with different concentrations of lignans. Cell viability and apoptosis were examined using MTT and flow cytometry, respectively. Expression levels of cell cycle and apoptosis regulator genes were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Data were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's HSD test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Podophyllotoxin significantly increased apoptosis in fibroblast cells compared to pinoresinol and lariciresinol (P<0.001). The percentage of cell viability of fibroblast cells treated for 48 hours with pinoresinol, lariciresinol, and podophyllotoxin was reduced by 49%, 47%, and 36%, respectively. Treatment with pinoresinol and lariciresinol significantly overexpressed pro-apoptotic genes and underexpressed anti-apoptotic genes in SkBr3 cells (P<0.001). SkBr3 cells treated with lariciresinol significantly reduced gene expression (P<0.001). Conclusion: Pinoresinol and lariciresinol can potentially be used as new therapeutic agents for the treatment of breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to identify the phytochemical constituents of 79 different samples of black tea, including varieties from India, Iran (IrT), Turkey (TT), and Sri Lanka. In addition, this study investigates the effect of varying brewing times on the quality characteristics of tea. Therefore, we analyzed the phytochemical content of tea using a novel LC–MS/MS method that we developed, which identifies 53 different phenolic compounds. Furthermore, objective evaluations were conducted on the total phenolic compound, total flavonoid compound, antioxidant activity, and color values at 15, 30, and 60‐min brewing intervals. The prevailing phenolic compounds discovered in the corresponding tea classifications were quantitatively analyzed to be quinic acid, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, gallic acid, nicotiflorine, and isoquercitrin. The study found that the TT and IrT groups had the richest phytochemical content and the highest antioxidant activity. The Turkish tea group had the highest measurement for the desired red color, which is considered a sensory property. Infusion color, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic and flavonoid contents showed significant increases with prolonged brewing time. It was important to note that the chemical composition of tea varies according to its origin and brewing conditions. Extending the brewing time improved the quality of the tea. It should be noted, however, that longer brewing times result in a more intense release of flavonoids, and this increase may have a pro‐oxidant effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Bisphenol A [BPA; 2,2-bis-(4 hydroxyphenyl) propane] is an environmental estrogenic and endocrine-disrupting compound that exerts its destructive effects through increasing oxidative stress, but the mechanisms underlying this effect have not yet been fully explained. This study evaluates BPA toxicity in muscle cells and the therapeutic potential of adiponectin (APN) and quercetin (QUER). Materials & Methods: Confluent L6 rat muscle cells were exposed to BPA (50 and 100 μM) with APN (10 and 100 ng/ml) and QUER (10 and 25 mM) for 24 and 48 hours. Cell viability, pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance (PAB), catalase (CAT) activity, and KEAP1/Nrf2 gene expression were analyzed using desired methods. Results: BPA in high doses (100 mM) significantly reduced the viability of the muscle cells, while APN and QUER increased cell survival in a time-dependent manner. The effect of QUER also was dose-dependent, while APN in high doses decreased the viability of the muscle cells. APN and QUER also reduced BPA-associated oxidative stress. These changes were significant in the case of QUER. The CAT activity was reduced in BPA-treated cells, which was notably increased with APN and QUER treatment. A decrease in Nrf2 gene expression of BPA-treated muscle cells improved by treatment with QUER and APN in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: Our results hinted that APN and QUER could modulate BPA-induced oxidative stress in muscle cells through KEAP1/Nrf2 pathways. Accordingly, it can also be concluded that APN in low doses and QUER may significantly reduce muscle toxicity caused by BPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is the most expensive spice in the world and rich in a variety of bioactive compounds including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and vitamins. Saffron is used in food, cosmetics, perfumery, and dye industries due to its color, taste, aroma, and medicinal properties. The extraction of bioactive compounds imposes a constant search for economically and environmentally viable extraction strategies for higher yields including the solvent type. The research was carried out to evaluate total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity of C. sativus L. anthers using different extraction solvents including ethanol, methanol, and distilled water. The results showed that ethanol was the most effective extraction solvent type exhibiting the highest TPC (7.29 mg GAE g-1 DW), TFC (3.77 mg QE g-1 DW), and antioxidant activity of flavonoids (88%) and ascorbic acid (76.07%). Flavonoids proved to be stronger antioxidants than ascorbic acid, irrespective of solvent type, however the ethanolic extracts showed significantly higher antioxidant activity. A Reverse Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography method revealed that gallic acid (3.1 mg g-1), syringic acid (0.2 mg g-1), and vanillic acid (0.13 mg g-1) were the main phenolic compounds detected in the dried anther ethanolic extracts, while quercetin (2.13 mg g-1), pyrogallol (1.73 mg g-1), kaempferol (1.2 mg g-1), rutin (0.2 mg g-1), and tricin (0.1 mg g-1) the main flavonoid compounds. Thus, apart from the spice, constituted by the red stigmas, the production of other flower parts such as the anthers, so far considered agricultural waste can constitute a rich source of bioactive compounds of high antioxidant potential by setting quality standards for new products' development and ensuring better valorization of saffron's bioresidues in Mashhad region of Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hackberry (Celtisaustralis L.) is native to the Mediterranean region and is distributed in Europe, Turkey, North Africa, and Iran. To the best of our knowledge, no study has been conducted on C.australis L. in the Arasbaran region, Iran. In the present study, total phenol (TP), flavonoid (TF), antioxidant capacity based on DPPH and FRAP assays and phenolic compounds and sugars profiles were investigated. According to the results, the range of antioxidant capacity based on DPPH and FRAP assays was 14.12–88.24% and 44.35–117.87 mg Fe2+/100 g, respectively. Also, the range of gallic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, p-coumaric acid, rosmaric acid, cinnamic acid, and apigenin content was 2.59–26.32, 2.03–9.32, 0.94–11.35, 1.80–4.857, 2.32–9.52, 4.74–51.38, 0.18–2.10 and 0.27–1.37 mg/g, respectively. The results of factor analysis showed that the C12, C14, C15, C20, C8, C16, C3, and C20 genotypes are positively characterized by the first principal component (PCA1) that have a higher caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, p-coumaric acid, rosmaric acid, quercetin, cinnamic acid, and apigenin phenolic compounds. Based on cluster analysis, the twenty genotypes were located in 2 main clusters. In general, the obtained results can be useful for breeding programs and the introduction of cultivars in Celtisaustralis L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the favorite issues for the ecologists and physiologists is searching the effects of the environmental factors (i.e. salinity, temperature, drought, rainfall, etc.) in the plants. In the present paper, the response of the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in different populations of Pistacia atlantica and Pistacia khinjuk were investigated under different climatic conditions. Ten trees of any population of P. atlantica and P. khinjuk were garnered from diverse locations of Iran in September, 2017. The leaf samples were transferred to the laboratory using liquid nitrogen and were frozen for analysis of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in different populations. According to the soil and climatic analyses, Jebalbarez, Sangan and Anjirk are more stressful compared to other regions. Generally, our results unveiled that the contents of protein, proline and total soluble sugar like compatible osmolytes in some populations of P. atlantica are higher than those of P. khinjuk. The antioxidant enzyme activities including superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase were more in P. khinjuk. The activity of key enzymes in the biosynthesis pathway of the phenolic compounds in P. khinjuk was more than that of P. atlantica. Furthermore, the content of non-enzymatic antioxidants such as phenol, flavonoids and tocopherols in P. atlantica was higher than that of P. khinjuk. The respiratory enzymes (e.g. aconitase, fumarase and succinate dehydrogenase) had high activity in P. khinjuk. P. atlantica used more non-enzymatic systems; however, P. khinjuk applied the enzymatic system in response to different climatic conditions. In conclusion, the present study revealed that P. atlantica used more of the osmoregulation and non-enzymatic system; however, P. khinjuk utilized the enzymatic antioxidant system and the respiratory enzymes in response to the ecophysiological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): Salvia abrotanoides is considered as a new source of tanshinone-producing plants in Iran. Symbiosis of endophytic fungi with their host plants is an effective tool to promote the growth and secondary metabolism of medicinal herbs. Therefore, using endophytic fungi as a biotic elicitor is a proper solution to increase the yield of plant products. Materials and Methods: In this study, some endophytic fungi were first isolated from the root of S. abrotanoides, then two of them (Penicillium canescens and Talaromyces sp.) were co-cultivated with the sterile seedling of S. abrotanoides in pot culture. After proving the colonization of these fungi in the root tissues by microscopic studies, their effects on the production of critical medicinal compounds such as tanshinones and phenolic acids were investigated in the vegetation stage (120 days). Results: Our results showed that the content of cryptotanshinone (Cry) and tanshinone IIA (T-IIA) in plants inoculated with P. canescens increased by 77.00% and 19.64%, respectively, compared with non-inoculated plants (control). The contents of mentioned compounds in plants inoculated with Talaromyces sp. increased by 50.00% and 23.00%, respectively. In this case, in plants inoculated with P. canescens, it was found that the level of caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, and its PAL enzyme activity increased by 64.00%, 69.00%, and 50.00%, respectively, compared with the control. Conclusion: Endophytic fungi have specific modes of action and the ability to provide multiple benefits. Each of the two strains is a highly considerable microbial resource for the growth and accumulation of active compounds of S. abrotanoides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intra-species diversity is a feature of plant responses to different ecological conditions of the habitat. Due to the lack of reports on the Pulicaria gnaphalodes chemotypes in the literature, in this work, five populations (Mayduk, Koohpayeh, Dalfard, Sarcheshmeh, and Khabr) were evaluated in terms of phenolic compounds, 2,2-diphenyl-1--picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, and essential oil (EO) quality and quantity in Iran based on a completely randomized design (CRD) in 2018. The results showed EO content ranged from 0.30% to 0.61% (w/w) and DPPH scavenging activity was obtained in a range of 37.1-70.7%. The P. gnaphalodes populations represented different amounts of total phenolic content (5.19-6.48 mg garlic acid g-1 DW) and total flavonoid content (3.08-3.79 mg rutin g-1 DW). Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis represented that the main EO profile of P. gnophalodes populations were 1,8-cineole (11.80-23.98%), terpinen-4-ol (4.84-20.29%), α-terpineol (7.94-11.46%), geraniol (1.61-7.51%), and cedr-8(15)-en-9-α-ol (2.52-11.05%), which were mainly oxygenated monoterpenes. Different groups of populations were revealed via principal component analysis (PCA) and agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC), with Khabr being notably different from the others. Heat map analysis revealed that EO compounds, especially geraniol, cedr-8(15)-en-9-α-ol, and terpinen-4-ol possessed higher variability than other phytochemical variables. The findings are beneficial in determining the preferred chemotype for pharmacological and therapeutic purposes based on phenolic content and EO profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rydingia michauxii and R. persica, respectively, known as Kase Gol and Goldar in Persian, belong to the family Lamiaceae and they are well known herbal medicine in Iran for the treatment of various diseases, particularly diabetes. This review aims to appraise the phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology, and pharmacological activities of Rydingia species growing in Iran and assess their potential in clinical applications. Besides, it critically evaluates existing literature and looks into the perspective for further research and utilization. All available scientific literature was consulted using the database searches involving Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science applying the keyword Rydingia and its Syn; Otostegia. Only the search results that are associated with the Iranian species R. michauxii and R. persica are included in this review. α-pinene, carvacrol, caryophyllene oxide, diisooctyl phthalate, dillapiole, eugenol, hexadecanoic acid, and pentacosane are the major constituents of the essential oils of the Rydingia species. Additionally, these species produce bioactive flavonoids, phenolic acids, steroids, and terpenoids. Extracts and active compounds from Rydingia species have been reported to possess various pharmacological activities including antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and lipid-lowering properties. Based on the information available to date on the Iranian Rydingia species, it will be worth subjecting these species to further developmental work involving preclinical and clinical trials. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition of phenolic compounds of ethanolic extract taken from mesocarp and exocarp parts of Citrus maxima and Citrus sinensis peels cultivated in Iran have been identified. The Phenolic compounds in ethanolic extracts were quantified using HPLC-DAD. Different amounts of phenolic compounds were detected in the samples including hesperidin, t-ferulic acid, catechin, sinapic acid, vanillin, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid. The most represented compound in both plants was hesperidin. It was the main phenolic compound detected in both exocarp and mesocarp parts of both species, with the maximum amount belonging to mesocarp of C. sinensis. The average amount of hesperidin detected in mesocarp and exocarp of C. maxima was 15.04 and 7.42 mg g−1 dry weight, while it was 17.34 and 7.63 mg g−1 dry weight for C. sinensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomegranate is one of the native fruits in Iran and its consumption has been following an increasing trend especially in developed countries due to its healthy bioactive compounds. In this study, effect of edible coating (Pomegranate peel extract 1% (PPE)), Chitosan Nano Particles 1%, (CSNPs), Pomegranate peel extract loaded with Chitosan and Nano Particle Size (PPE -loaded CSNPs) on ready to eat pomegranate arils during 14 days of storage under refrigerated conditions(5±1) were investigated. pH, total soluble solids (Brix), antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds, total anthocyanin, and microbial load were analyzed after 1, 7 and 14 days of storage. The trend of pH changes was the same among different treatments. However according to the results, antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds and anthocyanins were higher in the coated pomegranate arils than in the control uncoated sample. Yeasts and molds loads in coated samples and total microbial counts were lower compared with the control. Based on the results of this study, a coating of 1% nano chitosan containing 1% pomegranate peel extract can increase the shelf life of pomegranate arils at refrigerator temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Cancer is one of the most important issues in the world which affects public health as an important problem. Cancer is the third cause of death in Iran with an annual occurrence of 51,000 new cases [1]. Previous studies demonstrated the considerable increasing trends in the mortality of gastrointestinal cancer in Iran, especially for Gastric cancer and colorectal cancer [2]. In general, incidence rates of these two cancers are high in Eastern Europe, Eastern Asia, and South America and the lowest rates are in North America, and most parts of Africa [3]. The most critical factors that increases the risk of gastrointestinal cancer are aging, inappropriate diet, biological factors, and infectious diseases which contribute to the cancer occurrence [4]. Colon cancer is studied to be one of the most critical digestive diseases and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths [5]. Gastric cancer is important cancer in the world and the prevalence of gastric cancer is raised with aging in both men and women [6]. Colon cancer is a disorder in which malignant cells form in the large intestinal tissues [7]. On the other hand, in gastric cancer the malignant cells form in the lining layer of the stomach caused it. The risk of gastric cancer is high in Iran, and unlike in Western countries it is not under the control, thus it is on a dramatically increasing trend in Iran [8]. Secondary metabolites and phenolic compounds of plants can play an important role in reducing the side effects of chemotherapy drugs and have some positive effects on cancer cells, as well as in the expression of apoptotic pathway genes [9]. Colutea persica was used in traditional medicine as an anti-inflammatory agent in gastrointestinal problems [10]. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of Colutea persica on gastric cancer (AGS), colon cancer (HT-29), and normal fibroblast (SKM) cell lines. Methods: Fresh Colutea persica leaves were collected from the Delfard region of Kerman province in 1399. Dried leaves of Colutea persica were ground into a fine powder by the electronic grinder. At the next step, the ground powder was extracted using ethanol by the maceration. Then, it was placed on a shaker at room temperature. After that, the collective extracted was filtered using a filter membrane. The solvent extracted was evaporated in the rotary evaporator. Finally, to completely remove the solvent, the extract was placed in an oven, and the hydroalcoholic extract was maintained at -20 °C until use. In order to measure the total flavonoid content (TFC) of the extracts the aluminum chloride complex-forming assay was applied. In this method, quercetin was applied as the standard which flavonoid content was distinguished based on the quercetin equivalent. Briefly, Colutea persica extract was added to the aluminum chloride hexahydrate and mixed with potassium acetate and distilled water. After 30 minutes, the absorbance of the reaction was checked using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 415 nm. The blank sample was made by replacing aluminum chloride with deionized water. Before measuring, all of the solutions were filtered by using Whatmann filter papers (number 41). Total flavonoid content in Colutea persica extract was measured using the standard calibration curve which is achieved from different concentrations of the standard reference. The total phenolic content (TPC) of organic crude extracts was calculated using the FolinCiocalteu reagent method. In this method, gallic acid was used as a reference standard (20-100 μg/mL) for plotting the calibration curve. 0.5 mL of the Colutea persica extract was added to 1.5 mL of Folin-Ciocalteu solution. Then, it was diluted (1:10) with deionized water and added to the sodium carbonate solution. The absorbance was recorded after one hour at 765 nm by using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Finally, the total phenolic content was calculated based on gallic acid equivalents (mgGAE/g). All the experiments were done in triplicate. Cytotoxic effects of 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 μg/ml concentrations of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts were evaluated on the cells for 24 hours using MTT assay. The apoptosis induction was monitored using flowcytometry by annexin-V FITC/PI doublestaining. Cells were seeded and after 24 h they were incubated with a 1.25 mg/ml concentration of the extract and for each treated cell line, one control cell was considered. The annexin V/PI assay was performed to confirm the cytotoxic activity of the plant extracts against AGS and HT-29 cell lines. Total RNA was isolated from cells using RNX-plus TM Reagent before and after treatment. Total RNA was reverse transcribed to cDNA using M-MuLV-RT and random hexamers. The cDNA was assayed by real-time PCR using primers for BAX and BCL-2 genes. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, one way ANOVA, Tukey test at p ≤0.05... Results: The MTT assay revealed the cytotoxicity against both two cell lines (HT29 and AGS) in comparison to the HT29 and AGS normal cell line (SKM). The expression level of BAX gene increased and BCL2 gene decreased in AGS cell line after treatment by plant extract. (p<0.05). The total phenolic content was expressed in terms of milligram gallic acid equivalent per gram dry weight of plant extract. The total phenolic content of hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts of Colutea persica were 5.02±.05 and 5.85.±0.08 mgGAE/g respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion, our findings show that Colutea. persica has anti-cancer effects in vitro against AGS and HT-29 cancer cell lines. Induction of apoptosis by using plant extract was achieved by down-regulation of BCL2 and up-regulation of BAX. Finally, the current study suggests that Colutea. persica may have cancer-fighting properties and could be a promising new candidate in this field. Besides, the molecular target of Colutea. persica and its mechanism are unknown, and the author intends to use animal models and bioinformatics methods to discover the active ingredients of Colutea. persica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the effects of pumice (control, 30 and 60 ton ha-1) and different concentrations of Acadian and Estemplex (algae extract) (0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 ml L-1) on the growth and some physiological characteristics of Coriandrum sativum L., an experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at Azarbaijan’s Shahid Madani University, Iran during 2018. The results were suggestive of significant interactions of soil cover and foliar applications on phenolics content, superoxide dismutase activity, Mg, Zn, K and P content of Coriandrum sativum L. The highest concentration of total phenolic compounds was recorded with application of 30 ton ha-1 pumice × 4.5 ml L-1 Acadian and Estemplex. Moreover, the highest concentrations of chlorophyll a and b were recorded at 4.5 ml L-1 Acadian and 3 and 4.5 ml L-1 Estemplex. Application of 3 and 4.5 ml L- 1 Estemplex and 3 ml L-1 Acadian led to the greatest total soluble solid contents. The highest amount of plant dry weight were achieved in the presence of 3 and 4.5 ml L-1 Acadian and 1.5 and 3 ml L-1 Estemplex. The highest chlorophyll, flavonoids, protein, and N concentrations and plant dry weight were observed in the presence of 30 ton ha-1 pumice soil cover. Furthermore, 30 and 60 ton ha-1 pumice application reduced IC50 content. In conclusion, application of 30 ton ha- 1 pumice and foliar-applied bio-fertilizers, particularly Estemplex (1.5, 3 and 4.5 ml L-1) had positive effects on the growth and physiological traits of Coriandrum sativum L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND In this study, flowers of nine mullein species (Verbascum erianthum, V. songaricum, V. speciosum, V. szovitsianum, V. stachydiforme, V. sinuatum, V. haussknechtianum, V. cheirantifolium, and V. saccatum) were collected from Iran. The total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activity, total carotenoid (TCC), β‐carotene content and the amount of phenolic compounds were determined in all of the collected mullein species. Quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds was performed using high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode‐array detection (HPLC‐DAD). RESULTS: Verbascum saccatum and V. songaricum, in particular, were found to be rich in total flavonoids and exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity. The HPLC‐DAD analysis revealed that V. erianthum possessed the highest amount of caffeic acid (0.022 g kg−1 DW), chlorogenic acid (2.649 g kg−1 DW), p‐coumaric acid (0.253 g kg−1 DW), and apigenin (0.066 g kg−1 DW). The highest gallic acid (0.134 g kg−1 DW), rutin (5.254 g kg−1 DW), quercetin (1.303 g kg−1 DW), and cinnamic acid (1.031 g kg−1 DW) content were observed in V. saccatum. Our results demonstrate the considerable variations in the TFC, antioxidant activity, TCC, and β‐carotene content among the mullein species. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study provide useful information for breeding strategies, and for choosing the best species with high phenolic compound content to produce natural antioxidants for medical and pharmaceutical use. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shortage of elements in the soil and water available to the plant are some of the most common environmental stresses in Iran which faces drought every year. The purpose of this study was to study the effect of pitting and organic fertilizers on the growth and physiological characteristics of vetiver grass in drought stress conditions. After cultivating the seedlings in the pots in the greenhouse and their growth for three months, the seedlings were transformed to the field and the treatments were applied to them for six months. This experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design in the field. The treatments applied to the seedlings were cultivation with pitting and without pitting, three levels of fertilizer (0, 150, and 300 kg fertilizer per hectare), and two levels of irrigation determined based on field capacity (FC) (FC and 1/4FC). After harvest, the plants were transferred to the laboratory for measurements. The results showed that by applying pitting and fertilizers, shoot height changed from 9.8 cm to 16.68 cm, root length from 18.81 cm to 25.55 cm, potassium (K) from 25.95 mg/kg to 34.30 mg/kg, calcium (Ca) from 1.20 mg/kg in pitting treatment to 2.27 mg/kg in non-pitting treatment, phenol from 0.22 mg/g DW to 0.83 mg/g DW and phosphorus (P) from 2.99 mg/kg to 11.95 mg/kg. The results indicated the interactive effects of organic fertilizer and pitting due to improvement in soil physicochemical conditions and increase in growth and nutrient uptake of vetiver grass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medlar (Mespilus) is an important fruit and is rich in nutritional and medical properties. Bioactive content and phenolic compounds of leaf, fruit, and seed samples of common medlar (M. germanica) and Stern's medlar (M. canescens) were studied. The coefficient of variation showed high values among all the characters and was more than 50.00%, ranging from 59.74 to 196.81%. The leaf of M. canescens showed the highest total phenolic content (14.73 mg/g dry weight, DW) and followed by 13.70 mg/g DW in the seed of M. germanica collected from Ilam province, Iran. The highest flavonoid content was observed in fruits of M. germanica collected from the north of Iran (0.90 mg/g DW), and followed by the leaf of M. canescens (0.53 mg/g DW). The phenolic compounds showed strong variation. Principal component analysis showed that four PCs explained 95.07% of the observed total variance. Ward dendrogram indicated two different clusters based on the characters measured, indicating high variation among the accessions. The current investigation clearly showed the potential value of the common medlar (M. germanica) and Stern's medlar (M. canescens) germplasm, as different medlar organs are significant sources of phenolic compounds and high antioxidant activity. Therefore, these species can be considered suitable sources of natural antioxidants, and may show potential future use in food and nutraceutical supplement formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenols are toxic products derived from a wide range of industrial activities and the entry of these contaminants into the environment is seriously hazardous for both human and aquatic ecosystems. This study presents the use of a phenol-degrading consortium surrounded in an innovative "Small Bioreactor Chambers" (SBCs) along with biostimulation for phenol bioremediation from contaminated groundwater. To investigate the effect of biostimulation, synthesized-calcium peroxide (Ca02) nanoparricies were applied. The phenol-degrading consortium, was successfully isolated froni a water well located in Iran. The highest growth rate and phenol degradation of the ph100-consortium were observed at 15 °C and pH 7.5 in the presence of 500 mg·L-1 of powdered CaO2 and 100 mg·L-1 of phenol as a sole source of carbon. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis of the consortium revealed that Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes with 75.3% and 16.2% relative abundance were the dominant phyla in the ph100-consortium, respectively. Experimental results indicated that 100% of the contaminant (100 mg·LF) was successfully removed from groundwater using encapsulated CaO2 within 60 days with the negligible negative impacts on the microbial population. Furthermore, the highest biodegradation percentage were achieved during incubation of SBCs a medium supplemented with 500 mg·L-1 CaO2 Powder in 25th days of experiment. These results provide certain evidence for a successful simultaneous application of biostimulation and bioaugmentation processes through SBCs for contaminated water treatinent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Salvia L. belongs to the Lamiaceae family including several known species rich in natural compounds that are extensively used in pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. Salvia multicaulis populations contain a broad diversity of flavonoids and phenolic acids. The present study aimed to explore biological and pharmacological effects including antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of nineteen S. multicaulis populations (SMPs) grown in Iran for the first time. High content of rosmarinic acid (RA) in SMP12 (Gazan) (5.65 ± 0.33 mg/g DW) caused high antimicrobial activity against two bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli) and the fungus Candida albicans, while methanolic extract of SMP1 (Taleghan) showed high antioxidant activity due to high content of salvianolic acid A (SAA) and quercetin (0.53 ± 0.04 and 0.49 ± 0.12 mg/g DW, respectively). Altogether these results can be considered for further commercial exploitations to meet the demands of the food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Tamarix includes several plant species well-known for their medicinal properties since ancient times. Tamarix stricta Boiss is a plant native to Iran which has not been previously investigated regarding its phytochemical and biological properties. This study assessed phytochemical and toxicological aspects of T. stricta. The plant was collected from Kerman province of Iran and after authentication by botanist, it was extracted with 70% ethanol. Total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, and antioxidant properties were measured using spectrophometric methods. Quercetin content of the extract was measured after complete acid hydrolysis with high-performance liquid chromatography. The phytochemical profile of the extract was provided using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Acute toxicity study with a single intragastric dose of 5000 mg/kg of the extract and sub-chronic toxicity using 50, 100, and 250 mg/kg of the extract was assessed in Wistar rats. Phytochemical analysis showed that polyphenols constitute the major components of the extract. Also, the extract contained 1.552 ± 0.35 mg/g of quercetin. Biochemical, hematological, and histological evaluations showed no sign of toxicity in animals. Our experiment showed that T. stricta is a rich source of polyphenols and can be a safe medicinal plant. Further pharmacological evaluations are recommended to assess the therapeutic properties of this plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, scientific interest in natural products has burgeoned. The genus Nepeta is one of the most important medicinal plants belongs to family Lamiaceae. In this study, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant potential and distribution of individual phenolic compounds by HPLC-MS/MS were determined in native Nepeta fissa Benth species. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity (by DPPH and FRAP assays) values were measured in N. fissa as 43.07 mg GAE/g dw, 3.77 mg q/g dw, 197.85 µg/mL (IC50 value) and 1.15 μmol Fe++/g dw, respectively. The most abundant flavonoid, phenolic acid, and anthraquinone in the analyzed N. fissa extracts were rutin, ferulic acid, and chrysophanol, respectively. As a conclusion, results of present study showed that N. fissa was rich in some phenolic compounds and exhibited antioxidant activity. The obtained results can provide new safe resources to the development of new products for the pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most challenging issues in the food and pharmaceutical industries is finding effective and safe antioxidants from natural resources compared to their synthetic compounds, which have side effects. In this regard, Trehala manna was considered a great antioxidant source categorized as the major type of manna produced naturally and by the Echinops plant in response to insect activity. In this study, the antioxidant activity and phenolic content of the numerous Trehala manna in Echinops sp. have been investigated. Different methods of radical scavenging activity comprising 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) have been investigated to evaluate antioxidant activity. The phenolic contents were measured by Folin–Ciocalteu and standard phytochemical methods. Quantitative and qualitative amounts of phenolic content, including caffeic, ferulic, coumaric, syringic, and hydroxybenzoic acids, were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results indicated the significant changes in the amounts of phenolics and the antioxidant properties in Trehala manna samples, based on the place of collection. Based on results, antioxidant capacity detected by DPPH and ABTS tests showed the IC50 values of 40–94 µg/mL and 28–72 µg/mL, respectively. Results of the FRAP test represented very strong ferric ion reducing activities (0.04–0.83 mmol Fe2+/g). Ferric ion reducing data were not markedly different from ABTS and DPPH ones. These samples also presented the highest phenolic content (1.32–2.28 mg GAE/100 g). Jahrom Trehala manna was the highest in both phenolic content and antioxidant value, while Sabzevar was the lowest. We found a significant relationship between the antioxidant values and total phenolic counts. It indicates that the phenolics contribute to the observed antioxidant activities of these samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using black walnut (Juglans negia L.) leaf extract from Iran through a rapidly and ecofriendly ultrasound-assisted method and stirring-assisted method. The synthesized AgNPs by two methods were characterized by different techniques such as Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and UV–VIS Spectroscopy, FTIR, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The antimicrobial activities of both synthesized silver nanoparticles by two methods and also Juglans negia L. leaf extract were determined against four gram negative and two gram positive bacteria by well diffusion method and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration test (MIC) and the results were comparable. The minimum inhibitory concentrations were achieved for biosynthesized AgNPs with assisted ultrasound method against two gram-negative bacteria E. coli and S. typhimurium (both 8 mg/mL). However, total phenols and flavonoids content of Juglans negia L. leaves extract were also determined. Additionally, the antioxidant activity was evaluated based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH). Total phenols were 78.82±6.83 mg/g gallic acid equivalent, and total flavonoids were 446.23±2.32 mg/g rutin equivalent, and antioxidant capacity was 127.26±0.04 mg/g IC50. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The pain and discomfort caused by episiotomy affect the quality of life of the mothers, so rapid and complete repair of the episiotomy is very important. Due to the effective ingredients of Verbascum Thapsus, it has been used since ancient times to treat wounds. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of Verbascum Thapsus on episiotomy wound healing. Methods: The study was designed as a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Ninety-three primiparous women who were referred to Fatemeh Zahra Hospital in Saveh in 2015 were randomly divided into two groups of intervention (Verbascum Thapsus) and control (placebo). Both groups covered the episiotomy wound twice a day for 10 days with 2 cm of prescribed creams. Wound healing was assessed using the REEDA scale before the intervention and on days 1,3 and 10 after the intervention. Results: Before the intervention, there was no statistically significant difference in terms of demographic characteristics, obstetrics, and REEDA scores between the two groups (p < 0.05). The mean scores of REEDA on days 1 and 3 in the intervention group were better than the control group but were not statistically significant. However, on the tenth day after the intervention, the mean scores of REEDA were significantly better in the Verbascum group than the placebo (p = 0.01). Conclusions: According to the results of this study, it seems that Verbascum Thapsus is effective in repairing episiotomy wounds. The researchers hope that the results of this study can provide clinical evidence for the use of this herbal medicine in the wound healing process. Trial registration: This study was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) with the code "IRCT201404073106N15" on 02/12/2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background. Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis disease that can cause a variety range of manifestations in human specially fetus duration and immunodeficiency conditions. Due to toxicity and side effects of current treatment, we evaluated in vivo and in vitro effects of ethyl acetate extract of Acorus calamus rhizomes (rootstocks) on Toxoplasma gondii. Methods. The plant, Acorus calamus, was collected from Sari, North of Iran in spring season. Ethyl acetate extract was provided from plant rhizomes using Soxhlet apparatus. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extract were measured by the Folin–Ciocalteu method. The mortality effect of different concentrations (1-256 μg/ml) of the extract on Toxoplasma tachyzoites was assessed by flowcytometry and propidium iodide staining. For the therapeutic effect assessment, the tachyzoites were inoculated intraperitoneally to mice, and then these mice were orally and intraperitoneally administered different concentrations (32, 64, 128, and 256 mg/kg) of the extract. Also, an infected group received PBS including DMSO 1% as negative control, and an infected group administered sulfadiazine as positive control. For toxicity evaluation of this extract, a group only received dose 256 mg/kg. Results. The plant extract was rich of phenolic compounds (41.27 ± 0.21 mg / g), whereas it contained fewer amounts of flavonoids (4.79 ± 0.01 mg / g). Results of in vitro experiments showed that there is an inverse relationship between the concentrations and the mortality of the parasites (I C 50 = 200.01 ± 7.74 μ g / ml). The highest percentage (62%) of dead tachyzoites was seen at maximum concentration of the extract. A significant longevity (8.9 days) was belonged to mice orally administered extract dose (256 mg/kg/day).Conclusion. The ethyl acetate extract of A. calamus rhizomes had significant anti-Toxoplasma activities either in vitro or in vivo. It may be connected to high amount of phenolic compounds. We suggest that the effects of different fractions and the admin types of the extract will be evaluated on the parasite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Punica granatum L. (pomegranate) with astringent activities and Matricaria chamomilla L. (chamomile) with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties are natural remedies used for various skin disorders, including wound healing. Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the individual and combined wound healing activity of the methanol extracts of pomegranate and chamomile flowers. Methods: After preparing the menthol fraction of pomegranate and chamomile flowers, the content of total phenols, total tannins, and total flavonoids of fractions was measured. For standardization of pomegranate and chamomile fractions, Gallic acid and apigenin-7-O-glucoside contents of them were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Moreover, their antioxidant activities were examined using DPPH and FRAP tests. The antimicrobial assay was performed against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Three different concentrations of methanol fraction of each plant and one combination dose of fractions were investigated for their wound healing activities in an excision wound model on the rats' dorsum. Finally, histopathological studies were done at the end of the experiment. Results: Phytochemical examinations showed high amounts of phenolic compounds in pomegranate flowers, while chamomile flower fractions contained a high amount of total flavonoids. Both fractions, especially pomegranate, had potent antioxidant activity. The best results for wound closure were observed 7 days after wound induction. All treated groups exhibited superior wound contraction compared to their placebo at all measurement times. The combined form of pomegranate and chamomile had better wound healing properties compared to a single therapy, especially on time earlier to wound induction. Conclusion: This study represented high antioxidant and wound healing activities for methanol fraction of pomegranate and chamomile flowers, which could be related to their high content of phytochemicals. In comparison with single herb treatment, the combined form of these two fractions in lower concentrations accelerated wound closure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely used chemical with toxic effects on the liver. Resveratrol (RES) is an herbal compound with protective properties. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of RES on the liver in rats exposed to BPA. Methods: This study was conducted in 2018 in Shiraz, Iran. Thirty Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into five groups: a control group (distilled water), a sham group (olive oil as a BPA solvent), a BPA group (50 mg/kg), an RES group (100 mg/ kg), and a RES+BPA group (50 mg/kg+100 mg/kg). Olive oil, BPA, and RES were administered to the animals via gavage for eight weeks. After eight weeks, the animals' livers were removed, and stereological measurements were made to obtain the total liver volume, portal triad volumes, hepatocyte nucleus and cytoplasm volumes, hepatocyte numbers, sinusoidal space volumes and lengths, and Kupffer cell (KC) numbers. The data were analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance test. Results: The hepatocyte number, the total liver volume, and hepatocyte nucleus and cytoplasm volumes in the BPA group decreased by 41% (P<0.001), 18% (P<0.001), 32% (P=0.030), and 37% (P=0.014), respectively. The number of KCs and the length of sinusoids in the BPA group were increased compared with all the other groups (P<0.001). Our histological study revealed vacuolization, sinusoidal space dilatation, and congestion in the BPA group. Conclusion: In this study, the RES group, compared with the BPA group, exhibited a decrease in the total volume and length of sinusoids and the number of KCs. Additionally, the RES group showed an increase in the total liver volume, hepatocyte nucleus and cytoplasm volumes, portal triad volumes, and hepatocyte numbers after oral administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweet cherry is a stone non climacteric fruit with a characteristic aroma, bright red color, and full-bodied taste. It is produced worldwide, with Turkey, USA, Chile, Uzbekistan, and Iran significantly contributors to the global production In 2020, a total of 2.6 million tons were produced worldwide. Various studies have proven and highlighted the health benefits of sweet cherry, as it is characterized by its strong antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic and anti-cancer effects. The aim of this work is a comparative bibliographic study of the phenolic components' concentration both in the edible part of the sweet cherry and in its other anatomical parts, as well as all the extraction techniques, conventional and green, that have been applied in order to obtain the total phenolic content from the whole fruit, edible part, stems, stones, cherry pulp, and cherry pomace. A centralized study is also carried out regarding the optimization process of each extraction technique and the most important examined parameters, such as the extraction time and temperature, the solvent type, and the solvent/solid ratio. In most studies it is observed that the sweet cherry phenolic extract demonstrates a high concentration both in phenolic acids, mainly hydroxycinnamic acids and in anthocyanins with cyanidin 3- O -rutinoside being dominant, while its by-products are characterized by a higher total phenolic content. Despite the fact that the uses of sweet cherry crude or encapsulated extracts are limited in the literature, a holistic management of the specific plant tissue and its by-products rich in phenolic compounds is suggested in order to fully utilize and form further functional additives that can be effectively used by the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries, with the aim of formulating safe and high added value products, with improved physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics. • Cherry extract is a potential natural food additive. • Cherry extract contains phenolic compounds with various biological properties. • A holistic management of the specific plant tissue and its by-products is suggested. • Potential commercialization of innovative food products with a "clean label". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Piyarom' dates are one of the most important commercial date cultivars grown in Iran but fruit quality and postharvest losses can be a problem. Thinning and the use of bunch covers were examined to improve the date fruit quality. Three different levels of fruit thinning were applied (without thinning, removal of one third of total strands from terminal tips during pollination and removal of one third of terminal tips of central strands in early kimri). In addition, the effects of bunch covers were assessed with the use of polyethylene bunch covers that were applied in the early stages of Khalal. The results showed that bunch covering reduced the lightness of the fruit but increased bunch weight, fruit length, total antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds compared to the control. Thinning during pollination increased the weight of the fruit compared to the control. The thinning during Kimri stage increased the percentage of Tamar and ascorbic acid content. These results show that the use of covers play a positive role in increasing quality and bunch weight and thinning at both pollination and Kimri ripening stage is recommended to produce high quality 'Piyarom' dates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the current research is to evaluate the antiparasite effects of compounds isolated from marine ascidian tunicates on Trichomonas vaginalis ., Methods: Ascidian tunicates after collection were cut into small pieces, freeze-dried, and powdered. The resulting material was subjected to extraction in double-distilled water, ethanol, n-hexane, and dichloromethane. To fractionate the extracts and identify the most bioactive compound, silica gel column chromatography and GC-M/S analysis were used., Results: Fraction 18 of silica gel column chromatography of ethanol extract was the most effective against T. vaginalis . The respective IC 50 , CC 50 , and SI values for fraction 18 were 28.62 μg/mL, ˃800 μg/mL, and ˃27.95. GC-M/S analysis of this fraction identified a major phenolic compound (2, 4-bis (1, 1-dimethyl ethyl), whose toxicity against vero cells was only 10.15%., Conclusion: The ethanolic fraction containing phenol-2,4-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl), which has a potent lethality effect on T. vaginalis , may be considered as an antiparasite drug candidate.

The presence of organic and inorganic contaminants in drinking water is a global concern. Nitrate and phenol derivatives are examples of pollutants that could be of anthropogenic origin. They are associated with numerous health risks, underscoring the importance of monitoring their presence in drinking water. This study aimed to measure nitrate and phenol derivatives, including 2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), Pentachlorophenol (PCP), 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol (2,4,5-TCP), 2-Chlorophenol (2-CP), 4-Chlorophenol (4-CP), and phenol, in Tehran's water distribution system (WDS). The pollutants in Tehran's WDS were significantly and positively correlated with precipitation. The Hazard Quotient (HQ) and the Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR) of the detected pollutants were estimated. The results showed that the regional mean of nitrate and PCP in Tehran's WDS were 35.58±8.71mg L -1 and 76.14±16.93 ng L -1 lower than the guideline values of 50 mg L -1 and 1000 ng L -1 , respectively. Some districts exhibited nitrate concentration exceeding the allowable limit by a factor of 1.2 to 2.3. Consequently, the nitrate intake in some districts constituted approximately 50% of the reference dose. While PCP as a phenol derivative with more health concerns was identified in Tehran's WDS, the likelihood of its health effects was determined to be negligible.

Background: Bum wound infection and sepsis are serious medical conditions requiring prompt intervention. Plants are a good natural source for the development of novel, safe, and cost- effective antibacterial agents. The objective of the present study was to assess the antibacterial potential of aqueous, chloroform, and methanol extracts of the Prunus scoparia (P. scoparia) root against the most common burn wound pathogens. Methods: The present experimental study was conducted at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (Shiraz, Iran) during 2018-2019. The antibacterial activity of the total plant extract was assayed using the broth microdilution method. Fractionation was performed using a separation funnel and solvents with different polarities. Broth microdilution and agar well diffusion assays were performed to determine the antibacterial potential of the obtained fractions. Quantitative and qualitative phytochemical analyses were performed to confirm the presence of secondary metabolites in both the total extract and the fractions. Results: Methanolic extract of P scoparia root exhibited antibacterial activity against all tested bacterial strains, especially against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates. This extract, compared to the aqueous and chloroformic extracts, exhibited the presence of active antibacterial compounds. The quantitative and qualitative results of phytochemical screening showed that phenols and flavonoids were the main antibacterial compounds in the methanolic extract of the plant. Conclusion: For the first time, we demonstrated the antibacterial activity of the P scoparia root against MRSA isolates and other common burn wound pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heracleum persicum, commonly named Persian hogweed, is a principal native medicinal plant in Iran. Collecting H. persicum at the most appropriate growing stage is the key factor to achieve the high phytochemical quality to meet consumer's needs. In the present experiment, the aerial parts of this plant were harvested at up to six different developmental stages during the growing season to determine the phytochemical profiles. Our results indicated that the highest essential oil content was obtained in the mid‐mature seed stage (3.5%). The most elevated extract content was recorded in the floral budding stage (10.4%). In the vegetative stage, limonene (18.1%), in floral budding stage, caryophyllene (14.1%), anethole (14.6%), and β‐bisabolene (12.7%), in the full flowering stage, myristicin (15.0%), and hexyl butyrate (9.1%), in the early development of seeds stage, hexyl butyrate (32.1%), and octyl acetate (11.7%), in the mid‐mature seeds stage hexyl butyrate (38.8%), octyl acetate (14.5%), in the late‐mature/ripe seeds stage, hexyl butyrate (23.6%), and octyl acetate (10.5%) are recorded as the main components. The highest phenolic acids content was obtained in the floral budding stage (287.40 mg/g dried extract). The analysis of phenolic acids demonstrated cinnamic acid (8.0–225.3 mg/g extract), p‐coumaric acid (1.7–39.2 mg/g extract), p‐hydroxybenzoic acid (0.8–16.8 mg/g extract), and ferulic acid (2.4–15.8 mg/g extract) as the main phenolic acids. Cinnamic acid was found as the major phenolic compound in the vegetative stage following by floral budding, the full flowering stage, the early development of seeds, and late‐mature/ripe seeds stages. P‐coumaric acid was the most abundant phenolic compounds in the mid‐mature seeds stage. In this regard, the harvest time of H. persicum aerial parts can be selected to achieve the highest secondary metabolites of interest. The results of this study can be used as a guideline for grower to obtain the highest possible amount of desirable metabolites, beneficial in both food and pharmaceutical industries as well as their undeniable economical benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strawberry is small fleshy fruit, with high values of biochemical contents. The essential effects of strawberry in human health have been approved due to significant amount of its vitamin C, antioxidant, phenolic compounds and anthocyanin. Wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.), from Rosaceae family, grows wildly in some north regions of Iran and have been traditionally used for food and medicinal purposes. In this study, five wild strawberry populations from Gilan province in the north of Iran, were used to investigate the value of chemical traits including; total soluble solid (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), vitamin C and bioactive content; antioxidant activity, total anthocyanin and total phenolic content. Among these five populations, Masoleh population showed the highest value of assessing factors while Ardeh population had the lowest. The total phenolic content was statistically correlated to the antioxidant activity (r = + 0.99; p < 0.05) and total anthocyanin content (r = +0.93; p < 0.05). Correlation matrix of biochemical contents showed that the climate condition (altitude, longitude, latitude) of collected fruits can be related to the biochemical quantity. According to the results, high concentration of the antioxidant activity was presented in the Iranian wild strawberries. Current study suggests that environmental factors can change the antioxidant capacity and biochemical compositions of wild strawberry. To sum it up, wild strawberry populations of Iran can be considered as a good source for breeding program, plus it may be introduced as a fruit with great value for human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Onion (Allium cepa L.) possesses aromas and flavours, which have made them one of important ingredients of food. In addition, recent publications have reported that onion and its extract have many biological properties such as antimicrobial and antioxidant. Yellow and White Sweet Spanish onions belonging to Amaryllidaceae, are cultivated all over Iran as a condiment, vegetable, and medicinal herbs. In present study, the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of outer and inner layers were investigated in two hybrid onion bulbs; Yellow and White Sweet Spanish. Materials and Methods: Cultivation of plant material consisting two cultivars was performed in Isfahan experimental farm 32°38'27.6N, 51°46'50.3E, Iran. In order to assess of sample antioxidant capacity, total phenolic, and total flavonoid contents were estimated for the various fractions. In vitro antioxidant potential of scales onion extracts was evaluated using the scavenging activity for DPPH. Furthermore, this extract was investigated for its ability to provide protection from DNA damage. Disk diffusion and micro-well dilution as some antimicrobial properties of phytochemicals extracted from onion layers were evaluated against seven bacteria and four fungi. Results: Evaluation results of onion extract biological properties showed that aqueous extract of outer layer had the highest antioxidant activity comparison inner layers. However, extract from Yellow Sweet Spanish onion had more phenolic, flavonoid, radical scavenging activities on DPPH. Thereupon, aqueous extract from outer layers of Yellow Sweet Spanish extract showed the most ability to protection against DNA damage caused by reactive oxygen species. Extracts of inner layers of Yellow Sweet Spanish had more inhibition zone and lower MIC and MMC, for all microorganisms. Conclusions: This study showed that aqueous extract of outer and inner layers of both onion lumps (Yellow and White Sweet Spanish) had antioxidant activity and inner layers of extract had antimicrobial activity. It should be noted that extract of outer layer onions had the highest antioxidant properties but no antimicrobial properties. Therefore, the aqueous extract of Yellow and White Sweet Spanish onions might be a valuable food additive and can be used as natural antimicrobial and antioxidant additives for incorporating in various food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Froriepia subpinnata is an endemic endangered medicinal plant growing indigenous to Caspian coast forest in the north of Iran. This research was done to obtain primary information on morphological and phytochemical variation for the next step of domesticating and breeding of this plant. Twenty-three morphological traits measured indicated high variation among 52 accessions. There was a significant positive correlation between leaf dimension, plant height, and attributes related to biomass data. The range of phytochemical attributes analyzed was for total phenols (355.6-941.3 mg GAE 100 -1 FW), total flavonoids (204.33-540.74 mg CAT 100 g-1 FW), total carotenoids (1.52 to 3.15 µg 100g-1 FW) and antioxidant capacity (31.36-81.82 DPPH%.). The HPLC analysis results showed that chlorogenic acid was the dominant phenolic compound generally found in this plant. Total carotenoids had no significant correlation with other biochemical traits, while the rest exhibited a linear relationship with each other. UPGMA cluster based on combined data of morphological and biochemical traits showed 3 distinct groups with high inter and intra-regional variations. Also, these information were combined with molecular data to separate environment and genetic effects. The high level of variation of phytochemical and morphological traits among and within populations could be a useful tool for future breeding and selection programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]