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The meeting of the British Association for 1865 was commenced September 6, at Birmingham, and was attended by an unprecedented number of members, including many of the distinguished geographers and travellers of different countries of Europe. The first day was occupied by the ceremonies of opening the Central Free Library of the city, after a breakfast at the Mayor's of above two hundred savans. E. Youmans and party were present from the United States. The president, in his address, spoke of Birmingham as the place where Priestley analyzed the air and Watt obtained the mastery over steam, and of the society as uniting fresh discoveries and new inventions with the solid and venerable truths treasured and taught in academic halls and colleges.

This article compares the quality of journals of Europe and the U.S. So far as a journal is made, good by its editorial writing, European journals are, no doubt, better than American. There is as little doubt, that so far as the goodness of a journal depends on the labors of reporters and collectors of news American papers are superior to those of the older countries. The Times of New York will admit itself behind the Times of London, so far as concerns the production of able article in politics.

The article presents information about the trade and finance in the U.S., as of July 21, 1873. The week in Wall Street has been quite active, especially in the Stock Exchange, where the recent change in the management of the Lake Shore road has imparted fresh activity to that stock, and led to enlarged dealings in Central and Hudson. The money market has remained quiet, with the rate three to four per cent. Commercial paper is in good demand and at low rates. Prime names having a short time to run have been negotiated as low as 5 1/2 per cent. Paper having over three months to run passes less freely and at higher rates, according to the standing of the makers, varying from 6 to 7 per cent. The weekly statement of the Clearing-House banks on Saturday was unfavorable, and the loss of $2,384,400 in specie reflects the outflow to Europe.

The article presents information about new developments related to politics, business and health care in several countries. The Philadelphia Record, a paper having a very large circulation, publishes a new railroad story about Mr. James Blaine, U.S. statesman, which, it says, comes from an officer of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad Company. The situation of business in the U.S. is more encouraging than it has been at any time during the present year, but this result has been achieved rather by a lessening of the means of production than by increased demand. The latest information received respecting the course of the cholera in Europe indicates that the disease, if not diminishing, is certainly not progressing in a manner to give new grounds for alarm.

This article focuses on several socio-political issues as of 1887. The reception at Montgomery, Alaska, on Thursday was the last formal event of the U.S. President Grover Cleveland's trip, and Mr. and Mrs. Cleveland are now back in the White House, after a three weeks' absence. Problems of international traffic in Europe are becoming almost as important as those of inter-State traffic in America. They present much greater difficulties, owing to the absence of any controlling power to which the different parties can appeal. But in spite of this fundamental, trouble, and in spite of the many hindrances due to difference of language and character, much progress has already been made towards uniformity.

This article focuses on various political issues in the U.S. and Europe. The renomination of U.S. President Stephen Cleveland by the National Convention of his party has been so much expected, and so little doubtful at any time, that criticism and comment are for the most part-superfluous. The nomination of Allen G. Thurman for vice-president illustrates anew the weakness of electoral system in the U.S., so far as it affects that office. The political aspect of Europe has not been for many years as dark as it is now, and the uncertainty of the future is greater than is ever known. This uncertainty is owing to several causes, but the most important of all is probably the sudden and unexpected development of a crisis in France which is as mysterious in its causes as it is in its character.

Presents letters to the editor. Discussion on callous conscience among people of literary appreciation in Virginia; Opinion of Europeans on the Pan-American Congress held in 1889; Information on how oaths were multiplied in Europe.

This article comments on several topics related to the United States politics and government. The preparations for war have never been greater than they are now all over Europe, even the neutral Powers have been roused from a long inertia, and are transforming their armaments, building fortifications, and reorganizing their armies. Belgium covers the line of the Meuse with forts, and Switzerland is building immense arsenals and new military roads. The difficulty between Portugal and Great Britain which was so summarily terminated, began by the publication, in the Lisbon "Official Gazette," of a royal decree placing under Portuguese administration a vast territory in the interior of Africa, both north and south of the Zambesi to which the Portuguese Government gave the name of Zumbo.

This article reports on developments in the field of politics. The deadlock in the Iowa Legislature, which had lasted nearly six weeks, ended in an arrangement under which the Democrats get the Speakership, and the Republicans the control of the most important committees. It is becoming a very serious question in European politics whether France and England will accede to the German Emperor's suggestion for a joint conference on the labor question. The Emperor wants to lessen the hours of labor and otherwise improve the condition of factory operatives, but the owners tell him that they cannot.

The article reports on political developments around the world. The London Economist is of the opinion that no large part of the gold exported from the United States to Europe this year will be returned this fall, even though the balance of trade may seem to require it. The reason why it holds this opinion is that it is not needed here. The peaceful ending of the trouble between the Tennessee miners and the State Government is upon the whole creditable to both parties. The Government will enforce the objectionable law, but it is understood that an extra session of the Legislature is to he called at which the repeal of the law will take place, the miners thus obtaining eventually all that they have claimed.

The article focuses on political and economic conditions in the U.S. The continued importation of gold, which already reaches $10,000,000, makes it interesting to inquire how American account is competent with Europe, stands during a series of years. The one issue in the New York campaign which is defined with perfect clearness is that of ballot reform. Both parties have stated their attitude towards that question with a plainness which is not to be mistaken. The new Constitution in Mississippi makes the right to vote depend upon the payment of a poll tax several months before election and ability to read or to understand the Constitution itself. Although the Negroes largely outnumber the whites, so few of them cared enough about the suffrage to pay the poll tax that the operation of this clause alone gives the whites a large majority of the names on the list.

The article presents information on various socio-political developments around the world. U.S. President Benjamin Harrison, has once more earned the hearty commendation of the nation by the excellence of his judicial appointments. The last U.S. Congress required him to man a new court of appellate judges, and the nomination's for six of the places which he sent to the U.S. Senate on Wednesday week fully sustain the reputation which he had previously established for the exercise of uncommon discrimination. In another development, commercial treaties recently negotiated in such a way as to cover a large part of Europe, come as a striking fulfillment of a prediction made more than two years ago by an Italian economist.

The remarkable progress made in the art of painting in the United States since 1876 is mainly due to the work accomplished by the Society of American Artists, which was founded in 1877 and includes in its membership the best men who have come from their studies abroad as well as many of those who have taken up a permanent residence in France, England, and other European countries. John S. Sargent, who has his seven of the eight portraits painted in the United States, may most properly be included in the foreign contingent, and Winslow Homer, who affiliates with no particular group in the home school, but is a law unto himself in technical methods and individuality of expression, carry off the honors of the exhibition.

The article presents the information that William Robertson Smith, who died at the age of forty-seven on the 31st of March, the most learned and perhaps the most remarkable man that either Cambridge or Oxford could show. To the English public generally his name was little known, or remembered chiefly in connection with the episode of the theological controversy and ecclesiastical trial of which he was the central figure in Scotland fifteen years ago. But on the Continent of Europe and by Orientalists here he was looked upon as the foremost Semitic scholar of Britain, and in Cambridge the appreciation of his brilliant abilities was universal.

Presents several letters to the editor. Ignorance of English in schools in European countries; Discussion on literary and medical degrees in the United States; Decoration of reading rooms in public libraries in the United States.

This article focuses on prevailing political conditions in the U.S. and around the world, as of April 22, 1897. The protests against the Dingley bill by European countries are based upon the idea that the U.S. is abandoning the policy of non-discrimination in foreign tariff, notwithstanding its treaties, and that the way to meet this action on the part of the U.S. is for the various European Governments to lay their duties so as to keep out American products whenever possible. Another development focuses on the teaching methods of English language in the schools of the U.S. and Great Britain.

The article discusses the state of relations between the U.S and European countries. The author discusses the behavior of Richard Croker, and says that men like Croker are far worse and more formidable an enemy to the interests of the U.S. than all the forces of Spain. He believes people like Croker kill the soul of a republic. He has met people who have approved of the new "imperial" policy of the U.S. He says the state of things on the Continent gives dismal forebodings among the friends of free government, with free institutions going to pieces in Italy, France, and Austria.

This article focuses on the political developments in various parts of the world. There are signs that Labor is beginning to realize its interest in the question of a national expansion which would bring within the limits of the United States millions of people of inferior Asiatic races, at a time when many are insisting that the country already suffers from too large an infusion of the inferior races of Europe, and when there are rigorous laws against the admission of the Chinese. The most striking feature of the very impressive meeting of the New York bar in Carnegie Hall last Friday was the speech of Bourke Cockran, with its graphic picture of what bossism is and what it means in a democracy.

This article presents information related to socio-political issues in the United States. A plan of a war with Spain was suddenly sprung upon the country last spring. A mere description of what is proposed shows that nothing so important has been laid before the American people since the adoption of the Constitution. It is a more radical change in the political framework of American society than the union of the States. Nothing except the Constitution has been held by American publicists to be so firmly settled. It is true that it has never been formally accepted by those of Europe, but Americans have always said that it made no difference whether they accepted it or not, that they would resolutely enforce it whenever the occasion came.

The article discusses several issues related to economics and politics from different countries of the world. The extraordinary change in the financial relations between the United States and Europe, by which, whether temporarily or permanently, this country has been transformed from a continuous borrower on the foreign markets into the most important lender on the same markets, is commonly described as a new and sudden development. In England, France, and the United States, both political parties have become so determinedly humanitarian that without the excitement of foreign politics one of them would go out of existence. In fact, it may be said that one of them has gone out of existence. The Liberal Party in England has shared the fate of the Democratic Party in the United States.

The article presents information on various socio-political news from the world. American press in Manila was censored, news to and from the United States was suppressed or cut down to a meaningless nothing but the Filipinos, by means of cablegrams from Hong-Kong in Chinese, got all the information. All the American military plans were known in advance. Whether the Washington authorities were misled as regards the condition of affairs in Luzon or whether they deliberately closed their eyes to the truth. The Hong-Kong newspaper attributes the successive failures in the Philippines to the ignorance of the Americans with respect to the Filipinos. At Hague, warning was given to United States for adhering to their traditional policy of having nothing to do with European quarrels and allowing Europe to have nothing to do with American quarrels.

This article presents information related to socio-political developments from around the world as of September 29, 1904. Prominent among classes of people supporting U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt are Quakers. W.D. Foulke says that he does not know of a single Republican Quaker who will not vote for Roosevelt. Roosevelt is running like a prairie fire, in Europe. So tell gravely, the returning travellers from Europe. As they step upon the dock, they inform palpitating reporters that, while of course they are not prepared to say what campaign conditions are in the U.S., the Republican outlook in England and on the Continent is most flattering.

This article focuses on various socio-economic developments of the world. The taxation muddle at Albany, New York is rather worse than usual this year. Invain do party caucuses, in vain does the Governor, plead for harmony and appeal for new revenue. Formidable objections are offered to every proposed additional tax, and the legislature seems almost at its wits' end to know how to provide the money to meet the expenses which it has authorized. No phenomenon of our time is more significance for the future than the simultaneous outflow of nearly all the civilized European peoples into new countries.

The article presents some political updates as of September 16, 1909. One of the updates focuses on the political condition of Europe. The recent announcement of issuing a Turkish loan of $30,000,000 draws attention afresh to the extraordinary changes, which the past year has wrought, on the European equilibrium. Some other events include the restoration of the Turkish Constitution, the proclamation of Bulgarian independence and the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Another update reports on the appointment of a new tariff commission by U.S. President William Howard Taft.

The article focuses on issues related to gold exports and money markets in the U.S. Export of $7,500,000 gold from New York to London last week is not on its face at all an unnatural operation. During the first two months of the present year this country had imported $48,000,000 more foreign goods than in the same months of 1909, and had exported $12,000,000 less. There have been occasions when a trade position of this sort has been offset, in a natural way, by import of foreign capital for use in the money markets, or by European purchase of American securities.

The article focuses on various socio-political issues. The sudden death of Chief Justice Melville Weston Fuller on Monday comes as a fresh reminder to thoughtful people of the critical days which the U.S. Supreme Court is facing. One-third of its membership has gone to the Great Assize since William Howard Taft became president. Close on the heels of the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission's decisions reducing rates to points in the Far West, comes the announcement by the same body that it will stand by the official classification of freights announced some time ago, affecting all that part of the country north of Potomac and Ohio, and east of Mississippi. In many countries of Europe, the old cry about clericalism is reëchoed.

The United States Monetary Commission's work was from the start taken personally in hand by its chairman. But during nearly all of its three first years of existence, its work was confined to investigation of the European banking systems by a subcommittee and of preparation of monographs on various aspects of the problem. What plan would be recommended was not known until in January 1911, when the chairman personally gave out what he described as a "suggested plan of monetary legislation." This elaborate outline of a scheme for a central banking organization, to be owned and controlled exclusively by the banks of the United States, with due representation of the government on its official board, was further revised later.

Presents letters to the editor on various articles published in previous issues. Failure of general public to discriminate between political declarations made by previous U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt and current President William Taft; Discussion on strategies of publishers in the U.S. and Europe.

Presents several letters to the editor regarding several article published in previous issues and some political issues. Information regarding the U.S. courts' attitude regarding power to annul legislation against Constitutions; Analysis of scheme for U.S. system of government in England and establishment of a central parliament for Europe; Arguments against making U.S. militia services compulsory.

This article presents financial data of the U.S. economic system, specially for gold reserves coming from and going to the European market. In the last week of September 1912, there arrived at New York State, by the incoming European steamers, $1,300, 000 gold. A further $2,500,000 was taken from the London market and consigned to New York, and during the start of the current week, $5,000,000 more was engaged for import. Thus far these engagements for the U.S. have been exclusively taken from the newly-mined Transvaal gold, delivered in England by the weekly steamers from South Africa. So far as Europe is concerned, the U.S. has sent $20,000,000 gold to Europe earlier in the year 1912, to help out the Paris, France, market.

The article focuses on the gold exchange between the U.S. and Europe. All European banks were guarding their gold reserves, in view of the very tight money market abroad and the possibilities of international collision, as an after result of the Balkan War. It was then inferred in many quarters that, once the special demands of the busy season on the money markets were terminated by the "year-end settlements" of December 31, 1912, relaxation in foreign money rates would occur as to admit of resumption of the gold movement to America.

The article presents information on various developments related to finance in the United States. A week ago the U.S. financial markets, after having brooded disconsolately for a month or more over troublesome factors in the U.S. home situation, suddenly lapsed into a state of renewed alarm over European politics. In the interval, foreign government bonds and other securities had fallen on Europe's stock exchanges, and prices had broken under heavy selling in New York. On Thursday, European stock exchanges were closed for a church holiday, and Wall Street, left to do its "reflecting," single-handed, indulged in a fairly active stampede of "bear covering."

The article presents information on financial conditions in the U.S. and Europe. It is a familiar comment of the day that a cloud of gloom has enveloped all the great money markets of the world and the prevailing inference is that all of them are in the same box and that the box is an extremely uncomfortable one. But this conception of the position of affairs requires more close examination. There are certain underlying influences which affect all financial communities, but even that is largely because of the influence of some markets upon others. The particular distresses of Europe are not present in this country in any similar measure; but one feel them here, because people are cut off from the usual access to Europe's resources of capital. In the U.S., there is absolutely nothing of such apprehension as there was in tile early autumn of 1907, for instance, that large financial interests are caught in a trap.

The article presents information on politics. There is extension of governmental powers in war time. The U.S. Civil War saw this on a great scale. The sole question is whether, after exigencies of war have passed, the Government machine may be got back to its old working. The common saying that the death of Pope Pius was hastened by the grief and profound dejection with which he was filled by the terrible war in Europe has at least the plausibility that it goes well with the known qualities of the man.

The article presents an overview of the October 22, 1914 issue of "The Nation." The chief duty of Americans, while the war in Europe is going on, has been many times said to be that of observing strict neutrality. In a public way, and officially, this may be true. But so far as the attitude of private citizens is concerned; there are other duties which come first. One of these is to preserve the American intellectual integrity; to form American judgments on the basis of ascertained fact and reasonable probability; not to take rumor for proof; and, in general, to keep American heads at a time when it is so easy to let them be blown off the shoulders.

Focuses on various political and economic issues from around the world. Realization by the British government of the risk involved by a further restriction of the sale of cotton in Europe; Progressive degradation of the standards of administrative independence and competence in Washington; Information on charges against the striking machinists of Bridgeport; Discussion of a conference on the universities and public service.

The article presents information about various political developments taking place in the U.S. According to a letter, the general British feeling in regard to Germany's reply to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's note of June 11 may be concisely summed up in six words addressed by politician Marcus Tullius Cicero to Lucius Sergius Catiline, "Quousque tandem abutere patientia nostra?" As in all times of great national stress, reputations are now being made and unmade daily in England. Especially is this true in the sphere of journalism. According to another letter, burning constitutional questions have been set aflame by this incendiary war in all the countries of Europe. Answers that have been elicited may bring out of the shadow certain constitutional principles of the U.S.

The article focuses on American and European music. English composers have benefited by the war in so far as their works are, for patriotic reasons, receiving more attention than ever before. American composers, for reasons less obvious, are coming into their own this season, not only at vocal and instrumental recitals, but particularly also at orchestral concerts, the conductors of which have specially announced their intention to put on their programmes a larger number of American compositions than heretofore.

Presents several letters to the editor. Reasons of interest for a well-poised outside view of European politics; Views of Americans for wounded of war in France; Reasons for foreshadowing of the Panama Canal.

People who have watched intelligently the remarkable financial history of the year just ended will probably agree in describing 1915 as a year in which plausible economic predictions turned out sensationally wrong. These predictions—somewhat qualified, perhaps, before the end of last December, but very positively reiterated a month or two earlier—referred both to Europe and to the United States. Economic exhaustion of the fighting states, or at least of some of them, would end the war during 1915. England would strengthen her own resources by instantly calling in her invested capital from the neutral world.

This article focuses on the works of poet Hugo von Hofmannsthal. The name of Hugo von Hofmannsthal is fairly well known to those who attempt to follow the course of modern literature in Europe. Furthermore, all opera goers have come in contact with it through the chance that two of Hofmannsthal's plays, "Electra" and "Der Rosenkavalier," were set to music by Richard Strauss. His "Electra" was also acted in New York by Mrs. Patrick Campbell. It may nevertheless be safely said that the peculiar genius of this author is but little appreciated in America, and that the general impression among those who have heard of him is of a neoromantic, rather decadent, dramatist.